IONIAN REVOLTIONIAN REVOLTWHY?WHY?•Persia took control of all Persia took control of all

Greek city-states along Greek city-states along coast of Asia Minor in 547 coast of Asia Minor in 547 BCBC

Where?Where?RegionRegion

known asknown as

Ionia off theIonia off the

coast of coast of AsiaAsia

Minor, eastMinor, east

of Greeceof Greece

When?When?

•499 BCE499 BCE

What?What?

•Ionian city-states rebelled Ionian city-states rebelled against Persian ruleagainst Persian rule– Sought aid from mainland Sought aid from mainland GreeceGreece

– Put up a fierce resistance to Put up a fierce resistance to PersiansPersians•Revolt defeated in 494BCERevolt defeated in 494BCE

Who?Who?•Only Athens Only Athens

and Eretria and Eretria responded to responded to Ionian plea Ionian plea for aidfor aid

•DARIUS IDARIUS I Persian Persian emperoremperor

BATTLE OF MARATHONBATTLE OF MARATHON

Why? Why? • Darius I determined Darius I determined

to punish Athens and to punish Athens and Eretria for aiding Eretria for aiding Ionian rebellionIonian rebellion– Darius sent fleet to Darius sent fleet to

Greece Greece – goal to conquer goal to conquer

both city-states both city-states – teach Greece a teach Greece a

lesson it would lesson it would never forgetnever forget

What?What?

• Eretria fell to PersiansEretria fell to Persians• Persians enter Persians enter

Where?Where? plain of plain of

Marathon Marathon

and head for Athensand head for Athens– Athenians debate strategyAthenians debate strategy

•request reinforcements from request reinforcements from SpartaSparta

– Athens had won battleAthens had won battle

When? 490 BCWhen? 490 BC

Who? Who? •Darius (Persians) and Darius (Persians) and

Miltiades (Athens)Miltiades (Athens)

AFTERMATH OF AFTERMATH OF MARATHONMARATHON• Athenians saw victory at Marathon as Athenians saw victory at Marathon as

vindication of their adoption of vindication of their adoption of democratic reforms of Cleisthenesdemocratic reforms of Cleisthenes– More democratic reforms followedMore democratic reforms followed

• More elected offices opened up to More elected offices opened up to demosdemos

• Introduction of practice of ostracismIntroduction of practice of ostracism– To check against overly ambitious To check against overly ambitious

menmen– To make a clear-cut decision To make a clear-cut decision

between conflicting policies between conflicting policies advocated by different individualsadvocated by different individuals

• Athens also embarked on huge naval Athens also embarked on huge naval construction programconstruction program– Financed by silver in LauriumFinanced by silver in Laurium– Resulted in fleet of 200 shipsResulted in fleet of 200 ships

A NEW ATTACKA NEW ATTACK

BATTLE OF BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE:THERMOPYLAE:

BATTLE OF SALAMIS: BATTLE OF SALAMIS: Where?Where?

• When? August, When? August, 480 BC, bad news 480 BC, bad news of Battle of of Battle of Thermopylae Thermopylae

• Athens evacuated Athens evacuated to Salamisto Salamis

• Where? Strait Where? Strait between Piraeus between Piraeus and Salamis and Salamis Island, an island Island, an island in the Saronic in the Saronic Gulf near Gulf near Athens.Athens.

What?What?

–Athenians tricked Persians Athenians tricked Persians –Smaller, more Smaller, more maneuverable Athenian maneuverable Athenian ships led by ships led by Who?Who? Themistocles Themistocles then then destroyed Persian fleetdestroyed Persian fleet•Xerxes withdrew back to Xerxes withdrew back to Asia MinorAsia Minor

FINAL VICTORIES: FINAL VICTORIES: Who?Who?

• XerxesXerxes had 300,000 had 300,000 in Greecein Greece

• SpartanSpartan commander commander Pausanias in plain Pausanias in plain below at Plataeabelow at Plataea– Spartans achieved Spartans achieved

victoryvictory• Later, Later, AthenianAthenian navy navy

liberated Ionian city-liberated Ionian city-statesstates

• Alliance of Sparta Alliance of Sparta AthensAthens

PROBLEMS AMONG THE PROBLEMS AMONG THE GREEKSGREEKS

• Sparta should have led an alliance Sparta should have led an alliance designed to protect Greece designed to protect Greece – But this did not happenBut this did not happen

• Because Spartan army could Because Spartan army could never be gone from city for never be gone from city for long because of danger of long because of danger of helot uprisinghelot uprising

– Could not therefore Could not therefore provide long-range military provide long-range military leadership requiredleadership required

• Persians still raided Asia Persians still raided Asia MinorMinor

– Naval power required to Naval power required to handle this threathandle this threat

• Athens therefore became the head Athens therefore became the head of new Greek allianceof new Greek alliance

DELIAN LEAGUEDELIAN LEAGUE

• New alliance known as Delian New alliance known as Delian League (478-77 BC)League (478-77 BC)– Sparta created smaller Sparta created smaller

alliance called alliance called Peloponnesian LeaguePeloponnesian League

• Purpose of Delian League was Purpose of Delian League was offensive and defensiveoffensive and defensive– Athens dominated decision-Athens dominated decision-

making processmaking process– Military commanders were Military commanders were

all Atheniansall Athenians– Athens administered Athens administered

finances and took 50% of finances and took 50% of all lootall loot

• Athens dominated the Delian Athens dominated the Delian League from the very startLeague from the very start

EXPANSION OF ATHENIAN EXPANSION OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

• Athenian democracy continued to evolve under reforms of PericlesAthenian democracy continued to evolve under reforms of Pericles– Fundamental motivation was military necessityFundamental motivation was military necessity

• With rise of Athenian naval power, the military importance of rowers With rise of Athenian naval power, the military importance of rowers increasedincreased

– Generally poor men who did hard physical labor for low pay under Generally poor men who did hard physical labor for low pay under hazardous conditionshazardous conditions

– Generally were not citizensGenerally were not citizens• Began to pressure government for political participation and rightsBegan to pressure government for political participation and rights• Their demands were ultimately granted and thereby paved the way for an Their demands were ultimately granted and thereby paved the way for an

expansion of democracy in Athensexpansion of democracy in Athens

CIMON vs PERICLESCIMON vs PERICLES

• Pericles’ most powerful Pericles’ most powerful rival was Cimonrival was Cimon– Successful general Successful general

and talented speakerand talented speaker– Advocated pro-Advocated pro-

Spartan foreign Spartan foreign policypolicy

• Pericles advocated Pericles advocated opposite policyopposite policy– Advocated crippling Advocated crippling

Sparta before she Sparta before she would take inevitable would take inevitable revenge on Athensrevenge on Athens

Pericles

Cimon

PERICLES WINSPERICLES WINS• Cimon insulted by Spartans Cimon insulted by Spartans

when he arrived to help them when he arrived to help them put down revolt by helotsput down revolt by helots– Pericles used episode to Pericles used episode to

work up public opinion work up public opinion against Cimonagainst Cimon• Cimon ultimately Cimon ultimately

ostracizedostracized• Pericles’ anti-Spartan Pericles’ anti-Spartan

orientation became orientation became official Athenian policyofficial Athenian policy

– Athens makes alliance Athens makes alliance with Spartan enemies, with Spartan enemies, Argos and ThessalyArgos and Thessaly

VS.

Spartans Athenians

Even after the Persian Wars ended, the Persian threat remained.

Athens persuaded most of the city-states (except Sparta) to ally against the enemy.

This alliance became known as the Delian League b/c the treasury was made on the island of Delos.

Athens provided naval and land forces while other city-states provided money and ships Delian League succeeded in freeing Ionia from Persian rule and sweeping the Aegean free from pirates

Overseas trade expanded, and Greece grew richer.

Athens gradually began to dominate other city-states

Pericles used part of the treasury to build the Parthenon.

As Athen’s trade and political influence grew, some city-states formed an alliance opposed to Athens

Sparta, a long-standing Athenian rival, became the leader of the anti-Athens alliance.

Since Sparta was located in Peloponnesus, the war became known as the Peloponnesian War.

Sparta’s fear and jealousy of Athens were so strong that the Spartans made a deal with the Persians to return Ionia to Persian control.

In exchange, Sparta received gold to build its own fleet

430 B.C. – a plague weakened Athens. More than 1/3 of pop. Die, including Pericles.

Eventually, several allies of Athens switched sides and joined the Spartan-led alliance.

The Spartans destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself

404 B.C. – Athens surrendered.

Disaster for both the winner and the loser

City-states declined in population

Fields and orchards destroyed

Unemployment led to mercenaries, or hired soldiers, in the Persian army

Greeks lost their ability to govern themselves

Forgot about common good and thought only of money.

371 B.C. - A new alliance of city-states, led by Thebes overthrew the harsh incompetent Spartan rulers.

Thebans were also later overthrown.

City-states became weaker than ever.

When Macedonians threatened Greece in the 350’s B.C., the city-states were unable to resist.

END OF THE GOLDEN END OF THE GOLDEN AGEAGE

Thev

Thebes then emerged as the supreme power in Greece and immediately

tried to establish an

empire

Wasted its advantage in population and resources in a series of useless wars

By 336, Thebes was completely exhausted and all of Greece was in a state of chronic

decay

Too weak now to defend itself against any foreign invader

who decided to attack Greece

Thebes