inventory of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions in slovenia jože verbiČ agricultural institute...
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Inventory of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions in
Slovenia
Jože VERBIČ
Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana
Methodology used for estimating emissions
• GHG: IPCC Greenhouse Inventory Reference Manual 1997
• NH3: EMEP/CORINAIR 2002
Menzi et al. 1997 (Ammoniak-Emissionen in der Schweiz)
Structure of GHG emissions in agriculture
Nitrous oxide
emissions 58%
Methane emissions
42%
Pigs - enteric
fermentation2%
Cattle - enteric
fermentation76%
Sheep, goats,
horses - manure
management0%
Poulty - manure
management1%
Pigs - manure
management8%
Sheep, goats,
horses - enteric
fermentation3%
Cattle - manure
management10%
Structure of methane emissions
Structure of nitrous oxide emissions
N leaching26%
Mineral fertilizers
15%
Manure management
22%
NH3 and NOX
6%
Crop residues
6%
Grazing4%
Organic fertilizers
20%
Symbiotic fixation
1%
If indirect emissions and emissions due to fertilization with animal manures are attributed to animal production, cattle contribute 60 % of N2O.
Structure of ammonia emissions
Fertilization with animal
manures43%
Mineral fertilizers
8%
Biological fixation0,1%
Manure storage11%
Emissions from housing and
grazing38%
Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle
Detailed method (Tier 2)• Herd of dairy cattle disaggregated into 18 subclasses (from
less than 1000 kg of milk to over than 9000 kg of milk yield per year)
• Theoretical diets were calculated by taking into account animal requirements and quality of local feeds for each individual subclass
• Methane emissions were calculated on the basis of gross energy intake – methane conversion rate 0.07 for milk yields up to 3000 kg per year and 0.06 for higher yields
• Total dairy cattle population was distributed to individual subclasses on the basis of data from official milk recording (Cattle Breeding Service) – extrapolated to data published by Statistical Office
Based on data from period 1985-1996 an equation was developed that enables the estimate on the basis of average milk production.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Milk production (kg/cow/year)
Me
tha
ne
em
isio
n
(kg
/co
w/y
ea
r)
Used for suckler cows
Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle
Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – non-dairy cattle
Detailed method (Tier 2)• Gross energy intake estimated on the basis of
animal requirements.
• Data on total live-weight gain (Statistical Office) distributed to classes of growing cattle (fixed values for heifers).
Category of population EF (CH4)
(enteric fermentation)
Sub-category kg/head*yearCattle total
Young cattle (under 1 year)
30
Young cattle (1-2 years)
Breeding heifers 65.5
Heifers for fattening 66.6
Fatening bulls and steers 66.6
Cattle over 2 years
Breeding heifers 75.1
Heifers for fattening 66.6
Fatening bulls and steers 66.6
Bulls for breeding 59.1
Dairy cows 93.4
Other cows 80.4
Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – emission factors*
* Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed
Methane emission from manure management - cattle
Detailed method (Tier 2)• Estimates based on
volatile solids excretion which is calculated using the same approach as for enteric fermentation.
Methane producing capacity (B0)
Cows 0,24 m3/kg VS
Other cattle 0,17 m3/kg VS
Methane conversion factor has been calculated on the basis of partial methane conversion
fractions for cool climate and proportions of individual manure storage types.
Manure management
Manuremanagementpractices (%)
Grazing* 11.7
Solid storage** 39.6
Liquid storage** 48.7
* census data corrected with regard to the lenght of grazing season
** estimates on the basis of census data on farm structure
11.5 Other cows
12.7 Dairy cows
7.6 Bulls for breeding
6.3 Fatening bulls and steers
6.3 Heifers for fattening
8.8 Breeding heifers
Cattle over 2 years
6.3 Fatening bulls and steers
6.3 Heifers for fattening
7.7 Breeding heifers
Young cattle (1-2 years)
3.8Young cattle (under 1 year)
Cattle total
kg/head*yearSub-category
EF (CH4)
(manure managem.)
Category of population
Methane emission from manure management in cattle production – emission factors*
* Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed
Methane emissions from pig production-enteric fermentation
PIG PRODUCTION
LARGE PIG FARMS
31 %
MARKET ORIENTED
FAMILY FARMS
47 %
SMAL SCALE FARM
PRODUCTION22 %
1.5 kg of methane per
year2.33 kg of
methane per year
1.5 kg of methane per
year
Average factor 1.67 kg CH4/pig
Methane emissions from pig production - manure management
PIG PRODUCTION
LARGE PIG FARMS
31 %
MARKET ORIENTED
FAMILY FARMS47 %
SMAL SCALE FARM PRODUCTION
22 %
0.5 kg VS/d
0.775 kg VS/d
0.5 kg VS/d
solid 56 %liquid 17 %anaer. dig. 12 %lagoon 15 %
solid 5 %liquid 95 %
solid 95 %liquid 5 %
9.00 kg CH4/pig
5.25 kg CH4/pig 1.24 kg CH4/pig
Average factor 5.74 kg CH4/pig
Methane emission in sheep, goats, horses and poultry
Default factors suggested by IPCC (1997) have been considered.
Nitrous oxide emissions in animal production
DATA ON ANIMAL
POPULATION(Statistical Office)
ESTIMATES ON N EXCRETION(IPCC, 1997)
N EXCRETED IN GRAZING SYSTEMS
N EXCRETED IN HOUSING SYSTEMS
Specific factors:
Lagoons 0.001 kg N2O/kg N excr.
Liquid 0.001 kg N2O/kg N excr.
Solid 0.020 kg N2O/kg N excr.
N in animal manure
NH3 and NOX emissions
NO2 emisions
Emissions from soils
Indirectemissions
N leaching
N excretion (for N2O emisions)
Dairy cows 100 kg/ year
Other cows* 100 kg/ year
Other cattle 70 kg/ year
Nitrogen excretion in cattle
* To keep continuity from basis year
N excretion (for N2O emissions)
N excretion (for NH3 emissions)
Dairy cows 100 kg/ year 105.5* kg/ year
Other cows 100 kg/ year 70 kg/ year
Other cattle 70 kg/ year 35 kg/ year
Nitrogen excretion in cattle
* Related to milk production
Ammonia emissions - mass flow
EXCRETED N Emission from animal housing
N IN SLURRY AND MANURE
STORES
N IN ANIMAL MANURES
N IN SOIL
Emission from storage
Emission from spreading
N excretion
105.5 kg
Manure with Urine
bedding
43% 57%
EF housing* 7% 7%
EF storage**
opened 30% 15%
covered 3% 1.5%
EF spreading***
basic factor 60% 50%
reduced factor 36% 30%
* From excreted ** From soluble ex housing*** From soluble ex storage
Total: 31 % of excreted N
Example: Dairy cow- traditional tied system with beding
Dairy cattle
Other cows
Other cattle
Grazing 5.3 3.9 1.8
Tied system
32.8 24.1 10.9
Slurry 40 29.5 13.3
Total herd 33.1 24.4 11.0
Emissions of NH3-N (kg/year) in cattle production
Reduction of GHG emissions from 1986 to 2000 (1986 = 1.00)
Index
Methane 0,85
Enteric fermentation 0,92
Cattle 0,91
Pigs 0,91
Sheep, goats, horses 2,21
Manure management 0,62
Cattle 1,11
Pigs 0,42
Poultry 0,38
Sheep, goats, horses 1,51
Index
Nitrous oxide 0,84
Manure management 0,65
Cattle 0,60
Pigs 0,85
Poultry 0,36
Sheep, goats, horses 2,46
Direct emissions from agricultural soil
0,89
Mineral fertilizers 1,14
Animal fertilizers 0,80
Symbiotic fixation 0,22
Grazing 1,58
Crop residues 0,84
Indirect emissions 0,93
NH3 and NOX 0,90
Leaching 0,94
IndexTotal emissions 0.84
Reduction of ammonia emissions
From 1990 to 2002 ammonia emissions were reduced by 10 %.