IODP Town Hall Meeting2004 Fall AGU MeetingSan Francisco, CA14 December 2004

IODP Town Hall Meeting2004 Fall AGU MeetingSan Francisco, CA14 December 2004

A. T. Fisher1 and Tetsuro Urabe2

and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientific Party

1 University of California, Santa Cruz2 University of Tokyo

A. T. Fisher1 and Tetsuro Urabe2

and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientific Party

1 University of California, Santa Cruz2 University of Tokyo

IODP Expedition 301: The Hydrogeologic IODP Expedition 301: The Hydrogeologic Architecture of Basaltic Oceanic Crust: Architecture of Basaltic Oceanic Crust: Compartmentalization, Anisotropy, Microbiology, Compartmentalization, Anisotropy, Microbiology, and Crustal-scale Properties on the Eastern and Crustal-scale Properties on the Eastern Flank of Juan de Fuca RidgeFlank of Juan de Fuca Ridge

Expedition 301 Science Party:Expedition 301 Science Party:A. Fisher, T. Urabe, A. Klaus, A. Bartetzko, K. Becker, R. Coggon, M. Dumont, B. Engelen, S. Goto, V. Heuer, S. Hulme, M. Hutnak, F. Inagaki, G. Iturrino, S. Kiyokawa, M. Lever, S. Nakagawa, M. Nielsen, T. Noguchi, W. Sager, M. Sakaguchi, B. Steinsbu, T. Tsuji, C. G. Wheat

A. Fisher, T. Urabe, A. Klaus, A. Bartetzko, K. Becker, R. Coggon, M. Dumont, B. Engelen, S. Goto, V. Heuer, S. Hulme, M. Hutnak, F. Inagaki, G. Iturrino, S. Kiyokawa, M. Lever, S. Nakagawa, M. Nielsen, T. Noguchi, W. Sager, M. Sakaguchi, B. Steinsbu, T. Tsuji, C. G. Wheat

Additional proponents and collaborators:Additional proponents and collaborators:J. Alt, W. Bach, J. Baross, J. Cowen, S. D’Hondt, E. E. Davis, D. Kadko, M. McCarthy, J. S. McClain, M. J. Mottl, M. Sinha, G. Spinelli, V. Spiess, R. Stephen, D. Teagle, H. Villinger, L. Zühlsdorff

J. Alt, W. Bach, J. Baross, J. Cowen, S. D’Hondt, E. E. Davis, D. Kadko, M. McCarthy, J. S. McClain, M. J. Mottl, M. Sinha, G. Spinelli, V. Spiess, R. Stephen, D. Teagle, H. Villinger, L. Zühlsdorff

Fundamental questions addressed by IODP Fundamental questions addressed by IODP Expedition 301 and related experimentsExpedition 301 and related experiments

• What are the magnitude and nature (distribution, extent of channeling) of permeability in crustal fluid-rock systems, variations, scaling (temporal, spatial)?

• What are the magnitudes and directions of driving forces, fluid fluxes, and associated solute and heat transport?

• What are the magnitude and nature of storage properties, variations with fluid pressure, scaling (temporal, spatial)?

• What are relations between fluid flow, vertical and horizontal compartmentalization, microbiological communities, seismic properties, alteration, structure, and primary crustal lithology?

• How large are distinct fluid reservoirs, what are fluid residence times and fluid velocities, and how do these respond to transient processes (tides, seismic events)?

• What are the magnitude and nature (distribution, extent of channeling) of permeability in crustal fluid-rock systems, variations, scaling (temporal, spatial)?

• What are the magnitudes and directions of driving forces, fluid fluxes, and associated solute and heat transport?

• What are the magnitude and nature of storage properties, variations with fluid pressure, scaling (temporal, spatial)?

• What are relations between fluid flow, vertical and horizontal compartmentalization, microbiological communities, seismic properties, alteration, structure, and primary crustal lithology?

• How large are distinct fluid reservoirs, what are fluid residence times and fluid velocities, and how do these respond to transient processes (tides, seismic events)?

Things we want Things we want to understandto understand

Things we Things we measuremeasure

Permeability links Permeability links observation and processobservation and process

Permeability is at the center of Permeability is at the center of many of these questions…many of these questions…

• • What is the diversity, distribution, What is the diversity, distribution, and size of ecosystems?and size of ecosystems?

• • What happens when we move from What happens when we move from oceanic sediments to basement?oceanic sediments to basement?

• • How does microbiology relate to How does microbiology relate to other aspects of water/rock?other aspects of water/rock?

modified from modified from Parkes et al. Parkes et al. (1994), (1994), D’Hondt et al.D’Hondt et al. (2003) (2003)

……and so is the subseafloor and so is the subseafloor biosphere!biosphere!

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅià≥èkǻǵÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

• The geology is typical in many ways.The geology is typical in many ways.

• Young crust, thick sediments, create extreme conditions Young crust, thick sediments, create extreme conditions we can measure and sample.we can measure and sample.

• Existing boreholes/CORKs help us understand the Existing boreholes/CORKs help us understand the system, save time in creating a network of observatories.system, save time in creating a network of observatories.

• Link with future cabled observatory system: NEPTUNE.Link with future cabled observatory system: NEPTUNE.

Eventually, we will need to test several areas, Eventually, we will need to test several areas, but this is the best place to start.but this is the best place to start.

Why work on the eastern flank of Why work on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge?Juan de Fuca Ridge?

• • FirstFirst controlled, cross-hole seafloor experiment; controlled, cross-hole seafloor experiment;

• • FirstFirst multi-directional hydrogeologic experiment (both multi-directional hydrogeologic experiment (both vertical and multi-azimuth);vertical and multi-azimuth);

• • FirstFirst active large-scale assessment of storage properties active large-scale assessment of storage properties and effective porosity;and effective porosity;

• • FirstFirst combined (simultaneous, co-located) hydrogeologic, combined (simultaneous, co-located) hydrogeologic, microbiological, tracer, seismic experiment;microbiological, tracer, seismic experiment;

• • FirstFirst long-term active experiment (hours to multi-year); long-term active experiment (hours to multi-year);

• • FirstFirst attempt to measure multiple scales (temporal, attempt to measure multiple scales (temporal, spatial) with the same techniques, link to primary spatial) with the same techniques, link to primary lithology, alteration, etc.lithology, alteration, etc.

Expedition 301 and follow-up expeditions will Expedition 301 and follow-up expeditions will provide many new opportunities and results…provide many new opportunities and results…

• Create/modify a network of boreholes (two existing, two new), penetrating up to ~300-400 m of permeable basement;

• Conduct wireline logging, VSP, short-term packer tests;

• Install long-term observatories (CORKs) to monitor pressure, temperature, collect fluid samples, colonize microbes; and

• Collect sediment and rock samples and evaluate lithology, alteration, microbiology, fluid chemistry.

• Prepare for installation of additional holes to conduct cross-hole hydrogeologic, microbiological, geochemical, and seismic experiments at a range of spatial and temporal scales (meters to kilometers, minutes to years) in the same holes.

• Create/modify a network of boreholes (two existing, two new), penetrating up to ~300-400 m of permeable basement;

• Conduct wireline logging, VSP, short-term packer tests;

• Install long-term observatories (CORKs) to monitor pressure, temperature, collect fluid samples, colonize microbes; and

• Collect sediment and rock samples and evaluate lithology, alteration, microbiology, fluid chemistry.

• Prepare for installation of additional holes to conduct cross-hole hydrogeologic, microbiological, geochemical, and seismic experiments at a range of spatial and temporal scales (meters to kilometers, minutes to years) in the same holes.

Summary of IODP 301 Operational PlansSummary of IODP 301 Operational Plans

Second RidgeSecond Ridge (SR): Primary Sites (SR): Primary Sites

First RidgeFirst Ridge (FR), (FR), Deep RidgeDeep Ridge (DR): Secondary Sites (DR): Secondary Sites

Second Second Ridge areaRidge area

IODP 301 site locations…IODP 301 site locations…

Planned SR operationsPlanned SR operations

• • Replace CORKs at 1026B (higher priority), 1027C (lower priority)Replace CORKs at 1026B (higher priority), 1027C (lower priority)

• • Drill holes at Site 1301, ≤400 m into basement, core, log, BHTV, VSP, packer, Drill holes at Site 1301, ≤400 m into basement, core, log, BHTV, VSP, packer, CORK CORK multiple intervalsmultiple intervals, additional sediment coring, additional sediment coring

• • Drill Hole SR-2A, ≤200 m into basement, core, sample, log, BHTV, VSP (offset), Drill Hole SR-2A, ≤200 m into basement, core, sample, log, BHTV, VSP (offset), packer, CORK packer, CORK multiple intervalsmultiple intervals

• • Long-term testing (1-3 years) within and between holesLong-term testing (1-3 years) within and between holes

Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Microbiological, Seismic, Tracer ExperimentsMicrobiological, Seismic, Tracer Experiments

(1) Hydrogeologic Experiments:(1) Hydrogeologic Experiments:

• • Single-hole testsSingle-hole tests

• • Use CORK’ed wells as observation points, pump Use CORK’ed wells as observation points, pump across wellsacross wells

• • Pump for 24 hours, let equilibrate for 6-12 months, Pump for 24 hours, let equilibrate for 6-12 months, open valve(s) to overpressured interval(s), allow to open valve(s) to overpressured interval(s), allow to flow for 12-24 months = "artesian well" testflow for 12-24 months = "artesian well" test

• • Test multiple scales, directional properties, Test multiple scales, directional properties, differences in properties and relationsdifferences in properties and relations

Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Microbiological, Seismic, Tracer ExperimentsMicrobiological, Seismic, Tracer Experiments

(2) Microbiological Experiments:(2) Microbiological Experiments:

• • Which microbes live where, how?Which microbes live where, how?

• • Three main stages of analysis:Three main stages of analysis:(a) Sediment coring, sampling(a) Sediment coring, sampling(b) Basement coring, sampling(b) Basement coring, sampling(c) Long-term fluid sampling, incubation(c) Long-term fluid sampling, incubation

• • Long-term samplers and colonization substrate Long-term samplers and colonization substrate deployed within sealed boreholesdeployed within sealed boreholes

• • Vent overpressured system at seafloor, time-series Vent overpressured system at seafloor, time-series sampling, additional seafloor experimentssampling, additional seafloor experiments

Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Microbiological, Seismic, Tracer ExperimentsMicrobiological, Seismic, Tracer Experiments

(3) Seismic Experiments:(3) Seismic Experiments:

• • Collect wireline logs in deep basement holesCollect wireline logs in deep basement holes

• • Single-hole VSP in Holes 1301B and SR-2A Single-hole VSP in Holes 1301B and SR-2A

• • Offset VSP, shoot from another ship to the holeOffset VSP, shoot from another ship to the hole

• • Determine directional basement seismic properties, Determine directional basement seismic properties, relations to hydrogeologic and other properties relations to hydrogeologic and other properties

Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Simultaneous and Co-located Hydrogeologic, Microbiological, Seismic, Tracer ExperimentsMicrobiological, Seismic, Tracer Experiments

(4) Tracer Experiments:(4) Tracer Experiments:

• • Thermal, modeling, and geochemical studies suggest Thermal, modeling, and geochemical studies suggest fluid velocities on the order of kilometers per yearfluid velocities on the order of kilometers per year

• • Pump multiple tracers in multiple holes and depths Pump multiple tracers in multiple holes and depths during hydrogeologic testsduring hydrogeologic tests

• • Monitor individual holes and depths for tracer return Monitor individual holes and depths for tracer return patterns (single-hole tests)patterns (single-hole tests)

• • Monitor for across-hole tracer appearance, also Monitor for across-hole tracer appearance, also monitor natural discharge on Baby Bare outcropmonitor natural discharge on Baby Bare outcrop

Expedition 301 Expedition 301 CORK system featuresCORK system features• • In new holes: four nested casing strings In new holes: four nested casing strings (three to hold open hole, one for CORK)(three to hold open hole, one for CORK)

• • Multiple sealing systems: cement, packer(s), Multiple sealing systems: cement, packer(s), CORK body, CORK casing (top and bottom)CORK body, CORK casing (top and bottom)

• • Tubing extends to depth for fluid and Tubing extends to depth for fluid and microbio sampling, pressure monitoring, microbio sampling, pressure monitoring, several kinds of umbilicals usedseveral kinds of umbilicals used

• • Autonomous temperature loggers, Autonomous temperature loggers, OsmoSamplers, microbio cells within/below OsmoSamplers, microbio cells within/below CORK, hung on Spectra cableCORK, hung on Spectra cable

• • Pressure logger attached to CORK head by Pressure logger attached to CORK head by ROV/sub ROV/sub afterafter CORK deployment CORK deployment

• • System allows monitoring of formation and System allows monitoring of formation and cased intervals, to evaluate CORK cased intervals, to evaluate CORK performanceperformance

Expedition 301 CORKs,Expedition 301 CORKs,casing hangers casing hangers

Hoisting CORK onto rig floorHoisting CORK onto rig floor

Sampling/Sampling/monitoringmonitoringbaybay

Top sealTop seal

Attaching CORK running toolAttaching CORK running tool

Raising CORK Raising CORK in the rig in in the rig in preparation for preparation for deployment deployment through the through the moon poolmoon pool

Running tubing, protective centralizersRunning tubing, protective centralizers

Attaching umbilicals Attaching umbilicals to pass-throughs on to pass-throughs on main CORK sealmain CORK seal

HeroHero

HeroHero

HeroHero

HeroHero

Autonomous Autonomous temperature temperature loggers, loggers, attached to attached to downhole downhole instrumentation instrumentation and cablesand cables

Preparing OsmoSamplers and Preparing OsmoSamplers and microbiological substrate cellsmicrobiological substrate cells

Downhole microbiological instrumentationDownhole microbiological instrumentation

Three bays on CORK head Three bays on CORK head for uphole instrumentation for uphole instrumentation and access to samplesand access to samples

Three CORKs deployed Three CORKs deployed during IODP Expedition 301during IODP Expedition 301

IODP 301 collected and tested many IODP 301 collected and tested many basement and sediment samplesbasement and sediment samples

Extensive Extensive microbiological microbiological sampling and analysis sampling and analysis (9% of basement rock, (9% of basement rock, much of the sediment)much of the sediment)

Summary of IODP 301 basement resultsSummary of IODP 301 basement results

Post-IODP 301 operationsPost-IODP 301 operations• • E. Davis (PGC) and R. Dixon (US-IO) returned to E. Davis (PGC) and R. Dixon (US-IO) returned to Exp. 301 CORKs on R/V Thomas G. Thompson in Exp. 301 CORKs on R/V Thomas G. Thompson in September 2004September 2004

• • Installed pressure loggers, closed valvesInstalled pressure loggers, closed valves

• • Recovered some OsmoSamplers from CORK headsRecovered some OsmoSamplers from CORK heads

• • Inspected CORK installationsInspected CORK installations

ROPOS operations: September 2004ROPOS operations: September 2004

Expedition 301 Expedition 301 achieved critical achieved critical objectivesobjectives• • Successes are Successes are remarkable considering remarkable considering limited time available to limited time available to prepare…prepare…

• • Now poised to finish Now poised to finish drilling and related work, drilling and related work, conduct long-term, active conduct long-term, active tests in the crust…tests in the crust…

• • Appropriate for the first Appropriate for the first expedition of IODP - a expedition of IODP - a new kind of experimentnew kind of experiment