investigating tundra and taiga biomes with remote sensing jessica robin ssai/nasa/gsfc photo...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing
Jessica RobinSSAI/NASA/GSFC
Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds
![Page 2: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Photo – M. K. Raynolds
Outline of presentation
• Climate change and arctic vegetation
• Remote sensing research
• Field research by Martha Reynolds (UAF)
• Research with GLOBE data
![Page 3: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Arctic Temperatures (1966-1995)
Image courtesy of National Snow & Ice Center
![Page 4: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Image courtesy of Goddard Institute of Space Science
2001 temperatures compared to 1950 to 1981 “normal” temperatures
![Page 5: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Northern Greening (1981-1999)
Image courtesy of Liming Zhou, Boston University
![Page 6: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Photo – D. A. Walker
Report put out in 2004 by the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) International panel
The summary report, graphics and detailed scientific report can be found on the web at:
http://www.acia.uaf.edu/
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
![Page 7: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Key Findings of the ACIA regarding vegetation
Arctic vegetation zones are very likely to shift causing wide-ranging impacts.
• Treeline is expected to move northward and to higher elevations, with forest replacing a significant fraction of existing tundra, and tundra vegetation moving into polar deserts.
• More productive vegetation is likely to increase carbon uptake, although reduced reflectivity of the land is likely to outweigh this, causing further warming.
• Disturbances such as insect outbreaks and forest fires are very likely to increase in frequency, severity and duration, facilitating invasion by non-native species.
• Where suitable soils are present, agriculture will have the potential to expand northward due to a longer and warmer growing season.
![Page 9: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Remote Sensing Research
![Page 10: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Recent studies have shown increases in satellite-sensed indices (NDVI) of circumpolar tundra vegetation.
NDVI of boreal forests shows decreasing trends.
1991 1992 1993
1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 1999
Time-integrated NDVIJia and Epstein
Low High
Strong PositivePositiveNear ZeroNegativeStrong Negative
Goetz et al. 2005 summary of 1981-2003 trends in AVHRR
NDVI
![Page 11: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The spring season has started earlier and max NDVI has increased
Goetz et al. 2005. PNAS,102: 13521-13525
10-day spring shift in growing season length
10% increase in NDVI
• NDVI trends for the forested and tundra regions, broken down by six-year intervals.
• The forested areas show a recent decline in the maximum NDVI.
• Tundra regions have shown a continued increase in NDVI and a marked 10-day shift toward earlier onset of greening.
• There is no corresponding shift in the cessation of the greening period.
![Page 12: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Changes in arctic shrubs
(Sturm et al. 2001)
![Page 13: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Riordan et al. 2006 JGR
Shrinking lakes due to warmer temperatures leading to changes in permafrost and more evaporation affects vegetation.
![Page 14: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Satellite data show changes• Greenhouse warming experiments show changes
• but very few studies have been able to document changes occurring to undisturbed tundra
ControlOpen-top chamber
Community changes in ITEX experiment after 6 years
![Page 15: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Field Research
![Page 16: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Current research by Martha K. Raynolds University of Alaska Fairbanks
• Trying to measure existing tundra vegetation conditions in enough detail and in enough places that future changes due to climate change can be measured.
![Page 17: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Greenland
Arctic tundra bioclimate subzones
![Page 18: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Plant physiognomy occurring in different Tundra Bioclimate Subzones
• A – mosses, liverworts and lichens with some grasses and forbs• B – rushes and prostrate dwarf shrubs with mosses, liverworts and lichens • C – hemiprostrate and prostrate dwarf shrubs with bryophytes and lichens • D – sedges, erect and prostrated dwarf shrubs with bryophytes and lichens• E – tussock sedges, low and erect dwarf shrubs with bryophytes and lichens
a – mosses, liverworts and lichens, b – forbs, c – prostrate dwarf-shrubs, d – non-tussock graminoids, e -hemiprostrate dwarf shrubs, f – erect dwarf shrubs, g – low shrubs, h – tussock graminoids
![Page 19: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Subzone C
Subzone D
Subzone E
Landscapes of the Tundra Bioclimate Zone
Subzone B
Subzone AA = coldestE = warmest
N
S
No shrubs
Erect dwarf shrubs
Hummocks
Mounds
Tussocks
![Page 20: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Research with GLOBE Data
![Page 21: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Monitoring vegetation phenology with GLOBE Data
• Satellite data from the past two decades shows a corresponding increase in growing season in northern latitudes (Myneni, R.B., Keeling, C.D., Tucker, C.J., Asrar, G., and Nemani, R.R., 1997, Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991, Nature, 386:698-702.)
• However, minimal on-ground observations of plant phenology exist to validate such satellite findings
![Page 22: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
OBJECTIVES1. Analyze the efficacy of phenology
monitoring using GLOBE and satellite derived vegetation indices from AVHRR and MODIS data
2. Compare AVHRR and MODIS data
![Page 23: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GLOBE SCHOOLS10 SchoolsElementary-High SchoolPublic, Charter, Private, HomeAnchorage area (3)Fairbanks area (7)Lat: 61.17° – 64.85° NLon: 147.52°-149.41° W
![Page 24: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
FIELDMEASUREMENTS
• Students made observations & measurements (2001-2004)– budburst, green-up, leaf growth & green down– research focused on budburst and green-up
• Trees/Shrubs: Betula, Populus, Salix (Viereck, Leslie, A. and Little, Elbert L. Jr. 1972. Alaska Trees and Shrubs. Agriculture Handbook No. 410. Forest Service, USDA, Washington D.C)
Willow
Birch
PoplarGLOBE Students, Alaska
Photo courtesy of Cheryl Pratt and Elena Sparrow, U of Alaska Fairbanks
![Page 26: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SATELLITE DATA AVHRR
• Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
• On board NOAA’s POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites) since 1979
•Research includes NDVI data for Fairbanks and Anchorage regions from 2001 - 2004
![Page 27: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SATELLITE DATA MODIS
• Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer• On board Terra – Earth Observing System (EOS) • Terra satellite launched in 1999 • This research includes NDVI data for Fairbanks and Anchorage regions from 2001 - 2004
![Page 28: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Comparison of satellite data
![Page 29: Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649ed55503460f94be5842/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conclusions
• Different processing and spectral characteristics restrict continuity between AVHRR and MODIS NDVI datasets
• NDVI has limitations in boreal regions due to snow, large extent of conifers, and clouds