iot poly engineering 3-3 drill homework 20 april 10 1.bring your protractor and compass to class...

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POLY ENGINEERING3-3

DRILL

HOMEWORK

20 April 10

1. Bring your protractor and compass to class Thursday for the quiz (you should always bring them to class)

2. Study today and Wednesday for Quiz on energy and power Thursday.

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

REVIEW: UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWERTopic 1: Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels FUEL: a material used to produce heat or power

Most of the following are power plants – what is the fuel shown/used in each image?

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1. Non-renewable1. Fossil Fuels

Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)2. Nuclear – Uranium ore

2. RenewableBiofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro,

Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

REVIEW: Fuel Types

Topic 1

Energy Sources – Fuels

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REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal1. Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial

plants that died around 350 million years ago. 2. Plant remains preserved in water and mud.

Heat and Pressure

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REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Methods of ExtractionUnderground Mining:

• 60% of world production• 33% of U.S. mining• Uses timber for support tunnel• Machines enter and extract coal

Surface (Strip) Mining:• More coal extracted than underground mining• Exposes coal by removing land above deposits

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REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Uses - INDUSTRY• Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity,

etc. U.S.

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1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.

2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

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REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Methods of Extraction

California, 1938

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REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

1. Often referred to as “gas”2. Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but

includes quantities of other hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C

CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane

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REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, Uranium (U) is an energy source that must be processed before use.

• Front End: preparing the fuel• Service Period: using fuel in reactor• Back End: safely manage, contain,

reprocess/dispose of spent fuel


Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End

1. Exploration:1)U is 500 times more abundant than gold2)Traces can be found everywhere – all rocks

and soils, rivers and oceans, food and human tissue

2. Mining and Milling:1)Mining – surface (strip) or underground

mining2)Milling – grind up ore, use sulfuric acid to

separate U from waste rock – “yellow cake” U3O8

3. Conversion: U must be converted into a gas before it can be enriched (uranium hexafluoride – UF6 )

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Uranium Ore

Yellow Cake

UF6

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4. Enrichment: increase concentration of U-235 and remove 85% of U-238Depleted Uranium: removed U-238, which includes .25% U-235, is used in metal to form yacht keels, radiation shielding, and (controversially) weapons as ammunition.

Keel

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5. Fuel Fabrication:1)UF6 converted to UO2 powder

2)Powder converted to pellets3)Pellets stacked in tubes4)These are nuclear fuel rods5)Groups of rods make up fuel

assembly6)Hundreds of assemblies make up

reactor core

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Nuclear Fuel Cycle

• Front End: preparing the fuel1. Exploration2. Mining and Milling3. Conversion4. Enrichment 5. Fabrication

• Service Period: using fuel in reactor • Back End: safely manage, contain,

reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

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Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period

1. Electricity Generation1)Transport of radioactive materials2)In-core fuel management

Old fuel rods must be changed periodically (1/3 at a time)

2. Food and Agriculture1)FDA approved irradiation of food2)Kills bacteria, insects, and

parasites

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REVIEW : Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear


3. Nuclear medicine – Imaging1)Most medical imaging is anatomical

– deals only with structures2)Nuclear imaging shows

physiological functioning of organs3)Radiotracer injected into blood,

inhaled, or ingested4)“Gamma camera” detects energy

given off(PET scan – Positron Emission Tomography)

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3. Nuclear weapons1)Only two known

uses of nuclear weapons use – Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2


“Fat Man” “Little Boy”

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Nuclear Fuel Cycle


• Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture,

Military

• Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

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Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End

Two options for spent fuel: • Interim storage and final disposal• Reprocessing to recover usable portion

1. Interim Storage:1)Used fuel assemblies: hot and highly

radioactive2)Stored in special ponds usually near reactor

site3)Water is radiation barrier and cools fuel

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Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End

2. Reprocessing Reprocessing separates U and Pu from waste products – chop up fuel rods and dissolve them in acid to separate materials

1)U enrichmenta)Spent fuel contains ~96% of original Ub)U-235 reduced to 1%c)Therefore, send back to enrichment

2)Plutonium (Pu)a)Spent fuel contains ~1% radioactive Pub)Can be blended with enriched U for new

fuelc)One of the most highly toxic elements

known

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Background Chemistry• The number of protons are the atomic

number. Uranium’s atomic number is 92

• Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes – “same place”

• Isotope U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature

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1. Non-renewable1.Fossil Fuels

Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)

2.Nuclear – Uranium ore2. Renewable

Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

Fuel Types

Topic 1

REVIEW: Energy Sources – Fuels

We’ll get to the rest in “Power Plants”

DONE

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1. Fuels produced from renewable resources

2. Renewable Resources: A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users.

Renewable Fuels

Topic 1

REVIEW: Energy Sources – Fuels

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REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

1. Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within 10 years of fuel manufacture

2. Ford’s “Model T” – 1st affordable automobile – designed to run on ethanol

3. The diesel engine – invented 1897 – was designed to run on biodiesel

4. Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, biofuel is a form of stored solar energy

5.It is biodegradable

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1. Bio Waste – biogas (methane)1)Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

~70% of landfill MSW is biofuel material

2)Sewage sludge3)Animal waste and manure4)Used oils

2. Edible FoodsAnimal fats, vegetable oils, seeds,

corn, wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc.

Sources

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3. Non-edible Parts of FoodsAgricultural residues (peels, skins,

husks, straw, cores, fish heads)4. Algae

1)Yields of algal oil are greater than traditional oilseeds

2)Can grow for from farmlands and forests, minimizing damage to those ecosystems/food chains

3)Can be grown in sewages and next to smokestack to digest pollutants and give oil

Sources (cont.)

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3. Biodiesel1)Diesel engine was invented to run on

peanut oil2)Most common biofuel in Europe 3)Packs as much energy as its fossil fuel

counterpart4)Can be used in existing diesel engines

with little modification5)Made from vegetable oils – soybean,

canola, hemp6)Made from animal fats7)Made from algae


Biofuel Types

"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time“

Rudolf Diesel, 1912

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4. Biogas 1)Produced by anaerobic digestion of

organic materiala)Anaerobic digestion –

microorganisms break down biodegradables in absence of oxygen

b)Organic material – a once-living organism, capable of decay, or the product of decay

2)Landfills (70% of landfill) and other biodegradable wastes

3)Manure and other sources currently released into atmosphere

4)Biogas contains methane


Biofuel Types

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5. Solid Biofuels – Biomass 1)Wood, sawdust, grass cuttings,

domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure

2)When already in usable form (firewood), can be burned directly for heat or produce steam (for electricity generation)

3)When not in usable form, create pellets out of material to be burned in pellet stove


Wood pellet stove

Graph of U.S. Biofuel Production

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1980/01 1985/06 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06 2010/11

Billion gallons

Ethanol Biodiesel

Note: 2006/07 through 2010/11 are projected based on the February 9, 2007, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the March 2, 2007, Grains and Oilseeds Outlook 2007, and the February 2007 USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016.

REVIEW

NOTE: -The most common fuel in Europe is Biodiesel -The most common fuel worldwide is Ethanol

REVIEW

World’s Largest Producer of Ethanol REVIEW

Largest Ethanol Producer

Brazil

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear

Nuclear Fuel Cycle


• Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture,

Military

• Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

Topic 1 Energy Sources

– Fuels

• You will draw this pie chart in your notebook.

• The %s shown in chart are drawn exactly that % of a circle.

• 1 circle = 360 degrees.

REVIEW


– Fuels 1.Calculate angles

Circle = 360 degreesa.Oil = .42 x 360 = b.NG = .22 x 360 = c.Coal = .24 x 360 = d.Nuclear = .06 x 360

= e.Renew. = .07 x 360

= 2.Make sure all angles

add up to 360 degrees.

~151~79~86

~22~25

We are 3 degrees over. Take 1 degree from 3 angles above

REVIEW


– Fuels 2. Get out your compass

and protractor3. Draw circle with 3”

diameter4. Draw light vertical

line up from center point to perimeter

d.3”

REVIEW


– Fuels

5. Measure angles and draw construction lines

6. Go in order from largest % to smallest %, clockwise.

REVIEW


– Fuels

If correct:7. Darken lines and

label

Oil – 41%NG – 22%

Coal – 24%

Renewables 7%

Nuclear 6%

1997 Global Energy Consumption by Type

BEWARE when using Pie Charts:

1. Avoid using Pie Charts when > 6 or 7 components. There are 5 in our example.

2. If %s are similar, it’s difficult to tell the difference between slices.

REVIEW

iot poly engineering 3-3 drill homework 20 april 10 1.bring your protractor and compass to class...

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