red and green are opposites

assume red and green cancel each other

net color = neutral

take away one red

take away one red net color = 1 green

take away two red

take away two red net color = 2 green

net color = neutral

net color = 2 red

in this arrangement…

green is trapped inside.Only red ballscan be added ortaken away…

color = 2 green

color = 1 red

color = ?

3 red

color = ?

3 green

Subatomic Particles (Table 2.1)

Particle Mass (g)

Relative Mass (amu) Charge

Electron (e-) 9.1 x 10-28 0 -1

Proton (p+) 1.67 x 10-24 1 +1

Neutron (n0) 1.67 x 10-24 1 0

In order to understandwhat ions are,we need to know that…

++

++

+

the particlesthat make up atomshave either___________________

++

++

+

net charge = ______

positive and negative are opposites

they cancel each other out

+

the positive (+) particle is called a

______

the negative (-) particle is called an

_______

++

++

+

in an atom,protons ( ) are inthe centerand electrons ( )are on the outside

+

++

++

+

only electrons ( )can be addedor taken away

++

++

+

this is an atom with5 electrons and

5 protons

++

++

+

the atom is neutral

net charge = ____

++

++

+

5 (-) and 5 (+) = zero charge (neutral)

++

++

+

charge = ?

++

++

+

charge = __________

++

++

+

++

++

charge = ?

++

++

+

__________

WHEN REMOVING ELECTRONS

THE RESULTING CHARGE IS __________

neutral 1+

THE RESULTING CHARGE IS _________

neutral 2

WHEN ADDING ELECTRONS

An atom with positive or negative charge

is called andrum roll

____

Atoms without charge are called ______

Atoms with positive or negative charge

are called _____

Notice that ONLY the number of e- changes

The number of protons in anAtom NEVER changes

(Only electrons are added or subtracted)

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge.

______ ion with a positive charge. If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation.

anion ____________________________Na 11 protons

11 electrons Na+11 protons10 electrons

Cl 17 protons17 electrons Cl-

17 protons18 electrons

How do we know what charge our ion will have????

We need to look at our Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

-Most atoms on their own will form ions to complete their outer orbit (energy level)

Fluorine

Put simply - An atom wants to have a full outer orbit. To do this they can either:-Lose 1 or more electrons (cation + )

-____________

Or

-Gain 1 or more electrons (anion - )-____________

How do you know which it will be?It will be whatever is easier-If it has 1 valence electron it will lose 1 and lose its outer orbit easier to lose 1 than gain 7

- If it has 7 valence electrons it will gain 1 to get 8 easier to gain 1 then lose 7!

IonsWe will only be dealing with groups:

________________**Generally speaking, elements on the left (metals and metalloids) will lose e’ to form cations while elements on the right (non-metals) will gain e’ to form anions **

10 n0

How to properly draw ions -

• Draw Bohr-Rutherford Diagram• Include protons and neutrons in nucleus• Put square brackets around diagram• Place charge top right

Naming IonsPositive Ions – ____________________________________________________e.g. Na+ = Sodium Ion

Negative Ions – The name is determined by removing the end and adding idee.g. Oxygen Ion = Oxide ion, Phosphorus Ion = Phosphide ion

Multivalent Ions

-__________________________(Copper, Iron) but also includes Tin (Sn)

-______________ are possible therefore you need more information

Multivalent Ions – Write the name using Roman Numerals

-If you are given the Symbol with the charge you can write the name but you must include ____________________________- E.g. Cu4+ = Copper (IV) ion- Ni3+ = Nickel (III) ion-** I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7

Multivalent Ions – Write the Symbol given the name

-____________________________________________________

-E.g. Lead (IV) = Pb4+

-Cobalt (II) = Co2+

-**Multivalent Ions will always be _________________________

ETCETERA

ions make up the salt you put on your eggs in

ions are required for your brain to function(ions allow you to see and understand this presentation)

ions affect pH

ions allow you to move

ions keep your blood functioning

the morning