inventory of climate smart agriculture garden pea

INVENTORY OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE GARDEN PEA TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATIONS & MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Compiled by Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S., Ogema, V., Kambo, C., Kuria S., Ndegwa, A., Wandera ,F., Ndubi, J., Nasirembe, W., Wayua, F., Gathambiri, C., Otieno, M.,. Wasilwa, L., Kirigua

V., Wambua., J., Okoko,, N., Ndungu, J., Mwangi, H., Amata, R.,

Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization

Under

KENYA CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE PROJECT (KCSAP)

January 2021

Version

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1.0 Definition of terms and summary tables of Garden Pea Technologies, Innovations and Management Practices (TIMPS)

1.1 Definition of terms Technology: This is defined as an output of a research process which is beneficial to the target clientele (mainly farmers, pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and fisher folk for KCSAP’s case), can be commercialized and can be patented under intellectual property rights (IPR) arrangements. It consists of research outputs such as tools, equipment, genetic materials, breeds, farming and herding practices, gathering practices, laboratory techniques, models etc. Management practice: This is defined as recommendation(s) on practice(s) that is/are considered necessary for a technology to achieve its optimum output. These include, for instance, different agronomic and practices (seeding rates, fertilizer application rates, spatial arrangements, planting period, land preparation, watering regimes, etc.), protection methods, for crops; and feed rations, management systems, disease control methods, etc. for animal breeds. This is therefore important information which is generated through research to accompany the parent technology before it is finally released to users and the technology would be incomplete without this information.

Innovation: This is defined as a modification of an existing technology for an entirely different use from the original intended use. (e.g. fireless cooker modified to be used as a hatchery)

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1.2. Summary of Inventory of TIMPs in the Garden Pea Value Chain

The inventory process identified 69 TIMPs comprising 16 technologies, 6 innovations and 47 management practices, distributed among the 11 sub-themes, as indicated in the table Table 1: Summary of Garden Pea TIMPs Commodity/VC Sub-Theme Technologies Innovations Management

Practices Garden Pea Good agricultural

Practices and food safety 0 0 2

Garden Pea Improved garden pea varieties

5 0 0

Garden Pea Garden Pea seed system 0 1 0

Garden Pea Agronomic management practices

0 0 3

Garden Pea Soil Fertility and water Management

1 0 2

Garden Pea Garden pea Crop health 0 0 24

Garden Pea Postharvest management 4 0 1

Garden Pea Garden Pea Value addition

2 4 0

Garden Pea Mechanization of Garden Pea production activities

4 1 0

Garden Pea Garden Pea business and Marketing

0 0 9

Garden Pea Garden National policy 0 0 6

Total 16 6 47

Summary of Status of TIMPs in Garden Pea Value Chain

The inventory process resulted in a total of 28 TIMPs of which that are ready for up-scaling, 23 TIMPs that require validation and 18 TIMPs that require further research in the sub-themes, as indicated in Table 2. Table 2. Number of TIMPs ready for up-scaling, require validation or further research Commodity/VC Sub-Theme Ready for up-

scaling Require

validation Further

Research

Garden Pea Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and food safety

2 0 0

Garden Pea Improved Garden Pea varieties

5 0 0

Garden Pea Garden Pea seed system 0 0 1

Garden Pea Agronomic management practices

3 0 0

Garden Pea Soil Fertility and water Management

3 0 0

Garden Pea Garden Pea Crop health 5 19 0

Garden Pea Postharvest management 4 1 0

4

Garden Pea Garden Pea Value addition 4 2 0 Garden Pea Mechanization of Garden

Pea production activities 2 1 2

Garden Pea Garden Pea business and Marketing

0 0 9

Garden Policy 6 Overall Total 28 23 18

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Table 3: Inventory of Garden Pea TIMPs by Category and Status TIMPs Sub-Theme TIMPs Title TIMPs Category Status Good Agricultural Practices and Food Safety

Good Agricultural Practices

Management practice Ready for up scaling

Food Safety Management System: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) Plan for Garden Peas in Kenya

Management Practice Ready for Up scaling

2.1 Improved Garden Pea varieties

Garden Pea variety Green Feast

Technology Ready for up-scaling

Garden Pea variety Alderman


Garden Pea variety Sommerwood


Garden Pea variety Ambassador


Garden Pea variety Earli Crop


2.2 Garden Pea seed system

Garden Pea seed Production

Technology Requires more research and setting up

2.3 Agronomic management practices

Adopting row planting Management practice Ready for Up scaling

Intercropping and rotation

Management practice Requires validation

Crop training (Staking and trellising)

Management practice Ready for up scaling

2.4 Soil fertility and water management

Garden Pea Nutrition Management

Management Practice Ready for upscaling

Integrated Manure Management

Management Practice Ready for Up scaling

Drip Irrigation in pea production

Management Practice Ready for Upscaling

2.6 Garden Pea Crop Health (Pests)

Management of pod borer Etiella zinckenella (Maruca vitrata)

Management Practice Requires validation

2.3.3 Management of Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis, F. schultzeii and Ceratothripoides brunneus)


2.3.4 Management of Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)


2.3.5 Management of leaf miners (Lyriomyza spp)


2.3.6 Mexican bean beetle (Epilachina varivestis)


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2.3.7 Management of Red spider mites, Tetranychus spp.


Management of pod borer Etiella zinckenella (Maruca vitrata)


Nematodes 2.3.8 Rot knot nematodes (Moloidogyne spp)


Diseases 2.3.9 Pea wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f sp pici)


2.3.10 Downy mildew ((Peronospora viciae)


2.3.11 Leaf and pod spots (Ascochyta disease)


2.3.12 Botrytis, or grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)


2.3.13 Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)


2.3.14 Foot and root rots (Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella)


Management of Rhizoctonia seedling blight (Rhizoctonia solani)


Management of Sclerotinia, or white mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)


Management of Septoria blotch (Septoria pisi)


Management of Bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi)


Management of viral diseases: 1. Enation mosaic Virus

Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV)

2. Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV)

3. Pea streak virus (PSV)


Garden Peas Weed Management

1 Integrated Weed Management


2 Legume Intercropping System


3. Mulching Management Practice Ready for Upscaling

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4. Chemical weed Control


5. Mechanical weed control


2.7 Garden Pea Post-harvest management

1. Sorting and Grading of Garden Peas


2. Zero Energy Brick Cooler

Innovation Ready for Upscaling

3. CoolBotTM Technology Ready for Upscaling

4. WakatiTM technology Technology Requires further Research

5. Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Garden Peas (Ziploc® and Xtend® bag packaging)

Technology

2.8 Garden Value Addition

2.8.1 TIMP Name Solar drying of ALVs

•Cabinet solar dryer /chimney solar dryer

•Greenhouse solar dryer

• DeHytray

Technology Ready for Upscaling

Garden Peas fruit packaging

Innovation

2.9 Mechanization of Garden Pea activities

11.4.1 Motorized Tillage Technology Requires Validation 11.4.2 Planting Innovations Requires further

research 11.4.3 Spraying Technology Requires further

research 11.4.4 Motorized weeding

Technology Ready for Up scaling

11.4.5 Grading Technology Ready for up scaling 2.10 Garden Pea business and Marketing ( Marketing practices)

5.1 Emerging farmer-market linking models

Information Ready for upscaling

5.2 SWOT Analysis - Business Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats


5.3 Farm budgeting, Record keeping, Break-even and Gross margin


5.4 Market Research - Information


5.5 Forming producer organizations


5.6 The farmer as an entrepreneur


5.7 Contract farming Information Ready for upscaling 5.8 Internet marketing Information Ready for upscaling 5.9 Business planning – Information Ready for upscaling

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Putting it all

6. National agricultural strategies and policy options

6.1 Policy options in National agricultural strategies


6.2 Policy circle Information Ready for upscaling

6.3 Options in Kenya National Seed Policy 2010


6.4 Options in Mineral fertilizer policy


6.5 Climate smart agricultural policies


6.6 Options in County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP)


Total TIMPS 69

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2.0 DETAILED GARDEN PEAS VALUE CHAIN TIMPS

Fig 1.Garden Peas Suitability map of Kenya

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

x.x.x TIMPs name Good Agricultural Practices (GAP

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice

Problem addressed Declining Food safety Reduced Food quality Sustainable farming practices Reduced environmental impact Worker safety and health Traceability

What is it? (TIMP description) The four 'pillars' of GAP (economic viability, environmental sustainability, social acceptability and food safety and quality) are included in most private

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and public sector standards, but the scope which they actually cover varies widely.

It is a systematic process of implementing a standardized production system globally designed to reassure consumers about how food is produced on the farm, Pre-farm gate or on-farm standards.

It is not about a specific crop production but the Process through which production takes place It is

Justification Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) is based on the principals of risk prevention, risk analysis, sustainable agriculture (by means of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Crop Management (ICM) to continuously improve farming systems. GAP is of utmost importance in protecting consumer health. It requires ensuring safety throughout the food chain. It must be compulsory and transparent and operate not only from the table but also upstream to include suppliers (e.g. fertilizers, plant protection) and all value chain players including providers of logistics and farm equipment

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches

Users of TIMP All value chain players including producers, extension staff, processors, transporters and market outlet operators including wholesale and retail chains, domestic markets and farm gate handlers

Approaches to be used in dissemination

FFBS, On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, and larger plot demonstrations.

Critical/essential factors for successful promotion

Policy support from government particularly the enforcement of KS1758 fresh produce domestic scope standard and it passing the current public participation stage.

Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Producer organizations (FPEAK, FPC, KFC, AGAK etc), NGO’s, MOALID, Private extension providers, CoG, and other value chain players

C: Current situation and future scaling up

Counties where already promoted, if any

Meru, Embu, Nyeri, Nyandarua, Muranaga, Embu, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Uasingishu, Nakuru, Kericho, Bomet,

Counties where TIMP will be up scaled

All counties in Kenya

Challenges in dissemination Lack/inadequate knowledge on the benefits GAPs Lack of legislative mechanisms to support the GAP, in

particular the domestic scope

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The perception that GAP is oppressive rather than supportive

Recommendations for addressing the challenges

Continuous training of farmers, extension staff and other value chain players

Lessons learned in up scaling, if any

The low number of stakeholders aware of GAP

Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary

Supportive policy of national and county governments to promote adaption of GAP’s.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations

Basic costs To be determined Estimated returns To be determined Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination adoption and scaling up,

Most small scale production systems are centered women and hence it’s them who suffer from the detriments of poor processes; for example improper application of pesticides results in more women suffering from complications than the men in small scale holdings. This means that adaption of GAPs will increase the benefits of good health to the women and those who work more on the farm.

Gender related opportunities Job opportunity for unskilled women and youth due to systematic method of the processes

VMG issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Requires a lot of movement on the farm to maintain records and processes verification

Unfriendly dissemination methods and documents, illiteracy, poverty, market access problems

VMG related opportunities There will be enhanced productivity of smaller parcels of land to the advantage of youth who normally have no access to larger parcels.

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

Success stories from previous similar projects

Small, holders in groups in the counties of Kirinyaga, Nyeri, Meru, Nakuru and other counties have been able to produce and export produce that is certified after adopting and complying with GAP’s

Application guidelines for users Options for certification exists depending on weather it is a single holder certification or group compliance

Compliance is a process and hence takes time and involves a process of continuous improvement.

No need for farm sophistication to adopt There is provision for taking corrective action for all

noncompliance at time of assessment. Requires continuous training and exposure to better

systems F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires

Ready for up scaling

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validation; 3. Requires further research G: Contacts

Contacts Officer in Charge KALRO – PTC, Centre Directors; KALRO Kandara, KALRO NSRC; Director General KALRO

Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Ndungu J., Gatambia E., Kambo C., Kuria, S Musyoki R. Wasilwa, L., Kirigua, V., Muriuki SJN,

Partner organizations and their roles

MoALF&I, AFA, FPEAK, FPC, PCPB, AAK, KEPHIS, County governments, NGO’s, Universities

TIMP Name Food Safety Management System: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) Plan for Garden Peas in Kenya


Management Practice


Problem addressed Outbreaks of chemical, biological and physical hazards in the garden pea value chain in Kenya have a direct effect on consumer’s health thereby;

o Constantly increasing demand for high quality of the crop and its by-products from consumers and public health departments in counties.

These hazards have direct economic consequences affecting families, communities and industries subsisting on the garden pea value chain.

o This ultimately leads to reduced productivity of the active population in the country.

Biological contaminations reported on this value chain include presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp.

The chemical hazards due to heavy metal accumulations from mercury, lead and cadmium have previously been detected which;

o Causes neurological disorders, on set of cancer and birth defects to the consumers.

What is it? (TIMP description) Food safety management system through Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) in garden peas is;

o A system of food safety control based on the

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systematic identification and assessment of various hazards

o The definition of means to control them. It is a preventive, rather than a reactive, tool that places

the protection of the garden pea supply; o From microbial, chemical and physical hazards

into the hands of food management systems. The HACCP system is designed to minimize the risk of

food safety hazards by identifying the hazards, establishing controls and monitoring these controls.

When this HACCP concept is applied to the management of likely adverse health effects resulting from exposure to hazards in the garden pea value chain;

o A wholesome and safe garden pea supply can be maintained improving on trade and health within and without Kenya borders.

Justification The only important tool kit to assure food safety in the garden pea value chain is the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system.

This critical tool is already incorporated into the Codex Alimentarius of the world as well as into the national public health food safety legislations of Kenya.

This HACCP approach can be applied to all stages of the garden pea value chain process, ranging from;

o Production to processing, transportation, retail in commercial establishments and/or direct utilization by the consumer.

Through its application, food safety charts in the garden pea value chain will easily be identified through critical control points.

This will set limitation values for monitoring so that action can be taken if the set point values of hazards are out of the defined range required

In this value chain, the proposed food safety integrated management system that will be adopted;

o Hazards would be minimized in every phase of production, harvesting, processing, distribution and consumption making garden peas safe for consumption by Kenyans.

Key elements will be identified that will be used or modified to reduce hazards formation in all steps of production to consumption.


Users of TIMP Garden pea value chain actors from farmers, traders, food vendors and consumers.

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Approaches used in dissemination The entire garden pea value chain will be evaluated by determining contamination hazards in primary production systems and available control methods for;

o Chemical, physical and biological contaminants; o Knowledge on production and post-harvest

systems; o Experience in implementation of ICM and IPM; o Experience with principles and practice of

HACCP o GAP, GMP and GHP; o Knowledge of the target market demands on

safety. This HACCP information generated and built on seven

principles and actions, i.e; o Conduct of hazard analysis and identification of

preventive measures o Identification of critical control points (CCPs) o Establishment of critical limits; monitoring of

each CCP o Establishment of corrective action in the event of

a deviation from a critical limit o Establishment of record keeping o Establishment of verification procedures

This will be used by stakeholders to address the hazard problems along the garden pea value chain in Kenya.

Dissemination of this generated information will be done through;

o The national and county level, common interest groups discussions, field days, exhibitions, radio, TV and social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, twitter).


For successful promotion of food safety management system through HACCP in the garden pea value chain;

o An expert team composed of HACCP specialist, food scientist, microbiologist, representative of the garden pea growers, public health officer, and a quality control and safety specialist from the Kenya Bureau of Standards will be formulated.

Distribution of the printed HACCP plan to garden pea value chain actors for implementation in order to reduce hazards.

Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their respective roles.

Institutions with IPM and ICM programs Institutions responsible for legislating in food safety,

regulations and sale of pesticides Institutions with the required analytical testing

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Training institutions with extension programs to producers and other actors on the chain

Producers and exporters associations. County extension staff Universities (Public and Private) NGOs Private sector Processors and local traders


Counties where already promoted. if any

Not promoted in any county of Kenya

Counties where TIMPs will be up scaled

All counties growing and consuming garden peas in Kenya.

Challenges in development and dissemination

Inadequate funds to reach value chain actors

Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Funding of dissemination platforms


The value chain of garden peas in Kenya is willing to adopt the HACCP plan if well engaged.

Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up-scaling

The policies and laws in public health in place in Kenya are supportive to the use of HACCP Plan in garden pea value chain.


Basic costs

Estimated returns

Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up

In harvesting and processing garden pea to meet the acceptable national standards, women and youth play a critical role.

Capacity building women in home preparation of garden pea very is critical

Capacity building women and youth in the identifications of food safety hazards/risks along garden pea value chain.

Gender related opportunities Opportunities exist for women and youth in the marketing and the consumption hub of garden pea as an entrepreneurship.

VMG issues and concerns in development, dissemination,

The garden peas are easy to use for all Kenyans. The concern will be if the VMG have resources to purchase

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adoption and scaling up the vegetables from the source. Require strategies that target the VMG during scaling

up of the value chain. Need to review access and content of information and

their channels to VMGs VMG related opportunities Identification of critical limits to be defined

Control measures to be identified Criteria for compliance already clearly defined for

adoption E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

Success stories N/A

Application guidelines for users N/A

F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research)

Ready for up scaling;

o G: Contacts Contacts 1. Director General, KALRO

2. Dr. Joyce Maling’a – Institute Director, FCRI. 3. Dr. Godwin Macharia - Centre Director KALRO Njoro

Lead organization and scientists 1. Mr. John N. Ndung’u - FCRI - KALRO Njoro 2. Mr. Antony Nyaga, KALRO PTC 3. Dr. Francis Wayua, KALRO Kakamega 4. Mr. David Karanja, KALRO Katumani 5. Dr. Lusike Wasilwa, Crops Director, KALRO

Headquarters 6. Violet Kirigua, KALRO Headquarters 7. Beartrice Wanjiku, KALRO Njoro 8. Lynett Moraa, KALRO Njoro 9. Mr. Harun Odhiambo, KALRO Muguga South 10. Mr. David Lelgut, KALRO Muguga South 11. Mr.Vincent Ochieng, KALRO Muguga South 12. Ann Muiruri, Texas A & M University, USA 13. Mutembei, Cereal Growers Association, Kenya

Partner organizations MoA, County Governments of Kenya, CIAT/PABRA, EAGC, CGA, Texas A & M University (USA), Manufactures association of Kenya, traders and supermarkets

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IMPROVED VARIETIES

2.1.1 TIMP Name

Green Feast


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Garden pea production is characterized by low production (3-5 bags/acre)

because of low adoption of improved varieties. The crop is grown by smallholder farmers who attach low commercialization to it. Its consumption is restricted to use of the green pea with little value addition.

What is it? (TIMP description) Green feast variety, largely consumed in green form, is grown mainly for local fresh market and export. It has good cooking qualities with sweet flavour. It is a very early maturing variety with a yield potential 5-6 ton/acre of peas.

Justification Garden peas are amongst the most important legumes grown in the highlands of Kenya. Peas perform well in the altitudes above 1800 meters above sea level with well distributed rainfall during the growing period. It is a product of huge commercial interest for both local and export market.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers, Traders, Processors (canning), Seed dealers, Researchers,

Extension service. Approaches used in dissemination

On farm and on station demonstrations Training workshops, Seminars, Meetings Awareness creation by marketers and processors/farmer contracting Field days, exhibitions Agricultural shows MoA/Extension officers Farmer research networks Partners (Private Companies, NGOs) Farmer to farmer Mass media – Agricultural programs Promotional materials (posters/brochures/leaflets, manuals) Web materials Mobile Social media


Good Marketing Models and path ways Certified Seed availability and accessibility Good seed system to ensure quality Well organized farmer groups and networks County and central government support

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Funding to adapt to new areas Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

KALRO, and International research organizations e.g. AVRDC to provide variety, seed and production information

Market agents and Stockists to create markets and delivery pathways Farmers/farmer groups to produce County governments, central governments e.g. Chiefs, Agricultural

Extension (Formal and informal) for policy, awareness and dissemination

Seed companies for quality seed multiplication, e.g. Kenya Seed Company

Financial institutions e.g. Banks and other credit facilitators for financial solutions

C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted if any

Meru, Laikipia, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Kiambu, Nyandarua, Kisii, Narok, Nakuru


Meru, Laikipia, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Kiambu, Nyandarua, Kisii, Bungoma, Narok, Nakuru, Tranzoia, Uasin Gishu

Challenges in dissemination Labour intensity in planting, weeding, harvesting and threshing Unorganized marketing channels Weak seed systems leading to mixing and below potential yields and

poor quality ponds and seeds. Inadequate certified seeds Lack of seed multipliers and distributors in the new interested counties The enterprise of marketing the ponds is controlled by middlemen who

exploit the farmers Limited processing technologies and consumption diversity at the

household level The varieties are not adapted to warm and dry areas leading to low yields

in those areas Inappropriate of production practices Diseases and pests control measures The crop is highly perishable and hence the need to develop hands-on

handling practices for farm to market Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Initiation of large scale production where mechanization can be employed

Training on seed production systems Information dissemination on production practices Promotion of the variety in the suitable areas Promote marketing models that encourage collective production and

marketing Involve County governments, extension, marketers and processors Decentralize seed distribution in the target areas and engage County

governments in seed distribution to enhance ease of accessibility Training of households on alternative use and cottage based processing Develop varietal lines adapted for the warmer lines Training growers on good agricultural production practices Training of producers on good disease and pest control practices Development and dissemination of good post-harvest practices

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Lessons learned in up scaling if any

The demand for garden peas is high and hence the need to upscale production in other suitable areas to satisfy the demand

Farmers need persistent hands on training in proper agronomic practices, Marketing and value addition for proper impact

Perishability of the crop demands proper handling from farm to market Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up scaling

Creation of awareness on nutritive and commercial importance of the variety.

Harmonious gender consideration in research, consumption and marketing. It is cultivated mainly by women hence the need to capacity build them.

Enabling policy and policy review from time to time Value addition needs enhancement to develop further the canning

industryD: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs KES 120,000 per acre Estimated returns KES 380,000 per acre. Returns =260,000 Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Women and youth have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds than men

Women and youth have limited access to education, training and extension services than men

Women have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel to far markets due to their domestic roles

Women have less access to agricultural information, technology and knowledge

Gender related opportunities Opportunities for youths and women exists peas production , value addition and marketing


VMGs have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds

VMGs have limited access to training and extension services VMGs have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel

to far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure

Due to their social status VMGs are often excluded from decision making in development and dissemination activities

VMGs have limited access to seed and information on new varieties and production techniques

There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness VMG related opportunities Opportunities for VMG youths and women exists in peas production

and value addition E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

Farmers have benefited with the crop in Molo Nakuru, Nyandarua, Nyeri, Meru, Kirinyaga, Bomet and other counties

Application guidelines for users Reference: Extension Materials, Handouts

F: Status of TIMP readiness (1-ready for upscaling;, 2-requires validation; 3-requires further research)

1. Ready for up-scaling

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G. Contacts Contacts The Centre Director, KALRO-PTC Thika;

P.O. Box 220 Thika Email: [email protected]

Lead organization and scientists

KALRO Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Ceaser Kambo and Sylvia Kuria

Partner organizations Kenya seed Company and other seed merchants, Agricultural University Colleges, MoALF, NGO’s

2.1.2 TIMP Name Alderman


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed The low production (3-5 bags/acre) of Garden peas because of low adoption

of improved varieties. The crop is grown by smallholder farmers who attach low commercialization to it. Its consumption is restricted to use of the green pea with little value addition.

What is it? (TIMP description) Alderman variety is climbing variety requiring support and with a production of 4-6 tons/ha. It produces large pods with big peas and has long harvest periods and matures in 74 days

Justification The variety has moderate maturity period and a long harvest period which compensates for the extra care it requires for stacking.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Traders, Processors (canning), Seed dealers, Researchers,


On farm and on station demonstrations Training workshops, seminars, meetings Awareness creation by marketers and processors/farmer contracting Field days Agricultural shows Farmer to farmer Mass media – Agricultural programs Promotional materials (posters/brochures/leaflets, manuals) Social media

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Good Marketing Models and path ways Certified Seed availability and accessibility Good seed system to ensure quality Well organized farmer groups and networks County and central government support Funding to adapt to new areas


KALRO, International research organizations e.g. AVRDC to provide variety, seed and production information

Market agents and Stockist to create markets and delivery pathways Farmers/farmer groups to produce County governments, central governments e.g. Chiefs, Agricultural


Seed companies for quality seed multiplication Financial institutions e.g. Banks and other credit facilitators for financial

solutions C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted if any

Meru, Laikipia, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Kiambu, Nyandarua, Kisii, Bungoma, Narok, Nakuru


Meru, Laikipia, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Kiambu, Nyandarua, Kisii, Bungoma, Narok, Nakuru, Tranzoia, Uasin Gishu


poor quality ponds and seeds. Inadequate certified seeds Lack of seed multipliers and distributors in the new interested Counties The enterprise of marketing the ponds is controlled by middlemen who


household level The variety is not adapted to warm and dry areas leading to low yields in

those areas Inappropriate of production practices Diseases and pests control measures The crop is highly perishable and hence the need to develop hands

on handling practices for farm to market Suggestions for addressing the challenges




governments in seed distribution to enhance ease of accessibility Training of households on alternative use and cottage based processing

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Develop varietal lines adapted for the warmer lines Training growers on good agricultural production practices Training of producers on good disease and pest control practices Development and dissemination of good post-harvest practices








industry D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs KES 120,000 Estimated returns KES 380,000 per acre. Returns =KES 260,00 Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up
















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G. Contacts Contacts The Centre Director, KALRO-PTC Thika; CD KALRO Sericulture, CD

KALRO Kandara P.O. Box 220 Thika Email: [email protected]

Lead organization and scientists KALRO Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Caeser Kambo and Sylvia Kuria


2.1.3 TIMP Name Sommerwood


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem to be addressed Low production (4 – 6 tons/ha)

Low adoption Low consumption/value addition Low commercialization

What is it? (TIMP description) Sommerwood variety is excellent stress tolerance with large, straight, medium green pods and maturing in 75 days

Justification Garden peas are one of the most important legumes grown in the highlands of Kenya. Peas perform well in the altitudes above 1800 meters above sea level with well distributed rainfall during the growing period. It is a product of huge commercial interest for both local and export market.



On farm and on station demonstrations Training workshops, Seminars, Meetings Awareness creation by marketers and processors/farmer contracting Field days Agricultural shows MoA/Extension officers

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Farmer research networks Partners (Private Companies, NGOs) Farmer to farmer Mass media – Agricultural programs Promotional materials (posters/brochures/leaflets, manuals) Web material’s Mobile Social media




KALRO, National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) and International research organizations e.g. AVRDC to provide variety, seed and production information

Market agents and stockists to create markets and delivery pathways Farmers/farmer groups to produce County governments, central governments e.g. Chiefs, Agricultural




Meru, Laikipia, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Kiambu, Nyandarua, Kisii, Bungoma, Narok, Nakuru, Bomet, Kericho


Meru, Laikipia, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Kiambu, Nyandarua, Kisii, Bungoma, Narok, Nakuru, Tranzoia, Uasin Gishu, Bomet, Kericho








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industry D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs KES 120,000per acreEstimated returns KES 380,000 per acre. Returns =KES 260,000 Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up












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There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness VMG related opportunities Opportunities for VMG youths and women exists in peas production and

value additionE: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects





G. Contacts Contacts The Centre Director, KALRO-PTC Thika; KALRO Sericulture, KALRO

Kandara P.O. Box 220 Thika Email: [email protected]

Lead organization and scientists KALRO Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Caesar Kambo Sylvia Kuria, Lusike Wasilwa Ruth Amata and Violet Kirigua

Partner organizations Kenya seed Company and other seed merchants, Agricultural University Colleges, MoALF, NGO’s,

2.1.4 TIMP Name Ambassador


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Low production (4 – 6 tons/ha)

Low adoption Low consumption/value addition Low commercialization

What is it? (TIMP description) Ambassador variety is a standard variety, adapted to warm climate. It has long, straight dark-green pods and matures in 75 days

Justification The variety adapted to warm climate and has long, straight dark-green pods and matures in 75 days. It is therefore available to farmers in lower highland that are warmer than most of the other varieties.

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On farm and on station demonstrations Training workshops, Seminars, Meetings Awareness creation by marketers and processors/farmer contracting Field days Agricultural shows Farmer research networks Partners (Private Companies, NGOs) Farmer to farmer Mass media – Agricultural programs Promotional materials (posters/brochures/leaflets, manuals) Social media




KALRO, National Agricultural Research Institutes and International research organizations e.g. AVRDC to provide variety, seed and production information

Market agents and stockists to create markets and delivery pathways Farmers/farmer groups to produce County governments, central governments e.g. Chiefs, Agricultural











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those areas Inappropriate of production practices Diseases and pests control measures The crop is highly perishable and hence the need to develop hands on

handling practices for farm to market Suggestions for addressing the challenges












industry D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs KES 120,000 per acre Estimated returns KES 380,800 per acre. Returns =KES 260,000 Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up








29













Lead organization and scientists KALRO Samson Kihara, Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Ceaser Kambo and Sylvia Kuria,


2.1.5 TIMP Name Earlicrop


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Low production (6 tons/ha)

Low adoption

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Low consumption/value addition Low commercialization

What is it? (TIMP description) Earlicrop variety is an early maturing heavy bearing dwarf variety which does not require staking. It produces well filled sweet flavoured peas maturing in 65 days is an excellent one for fresh use and freezing

Justification Garden peas are one of the most important legumes grown in the highlands of Kenya. Peas perform well in the altitudes above 1800 meters above sea level with well distributed rainfall during the growing period. It is a product of huge commercial interest for both local and export market.



On farm and on station demonstrations Training workshops, Seminars, Meetings Awareness creation by marketers and processors/farmer contracting Field days Agricultural shows MoA/Extension officers Farmer research networks Partners (Private Companies, NGOs) Farmer to farmer Mass media – Agricultural programs Promotional materials (posters/brochures/leaflets, manuals) Web material’s Mobile Social media




KALRO, National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) and International research organizations e.g. AVRDC to provide variety, seed and production information

Market agents and Stokist to create markets and delivery pathways Farmers/farmer groups to produce County governments, central governments e.g. Chiefs, Agricultural







31














Perishability of the crop demands proper handling from farm to marketSocial, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up scaling




industry D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs KES 120,000 per acre Estimated returns KES 380,000 per acre. Returns =KES 260,000Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination,

Women and youth have limited access to productive resources such as

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adoption and scaling up land, credit, and quality seeds than men Women and youth have limited access to education, training and

extension services than men Women have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel

to far markets due to their domestic roles Women have less access to agricultural information, technology and

knowledge Gender related opportunities Opportunities for youths and women exists peas production , value

addition and marketing VMG issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up














Lead organization and scientists KALRO Samson Kihara, Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Ceaser Kambo and Sylvia Kuria,


Research Gaps in Garden Peas varieties 1. There is no research in Kenya for the breeding of new varieties for Garden peas. 2. The only source of certified seed is from the seed merchants, most if which has been bred

outside the country. 3. There are no varieties resistant to common pests and diseases 4. There are no varieties suitable for the low rainfall lowlands of Kenya

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5. There is need to develop varieties suitable for the various markets; canning, for export and for direct consumption after cooking

2.2 SEED SYSTEMS

2.2.1 TIMP Name Garden Pea Seed SystemCategory (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed 1) Lack of a locally produced seed

2) Low access to imported seed by farmers 3) Lack of awareness of need to use certified seed

What is it? (TIMP description)

In order to achieve the yield potential in garden pea, certified seed of improved varieties should be developed/acquired. The main source of certified seeds currently is from seed merchants who import the same from seed breeders. However most farmers are resource poor hence opt for the open pollinated seeds from their own farms. There is therefore need from research intervention to develop varieties that will be suitable for the Kenyan conditions. Most of the imported varieties are also suitable for the high altitude rainfall areas while there is huge potential in the lower and midland areas of Kenya. There is therefore need to develop varieties for these areas

Justification Availability of quality seed is mandatory if the farmer to get the potential yields and for the crop to be able to tolerate abiotic and biotic environmental stresses. Farmers should be able to know and reach the seed sources and have skills of identifying genuine seed.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Producers, Extension officers, processors and other stakeholders

Approaches used in dissemination

Demonstrations, Exhibitions, Media, Workshops,


Good seed systems Affordability of certified seed Good extension support Funding


KALRO, KEPHIS,KALRO Seed Unit, Seed companies, NGO, Extension.


Meru, Nyeri, Nyandarua, Kirinyaga, Nakuru, Bomet, Kisii, Tharaka-Nithi, Embu, Meru, Kiambu


Nyandarua, Meru, Nyeri, Kirinyaga, Nakuru, Bomet, Kisii, Tharaka-Nithi, Embu, Meru, Kericho, Kiambu, Laikipia

Challenges in dissemination Low awareness of the various seed sources Ignorance of the importance of quality seed Low financial ability to regularly produce early generation seed

leading to low quality of certified seed Lack of funds to produce enough certified seed

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Information dissemination on the seed and seed sources Support generation of basic and breeders seed(early generation seed) Support Production of enough seed through formal seed system Policy on community seed production Train on own seed selection and preservation after testing


Partnership with stakeholders in solving a challenge quickly yield results

Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up scaling

Awareness of benefits of quality seed to the growing society Create an enabling environment for seed access to farmers Policy on community seed production should be put in place to

guide in enabling farmers produce seed Reduce marketing blocks and improve the seed system

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs 6,000/- per kg of seed = 84,000 per acre Estimated returns 380,000 per acre Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up





Gender related opportunities Opportunities for youths and women exists peas in quality garden peas seed production and marketing







There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness VMG related opportunities Opportunities for youths and women exists in quality garden seed

production E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

Farmers in Laikipia Meru, Nyeri,Nakuru Embu and other counties have benefited from growing the crop with improved seeds

Application guidelines for users

Reference Extension materials and handouts

F: Status of TIMP readiness (1-ready for up scaling;, 2-requires validation; 3-requires further

1-ready for up scaling

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research) G: Contacts Contacts Officer In Charge – KALRO PTC, CD – KALRO Sericulture, CD –

KALRO Kandara P.O. Box 220 Thika 01000


Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia, CM Kambo, Sylvia Kuria, Charity Gathambiri

Partner organizations Kenya seed Company, KEPHIS, AFA, STAK

2.3 AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

2.3.1 TIMPs name Adopting row planting


Technology


Problem addressed Most farmers growing garden pea do so by random dibbling without row planting.

This has several disadvantages including suboptimal plant populations and limitations to agronomic practices such as intercropping, weed control and pest and disease management.

What is it? (TIM P description)

Row planting involves planting seeds with definite spacing within and between the rows.

Each variety has its recommended spacing for optimum yields.

The technology will involve establishment of rows and management of intra and inter-row spacing.

Justification

Row planting results in optimum utilization of land leading to high yields per unit area

It also eases crop management practices.


Users of TIMP Producers, extension staff, processors

Approaches to be used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination,

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FFBS, Field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets,

Larger plot demonstrations.


Participatory Implementation,

stakeholder capacity building,

functioning seed system, stakeholder networks and reliable market


NGOs, extension,

private service providers


Current extent of reach Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties)

Counties where already promoted, if any Nyandarwa (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties)

Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Nyandarwa (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties)

Challenges in dissemination There is inherent attitude in favour of random planting among farmers that may be difficult to change

There is always some resistance to change Recommendations for addressing the challenges

Continuous training to achieve attitude change

Lessons learned in up scaling, if any No up scaling carried out so far


A positive attitude for change will enable adoption of the technology

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs 3,000/- per acre Estimated returns 380,000 per acre Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up





Gender related Opportunities for youths and women exists peas in quality garden peas

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opportunities seed production and marketing VMG issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up







production E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects




F: Status of TIMP readiness (1-ready for up scaling;, 2-requires validation; 3-requires further research)


G: Contacts Contacts Officer In Charge – KALRO PTC, CD – KALRO Sericulture, CD –





2.3.3 TIMPs name Intercropping/crop rotation


Management Practice


Problem addressed Continuous cultivation of one type of crop on land normally results in buildup of pest and disease incidences.

There is also depletion of nutrients within one level of soil depth.

The decline of amount of land available for crop

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production also call for intercropping.

What is it? (TIMP description) Crop rotation and intercropping are encouraged to resolve soil constraints and maximize utilization of available land.

This technology will involve appropriate crops for rotation and intercropping, intercropping patterns and suitable rotation calendar.

The two practices will also consider crops that are important for pest and disease management such as garlic and onion.

Justification Rotation will discourage build-up of pests and diseases and depletion of specific nutrients at different soil depths.

Rotation and /or intercropping of garden pea will benefit the accompanying crop with nitrogen fixation.

The space on the farm will be efficiently utilized in properly planned intercrop.




On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.


Farmers need to readily adopt intercropping and rotation recommendations.

Selection of crops for rotation and intercropping should be professionally done.


NGOs, extension, private service providers


Current extent of reach Mainly in Nyandarua County


Nakuru

Counties where TIMP will be upscaled

Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties)

Challenges in dissemination Negative attitude towards intercropping/rotation.

There may be conflict of opinion on application of the practices.

Land non-availability for rotation

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Continuous training on the two practices

Efficient land use planning


No up scaling carried out so far


Farmers should be educated on the practices

Favourable environmental conditions for production of the alternative crops.

The national and county governments should support the adoption of intercropping/rotation by the farmers

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs 36,000/- per acreEstimated returns 380,000 per acre Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up





Gender related opportunities

Opportunities for youths and women exists peas in quality garden peas seed production and marketing








production E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects




F: Status of TIMP readiness (1-ready for up scaling;, 2-requires validation; 3-requires


40

further research) G: Contacts Contacts Officer In Charge – KALRO PTC, CD – KALRO Sericulture, CD –





2.3.4 TIMPs name Crop training (staking and trellising)


Management Practice


Problem addressed Garden pea is a climbing/creeping herb with weak stems that require support for upright growth through staking and trellising.

Without these practices, the plants will creep on the ground leading to poor quality pods as well as pest and disease infestation.

What is it? (TIMP description) Staking and trellising are forms of plant training that encourage upright and above the ground growth of plants.

Farmers are encouraged to train their garden peas plants using locally available materials

Justification Staking and trellising will promote production of clean produce.

Eases operations such as weeding and harvesting, reduce infestation of pests and diseases.

It encourages vertical utilization of space.






Availability of staking materials and labour



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Nakuru



Challenges in dissemination The labour intensive nature of the task may discourage farmers from practicing it.

Scarcity of training materials


Clearly demonstrate the economic advantage of the practice.




There may be conflict over use of staking materials with other uses such as fuel wood.

Farmers may clear forest cover to use as staking materials.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs 42,000/- per acre Estimated returns 380,000 per acre Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up





Gender related opportunities

Opportunities for youths and women exists in Staking and trellising



VMGs have limited access to training and extension services VMGs have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel to

far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure



There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness VMG related opportunities Opportunities for youths and women exists in Staking and trellising E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

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F: Status of TIMP readiness (1-ready for up scaling;, 2-requires validation; 3-requires further research)


G: Contacts Contacts Officer In Charge – KALRO PTC, CD – KALRO Sericulture, CD – KALRO

Kandara P.O. Box 220 Thika 01000




GARDEN PEA SOIL, NUTRITION AND WATER MANAGEMENT

2.2.2 TIMPS Name Garden Pea Nutrition Management


Management Practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed The yields obtained by farmers are low because of the

declining soil fertility in their fields as a result of continuous use of the farms. Garden pea is a heavy consumer of potassium and micronutrients whose deficiencies manifest in physiological disorders

What is it? (TIMP description) Farmers will be advised to use recommended fertilizer and manures under an integrated soil fertility management regime and nutrient preservation procedures. The technology will involve methodologies for rhizobium inoculation, identification and management of soil related physiological disorders including hollow heart and bud drop.

Justification There is need for sustainable intensification of garden pea production in view of diminishing land size, declining soil fertility and increasing demand for food. Soil nutrient management is key to achieving this.


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Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field

days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations, FFSBS, Training manuals, brochures, leaflets, fact sheets


Participatory Implementation, stakeholder capacity building, Functioning seed system, Stakeholder networks

Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Challenges in dissemination Most farmers do not regard nutrient provision to

garden pea as important and may not easily adopt the technology.

Recommendations for addressing the challenges Clear demonstration of the effect of crop nutrition, rhizobium and physiological disorders.

Lessons learned None Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary

Understanding the attitude of community towards nematodes management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs Not yet estimated Estimated returns Not yet estimated Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops nematodes control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production.

Gender issues and concerns in adoption and scaling up

Most farmer groups composed of women and will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages.

Gender related opportunities Women stand to benefit in increased production due to healthy garden pea crop and grain legume sales as this is considered a women crop.

VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination

The crop is considered almost a solely subsistence crop and therefore its promotion and value addition will benefit VMGs.

VMG issues and concerns in adoption and scaling up

Nematodes incidence reduction will lead to increased productivity by VMGs.

VMG related opportunities Increased production will lead to increased consumption of nutritious garden peas, hence improved health of VMGs; high value of crop will lead to economic empowerment of VMGs

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E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories -The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting

millions -What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015

Application guidelines for users Garden pea production leaflet F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts

Contacts KALRO-PTC Lead organization and scientists The Center Director,

KALRO- Kabete, P.O. Box 14733-00800 Nairobi [email protected] Fredrick Wandera

Partner organizations MoA, Universities and NGOs

Gaps: Determination of location-specific soil nutrient status

Integrated Manure Management (IMM)

Technology name Integrated Manure Management Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Complementary technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Land degradation characterized by the declining soil fertility,

low yields, increased soil moisture stress, increased soil erosion and poor soil health Poor manure management and handling leading to increased GHG emissions

What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated Manure Management (IMM) is the optimal, site-specific handling of livestock manure from collection, through treatment and storage up to application to garden peas and dry Pigeon Pea.

Justification The decline in soil fertility in smallholder system is a major factor inhibiting agricultural development on farms. It is estimated that soils are being depleted at annual rate of 22kg/ha for nitrogen, 2.5kg/ha for phosphorous, and 15kg/ha for potassium. Manure plays an essential role in the nutrient cycle where crops grow on land to feed livestock, which in return feeds the land with their manure. Recycling the (macro and micro) nutrients in manure reduces the need for additional fertilizer

45

purchase. In general, adding manure to soils enhances soil fertility and soil health that leads to increased agricultural productivity, improved soil structure and biodiversity. Given the acute poverty and limited access to mineral fertilizers, manure has the potential providing the limiting nutrients and improving the soil health.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers Approaches used in dissemination Open and field days

Exchange visits Demonstration farms


Training on feeding, management and use of manure Dissemination approach used to reach target farmers Model demonstration plots using cereal crops


County governments, Provide extension services, farmer mobilization and policy formulation ILRI, technical backstopping NGOs – micro financing services

C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted if any Tharaka Nithi, Kajiado, Uasin Gishu

Current extent of reach Though small scale farmers in the counties apply manures and composts on their farms, they do not optimize on usage.

Counties where TIMP will be promoted Bomet, Kericho, Laikipia, West Pokot, Taita Taveta, Nyandarua, Lamu, Tana river, Baringo, Marsabit, Garissa, Siaya, Kisumu

Challenges in dissemination ‐ Lack of model demonstration farms ‐ Cultural challenges -Lack of interest by pastoral

communities ‐ Lack of continuity in training of extension and farmers in

the skill for manure management ‐ Lack of proper mobilization mechanism for reaching many

farmers Suggestions for addressing the challenges Establishment of many demonstration plot by counties

Capacity building of pastoral communities on manure management and its benefit

Continuous capacity building of demonstration farmers and extension workers

Use of approaches to mobilize farmer to attend demonstration forums

Lessons learned if any ‐ Proper use of manures improves soil fertility ‐ Use of manures enhances crop productivity ‐ Skills in manure preparation, storage and application


Applying manure to soils saves on purchase of inorganic fertilizer, increases crop yield and saves water. Propagation of invasive species when the seed is ingested by

46

the animal and passed to crop field Manure can harbour pathogens which can cause disease outbreaks to livestock Contamination of water sources by leaching of nutrients Organic manures when poorly handled increase GHG emissions. However, IMM provides practices that are able to minimize GHG emissions.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Proper handling of manure needs labour for

collecting the manure, building a compost heap, maintaining it and finally transporting and applying it field which take a lot of effort and time

Using locally available manure/composts saves on purchase of inorganic fertilizer.

Estimated returns Returns dependent on crop and crop varieties in the value chain where IMM is practiced

Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up

It is labour intensive in terms of handling and application (often by broadcasting) hence may disadvantage women

Gender related opportunities Manure is locally available for farm households with keep livestock, hence opportunities available for both men and women.


It is labour intensive in terms of handling and application hence may disadvantage VMGs. The VMGs are also resource poor, hence may not have access adequate manures, e.g. need many livestock

VMG related opportunities Manure is locally available for those farm households with livestock and can build on what they already own

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories Farmers who adopt manure management practice have

reported improved soil health and increased crop yield, and sustainable source of income

Application guidelines for users The guideline focus on the following areas:- Animal feeds Livestock housing and manure collection Manure storage to preserve nutrient and avoid loses Manure treatment for ease of transport and

application in the field Timing of application for maximum utilization by

the crop Anaerobic digestion for biogas production Regular analysis of manure to ascertain the quality Manure/Composts take a long time to cure, hence

need good planning prior to use F: Status of TIMP readiness (1=Ready for upscaling: 2=Requires validation; 3=Requires further research

Requires Validation

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G: Contacts Contacts Director

Environment & Natural Resources KALRO Secretariat

Lead organization and scientists KALRO, S. Kimani, E.Mutuma, D. Kamau, M. Okoti, J. Wamuongo, A. Esilaba, F. Wandera

Partner organizations County government, Private Public Partnerships

Research gaps

1. Promote IMM complementary technology in counties that have not practiced it. 2. Conduct nutrient budget study on selected farms utilizing manures (including composts) in each

of the 24 Counties.

2.2.3 TIMPs name Use of drip irrigation in Garden pea production


Management Practice


Problem addressed With increasing effects of climate change, there are increasing incidences of unpredictable weather and erratic rainfall patterns.

Crops under rain fed production systems are likely to suffer from effects of drought and insufficient amounts of rainfall during the cropping seasons.

What is it? (TIMP description) Use of drip irrigation has been reported to save up to 70% of water used by garden peas in rain fed systems. This technology combines well with the use of row planting and optimum spacing.

Drip lines with optimized spacing are laid along the garden pea rows at planting.

Optimum amount of water is supplied to the plant during the critical stages of flowering and pod filling to maximize yields.

Drip irrigation is suitable for small holder farms

Justification To achieve the desired high yields, the crop needs to receive optimum amounts of water at

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the rightful time of its growth cycle.

In garden pea, soil moisture deficit reduces growth, humpers nodulation, interferes with flowering and pod filling resulting in low yield and quality of pods


Users of TIMP Producers, extension staff, processors, farmers


On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations, training manuals

Most effective approach On-farm experimentation, larger plot effect demonstrations and exchange visits,FFBS, Training manuals, brochures, leaflets, fact sheets


Favorable conditions for drip irrigation especially water supply

Source of capital for initial investment






None

Counties where TIMP will be up-scaled


Challenges in dissemination Scarcity of capital for initial investment in drip irrigation

Conflict over water resource has been reported Limited know-how among farmers


Linking farmers to financial and other credit institutions

Collective approach to investment through famer groups

Continuous training of farmers

To encourage formation of water users association

49

to reduce conflicts




Harmony in communal utilization of water should be cultivated

All forms of water harvesting should be encouraged

Sustainable supply of water for irrigation

Policy on rational distribution of available water should be observed.

GAPS

GARDEN PEA CROP HEALTH 2.3.6 TIMP name Management of Pod borer (Etiella

zinckenella; Maruca urtrata)

Lima bean pod borer (Etiella zinckkenella)

Legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata

Source: alchetron.com Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Complementary Technology


50

Problem addressed Legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata = testulalis) the lima bean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) are major pests ofgarden peas. They feed on leaves, flowers and pods, destroying them. The legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) The adult of the legume pod borer is a moth with a wing span of 15-30 mm. It has light-brown forewings with white markings and pearly white hindwings. Though mainly nocturnal, the moth may also be seen during the day. They lay eggs in the flowers or buds, or on the pods. Caterpillars are whitish with black head and rows of conspicuous brown to black spots on the dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces of each body segment. Fully-grown caterpillars measure about 15mm in length. They pupate in the soil. Caterpillars web leaves, flower buds and pods and feed inside the web. Flowers usually show little sign of damage until they wilt and drop. They typically attack pods at the point of contact between two pods, or between a pod and a leaf or stem. The lima bean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) Adults of the lima bean pod borer are brown moths with a wing span of about 20-25 mm. They lay eggs singly or in small groups on immature pods. Young caterpillars bore into the pod. They feed inside the pod reaching a length of 12 to 17 mm and are generally found in maturing and dried pods. Young caterpillars are green, turning red later. Faeces in the form of granules are found inside the damaging pods.

What is it? (TIMP description) Monitor regularly the crop to detect

eggs and young caterpillars before they enter the pods

Apply biopesticides such as Bt or neem products. They usually give good control of pod borers, provided they are applied to pods before the

51

young caterpillars enter into the pods. Once the caterpillars have entered the pods they are difficult to control and by then they have caused damage.

Use Synthetic pesticides recommended by PCPB

Justification Legume pod borers attack pods at the point of contact between two pods, or between a pod and a leaf or stem. Lima bean pod borer caterpillars bore into the pod. They feed inside the pod and are generally found in maturing and dried pods. Young caterpillars are green, turning red later. Pod bores cause considerable damage on pods, hence resulting into poor quality pods and seeds.

Region promoted None B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination,

field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.

Most effective approach On-farm experimentation and larger plot effect demonstrations.



Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any NoneCounties where TIMP will be upscaled Counties with high potential for upscaling;

Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties

Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) pod borer management. And limited investment and limited publicity given to management of borers in garden peas

Recommendations for addressing the challenges Training of farmers on the value of pod borer management using IPM technologies (research and extension) and positive publicity.


Understanding the attitude of community towards pod borer management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and

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marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs To be determined Estimated returns To be determinedGender issues and concerns in development and dissemination


Women and youth have limited access to education, training and extension services than men Women have less access to agricultural information, technology and knowledge


Opportunities for women exists in pest management

Gender related opportunities VMGs have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds

VMGs have limited access to training and extension services

VMGs have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel to far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure


VMGs have limited access to pest management information on garden production techniques

There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness


Opportunities for unemployed youths and those recovering from drugs exists in pest management




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VMG related opportunities Opportunities for women exists in pest management

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories None

Application guidelines for users Garden pea pest management factsheets, brochures and manuals available from KALRO

F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO

Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S.,

Ogema, V., Kambo, C., Kuria S., Ndegwa, A., Wandera ,F., Ndubi, J., Nasirembe, Wayiua, F., Gathambiri, C., Otieno, M.,. Wasilwa, L., Kirigua V., Wambua., John, Okoko,, N., Ndungu, J. MMUST, 2 Ogemah,V.

Partner organizations MoA, Universities and NGOs 2.3.3 TIMP name Management of pea thrips (Thrips angusticeps)

Source: pestadvisories.usu.edu


Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Reduced yield and quality. Thrips cause damage to foliage,

flowers and pods. Heavy infestation can lead to shedding of buds and flowers. Thrips in flowers damage the young developing pods resulting in deformed pods that appear silvery coloured. The damaged pods are unmarketable.

54

What is it? (TIMP description) The management of thrips include: Pest scouting at least twice per week Observe thrips on flowers Strike flowers on a white paper Two thrips per flower will warrant management Management by use of yellow stick traps Application of effective pest control products

recommended by PCPB

Justification Thrips cause considerable reduction in yield and lower the seed (pod) quality

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days,

shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.




Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any Nakuru Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Other counties with high potential include; Kiambu,

Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties) Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) which

are mainly grown by large scale farmers under irrigation; Limited investment; limited publicity and low research

on garden peas Recommendations for addressing the challenges

Training of farmers on the value of disease management using IPM technologies (research and extension), positive publicity.


Understanding the attitude of community towards Arthropod pest management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs To be determined Estimated returns To be determined Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops Arthropod pest control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production.

Gender issues and concerns in adoption Most farmer groups composed of women and will enhance

55

and scaling up women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages.

Gender related opportunities Women and youth have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds than men




Opportunities for women exists in thrips management






VMGs have limited access to garden pea pest management information

There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness VMG related opportunities Opportunities for unemployed youths and those recovering

from drugs exists in thrips management E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories Opportunities for women exists in thrips

management Application guidelines for users VMGs have limited access to productive resources such

as land, credit, and quality seeds VMGs have limited access to training and extension

services VMGs have limited access to markets as they

sometimes cannot travel to far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure


VMGs have limited access to management of garden pea pests

There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awarenessF: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S., Ogema, V.,

56

Kambo, C., Kuria S., Ndegwa, A., Wandera ,F., Ndubi, J., Nasirembe, Wayiua, F., Gathambiri, C., Otieno, M.,. Wasilwa, L., Kirigua V., Wambua., John, Okoko,, N., Ndungu, J. MMUST, 2 Ogemah,V.

Partner organizations MoA, Universities and NGOs 2.3.4 TIMP name Management of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)

Source: Infonet-biovision.org



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Effects of pest infestation are:

Aphid feeding causes distortion of foliage and pods and also abortion of flowers.

Early infestations can result in crops becoming infected with pea mosaic virus.

Heavy infestation result in yellow and/or distorted, necrotic spots on leaves and/or stunted shoots;

Aphids secrete a sticky, sugary substance called honeydew which encourages the growth of sooty mold on the plant

Aphids transmits a number of viruses, all with their own distinct symptoms, such as wilting, yellowing and rolling of leaves

Severe damage results in sooty mold, dead plant tissue and wilting of the entire plant

What is it? (TIMP description) Start by checking plants for presence of aphids, Then use yellow sticky and use tolerant varieties if available Also reflective mulches such as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on plants. Sturdy plants can be sprayed with a strong jet of water to knock aphids from leaves. Insecticides are generally used only when the infestation is very high. Usually plants

57

generally tolerate low and medium level infestation. Insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem or canola oil are usually the best method of control. Use synthetic and biopesticides recommended by PCPB.

Justification Aphids can cause severe yield loss when feeding in large colonies. Direct feeding therefore leads to yield loss and reductions in crop quality. Bommarco (1991) calculated economic losses in pea through a number of seasons due to A. pisum; with observed yield losses of up to 230 kg/ha. Although direct feeding damage is significant, this aphid is primarily an economic pest on pea due to its ability to transmit viruses. A. pisum secretes honeydew which coat plants, reducing photosynthetic efficiency and resulting in the growth of sooty moulds.

Region promoted The technology has been promoted in Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days,

shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.




Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any Nakuru Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Other counties with high potential include Kiambu,

Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) which are

mainly grown by large scale farmers for export market. There is limited investment and publicity; for the crop is mainly for local market


Training of farmers on the value of aphids management using IPM technologies is necessary


Understanding the attitude of community towards aphids management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs To be determinedEstimated returns To be determinedGender issues and concerns in Women and youth have limited access to productive

58

development and dissemination resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds than men




Opportunities for women exists in aphid management

Gender related opportunities VMGs have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds





There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Opportunities for unemployed youths and those recovering from drugs exists in aphid management



Women and youth have limited access to education, training and extension services than men.


VMG related opportunities Opportunities for women exists in aphid management E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories Molo garden pea farmers are harvesting a lot of peas

-What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015

Application guidelines for users Garden pea aphid management leaflet F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S., Ogema, V.,

Kambo, C., Kuria S., Ndegwa, A., Wandera ,F., Ndubi, J., Nasirembe, Wayiua, F., Gathambiri, C., Otieno, M.,. Wasilwa, L., Kirigua V., Wambua., John, Okoko,, N., Ndungu, J. MMUST, 2 Ogemah,V.


59

2.3.5 TIMP name Management of leaf miners, (Liriomyza spp.)

Source: Infonet Biovision.org



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Increased yield loss and poor quality produce. Thin,

white, winding trails on leaves; heavy mining can result in white blotches on leaves and leaves dropping from the plant prematurely; early infestation can cause yield to be reduced; adult leaf miner is a small black and yellow fly which lays its eggs in the leaf; larvae hatch and feed on leaf interior

What is it? (TIMP description) Monitor and check plants for signs of leafminer damage at least twice per week

Use blue sticky traps Remove plants from the field

immediately after harvest Remove all alternative hosts, including

weeds Use synthetic and biopesticides

recommended by PCPB Justification Heavy infestation may lead to considerable crop

losses due to reduced photosynthetic area B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field

days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.



Participatory implementation, stakeholder capacity building, functioning seed system, stakeholder networks

Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling upCurrent extent of research None Counties where already promoted, if any Nakuru

60

Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Other counties with high potential include; Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties

Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) which are mainly grown by large scale for export. Limited attention is paid to the management of leaf miners on garden peas.


Training of farmers on the value of leafminer management using IPM technologies

Lessons learned NoneSocial, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary

Understanding the attitude of community towards leaf miner management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.



Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in leaf miner control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production.


to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds than men



Gender related opportunities Opportunities for women exists in leaf minors management


• VMGs have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds • VMGs have limited access to training and extension services • VMGs have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel to far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure • Due to their social status VMGs are often excluded from decision making in development and dissemination activities • VMGs have limited access to seed and information on new varieties and production techniques • There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness.

VMG issues and concerns in adoption and • VMGs have limited access to productive

61

scaling up resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds • VMGs have limited access to training and extension services • VMGs have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel to far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure • Due to their social status VMGs are often excluded from decision making in development and dissemination activities • VMGs have limited access to seed and information on new varieties and production techniques • There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness

VMG related opportunities Opportunities for unemployed youths and those recovering from drugs exists in leaf minors management

E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories None

Application guidelines for users Leaf miner, Liriomyza spp. management leaflet F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S.,


Partner organizations MoA, Universities and NGOs 2.3.6 TIMP name Management of Mexican bean beetle Epilachna

varivestis

Source: Bugwood.org



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Irregular patches of feeding damage on

62

underside of leaves which causes the top surface of the leaf to dry out, giving the leaves a lacy appearance; insect will also damage flowers and small pods; pods may be damaged so badly that they drop from the plant; adult insect is an orange-brown beetle with black spots; larvae are fat-bodied grubs which taper at the end and are in rows of conspicuous spines

What is it? (TIMP description) Some garden pea varieties may be less attractive hosts for the beetle. Beetles beetle populations can be reduced by handpicking larvae and adults; brush eggs from leaves and destroy; by applying insecticidal soap the underside of leaves. Use Synthetic and bio pesticides recommended by PCPB

Justification Cause considerable yield losses Heavy infestation lead to poor quality

produce Region promoted None B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field





Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling upCurrent extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any None Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Counties with high potential for upscaling; Kiambu,

Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties

Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) beetle management. And limited investment and limited publicity given to garden peas


Training of farmers on the value of beetles management using IPM technologies (research and extension) and positive publicity.


Understanding the attitude of community towards beetles management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and

63

marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs To be determined Estimated returns To be determined Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

• Women and youth have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds than men • Women and youth have limited access to education, training and extension services than men • Women have less access to agricultural information, technology and knowledge


Most farmer groups composed of women will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages

Gender related opportunities • Opportunities for women exists in Mexican bean beetle management








There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness

VMG related opportunities Opportunities for unemployed youths and those recovering from drugs exists in Mexican bean beetle management


Application guidelines for users Garden pea pest management factsheets, brochures and manuals available from KALRO



G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO, KiharaSN, Kambo C., Kuria, S., Nyaga A.,

Gatambia E. and Musyoki R.; MMUST, 2Dr. Vitalis Ogemah


64

2.3.7 TIMP name Management of red spider mites (two-spotted spider mite) Tetranychus urticae

Source: Infonet Biovision.org



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Leaves stippled with yellow; leaves may appear

bronzed; webbing covering leaves; mites may be visible as tiny moving dots on the webs or underside of leaves, best viewed using a hand lens; usually not spotted until there are visible symptoms on the plant; leaves turn yellow and may drop from plant

What is it? (TIMP description) In the home garden, spraying plants with a strong jet of water can help reduce buildup of spider mite populations; if mites become problematic apply insecticidal soap to plants; certain chemical insecticides may actually increase mite populations by killing off natural enemies and promoting mite reproduction For effective control do the following:

Pest Scouting Overhead irrigation reduces population

build-up Apply insecticidal soap or oil Use synthetic and biopesticides

recommended by PCPB Justification Cause substantial yield loss, especially during the

dry season or on stressed plants B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field





Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling upCurrent extent of reach None

65

Counties where already promoted, if any The technology has been promoted in Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties.

Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Other counties with high potential include; Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties

Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under irrigation. Limited investment an; limited publicity in management of garden peas red spider mites


Training of farmers on the value of red spider mite management using IPM technologies.


Understanding the attitude of community towards red spider management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.



• Women and youth have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds than men • Women and youth have limited access to education, training and extension services than men • Women have less access to agricultural information, technology and knowledge


Most farmer groups composed of women will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages.

Gender related opportunities Women stand to benefit in increased production due to healthy garden pea crop sales as this is considered a women crop.


• VMGs have limited access to productive resources such as land, credit, and quality seeds • VMGs have limited access to training and extension services • VMGs have limited access to markets as they sometimes cannot travel to far regional markets due to either their sickness, disability or lack of exposure • Due to their social status VMGs are often excluded from decision making in development and dissemination activities • VMGs have limited access to seed and information on new varieties and production techniques

66

• There is low adoption by VMGs due lack of awareness


Red spider mite infestation reduction will lead to increased productivity by VMGs.

VMG related opportunities • Opportunities for unemployed youths and those recovering from drugs exists in red spider mites management


Application guidelines for users Management of red spider mite leaflet F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S.,


Partner organizations MoA, Universities and NGOs Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any NakuruCounties where TIMP will be upscaled Nyandarwa (Other counties with high potential include

Kiambu, Nyandarwa, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu Muranga and Laikipia Counties)

Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas) farms which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research. If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology




Understanding the knowledge of community of disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops disease control

67

operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production.


Most farmer groups are composed of women and will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages.





Disease incidence reduction will lead to increased productivity by VMGs.


E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories The Molo garden pea farms harvesting millions

What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015

Application guidelines for users Garden pea production leaflet Gender issues and concerns in development , dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Women may not have access to resources required for adoption of the enterprise.

Gender related opportunities Women and youth stand to benefit in Garden pea farming


Garden Peas have high commercial potential and, therefore, its promotion and value addition will benefit all VMGs

High quality Garden Peas will lead to enhanced production and consumption by VMGs hence bettering their health and incomes.

VMG related opportunities Opportunity to produce, trade in, and consume locally produced high quality Garden Peas.

Nutritionally, use of the technology can reduce postharvest losses and enable VMGs have enough Garden Peas to consume, hence get macro- and micronutrients

The consumer will pay less for high quality Garden Peas

The grower will also not be forced to make distress sale and will get better return.

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories Snow pea farmers in Timau and Naromoru have

68

successfully used the technology Application guideline for users Garden pea pest management factsheets, brochures

and manuals available from KALRO F: Status of TIMP readiness (1-ready for upscaling;, 2-requires validation; 3-requires further research)

Requires validation

G: Contacts Contacts KALRO-PTC; KALRO-NSRC, KALRO Kandara Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Nyaga A., Gatambia E., Kihara S., Ogema,

V., Kambo, C., Kuria S., Ndegwa, A., Wandera ,F., Ndubi, J., Nasirembe, Wayiua, F., Gathambiri, C., Otieno, M.,. Wasilwa, L., Kirigua V., Wambua., John, Okoko,, N., Ndungu, J. MMUST, 2 Ogemah,V.

Partner organizations KEBS, MoALF Gaps:

Capacity building on pest identification and management Validation on the use of yellow and blue sticky traps for the management of aphids,

thrips and leafminers is required. Validation of biopesticides synthetic pesticides in the management of garden pea pests Training on the effect of major garden pea pests on yield and quality, and their

implication on general economic returns Management of Garden Peas Diseases .3.8 TIMP name Management of Root knot nematode

(Meloidogyne spp.)

Source: Pea Diseases - Vikaspedia



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed Infestations of nematodes occur in distinct patches

that vary in size. Affected plants are stunted and yellowing from the lower leaves Galls on roots, reduce plant vigor and wilt in hot weather. This cause Low yields and farmers spray the affected crop randomly using pesticides to address the effect on crops

69

What is it? (TIMP description) Control of root knot nematodes through IPM practices;

Resistant varieties Scouting Solarization Biocontrols

Justification Peas Cyst nematodes are very persistent soil-borne pathogens that cause severe yield loss.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field





Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any NakuruCounties where TIMP will be upscaled Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential

include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Muranga and Laikipia Counties)

Challenges in dissemination Most attention given to snow peas (or snap peas) which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research.

Recommendations for addressing the challenges Training farmers on the value of nematodes management using IPM technologies (research and extension), positive publicity.

Lessons learned Investments in the crop and participation of champions can enhance technology up-take. Stakeholder linkages and participatory implementation is important. Demonstration of the effect of nematodes management in garden peas


Understanding the knowledge of community on nematodes management; household man-power endowment. Community, youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed. Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops nematodes control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but

70

benefit latter from increased production. Gender issues and concerns in adoption and scaling up






Nematodes incidence reduction will lead to increased productivity by VMGs.


E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories -The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting

millions tonnes of garden peas -What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015



G: Contacts

Contacts The Centre Director, KALRO-PTC Thika; KALRO Sericulture, KALRO Kandara P.O. Box 220 Thika Email: [email protected]

Lead organization and scientists KALRO Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Caesar Kambo Sylvia Kuria, Lusike Wasilwa Ruth Amata, Vitalis Ogemah and Violet Kirigua


2.3.9 TIMPs name Management of Pea wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi)

Source: Pea Diseases – Vikaspedia

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Technology

71

management practice) A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Fusarium wilt is a serious soil borne disease that

stays in the soil for a long time without a host and easily spreads through implements, water, shoes or even bear feet. The disease can cause 100% yield loss resulting in;

Low yields Random use of pesticides to address the

effect on crops disease spread unknowingly

What is it? (TIMP description) Disease control with IPM practices: Resistant varieties Crop rotation Field hygiene Use of clean seed Use of biocontrols (Trichoderma fungi)

Justification It can cause 100% yield loss Easily spread by implements, water shoes

or even bear feet Lasts in the soil for a long time even

without a hostB: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches

Users of TIMP Farmers, extension agencies, seed producers and traders

Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.




Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers

C: Current situation and future scaling upCurrent extent of reach NoneCounties where already promoted, if any Nakuru Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential

include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia, Muranga Counties)

Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas) farms which are mainly grown under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research.

If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology

Recommendations for addressing the challenges Training of farmers on the value of disease

72

management using IPM technologies (research and extension), positive publicity.

Lessons learned No up scaling carried out so far Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary

Understanding the knowledge of community towards disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed. Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplusGender issues and concerns in development, adoption and scaling up dissemination

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops disease control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production. Most farmer groups are composed of women and will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages.


VMG issues and concerns in development dissemination, adoption and scaling up

The management practices reduce production costs, therefore women can afford to produce garden peas. IDM protocls are not costly hence affordable and adoptable to both genders

VMG related opportunities The crop is considered almost a solely subsistence crop and therefore its promotion and value addition will benefit VMGs. Disease incidence reduction will lead to increased productivity by VMGs. Increased production will lead to increased consumption of nutritious garden peas, hence improved health of VMGs; high value of crop will lead to economic empowerment of VMGs

E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects -None

Application guidelines for users Garden pea production leaflet Garden pea fact sheet



G: Contacts


73



2.3.10 TIMPs name Management of Downy mildew (Peronospora viciae)

Sourse: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/pea/infos


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed A greyish white, moldy growth appears on the lower

leaf surface, and a yellowish area appears on the opposite side of the leaf. Infected leaves can turn yellow and die if weather is cool and damp. Stems may be distorted and stunted. .Brown blotches appear on pods, and mold may grow inside pods. This causes:

Reduced crop yields Improper use of fungicides

What is it? (TIMP description) IPM practices for disease control: Resistant varieties Crop rotation Field hygiene Use of clean seed Proper use of fungicides

Justification The disease can cause substantial yield reduction and the farmers therefore, use a lot of pesticides some with long PHIs to control the disease..


Users of TIMP Farmers, extension agencies, seed producers traders, and consumers





Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up

74

Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any Nakuru Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential include

Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties)

Challenges in dissemination Negative attitude to crop in some segments of society where most often attention is given to snow peas (or snap peas) which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets for export; Limited investment in crop, limited publicity, low research.

Recommendations for addressing the challenges Training of farmers on the value of disease management using IPM technologies (research and extension), positive publicity.


Understanding community culture, preferences, and practices; implementing gender inclusiveness in crop research and development; understanding the attitude of community towards the physical and biotic (disease management) environment in target ecologies;; household man-power endowment.


Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed. Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development dissemination, adoption and scaling up Gender issues and concerns

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops disease control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production. Most farmer groups composed of women and will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate messages.

Gender related opportunities Women stand to benefit in increased production due to healthy garden pea crop and grain legume sales as this is considered a women crop. However if trained to preserve crop residues to be used as hay men will benefit from feeding of the livestock.

VMG issues and concerns in development dissemination adoption and scaling up

The crop is considered almost a solely subsistence crop and therefore its promotion and value addition will benefit VMGs in.

VMG issues and concerns in Disease incidence reduction will lead to increased productivity by VMGs.



75

Success stories -The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions -What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015

Application guidelines for users Garden pea production leaflet (or manual) F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for upselling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research


G: Contacts




2.3.11 TIMP name Management of Leaf and pod spots (Ascochyta disease) ( caused by Ascochyta pisi, Mycosphaerella pinodes and Phoma medicaginis)

Source: Pea Diseases – Vikaspedia Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)


A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Individual or small groups of plants appear stunted or pale. Gray

fungal growth develops on the underside of leaves. Pods develop yellow patches on the surface and a cottony growth on the inner pod wall. Yellow-brown blotches on upper surface of leaves; angular patches of white-gray fungus on lower side of leaves. Plant growth may be stunted or distorted and whole plant may die before flowering. Leading to;

Low yields Random use of pesticides to address the effect on crops

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What is it? (TIMP description) Keeping garden pea crop Leaf and pod spots free by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:

Resistant varieties Crop rotation Clean seeds Seeds treatment with an appropriate fungicide or

biocontrol prior to planting Proper use of fungicide

Justification The disease can cause substantial yield reduction and the farmers therefore, use a lot of pesticides some with long PHIs to control the disease

Region promoted This has been promoted in Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Muranga and Laikipia Counties.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days, shows,

farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations.

Most effective approach On-farm experimentation and larger plot effect demonstrations. Critical/essential factors for successful promotion


Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any

Nakuru


Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Muranga and Laikipia Counties)





Understanding the attitude of community towards disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed. Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus. Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Men are the custodian of family resources and have to be convinced to invest in crops disease control operations. Women will in turn get to do more work on expanded garden pea fields but benefit latter from increased production.

Gender issues and concerns in Most farmer groups composed of women and will enhance

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adoption and scaling up women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate technologies







E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories -The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions




G: Contacts




2.3.12 TIMP name Management of Botrytis, or grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

Source: Pea Diseases - Vikaspedia Category (i.e. technology, innovation Complementary Technology

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or management practice) A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Botrytis produces brown, watery rot with a grey furry mould.

Fuzzy gray elongated lesions which girdle stem causing wilting of upper parts of plant. Lower leaves may be covered in fuzzy gray growth which causes them to dry out and shrivel; small, oval, water-soaked lesions on pods which are tan in color. Pod lesions spread irregularly and become gray and sunken; young pods may shrivel and become covered in fuzzy, gray mycelial growth. These causes:


What is it? (TIMP description) Growing Grey mould free garden pea by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:

Resistant varieties Crop rotation Clean seeds Proper use of fungicide


Region promoted This has been promoted in Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties.





Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach NoneCounties where already promoted, if any

Nakuru







Understanding the community knowledge of disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.

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G: Contacts




2.3.13 TIMP name Management of Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)

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Source: Pea Diseases - Vikaspedia Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)


A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Powdery mildew is characterized by irregular areas of powdery

white fungal growth on the upper leaf surface and pods, Yellow spots on upper surface of leaves, powdery gray-white areas which coalesce to cover entire plant. If the plant is heavily infected it may appear light blue or gray in colour. The disease can delay maturity and can adversely affect the flavour of processed peas These causes;


What is it? (TIMP description) Growing Powdery mildew free garden pea by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:








Nakuru






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Understanding the knowledge community on disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.


Basic costs Sourcing for clean seeds Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination










E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories

The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions of tonnes of peas What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015



G: Contacts




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2.3.14 TIMP name Management of Foot, root and stem rots (Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella)

Source:pgro.org/pests-diseasea-peas



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Root rot is characterized by reddish brown to black streaks on

primary and secondary roots. These streaks coalesce at later stages, leading to roting of lower stem. Red discoloration of the vascular system can be seen, especially near cotyledon attachment. Stunted growth, yellowing and death appear on the basal foliage leading to;


What is it? (TIMP description) Growing foot, root and stem rot free garden peas by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:







Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling upCurrent extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any

Nakuru



Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas)

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farms which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research. If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology.






Basic costs Sourcing for clean seeds Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination










E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions tones of

garden peas What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015



G: Contacts


Lead organization and scientists KALRO

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Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Caesar Kambo Sylvia Kuria, Lusike Wasilwa Ruth Amata, Vitalis Ogemah and Violet Kirigua


2.3.15 TIMP name Management of Sclerotinia, or white mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)




A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed S. sclerotinia causes stem rot, white mycelium covers stems and

pods, stem collapses into a watery soft rot and pods may contain black mould leading to;


What is it? (TIMP description) Growing White mould free garden peas by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:

Resistant varieties Crop rotation Clean seeds Proper spacing Proper use of fungicide






Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling upCurrent extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any

Nakuru


Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu Muranga and Laikipia Counties)

Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas)

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farms which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research. If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology




Understanding the knowledge of community of disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.












E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions

What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015



G: Contacts


Lead organization and scientists KALRO Sylvia Kuria, Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia,

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Caesar Kambo, Lusike Wasilwa Ruth Amata, Vitalis Ogemah and Violet Kirigua


2.3.16 TIMP name Management of Rhizoctonia seedling blight (Rhizoctonia solani)




A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed Rhizoctonia disease is characterized by water-soaked sunken, red-

brown lesions on germinating shoot below seed leaves and the shoot above seed leaves. Death of growing tip as it emerges from soil occurs new shoots may emerge from a node at seed but may also die these leads to;


What is it? (TIMP description) Growing Rhizoctonia free garden peas by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:








Nakuru

Counties where TIMP will be Nyandarua (Other counties with high potential include Kiambu,

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upscaled Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties) Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas)

farms which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research. If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology.






Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed.Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination










E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories -The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions of tons of

peas -What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015



G: Contacts


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Lead organization and scientists KALRO Sylvia Kuria, Antony Nyaga, Robert Musyoki, Eliud Gatambia, Caesar Kambo, Lusike Wasilwa Ruth Amata, Vitalis Ogemah and Violet Kirigua


2.3.17 TIMP name Management of Septoria blotch (Septoria pisi)

Source: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/pea/infos


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Septoria blotch is characterized by irregular yellow lesions on

leaves and pods that coalesce to form large yellow patches that become covered in black fungal fruiting bodies. The plant may die leading to;


What is it? (TIMP description) Growing Septoria blotch free garden peas by applying integrated pest management practices (IPM) such as:








Nakuru

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Lessons learned NoneSocial, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary

Understanding the knowledge of community on disease management; household man-power endowment. Community youth, men, and women ratios.












E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions of tones of

garden peas What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015



G: Contacts

Contacts The Centre Director, KALRO-PTC Thika; KALRO Sericulture, KALRO Kandara

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2.3.18 TIMP name Management of Bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi)

Scoures: Pea Diseases - Vikaspedia



A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed The disease is characterized by small, water-soaked spots on

leaves, steam and pods which coalesce and turn brown; lesions on stem may enlarge killing plant parts while lesions on pods cause seeds to rot leading to;

Low yields Random use of pesticides by farmers to address the effect

on crops What is it (TIMP description) Growing Septoria blotch free garden peas by applying integrated

pest management practices (IPM) such as: Resistant varieties Crop rotation Clean seeds Proper spacing Proper use of fungicide






Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers

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C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach None Counties where already promoted, if any

Nakuru



Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas) farms which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research. If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology.









Most farmer groups are composed of women and will enhance women technology uptake but leave out the opinion and interests of men; women do not travel far to communicate information











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G: Contacts




2.3.19 TIMP name Management of viral diseases: 4. Enation mosaic Virus Pea enation mosaic virus

(PEMV) 5. Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV) 6. Pea streak virus (PSV)




A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed The diseases effects are Blister-like outgrowths (enations) on

underside of leaves and on pods. Plants become severely deformed, mottled patterns on leaves; yellow leaf veins; distorted leaves, stunted plants which often die. These may lead to;

Low yields Random use of pesticides by farmers to address the effect

on crops What is it? (TIMP description) Growing Septoria blotch free garden peas by applying integrated

pest management practices (IPM) such as: Resistant varieties Crop rotation Clean seeds Proper spacing Proper use of fungicide

Justification Viral diseases can cause 100% yield loss and the farmers therefore, use a lot of pesticides not knowing the diseases have no chemical cure

Region promoted This has been promoted in Kiambu, Nyandarua, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu and Laikipia Counties.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies

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Partners/stakeholders for scaling up NGOs, extension, private service providers C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach NoneCounties where already promoted, if any

Nakuru



Challenges in dissemination Most attention is given to large scale snow peas (or snap peas) farms which are mainly grown by large scale farmers under shade nets; limited investment in crop; limited publicity; low research. If the farmers do not recognize the disease as a threat, they may not adopt the technology.





D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Sourcing for clean seed Estimated returns Varied for food security and income from surplus Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination










E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories -The Molo potato garden pea farm harvesting millions of tonnes of

garden peas -What it takes to produce food for global market; Daily Nation: 16 January 2015

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G: Contacts




Weed Management in Garden Pea TIMP Name Integrated Weed Management Crop management practices Management practices A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Weeds are a major challenge in garden peas production.

They do not only compete for nutrients with the crops but also harbors insect pests and creates an environments conducive for disease occurrence. Some of the common weeds in garden pea production include; black jack, gallant soldier, Mexican marigold, and wandering jew and grass weeds such as couch, kikuyu and star grass. Different weeds may require different strategies for effective control, hence the advantage of combining the various management strategies. Huge yield losses in garden pea are attributed to poor weed management. Proper weeds management leads to higher yields in garden pea.

1. 2. 3. 1. Mexican marigold 2. Gallant soldier 3. Black jack

(Source; www.elimu.net, KCSE )

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What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated weed management (IWM) is the management of weeds using several weed approaches such as preventive, physical control, biological control, use of biodegradable mulch, cultural, mechanical and chemical control. Physical control is the removal of weeds manually or mechanical means, such as hand weeding or mowing. Biological control is where you graze by big animals. Chemical control is where appropriate herbicides are used to control weeds. Cultural control includes the practice of crop rotation since various crops may influence the diversity and abundance of particular weed flora. Robust growing varieties that cover the soil and suppress weeds. Mechanical weed management includes use of farm equipment e.g use of a motorized knap weeder, which does the work much faster and is less tedious. Chemical weed management involves use of pre-emergence selective herbicides and or post-emergence selective herbicides. In manual weeding farmers carry out manual weeding at 2 weeks after planting and just before flowering (about 4-6 weeks).

Justification Majority of farmers in Kenya use manual approaches for weed management. Whereas this is effective, it is time consuming and labour intensive. Whereas manual weeding is effective it can also be ineffective because when weeding is done in wet conditions, all weeds are replanted. Therefore regrowth becomes a big problem. Weeds are so diverse and therefore one approach will be effective on some species and not others. Therefore you need more than one approach to keep weeds under control. Judicious use of pre- and post-emergence herbicides is emerging as a promising option for weed control in garden pea both sole and intercropping systems. Farmers who have used pre- emergence (within 24hrs after planting), and post emergence (at 2-4 leaves) have realized the higher yields than manual weeding. Use of herbicides is effective, time and labour saving. There are several registered herbicides (Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) List of registered products) in the market that can be used by garden pea growers. Post emergence is applied to control weeds which are existing and actively growing weeds for effective control. Pre-emergence control weeds at germination stage or as they emerge from the soil. Herbicides are classified according to their mode application based on time of application, based on mode of action which is either contact or systematic. In contact it will kill on the part covered by the chemical and is best for annual weeds. The systemic is absorbed by the leaves or roots and then translocated through the plant system to the point of action.

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Selective and non-selective. Selective will kill some plants and non-selective will kill all.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension workers, Agro dealers Approaches used in dissemination

Demonstrations and field days. Media (Online), manuals, pamphlets.


Promote integrated weed management Address environmental and safety concerns related to the use of herbicides Accompany the promotion with demos and field days with farmers groups and stakeholders on the effectiveness of the various weed management options using FFSB approach. Train users on appropriate use of herbicide and safe use. Train people on biology of weeds and weed dynamics in cropping systems. Farmers need training on timing with regard to conservation of biodiversity. Preserve pollinators for increased productivity of weed control.


Agrochemical companies, Research partners (KALRO, CIAT), County extension staffs, NGOs


Nyandarua


Nakuru, Kiambu, Narok


High cost of herbicides Inadequate knowledge and information on which herbicides to use and when to use them Myths on appropriateness of using herbicides

Suggestion for addressing the challenges

Promotion of the product by conducting demos and field days and involvement of the stakeholder e.g. agro-chemical company Develop and disseminate information to various stakeholders Training on integrated approaches using available methods, including appropriate herbicides and their use of herbicides – safety

Lesson learned in up scaling if any

That integrated approaches of weed management are more effective than use of one control method and is safe on environmentally friendly. Continue use of herbicide is environmental, health and social hazard.


Train on understanding the working of an integrated weed management. Have an environmental and safety plan when using

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herbicides Address the environmental and social concerns related to use of agrochemicals. A functional agrodealer network to supply the products when required by the farmers

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs Ksh 4000 Estimated returns KSH 1000 per acre Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Since weeding for garden pea is mostly done by women and children, dissemination strategies should target women more but also take care of men and they become aware of the TIMP.


Make all gender understand the benefits of IWM. Empower both men and women to make a judicious decision on IWM approach. Use of IWM technology can reduce drudgery due to manual weeding and save time for other activities to women

Gender related opportunities Labour is reduced therefor an Opportunities exist for women and youth to get in other economic activities including the production, and marketing.

Vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMG) issues and concerns in development,

dissemination, adoption and scaling up

VMG groups could be limited in accessing the knowledge, resources and exposed to many threats such as insecurity and land disputes.

VMG related opportunities Training VMG on IWM practices and opportunities

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories

Application guidelines for users Extension and training material available F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research)


G: Contacts Contacts Center Director KALRO Kabete, Waiyaki Way, P.O Box

14733-00800, Nairobi Lead organization and scientists KALRO , Kabete

Dr Hottensiah Mwangi, Dr Jedidah M. Maina, Charity, W. Muchira, Caesar Kambo, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia, Sylvia Kuria, Ruth Amata

Partner organizations Kenya Seed Company, Faida Seed, NGOs, CBOs, County Governments, KEPHIS

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Research Gaps:

Determine cost benefits of using motorized knap weeder versus other weed management strategies in garden pea production

TIMP Name Legume Intercropping System Categories (i.e. technology innovation Or management practice)

Innovation

Legume sorghum intercrop

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addresses Though mono cropping is recommended for higher yield

production, farmers prefer inter-cropping garden pea with other crops - cereal (maize or sorghum) tubers (cassava), bananas, cash crops (coffee). Poor intercropping results in low yields attributed to competition for light and nutrients and may lead to increased infestation of pests and diseases. Intercropping to control weeds requires specific spacing, the right variety of legume depending on growth habit of the intercrop. Innovative intercropping systems can help farmers achieve the desired yield gains while at the same time diversifying the cropping system and adapting to climate change. This will

Legume millet intercrop require understanding the optimal crop spacing and configuration, selection of varieties adapted to intercropping and adopting sequencing approaches that will maximize use of the resources (water, nutrients and light) without causing undue competition.

What is it? (TIMP description) Innovative Legume Intercropping Systems are the application of growing more than one crop in a field at the same time, as a tool to enhance agricultural production and to obtain efficient

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land use. Intercropping systems are defined based on the temporal and spatial arrangements of the crops. There are several intercropping systems such as mixed, strip, row intercropping patterns, Relay and Alley intercropping. Farmer’s common intercropping system involves planting garden pea in same hole as maize or between the maize interrow spacing of 0.75m. Innovative intercropping systems involve arrangement with staggered 1-by-2 or 2-by-2 configuration between the cereal (maize) and Pigeon Pea, respectively. More complex intercropping systems with more than 2 crops have also been tested.

1 m 2 m 3 m0 m

Farmers’ commonintercroppingsystem with

continuous 0.75 mrows of maize andlegumes planted

between every row

MBILI (2-by-2)arrangement

with staggered0.5 m and 1.0 m

rows of maize andpaired, alternating

legume rows

The MBILI-MBILI intercropping systems results in same plant population and fertilizer input as the Conventional Intercropping. The production of garden pea and other legumes in MBILI-MBILI system is higher than the production of legumes in the usual farmers planting arrangement.

Justification Cropping of several plant species together reduces negative effects of a monoculture and thus is commonly employed in ecological agricultural systems. Agricultural practices like intercropping are pro ecological; supporting bio-diversity and is compatible with the principles of balanced agriculture.

Intercropping has important advantages in regard to efficient land use, increasing crop productivity and monetary returns thanks to effective use of various inputs compared to sole cropping. It can significantly increase total productivity as

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compared to sole cropping thanks to better utilization of water, nutrients and solar energy. Crops in these systems use available resources more efficiently thanks to different rooting and canopy properties which component plants species exploit resources complementary. Intercropping systems can cause more effective use of resources by providing symbiotic nitrogen from legumes, or making available inorganic phosphorus fixed in soil because of lowering of pH via nitrogen fixing legumes. Intercropping systems is a climate adaptation strategy in case of crop failure in mono cropping and is considered as one of the most dependable ways to maintain the sustainability of crop production. It is a risk mitigation strategy by farmers in light of prevailing climate change.

Intercropping practices can ensure higher yield as well as productivity and profitability in crops per unit land. Intercropping systems with a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1:2 are considered better at using resources and profitable than mono-cropping systems. Intercropping systems provide better soil cover hence reducing weed incidences

Spatial regulations, physical and temporal barriers, microclimate modification, odor effects, and color and trapping effects between intercrops influence insect or disease situation or their natural enemies. Crop rotation and intercropping practices decrease weed population density and biomass yield

Success of intercropping systems over sole cropping can be achieved by some agronomic manipulations. These manipulations can be planting time, plant density, available resources and intercropping patterns. Spatial arrangements, planting and harvest times of crops should be taken into account in intercropping systems.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension Staff Approaches used in dissemination

Demos and field days


Conduct demos band the field days with farmers groups and stakeholders


County extension staffs, NGOs, Private sectors e.g. seed company, Research organizations (KALRO, Egerton University, UoN, CIAT-PABRA)

C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already Nakuru

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promoted if any Counties where TIMPs will be up scaled

Nyandarua, Narok, Kiambu


Inadequate training and limited extension staff

Suggestion for addressing the challenges

Facilitation of training of county extension staffs Contact demos and field days

Lesson learned in up scaling if any

Intercropping systems are knowledge intensive and require making adjustments in traditional ways of cropping. Such a change calls for intensive training and demonstration for farmers to familiarize with the technology and its benefits. There is need to adapt the technology when promotes in new environments/AEZ


A farmer learning platform is essential for training on how to deploy the technology

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs - Estimated returns - Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination adoption and scaling up

Complexity of the intercropping system can result in increased labour, which could impact on the women who are key players during planting and weeding. Need to train, especially women, on how to implement the intercropping systems.

Gender related opportunities Diversity and yield stability are a major win for the entire household


This is a knowledge intensive technology especially the configurations. Training is key. Intercropping systems impede mechanization of the production system

VMG related opportunities System diversification and yield stability will increase food availability leading to food and nutrition security at household level Improved income from production and marketing of garden pea and other crops- diversified incomes


Application guidelines for users Extension and training material available F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires further research)

2. Require validation

G: Contacts Contacts Center Director KALRO Kabete, Waiyaki Way, P.O Box

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14733-00800, Nairobi

Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Dr Hottensiah Mwangi, Dr Jedidah M. Maina, Charity, W. Muchira, Caesar Kambo, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia, Sylvia Kuria, Ruth Amata

Partner organizations County Extension Staff, Farmer Groups and CBOs, NGOs

TIMP name Mulching Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Weeds infestation, soil moisture and loss of organic matter, in

ASAL. What is it? (TIMP description)

The practice of covering the soil/ground with natural materials or synthetic materials. Mulches can effective control weeds from seeds that germinate near or at the soil surface. There are two types of mulches: biodegradable or natural mulches. Biodegradable include straw, dead leaves and compost to make more favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient crop production. The mulches should be between 2-4 inches deep to be effective. Non degradable or synthetic mulches can be used in growing of climbing Pigeon Pea. Only black mulches should be used to control weeds. Benefits: Organic mulches retain moisture in the soil; suppress weeds; keep the soil cool; and help improve soil fertility (as the mulches decompose) and improves microclimate hence increasing biodiversity. Synthetic mulches will solarize soils, control weeds and weed seeds, retain soil moisture and controls diseases.

1. 2. 1. Mulching using stovers (source; infonet biovision) 2. Plastic mulch (source; eorganic.org)

Justification Organic mulching has added benefits other than minimizing

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weeds infestation, it facilitates retention of soil moisture and helps in control of temperature fluctuations, improves physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, as it adds nutrients to the soil and ultimately enhances the growth and yield of crops. It also improves soil; structure directly by preventing raindrop impact and indirectly by promoting biological activity. Synthetic mulch are easy to obtain and apply, and are reusable.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers Approaches to be used in dissemination

‐ Farmer field schools ‐ On-farm demonstrations during farmer field schools ‐ Training in workshops


Organic: ‐ Availability of plant or crop residues for organic

mulches. ‐ Size of the land. ‐ Competing uses of crop residues. ‐ Type of the crops Synthetic Cost of materials Disposal of material after use.


County government extension services; Provide link with farmers Community farmer groups; play coordination role for ease in problem identification and dissemination

C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted

Not used in Pigeon Pea in Kenya. Used in Thailand.

Current extent of reach Available and practiced in different commodity value chains Counties where TIMP will be promoted

Where Pigeon Pea are a priority value chain. All the other 17 counties

Challenges in dissemination Lack of enough plant and crop residues due to competing uses in organic mulches.

Possibilities of insect build up categorized as pest or disease vectors or weed seeds in organic mulches.


Crop diversification to increase availability of organic mulches.

Establish and follow a good integrated pest control management program for the particular Pigeon Pea.

Adapting alternative mulching materials like high absorbance polymers in climbing Pigeon Pea.

Lessons learned There is need to adapt to alternative mulching technologies in addition to use of organic materials like crop, plant residues.

Social, environmental, policy Practice is socially acceptable

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and market conditions necessary

Environmentally friendly Increased productivity will provide supply to the markets Supporting frameworks/policies are available.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs Organic mulch is low cost but labour intensive during the

initial application. Estimated returns Dependent on value chain but generally >100% of the initial

investments assuming other factors are in control. Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up

The practice uses remnants from previous crops/plants that may offer competition in terms of fuelwood and livestock thus bringing a conflict those performing the specific tasks, e.g. women in case of fuelwood and men for livestock feed. This will negatively affect the adoption and scaling up.

Gender related opportunities Women who mainly perform the weeding tasks will get a relief and spend their efforts elsewhere. Similarly, the improved productivity will benefit both gender in terms of higher earnings.


Though easy to use, it is labour intensive for VMGs, hence its adoption and scaling up is a challenge.

VMG related opportunities Mulch is locally available on-farm, and thus has very low costs implying that all including VMGs can take advantage of the practice.

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories Farmers in different value chains have reported improved soil

conditions, reduced runoff and nutrient loss, soil moisture retention in the soil and generally increased crop production following application of mulching technology.


User guidelines are dependent on value chain. 1.Plant clean garden pea seeds. 2 Apply mulch between the rows of garden pea Mulch management Pull or kill weeds that grow out of the mulch.

F: Status of TIMP readiness (1=Ready for upscaling: 2=Requires validation; 3=Requires further research

Ready to use.

G: Contacts Contacts Centre Director KALRO Kabete, off Waiyaki way,

P.O. Box 14733-00800, NAIROBI. Tel:+254-0721822312 E-mail: [email protected]

Lead organization and KALRO: Dr Hottensiah Mwangi, Dr Jedidah M. Maina,

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scientists Charity, W. Muchira, Caesar Kambo, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia, Sylvia Kuria, Ruth Amata

Partner organizations County governments Public-Private-Partnerships

Research Gaps:

Determine cost benefits of using biological and plastic mulch versus other weed management strategies in garden pea production

TIMP Name Chemical Weed Control Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Heavy weed infestation in Pigeon Pea fields What is it? (TIMP description) Chemical weed control refers to any technique that involves the

application of herbicide to weeds or soil to control the growth or germination of the weed species. Herbicide weed control is a technology that requires knowledge on herbicides required for specific crops. Recommended herbicides;

1. Lasso 50% EC @2.0 L/Ha 2. Trifuralin @ 2.5 litre/Ha

To be done within 3 DAS in 500 litres of water/Ha on moist soil.

Justification Manual hand weeding is very labour intensive, scarce and expensive. Use of herbicides reduces drudgery and effects can be timely weed control.

Region promoted Limited use of herbicide among small scale farmers Counties where TIMP will be upscaled

Herbicide weed control can be upscaled in all the areas where Pigeon Pea are being grown.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and extension agencies Approaches used in dissemination

On-farm experimentation and dissemination, field days, shows, farmer to farmer communication, leaflets, larger plot demonstrations, training on safe use of chemicals


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Capacity building and training on safe use of chemicals for all users

Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their respective roles

Public and private partners –[MOALF&I) for extension, Chemical companies for back stopping ICRISAT for technical backstopping and promotion; FIPs (Farmer Input Promotion) for promotion Farmer Groups for activity implementation and promotion Service provider agencies e.g. Micro-finance agencies and

banks for credit provision, agro-vets for input supply. Processors and manufacturers to create market for produce,

aggregators e.g. CARD (Community Action for Rural Development) for economy of scale sales and marketing], and Others e.g. NGOs, CBOs, and FBOs to provide specialist services like community mobilization, nutrition training etc.

C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach Validation of these herbicides needs to be done before

recommendations are given to the farmers. Challenges in dissemination Limited knowledge and information and low literacy levels

among the farmers.

Herbicide use and application requires knowledge and training on safe of herbicides.

The farmers need to understand the proper use and application of herbicides to avoid buying the wrong herbicides.


There is need to train the agricultural extension county officers as TOTs on safe use of herbicides. This help in reaching the farmers with the information. Herbicides like all chemicals have to be used with care to avoid environmental and social hazards. Liaise with the Agricultural extension and environmental officers on the ground for guidance on safe use of chemicals

Lessons learned Access to and use of information on different methods of weed control will reduce drudgery and cost of weed management. It could give room to increase area under cultivation and increase productivity.


Sensitization of communities on alternative methods of weed control and safe use of chemicals is very necessary.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs Herbicide use is cheaper than manual weed control because it

requires less labour. Estimated returns Not yet estimated

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Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Need to sensitize both men and women on value of crop losses caused by weed competition

Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination concerns in adoption and scaling up

Women and children are the main sources of labour for this crop. Adoption of technology will reduce the labour burden on women and children. The children can get time for school work, while the women can engage in other economic activities;

Gender related opportunities Women stand to benefit in increased production due to timely operations, increased yields and grain sales as this is considered a women crop.


Due to prejudice associated with their social status, VMGs are excluded from access to and benefits from improved technologies. Thus, affirmative action is required to promote the crop for the VMGs including value addition aspects.


Timely operations will lead to enhanced production by VMGs.

VMG related opportunities Increased production will lead to increased consumption of Pigeon Pea which is high in proteins hence improved health of VMGs; high value of crop will lead to economic empowerment of VMGs

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories . Application guidelines for users

Weed control leaflets/ manuals. Information and instructions always displayed on the labels attached to container on how to use.

F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up-scaling; 2. Requires validation; 3. Requires Research )

Requires validation and more research

G: Contacts Contacts KALRO, Lead organization and scientists

KALRO: Dr Hottensiah Mwangi, Dr Jedidah M. Maina, Charity, W. Muchira, Caesar Kambo, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia, Sylvia Kuria

Partner organizations ICRISAT Nairobi; MoALF in Counties , Chemical companies

Research Gaps:

Determine cost benefits of using synthetic chemicals versus other weed management strategies in garden pea production

TIMP Name Mechanical weeding Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Technology

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Motorized weeder

(Source; cnsprayers.en.made in china.com) A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Weed control.


Plant clean certified seeds in weed free well prepared groundPlanting to be done in rows to facilitate inter row weeding. Two weedings at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS) 2) Row Weeders (Manual/ motorized) These implements are used to weed between the rows. The intra row weeds are removed by hand pulling.

Justification Weeds if not controlled will cause yield losses due to competition. They habour other pests (insects and diseases). Lower quality of the produce.

Region promoted All areas where garden pea grown Counties where TIMP will be up scaled

All counties growing Pigeon Pea

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and Agricultural extension officers Approaches used in dissemination



Participatory Implementation, stakeholder sensitization.

Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their respective roles

Public and private partners –[MOALF&I) for extension, Jua Kali artisans Processors and manufacturers to create market for produce,

aggregators e.g. CARD (Community Action for Rural Development) for economy of scale sales and marketing], and Others e.g. NGOs, CBOs, and FBOs to provide specialist services like community mobilization, nutrition training etc.

C: Current situation and future scaling up Current extent of reach Limited research done on gender responsive weeding

implements i.e row weeders are heavy and can only easily be handled by men

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Challenges in dissemination Implements not readily available in the market. Recommendations for addressing the challenges

Work with Jua Kali industries for fabrication of appropriate implements.

Lessons learned Access and use of technologies will provide timely weed control which will enhance crop production.


Sensitization of communities on the available technologies and management practices in weed management

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs Basic cost of the weeder (implement is high -28,000 for

ordinally garden peas farmers, they can purchase as a group. Estimated returns Not yet estimated Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination

Need to sensitize both men and women on value of weed losses caused by weeds and timely weed control

Gender issues and concerns in development, dissemination concerns in adoption and scaling up

Women and children are the main sources of labour. Increased workload of weeding is likely to directly impact on women and school going children.

Gender related opportunities Women stand to benefit in increased production as this is a nutritious food crop which will improve the diets. Sale of extra grain sales improve the household income. Also weeding labour will be reduced


Due to prejudice associated with their social status, VMGs are excluded from access to and benefits from improved technologies. Thus, affirmative action is required to promote the crop for the VMGs including value addition aspects.


Timely operations will lead to enhanced production by VMGs.

VMG related opportunities Increased production will improve food and nutrition security and economic empowerment of VMGs

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories Not yet accessible to garden peas farmers. Application guidelines for users

Production manuals to include weed management TIMPs

F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up-scaling; 2. Validation 3. Requires further research)

1) Ready for up-scaling 2) Rower weeder is heavy so not friendly to women users.

Research on gender sensitive weeders.

G: Contacts Contacts KALRO Lead organization and scientists

KALRO, Dr Hottensiah Mwangi. Dr. Jedidah Maina, Charity W. Muchira, Dr. Ruth Amata

Partner organizations ICRISAT Nairobi; MoALF in Counties

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Research Gaps:

Determine cost benefits of using mechanical weeding tools e.g knap weeder versus other weed management strategies in garden pea production

POSTHARVEST HANDLING

2.8.1 TIMP Name Sorting and Grading of Garden Peas

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice

Management Practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Inferior quality and low prices from unsorted Garden Peas What is it? (TIMP description)

Sorting is done to remove diseased Garden Peas, rotten Garden Peas, Garden Peas with nutrient deficiencies (e.g. yellowing spots), weeds and debris.

Grading is categorization of Garden Peas according to pod and grain size, weight, maturity, turgidity, physical damage, and market demand

Justification Sorting helps to eliminate Garden Peas of poor quality and prevent cross contamination between spoilt and good Garden. Garden Peas of superior quality fetch higher prices in the market.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders, extension workers, women and youth groups,

household consumers Approaches used in dissemination

Training workshops, demonstrations, extension materials


Increasing awareness on the benefits of sorting and grading among value chain actors, postharvest trainers, well-organized farmer groups


Farmers groups to be trained in postharvest handling and value addition of the Garden Peas

Scientists and agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowhow on vegetable postharvest handling

Green grocers and vegetable sellers Supermarkets and institutions (e.g. schools and hospitals) -

will provide markets for Garden Peas C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted if any

Vihiga, Busia, Kakamega, Nyeri, Muranga, Kiambu

Counties where TIMP will be Nyandarua, Kiambu, Kericho, Bomet, Meru, Embu, Kirinyaga,

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up scaled Laikipia, Kisii, Muranga, Kakamega, Vihiga Challenges in dissemination Lack of premium price for quality Garden Peas discourages

farmers and traders to adopt the TIMP Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Pay premium price to higher quality Garden Peas.


There is a benefit to sort the peas at harvesting as there is value addition with increased returns and longer shelf lives


Enact policy to pay premium price to sorted and graded high quality produce.

Practice niche marketing for the different quality of produce

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Low cost Estimated returns Sorting and grading translates to high quality, which fetches

higher income. Gender issues and concerns in development , dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Sorting and grading of Garden Peas is mainly done by women

Gender related opportunities Garden pea being a short and well demanded crop creates an easy to handle crop for all genders


Garden pea being a short and well demanded crop creates an easy to handle crop for VMG’s who can earn an income without much of challenges

VMG related opportunities Sale of sorted and graded Garden Peas is possible by various VMGs when supported

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

Garden Peas collection centers in Kiambu, Muranga, Nyeri, Meru, counties

Application guideline for users

Factsheets, brochures and manuals on Postharvest handling of Garden Peas from KALRO


Ready for up-scaling

G: Contacts Contacts The Centre Director, KALRO-PTC; KALRO Kanadara,

KALRO Sericulture P.O. Box 220 - Thika


KALRO Francis Wayua, Antony Nyaga, Nasambu Okoko, Eliud Gatambia, Caeser Kambo and Sylvia Kuria

Partner organizations KEBS, MoALF

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Gaps:

None

2.8.1 TIMP Name Zero Energy Brick Cooler


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed High postharvest losses (30%) caused by lack of cooling

technologies for Garden Peas What is it? (TIMP description) The Zero Energy Brick Cooler consist of a double brick wall

filled with sand in between, and a storage chamber. The sand is kept moist with water. The inside chamber is cooled through of the water in the sand.

Justification Appropriate cooling reduces postharvest losses and extends

shelf-life B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders, green grocers, extension workers, women

and youth groups, household consumers Approaches used in dissemination Training workshops, demonstrations, extension materials Critical/essential factors for successful promotion

The sand should be continuously moist. Cooling is more effective in dry and windy environment


Farmers groups to be trained in postharvest handling of the Garden Peas

Scientists and agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowledge on ZECC


Embu, Kirinyaga, Kiambu, Machakos


Nyandarua, Kiambu, Kericho, Bomet, Meru, Embu, Kirinyaga, Laikipia, Kisii, Muranga, Kakamega, Vihiga

Challenges in dissemination Lack of starter capital to construct the cooler Suggestions for addressing the Avail appropriate financing

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challenges Lessons learned in up scaling if any

Need to continue capacity building of the farmers and users on repair and maintenance of the technology


To enhance adoption, work with industry, farmer cooperatives, local and regional markets, and bulk purchases tp adopt the ZECC

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Low cost Estimated returns Reduced postharvest losses, increased income, nutrition Gender issues and concerns in development , dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Gender related opportunities VMG issues and concerns in development, dissemination, adoption and scaling up

VMG related opportunities VMGs can operate the cooling device at Garden Peas collection points


Fruit and vegetable farmers in Embu, Kirinyaga, etc. have used the technology to reduce losses and extend shelf-life, hence the marketing time for the Garden Peas.

Application guideline for users Factsheets, brochures and manuals on Postharvest handling of Garden Peas from KALRO


Requires validation



Lead organization and scientists KALRO Francis Wayua, Antony Nyaga, Nasambu Okoko, Eliud Gatambia, Caeser Kambo and Sylvia Kuria


GAPS:

Optimizing the storage conditions and keeping quality of the different Garden Peas. Validate the technology in difference AEZs. Research on innovative investment options for farmers and groups.

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2.8.1 TIMP Name CoolBotTM


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed High postharvest losses due to lack of appropriate cooling

technologies for Garden Peas What is it? (TIMP description)

It is a low cost postharvest temperature management that improved the shelf life of banana using less power The Coolbot™ is a small electrical device that uses an off-the-shelf air conditioner to produce cold air, converting a well-insulated room into a cold room at much lesser cost than that needed to buy a refrigeration unit. It keeps a well-insulated room as cold as 4°C, consistently, while at the same time using about half the electricity of a comparably sized standard compressor.

Justification CoolBot provides inexpensive, effective cooling. Appropriate cooling reduces postharvest losses and extends shelf-life for consumption and marketing. Farmers who can store their produce longer can take advantage of better prices, as market prices can fluctuate dramatically over time.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, extension workers, women and youth groups,

aggregators, traders, household consumers Approaches used in dissemination Training workshops, demonstrations, extension materials Critical/essential factors for successful promotion

Increase postharvest training and direct farmer outreach



Scientists and agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowhow on CoolBotTM Technology


Embu, Makueni



Challenges in dissemination Lack of knowledge on the technology and the benefits of cooing Garden Peas.

Limited awareness of the technology by farmers Inadequate funds to install the CoolbotTM

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- Awareness creation about the technology to farmers and traders

- Capacity building of value chain actors on how to use the technology

- Linkage to credit facility providers to promote commercialization, advocacy for its widespread use


Linking entrepreneurs to credit and market enhances adoption of CoolbotTM technology

Farmers have often been encouraged to form groups as a strategy to enhance their bargaining power. Groups have also exploited group advantage to get training/extension services and buy agro-inputs more cheaply.


To enhance adoption, work with industry, farmer cooperatives, local and regional markets, and bulk purchases tp adopt the CoolBotTM

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs CoolBot (US$ 300)

Air conditioner Insulated room Monthly electricity costs

Estimated returns Increased income. Farmers can store Garden Peas to sell in the off-season when prices are higher.

Improved cold storage facilities will stabilize fruit and Garden Peas prices, giving consumers access to nutritious fresh produce all year.

Farmers are better protected to erratic market prices. Gender issues and concerns in development , dissemination, adoption and scaling up


Gender related opportunities Women and youth stand to benefit in installation of the CoolbotTM






The consumer will pay less for high quality Garden Peas The grower will also not be forced to make distress sale

and will get better return.

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E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories - Fruit and vegetable farmers in Embu, Kirinyaga, etc.

- Karurumo Smallholder Horticulture Aggregation and Processing Centre, in Embu County. Use of the technology has enabled the Centre to sell their mango fruits to different buyers for between KES 6 and 10 a piece, up from the KES 3 to 5 offered by most buyers during the peak season.

Application guideline for users CoolBotTM factsheets, brochures and manuals available from KALRO


Requires validation





Gaps:

Research on innovative investment options for farmers and groups. Identify enterprises eager to promote the CoolBotTM.

Gross margins of the CoolbotTM

2.8.1 TIMP Name WakatiTM technology


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Lack of cooling technologies for Garden Peas What is it? (TIMP description) -WakatiTM is a simple and innovative solution where altered

environment in the chamber contributes to shelf life extension -Altered environment is due to: - High relative humidity - Oxidation of ethylene from the storage environment by

oxidizing (ozone oxidation) It is a 1m by 1m canvas tent with a solar powered fan t one

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corner. The fan is placed in a cuplike reservoir. As it rotates, it picks up water into mist droplets, which are distributed in the tent by air currents. When a moisture concentration of 80% is achieved, the surface of the fruit or Garden Peas remain fresh because there is no loss of water. This low-cost solution helps produce last up to 10 times longer without any refrigeration.

Justification Appropriate cooling reduces postharvest losses. The technology increases the length of time Garden Peas can be stored without refrigeration, gives farmers more time to sell. The climate control approach used by WakatiTM is affordable and clean technology.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and sellers of fresh Garden Peas (green grocers). It is

appropriate for rural farmers and agro-dealers. Approaches used in dissemination Training workshops, demonstrations, extension materials Critical/essential factors for successful promotion

The optimal use of Wakati One is outside, in a warm and dry climate. Apart from a small amount of water— around 1L of water a week—it does not require any extra resources. The product does not need a power grid, it works on solar energy.



Scientists and agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowhow on CoolBot Technology


Embu, Makueni



Challenges in dissemination Lack of knowledge on the technology and the benefits of cooling Garden Peas

Limited awareness of the technology by farmers Inadequate funds to install the WakatiTM






-



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D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs The entire kit costs about KES 10,000/- Estimated returns Reduced postharvest losses, increased income, enhanced

nutrition Gender issues and concerns in development , dissemination, adoption and scaling up


Gender related opportunities Women and youth stand to benefit in installation of the WakatiTM






The consumer will pay less for high quality Garden Peas. The grower will also not be forced to make distress sale and will get better return.


Farmers of Fruit and vegetable farmers in Embu and Kirinyaga



Requires validation





GAPS:

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Research on innovative investment options for farmers and groups. Identify enterprises eager to promote the WakatiTM.

Gross margins of the WakatiTM.

2.8.1 TIMP Name Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Garden Peas (Ziploc® and Xtend® bag packaging)


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed High postharvest losses

Limited knowledge on appropriate packaging of Garden Peas What is it? (TIMP description)

Xtend® bags are modified atmosphere bags characterized by high moisture vapor transmission rates. This assures that excess moisture is eliminated, in the event that condensation forms within the bag. The Xtend® bags under room conditions is a low-cost method that can retain the nutrient content and extend the shelf life of Garden Peas for between 5-7 days

Justification The Xtend® bags under room conditions is a low-cost method that can retain the nutrient content and extend the shelf life of Garden Peas for between 5-7 days.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers and sellers of fresh Garden Peas (green grocers). It is

appropriate for rural farmers and agro-dealers. Approaches used in dissemination Training workshops, demonstrations, extension materials Critical/essential factors for successful promotion



Scientists and agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowhow on CoolBot Technology


Embu, Makueni



Challenges in dissemination Lack of knowledge on the technology and the benefits Limited awareness of the technology by farmers and

traders





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-



D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs The entire kit costs about KES 10,000/- Estimated returns Reduced postharvest losses, increased income, enhanced

nutritionGender issues and concerns in development , dissemination, adoption and scaling up


Gender related opportunities Women and youth stand to benefit in installation of the WakatiTM






The consumer will pay less for high quality Garden Peas The grower will also not be forced to make distress sale

and will get better return. E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

Fruit and vegetable farmers in Embu and Kirinyaga



Requires validation





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VALUE ADDITION

2.8.1 TIMP Name Solar drying of ALVs Cabinet solar dryer /chimney solar dryer Greenhouse solar dryer DeHytray


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Short shelf life What is it? (TIMP description)

A cabinet solar dryer for drying vegetables and Garden Peas

Justification Short shelf life of Garden Peas due to high perishability Drying surplus Garden Peas for future use (preservation by drying). Solar drying of fresh fruits and Garden Peas is a simple processing technique that adds value to crop surpluses, preserves and extends food supplies, empowers smallholders and creates rural employment.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, consumers, women and youth groups Approaches used in dissemination Practical demonstrations, field days Critical/essential factors for successful promotion

Existence of effective extension services to demonstrate the technology

Successful in areas with good solar radiation Local artisans can be trained on fabrication, repair and

maintenance Ensuring sanitary condition when handling Garden Peas

for drying Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Famers- to adopt the technology for usage Artisans - to fabricate the solar dryers Agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowhow on solar drying of Garden Peas, and utilization of solar dried Garden Peas


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Counties where already promoted if any

Isiolo, Kakamega



Challenges in dissemination Lack of information, lack of skills, financing initial capital Lack of funds to acquire the solar dryers Challenges in repair and maintenance


Sensitization of the community about high health and nutrition benefits of solar dried Garden Peas

Provide appropriate financial services and credit facilities to farmers

Capacity building of local artisans on repair and maintenance


Extension training and regular monitoring are essential. Use of CBOs and farmer groups is essential to demonstrate

practicability of the technology The technology works best in dry weather (high

temperatures and low relative humidity) Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up scaling

Solar dried Garden Peas can be used in the dry season Environmentally friendly resilient and climate smart. The technology uses solar energy and does not negatively affect the environment.

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Cabinet solar drier costs approximately KES 20,000/-:

Clear plastic, 2-4 mm thick Dark-coloured row cover fabric or black plastic Food grade plastic mesh or galvanized screen Plywood Basic carpentry materials

Estimated returns Increased income, nutrition Reduced postharvest losses

Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Solar driers can be fabricated by youth groups

Gender related opportunities The technology presents a business opportunity for women and youth to be involved in Garden Peas value chain


Lack of access to information and sensitization on solar drying, and the nutritional benefits of the solar dried products can be hindrance to VMGs adoption

VMG related opportunities Solar drying present opportunities for longer storage of indigenous Garden Peas. Technology presents a business opportunity for VMG. However, appropriate credit facilities and financial services should be made available to the VMG for initial capital investment

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Fruits drying in Muranga, Nairobi and Kilifi

Application guideline for users Solar drying guidelines, factsheets, brochures and operating manuals







2.8.1 TIMP Name Garden Peas fruit packaging


Technology

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem to be addressed Poor postharvest handling/preservation of Garden Peas

vegetable at the market value chain, high perishability (spoilage rates), low sale levels and losses/low profits by fruit sellers


Optimal presentation format for marketing of Garden Peas fruit for increased sales and less spoilage uses clear paper to wrap Garden Peas fruit that is divided into quarter slices to display it for sale.

Justification The quarter slices are more preferred by consumers Purchase of small pieces for single use promotes

consumption of fresh produce Smaller pieces sell more hence faster clearing of stock

translating to higher profits B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Garden Peas fruit sellers, consumers Approaches used in dissemination Farmers’ days/seminars, exhibitions/outreach week, media Critical/essential factors for successful promotion

Sensitizing farmers and Garden Peas fruit sellers on value added presentation formats for increased sales and less spoilage

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Easy to adopt and apply Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Famers- to adopt the technology for home usage, Traders- to wrap Garden Peas fruits after cutting and display Agricultural extension workers- to provide farmers with knowhow on Garden Peas fruit farming for high production


None



Challenges in dissemination Lack of sufficient market for the Garden Peas fruit when cut due to low opinion by consumers

Fruits when cut have shortened shelf life Ban on polythene bags in Kenya presents a challenge in

this technology adoption Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Sensitization in community about high health and nutrition benefits of Garden Peas fruit to increase market channels

Quick sale of the cut produce Use of alternative optimal presentation formats other

than polythene Lessons learned in up scaling if any

Consumers prefer purchasing small quantity of Garden Peas fruit for single use (while fresh)


Need to increase demand for Garden Peas fruit among consumers

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Whole peas (shelled) purchase from producer can range from

sh. 80.00 to sh. 100 or slightly more for a big cup depending on size and seasonal availability

Estimated returns A well packaged container with the same volume can retail at slightly more than this as the product can be transported much more easily


Marketing of Garden Peas is generally a women’s business but can also be done by youth groups and men

Gender related opportunities All genders can be involved in Garden Peas fruit marketing and distribution


Lack of access to information and sensitization on packaging can be hindrance to VMGs adoption

VMG related opportunities Optimal presentation format present opportunities for longer storage of Garden Peas fruits

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous None

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similar projects Application guideline for users Garden Peas Postharvest Handling Guidelines from KALRO







11.4 MECHANIZATION OF GARDEN PEA PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES

11.4.1 TIMP Name Power tiller


Technology


Problem to be addressed Slow and tedious processes of seedbed preparation, in the commercialized GARDEN PEA commodity

Delayed operation lead to late planting High cost of manual labour Poor inconsistent land preparation

What is it? (TIMP description) A Power Tiller is a two-wheeled agricultural implement fitted with rotary tillers, disk harrow, moldboard plough, trailer, water pump or chisel at alternate times for easing farm operations. It can complete 1ha per day by one operator in about two hours. This will vary depending on the climatic conditions, soil types, soil moisture content, stamina and experience of the operator. Fuel consumption is about 15 litres per ha. Though these results varies with the technical ability of the operator.

Justification It has multiple uses and other advantages. Power Tiller helps in preparing the soil, sowing seeds, planting seeds, spraying the fertilizers, herbicides and water. In addition to it also helps in pumping water, harvesting, threshing and transporting crops. A

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power Tiller is ideal where the land size is small. Farm sizes average less than one hectares which limit turning ability of conventional tractors while manual labour is costly and slow.


Users of TIMP GARDEN PEA farmers and researchers

Approaches used in dissemination Field Demonstrations and training, Agricultural shows (ASK) and other exhibitions


Timeliness, efficiency, cheap cost, multiple usage


KALRO, Universities for information Machinery fabricators NGO supporting farmers for dissemination



Machakos


Baringo, Busia, Isiolo, Kericho, Kisumu, Laikipia, Wajir, Siaya

Challenges in dissemination Lack of the machine High initial cost for small-scale farmers to import or when

fabricated. Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Fabrication of affordable GARDEN PEA production machines


Mechanization in agriculture increases production


Creation of awareness on mechanization importance in the community.

Include all gender groups in research, and validation. Good Policy on cost of agricultural mechanization


Basic costs 280,000

Estimated returns 145,000/ month gross income


Gender Unfriendly and expensive machines GARDEN PEA machines should be designed for easy start

and operation. Up-scaling should target all the gender Compatibility to all gender

Gender related opportunities Creates employment especially for youth Reduces drudgery for women farmers as well as men

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Facilitation to access information Affordability and easy to maintain machines

VMG related opportunities Can create employment for VMG at local level



Mechanization has enabled increased production in other crops such as maize, wheat and rice

Application guidelines for users Demonstrations and training User manuals


Requires validation

G: Contacts

Contacts The Institute Director, KALRO AMRI -Katumani; P.O. Box 340. Machakos Email: [email protected] Phone: 0711369535

Lead organization and scientists KALRO, Egerton University Nasirembe W, Antony N., Eliud G., Sylvia K. and Caesar K.

Partner organizations Local Fabricators

11.4.2 TIMP Name GARDEN PEA Planter


Innovations


Problem to be addressed Slow and tedious processes of planting, in the commercialized GARDEN PEA commodity. High seedling density hence need for labour in thinning. Manual labour is very expensive


A seed drill is a farm implement that sow seeds at a desired seeding rate and depth, ensuring that the seeds are covered and compacted under soil. This saves them from being eaten by birds and animals, or being dried up due to exposure to sun. With seed drill machines, seeds are distributed in rows, however the distance between seeds along the row can be adjusted by the user. This allows plants to get sufficient sunlight, nutrients, and water from the soil. A Seed Drill

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is designed to provide the flexibility to configure the planter to suit your requirements. Features including powder coated large capacity seed and fertilizer boxes which can sow a large range of seeds and fertilizers from both boxes. The seeding/fertilizer rate can be infinitely varied simply by moving a lever. The boxes also have a clean out plate for easy clean out.

Justification To make GARDEN PEA production activities less tedious and more effective. Attract the youth to agribusiness through operation of the machines. Before the introduction of the seed drill, most seeds were planted by broadcasting, an imprecise and wasteful process with a poor distribution of seeds and low productivity. Use of a seed drill can improve the ratio of crop yield (seeds harvested per seed planted) by as much as nine times Sikander et al., 2003.


Users of TIMP GARDEN PEA Farmers and researchers


Field Demonstrations and training, Agricultural shows (ASK) and other exhibitions


Fabrication of affordable machines


KALRO, universities for information Machinery fabricators NGO supporting farmers for dissemination



Machakos



Challenges in dissemination Lack of the machines Lack of capacity for small-scale farmers to purchase


Fabrication of affordable GARDEN PEA production machines


Mechanization in agriculture increases production through efficient operations

Timely planting




129


Basic costs 85,000.00

Estimated returns 240,000.00/month


Gender Unfriendly and expensive machines GARDEN PEA machines should be designed for easy start and operation. Up-scaling should target all the gender compatibility to all gender









Demonstrations and training User manuals


Requires further research

G: Contacts



KALRO, Egerton University Nasirembe W, Antony N., Eliud G., Sylvia K. and Caesar K.

Partner organizations Local Fabricators, Egerton University

11.4.3 TIMP Name Sprayer


Technology

130


Problem to be addressed Slow and tedious processes of planting, in the commercialized GARDEN PEA commodity

High seedling density hence need for labour in thinning


Chemical spraying or application is one of the production management practices performed in agricultural crop and livestock production in order to minimize pest challenges. The motorized sprayer, therefore, enables the farmer to apply chemicals with relative ease as its usage excludes the usually stressful manual pumping action. Motorized Knapsack Sprayer Uses:

To control weeds that can harbor insects by use of herbicides

To control insect pests that can cause diseases by the use of insecticides as well as pesticides.

Control of fungal diseases by the use of fungicides. Application of micronutrients on the plants, boron e.g. as

well as foliar fertilizers. Justification To make GARDEN PEA production activities less tedious and

more effective. Attract the youth to agribusiness through operation of the machines. With a motorized knapsack, a farmer is able to spray 4 times more in a day compared to the manual one. The farmer can also use the sprayer to spray livestock to control pests


Users of TIMP GARDEN PEA farmers and researchers




Fabrication of affordable machines


KALRO, Universities for information Machinery fabricators NGO supporting farmers for dissemination



Machakos



Challenges in dissemination Lack of the machines

131

High cost for small-scale farmer when fabricated. Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Local fabrication of affordable GARDEN PEA production machines


Mechanization in agriculture increases production





Basic costs Not yet

Estimated returns Not yet


Gender Unfriendly and expensive machines GARDEN PEA machines should be designed for easy start and operation. Up-scaling should target all the gender compatibility to all gender











Requires further research

G: Contacts


Lead organization and KALRO, Egerton University

132

scientists Nasirembe W, Antony N., Eliud G., Sylvia K. and Caesar K. Partner organizations Local Fabricators

11.4.4 TIMP Name MOTORIZED WEEDER Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Technology


Problem to be addressed Slow and tedious processes of Manual hoe weeding and of GARDEN PEA. Garden pea takes a long time before it outgrows the weeds.


It is a hand held machine that simultaneously cut the soil and weeds in GARDEN PEA and is an intermediate technology machine appropriate for Small Holder Farmers, It is designed to weed specified spacing inter raw within GARDEN PEAs as; Amaranthus, African night shade, cow pea, spider plant, etc.

Justification To make GARDEN PEA weeding faster, less tedious and more effective. Attract the youth to agribusiness through operation of the machines. Hand weeding is tedious and time consuming while manual operations are timewasting and expensive.


Users of TIMP GARDEN PEA Farmers, researchers, entrepreneurs and University




Use by Farmers


Machinery fabricators NGO supporting farmers(AGGRA)



Machakos



Challenges in dissemination Relatively High cost for individual small-scale farmer. Limited awareness of the existence of machine by the farming

community.

133


Encourage group/cooperative ownership Launch and awareness campaign through demonstrations and

trainings Lessons learned in up scaling if any

Products from local/indigenous crops attract huge market, yet very little is being done to promote growth of local industry


Creation of awareness on mechanization importance in the community. Include all gender groups in research, and validation.

Good Policy on cost of agricultural mechanization D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations

Basic costs GARDEN PEA GRADER 25,000 KES per unit

Estimated returns Capacity 0.25ha/ hour, Fuel 1 litre /hr weeding charges: KES 600 per hectares Requires 1 season to return the KES 125,000 purchase price

Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up dissemination

GARDEN PEA GRADER designed for easy start and operation. Men have been drawn to GARDEN PEA weeding by the machine. This task was predominantly for women before the introduction of the machine.

Gender related opportunities Creates employment at production, transportation, processing and distribution


Training on local use and transportation will make it more usable.

GRADER is affordable and could help VMGs exploit VMG related opportunities Can create employment for VMG at local level E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

Success stories It has reduced labour for farmers in Tharaka nithi, Kitui, and Kisumu for GARDEN PEA contracted farmers





G: Contacts Contacts The Institute Director, KALRO AMRI -Katumani;

P.O. Box 340. Machakos Email: [email protected] Phone: 0711369535



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Partner organizations Tecsols Ltd - Nakuru

11.4.5 TIMP Name GRADER Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Technology


Problem to be addressed Slow and tedious processes of Manual hoe weeding and of GARDEN PEA. Garden pea takes a long time before it outgrows the weeds.


It is a hand held machine that simultaneously cut the soil and weeds in GARDEN PEA and is an intermediate technology machine appropriate for Small Holder Farmers, It is designed to weed specified spacing inter raw within GARDEN PEAs as; Amaranthus, African night shade, cow pea, spider plant, etc.

Justification To make GARDEN PEA weeding faster, less tedious and more effective. Attract the youth to agribusiness through operation of the machines. Hand weeding is tedious and time consuming while manual operations are timewasting and expensive.


Users of TIMP GARDEN PEA Farmers, researchers, entrepreneurs and University




Use by Farmers


Machinery fabricators NGO supporting farmers(AGGRA)



Machakos



Challenges in dissemination Relatively High cost for individual small-scale farmer. Limited awareness of the existence of machine by the farming

community. Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Encourage group/cooperative ownership Launch and awareness campaign through demonstrations and

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trainings Lessons learned in up scaling if any

Products from local/indigenous crops attract huge market, yet very little is being done to promote growth of local industry


Creation of awareness on mechanization importance in the community. Include all gender groups in research, and validation.

Good Policy on cost of agricultural mechanization D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations

Basic costs GARDEN PEA GRADER 25,000 KES per unit

Estimated returns Capacity 0.25ha/ hour, Fuel 1 litre /hr weeding charges: KES 600 per hectares Requires 1 season to return the KES 125,000 purchase price

Gender issues and concerns in development ,dissemination, adoption and scaling up dissemination

GARDEN PEA GRADER designed for easy start and operation. Men have been drawn to GARDEN PEA weeding by the machine. This task was predominantly for women before the introduction of the machine.

Gender related opportunities Creates employment at production, transportation, processing and distribution


Training on local use and transportation will make it more usable.

GRADER is affordable and could help VMGs exploit VMG related opportunities Can create employment for VMG at local level E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

Success stories It has reduced labour for farmers in Tharaka nithi, Kitui, and Kisumu for GARDEN PEA contracted farmers





G: Contacts Contacts The Institute Director, KALRO AMRI -Katumani;

P.O. Box 340. Machakos Email: [email protected] Phone: 0711369535



Partner organizations Tecsols Ltd - Nakuru

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GARDEN PEA BUSINESS AND MARKETING

TIMP Name 5.1. Emerging farmer-market linking models Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Poor farmer-market linkages of Pigeon Pea leading to poor

market accessibility and linkages. What is it? (TIMP description) The emerging agricultural business models are based on the

driver of the bean production organization. Producer–driven models are based on production organised by the producers themselves. Buyer-driven models are based on production organised by the end customer companies. Intermediary-driven models are based on the production organised by an intermediary such as extension, an NGOs, Research institutions, etc.

Justification Market failures or missing markets have led to disorganization in bean market-oriented production. Due to the disorganization in market-oriented production of Pigeon Pea, smallholder farmers fail to access markets or have limited market linkages. Therefore, there is need to link farmers to markets based on the appropriated business models

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers, traders, processing industries, Extension, NGOs,

Research institutionsApproaches to be used in dissemination

Meetings, radio, TV, social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, twitter), internet, farmers’ groups


Acceptance of smallholder farmers to form production organizations

Investments in the production of quality tradable volumes Acceptance of the bean varieties by consumers Adaptability of the Pigeon Pea varieties Prices of Pigeon Pea Availability of storage infrastructure and transport


Farmers – Formation of production groups, investments in Pigeon Pea production

County extension staff - Organization of farmers and technical service delivery

NGOs – Organization of farmers and service delivery Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Support in input

services and providing markets for the Pigeon Pea production Research institutions – Availing improved seeds, backstopping


Areas in Western Kenya ( Kakamega, Bungoma, Kisii, Uasin Gishu), parts of central Kenya (Embu, Nyeri, Kirinyaga, Meru)


Nyeri County – Pigeon Pea were highly demanded by farmers in Nyeri County

Challenges in development and dissemination -

Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean varieties

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Group dynamics Amounts of seeds of the varieties Weak or non-existent stakeholder innovation platforms Consumer acceptance on the new varieties Prices of the bean varieties Levels of production constraints Level of policy support


Disorganization and scattered farmers – Formation of production clusters

Small-scale farming – allocation of more land to bean production and aggregation of production to assume large scale-farming

Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean varieties – Use of promotion channels for instance media and field days

Group dynamics – Capacity building on the group dynamics and management

Amounts of seeds of the varieties – Engagement with KSU and other seed companies. Capacity building of farmers on seed production

Weak or non-existent stakeholder innovation platforms – Formation of innovation platforms. Capacity building stakeholders on elements of innovation platforms

Consumer acceptance on the new varieties – Promotion of new bean varieties through field days.

Prices of the bean varieties – Value addition, producer organization, managing costs in production, capacity building on farming as a business

Levels of production constraints – Enhancing adoption of Bean TIMPs

Level of policy support – Use of National agricultural strategies. Lobbying for the County support in policy options

Lessons learned in up scaling if any High market competition with other bean varieties Agro-ecological zone considerations Weaknesses in each type of emerging business model


Social conditions – acceptability by the farmers, group dynamics, cultures

Environmental conditions – Enhancing natural resource management

Policy conditions – Policy support in extension, inputs, prices, production organizations (cooperatives), infrastructure, investment environment

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35 per

kg so as to sell farm gate price at KES 45-50, traders sell to consumers at KES 50-70

Estimated returns From farmers to traders and sellers each should make about KES 5-10 per kg, thereby making the venture profitable to everyone along the value chain

Gender issues and concerns in Development and dissemination – Different acceptance

138

development and dissemination, adoption and scaling

characteristics by youth, females and males. Gender roles in the production of Pigeon Pea. Availability of technologies for pre-harvesting, harvesting and post-harvesting

Adoption and scaling – Different acceptance characteristics, Gender inclusion in the formation of producer organizations.

Gender related opportunities Production opportunities by youth, females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea.

Emerging mechanization in the value chain Generation of income by youth female and male

VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Limited involvement of VMGs in the market linking models

Adoption and scaling up - Limited access to seed and information on new varieties and production techniques

VMG related opportunities Production opportunities – Available machines for labour reduction for the VMGs

Income generation using farmer-market linking models Access to inputs and markets through linkages and producer

organization E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects

The model on buyer-driven has been successful in sorghum and in green grams production in Machakos and Tharaka-Nithi Counties

Application guidelines for users Training factsheets, manuals and power point slides are availableF: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling, 2, Requires validation, 3. Requires further research)

The models are ready for up-scaling

G: Contacts Contacts Centre Director KALRO PTC, KARLO Kandara, KALRO

Sericulture Lead organization and scientists KALRO – John Wambua, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia,

Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations GAPS

Further research Efficiency evaluation of the farmer-market linking models Equity distribution among the producers Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to farmer-market linking models Farmer accessibility to production inputs TIMP Name 5.2. SWOT analysis - Business Strengths, Weaknesses,

Opportunities and Threats Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

139

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Locked bean production and market opportunities leading to low

production and market accessibility What is it? (TIMP description) SWOT analysis is a tool for identifying and selecting

opportunities in agricultural production and marketing. Used for the identification of production options, buyers and marketing channels. Similar to other businesses, SWOT can help a farmer to achieve opportunities that greatly match the business activity strengths, attain opportunities by overcoming weaknesses, reduce the business activity vulnerability to threats by using strengths and avoid making the business activity more susceptible to threats by preventing weaknesses

Justification There are many opportunities in Pigeon Pea production. For the farmers to transform from subsistence-oriented production to market-oriented production, there is need for the identification of the production and marketing opportunities with the evaluation of strengths, weaknesses and threats.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders and processors Approaches to be used in dissemination

Trainings, factsheets, manuals


Education levels of the farmers and investors in Pigeon Pea production

Levels of experiences in Pigeon Pea production Availability of information on Pigeon Pea production and

marketing Levels of competition among the Pigeon Pea


Farmers – Demanding opportunities County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Demanding

opportunities Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production

and marketing Levels of strengths, weaknesses and Threats in Pigeon Pea

production and marketing Levels of policy support



Small-scale farming – allocation of more land to bean

140

production and aggregation of production to assume large scale-farming

Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production – Developing information hub

Levels of strengths, weaknesses and Threats in Pigeon Pea production and marketing – Sensitization of stakeholders the challenges.

Level of policy support – support in extension services Lessons learned in up scaling if any None Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up-scaling

Social conditions – Conflicts with subsistence-oriented production

Environmental conditions – Opportunities degrading natural resource management

Policy conditions – Policy support in opportunities selected D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35 per



Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling

Development and dissemination – Marketing opportunities for youth, men and femals

Adoption and scaling – Harmonizing opportunities Gender related opportunities Production and marketing opportunities by youth, females

and males in the production of Pigeon Pea. VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Limited opportunities Adoption and scaling up – Comparisons of opportunities and

weaknesses at the level of VMGs VMG related opportunities Production opportunities – Available machines for labour

reduction for the VMGs Market-oriented production for the VMGs


None

Application guidelines for users Training factsheets, manuals and power point slides are available F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling, 2, Requires validation, 3. Requires further research)

The matrices are ready for up-scaling




141

Further research Software for running the SWOT matrix Efficiency in identifying the opportunities Performance of the opportunities TIMP Name 5.3 Farm budgeting, Record keeping, Break-even and Gross

margin Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Difficulties for the farmers to know how much they spent and

how much income was earned from their Pigeon Pea production. What is it? (TIMP description) A budget is a formal plan for carrying out business activities in

the future. It shows the process of carrying out an activity and the end result. Budgeting is the planning process or the development of a plan of action (budget). Record keeping is the art of collecting useful pieces of data or information on the happenings of a particular undertaking, with the view of processing it in the future (for example, analysing sales and costs and calculating profits). Break-even and gross margin are used are used to compare costs and returns and therefore profit.

Justification An effective farm budgeting process begins with the definition of production programme. This is followed by specifying and estimating the inputs that are needed for the production programme. Without good farm records, it becomes difficult for farmers to identify problem areas and know whether their businesses are generating profit or not. Therefore, record keeping is an important activity that is necessary for operating farm businesses successfully.




Production programme Availability of data on quantities of inputs requirements, costs,

outputs and value Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Farmers – Defining production progamme County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building

C: Current situation and future scaling upCounties where already promoted if any

None





and marketing

142

Defining production programmes of Pigeon Pea Levels of policy support





Defining production programmes of Pigeon Pea – SWOT analysis








Development and dissemination – Differentiated opportunities in gender



Development and dissemination – Bean production programmes for VMGs

Adoption and scaling up – Levels of profitability VMG related opportunities Production opportunities – Bean production programmes

Profitable opportunities E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

None

Application guidelines for users Training factsheets, manuals and power point slides are availableF: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling, 2, Requires validation, 3. Requires further research)

Budget templates are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations

143

GAPS

Further research Software for running the budgets Profitable opportunities Performance of budgets TIMP Name 5.4 Market Research - Information Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Market access constraints involving structural and information

and organization What is it? (TIMP description) Structural constraints include asymmetry of market relations

where there is reliance on monopolistic traders whose market power allows excess profit shares profit shares. The constraint on skills, information and organization include Lack of understanding of how markets operate, lack of information, lack of relevant skills.

Justification Poor farmers in many remote areas do not understand how the market works or why prices fluctuate; they have little or no information on market conditions, prices and quality of goods; they are not organized collectively; and they have no experience of market negotiation and little appreciation of their capacity to influence the terms and conditions upon which they enter the market .Difficult market access restricts opportunities for income generation. Farmer market research provides relevant data to help solve marketing challenges that farmers most likely face in their farm businesses.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension, NGOs, Researchers. Approaches to be used in dissemination



Organization of farmers Formation of market research group or market opportunity

group Availability of facilitators Availability of many traders Production volume and quality


Farmers – Formation of market opportunity group County extension staff - Facilitators NGOs – Facilitators Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Buyers Research institutions – Facilitators


None

144




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Formation of market opportunity group Availability of information Levels of policy support


Disorganization and scattered farmers – Formation of producer organization


Formation of market opportunity group Availability of information Levels of policy support

Lessons learned in up scaling if any None Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up-scaling


Environmental conditions – Over-use of cultivated land due to over-production of Pigeon Pea

Policy conditions – Policy support in market opportunity groups

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35

per kg so as to sell farm gate price at KES 45-50, traders sell to consumers at KES 50-70



Development and dissemination – Involvement of youth, men and females in the formation of market opportunity group

Adoption and scaling – Definition of roles Gender related opportunities Increased production and sales of Pigeon Pea by youth,

females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea. VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Involvement of VMGs in the formation of market opportunity groups

Adoption and scaling up – Definition of roles VMG related opportunities Increased production and sales of Pigeon Pea by youth,

females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea. E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects

None


The guidelines on the formation of market opportunity groups are ready for up-scaling


145



Further research Performance of market opportunity groups Sustainability of the market opportunity groups Equity distribution in sales and income

TIMP Name 5.5 Forming producer organizations Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Smallholders acting alone typically lack the production volume

and the bargaining power to command on-time delivery of agricultural inputs at reasonable prices.

What is it? (TIMP description) Producer organization is a group of producers formed with an objective of accessing markets and reducing market failures. It is a legal entity established to bring farmers together to benefit from marketing.

Justification The rural poor are constrained by lack of information about markets, lack of business and negotiating experience, and lack of a collective organization which can give them the power they require to interact on equal terms with other, generally larger and stronger, market intermediaries. Cultural and social distance, and discrimination, may also be factors that at least partly exclude the poor from markets. Therefore formation of producer organizations would reduce these constraints.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers, traders and processorsApproaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of County policies Willingness of farmers Availability of targeted markets


Farmers – Members of producer organization County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Targeted markets Research institutions – Capacity building


None



146



and marketing Group dynamics Levels of policy support


Disorganization and scattered farmers – Formation of production organizations


Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production and marketing – Capacity building on sources of information.

Group dynamics – Capacity building Level of policy support – support in extension services



Environmental conditions – Degradation of natural resources due to over-production

Policy conditions – Policies supporting formation and functioning of producer organizations

Market conditions – Existing demand D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35 per




Development and dissemination – Involvement of youth, males and females in the formation of producer organizations

Adoption and scaling – Definition of roles involving youth, males and females

Gender related opportunities Production and marketing opportunities by youth, females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea.


Development and dissemination – Involvement of VMGs in the formation of producer organizations

Adoption and scaling up – Definition of roles involving VMGs in the functioning of producer organizations

VMG related opportunities Production and marketing opportunities for the VMGs E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects

None

Application guidelines for users Training factsheets, manuals and power point slides are available F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling, 2, Requires validation, 3. Requires further

The guidelines for the formation of producer organizations are ready for up-scaling

147

research) G: Contacts Contacts Centre Director KALRO PTC, KARLO Kandara, KALRO



Further research Performance of producer organizations Production efficiency in bean production due to the formation of producer organizations Equity distribution in income TIMP Name 5.6 The farmer as an entrepreneur Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Subsistence bean farming due to low adoption of innovations

leading to low productivity. What is it? (TIMP description) Generally, an entrepreneur is someone who undertakes

innovations and finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods and ultimately profit. This depends on whether that farmer is a commercial-oriented production or subsistence-oriented production. Farmers become entrepreneurs when business principles are applied in farm operations, and farm activities are geared toward making a profit.

Justification Without entrepreneur skills, farmers will remain at subsistence farming. The characteristics of subsistence farmers are production for self-sufficiency and limited incentive for the market, limited participation in input and output markets, limited investment in inputs and technology, reliance on retained seeds or donated inputs and traditional technology, little valuation of inputs and outputs and wide product mix. The characteristics of commercial farmers are production for the market with a strong focus on generating profits, active participation in input and output markets, active investments in inputs and technology, reinvestment of profits into inputs and technology, valuation of inputs and outputs and narrow product range.




Availability of innovations Farmers’ willingness to finance the innovations Risk tolerance levels

148

Levels of production Levels of profit


Farmers – Undertakes innovations County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Demanding

goods Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production

and marketing Subsistence farming Levels of policy support




Subsistence farming – adoption of innovations Level of policy support – support in extension services



Environmental conditions – supporting use of innovations Policy conditions – Policy supporting innovations Market conditions – Less bean market competition





Development and dissemination – Innovations applicable to youth, men and females

Adoption and scaling – Innovations accessible to youth, men and females

Gender related opportunities Innovations applicable to youth, men and females. Innovations accessible by youth, men and females


Development and dissemination – Innovations applicable to VMGs

Adoption and scaling – Innovations accessible to VMGs VMG related opportunities Innovations applicable to VMGs

149

Innovations accessible by VMGs E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects

None


The innovations are ready for up-scaling




Further research Rates of innovation adoption Levels of subsistence Productivity of Pigeon Pea Profitability TIMP Name 5.7 Contract farming Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Markets failure in driving bean production has led to low

production What is it? (TIMP description) Contract farming involves private companies extending lines of

credit to producers in the form of farming inputs and technical assistance. Under contract farming terms, contractors commit themselves to buy the entire product contracted out to producers at an agreed price. On the other hand, producers provide labour and manage the contracted farming activity

Justification Without contract farming smallholder farmers face poor market access for the Pigeon Pea production. Contract farming is a contractual arrangement between producers and buyers of a farm product. The contract can either be oral or written, and will specify one or more conditions of production and marketing of an agricultural product. In essence, contract farming commits the farmer to produce a certain commodity at a certain time for an agreed price and, in return, the contractor undertakes to buy the commodity, and may provide agricultural extension and other services to producers in order to satisfy production requirements in terms of quality and quantity. The benefits of contract farming to farmers are market access, increased Incomes, reduction in the risk of price fluctuations, credit and financial intermediation,

150

timely provision of inputs, monitoring and labour incentives, reduction of production risk, introduction of higher-value crops, improved collective bargaining, household spill-over benefits and improved access to extension.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders Approaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of willing farmers Availability of traders Competitiveness of Pigeon Pea varieties


Farmers – Contract party and beneficiaries County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Contract party

and beneficiaries Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on contract farming Levels of policy support





Inadequate information to stakeholders on contract farming – Capacity building



Environmental conditions – Input support in the contract to improve natural resource management




151


Development and dissemination – Inclusion of youth, males and females in the contract

Adoption and scaling – Equity distribution through contract farming

Gender related opportunities Market access, increased income VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Low market access and income by VMGs

Adoption and scaling up – Availability of markets for the VMGs

VMG related opportunities Market access, increased income E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

Contracted sorghum production in Machakos and Tharaka-Nithi Counties


The guidelines for the contract farming are ready for up-scaling


SericultureLead organization and scientists KALRO – John Wambua, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia,

Caesar Kambo, Sylvia KuriaPartner organizations GAPS

Further research Performance of contracted farming in terms of productivity, sales and profit Equity distribution Improvement in skill and information delivery TIMP Name 5.8 Internet marketing Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Poor market access due to structural, skills and market

information constraints What is it? (TIMP description) Internet marketing refers to the strategies used to market

products and services online and through other digital means. These can include a variety of online platforms, tools, and content delivery systems

Justification Internet marketing is increasingly becoming mandatory for businesses of all types. This high adaptability of internet marketing is an important benefit that businesses can take advantage of to provide their consumers with the best shopping experience. Consumers use a variety of online methods for finding, researching, and eventually making purchasing

152

decisions. Internet marketing reduces costs. B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders and processorsApproaches to be used in dissemination







Farmers – Sellers of Pigeon Pea production County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Buyers of Pigeon

Pea Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Digital skills of farmers Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production

and marketing Internet connectivity Levels of policy support





Internet connectivity – Information hub Level of policy support – support in extension services


Social conditions – Conflicts between subsistence-oriented production and commercial-oriented production

Environmental conditions – None Policy conditions – Policy supporting information hub



Estimated returns From farmers to traders and sellers each should make about KES 5-10 per kg, thereby making the venture profitable to everyone

153

along the value chain Gender issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling

Development and dissemination – Digital skills by youth, men and females

Adoption and scaling – Inadequacy of skills Gender related opportunities Availability of mobile phones, access to markets by youth,

males and females VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Levels of digital skills Adoption and scaling up – Levels of digital skills

VMG related opportunities Availability of mobile phones, access to markets by youth, males and females

E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects

None


The platforms are ready for up-scaling




Further research Levels of digital skills by farmers Performance of the internet marketing in terms of productivity, sales and profitability TIMP Name 5.9 Business planning – Putting it all Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Farmers’ poor farm business planning leading to poor

organization of bean production and lack of goals and means to achieve these goals.

What is it? (TIMP description) A farm business plan is a roadmap for the small farm business. A farm business plan has an overall vision and mission for the business.

Justification Planning is an important aspect of any business. Planning involves setting goals and choosing the means to achieve these goals. It is a decision-making process" that helps in coping with complexities in the farm business. Without a proper plan, farmers will not know how to organise and deploy labour and other resources effectively in Pigeon Pea production.


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Users of TIMP Farmers Approaches to be used in dissemination



Education levels of farmers Small-scale farming of Pigeon Pea Traditional farming of Pigeon Pea Availability of information on Pigeon Pea production and

marketing Availability of farm business plan


Farmers – Developing farm business plans County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Research institutions – Capacity building


None





and marketing Levels of education of farmers





Levels of education of farmers - Trainings Lessons learned in up scaling if any None Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for development and up-scaling

Social conditions – Conflicts between with subsistence-oriented production and commercial-oriented production

Environmental conditions – Business plans to include Natural Resource Management





Development and dissemination – Inclusion of youth, men and females in the development and dissemination of business plans.

Adoption and scaling – Inclusion of youth, men and females in the development and dissemination of business plans.

Gender related opportunities Skills in farm business planning by youth, females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea.

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Development and dissemination – Inclusion of VMGs in the development and dissemination of business plans.

Adoption and scaling up – Inclusion of VMGs in the development and dissemination of business plans.

VMG related opportunities Skills in farm business planning by VMGs in the production of Pigeon Pea


None


The Template for the farm business plans is ready for up-scaling




Further research Adoption rate on the use of farm business plan Performance of the farm business plans Marketing practices

TIMP Name 5.1. Emerging farmer-market linking models Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Poor farmer-market linkages of Pigeon Pea leading to poor

market accessibility and linkages. What is it? (TIMP description) The emerging agricultural business models are based on the

driver of the bean production organization. Producer–driven models are based on production organised by the producers themselves. Buyer-driven models are based on production organised by the end customer companies. Intermediary-driven models are based on the production organised by an intermediary such as extension, an NGOs, Research institutions, etc.

Justification Market failures or missing markets have led to disorganization in bean market-oriented production. Due to the disorganization in market-oriented production of Pigeon Pea, smallholder farmers fail to access markets or have limited market linkages. Therefore, there is need to link farmers to markets based on the appropriated business models

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders, processing industries, Extension, NGOs,

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Research institutions Approaches to be used in dissemination



Acceptance of smallholder farmers to form production organizations

Investments in the production of quality tradable volumes Acceptance of the bean varieties by consumers Adaptability of the Pigeon Pea varieties Prices of Pigeon Pea Availability of storage infrastructure and transport


Farmers – Formation of production groups, investments in Pigeon Pea production

County extension staff - Organization of farmers and technical service delivery

NGOs – Organization of farmers and service delivery Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Support in input

services and providing markets for the Pigeon Pea production Research institutions – Availing improved seeds, backstopping


Areas in Western Kenya ( Kakamega, Bungoma, Kisii, Uasin Gishu), parts of central Kenya (Embu, Nyeri, Kirinyaga, Meru)




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean varieties Group dynamics Amounts of seeds of the varieties Weak or non-existent stakeholder innovation platforms Consumer acceptance on the new varieties Prices of the bean varieties Levels of production constraints Level of policy support




Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean varieties – Use of promotion channels for instance media and field days

Group dynamics – Capacity building on the group dynamics and management

Amounts of seeds of the varieties – Engagement with KSU and other seed companies. Capacity building of farmers on seed production

Weak or non-existent stakeholder innovation platforms – Formation of innovation platforms. Capacity building stakeholders on elements of innovation platforms

Consumer acceptance on the new varieties – Promotion of

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new bean varieties through field days. Prices of the bean varieties – Value addition, producer

organization, managing costs in production, capacity building on farming as a business

Levels of production constraints – Enhancing adoption of Bean TIMPs

Level of policy support – Use of National agricultural strategies. Lobbying for the County support in policy options

Lessons learned in up scaling if any High market competition with other bean varieties Agro-ecological zone considerations Weaknesses in each type of emerging business model


Social conditions – acceptability by the farmers, group dynamics, cultures

Environmental conditions – Enhancing natural resource management

Policy conditions – Policy support in extension, inputs, prices, production organizations (cooperatives), infrastructure, investment environment





Development and dissemination – Different acceptance characteristics by youth, females and males. Gender roles in the production of Pigeon Pea. Availability of technologies for pre-harvesting, harvesting and post-harvesting

Adoption and scaling – Different acceptance characteristics, Gender inclusion in the formation of producer organizations.

Gender related opportunities Production opportunities by youth, females and males in the

production of Pigeon Pea. Emerging mechanization in the value chain Generation of income by youth female and male


Development and dissemination – Limited involvement of VMGs in the market linking models

Adoption and scaling up - Limited access to seed and information on new varieties and production techniques

VMG related opportunities Production opportunities – Available machines for labour reduction for the VMGs

Income generation using farmer-market linking models Access to inputs and markets through linkages and producer

organization E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

The model on buyer-driven has been successful in sorghum and in green grams production in Machakos and Tharaka-Nithi Counties

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The models are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations GAPS Further research Efficiency evaluation of the farmer-market linking models Equity distribution among the producers Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to farmer-market linking models Farmer accessibility to production inputs TIMP Name 5.2. SWOT analysis - Business Strengths, Weaknesses,

Opportunities and Threats Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed Locked bean production and market opportunities leading to low

production and market accessibilityWhat is it? (TIMP description) SWOT analysis is a tool for identifying and selecting

opportunities in agricultural production and marketing. Used for the identification of production options, buyers and marketing channels. Similar to other businesses, SWOT can help a farmer to achieve opportunities that greatly match the business activity strengths, attain opportunities by overcoming weaknesses, reduce the business activity vulnerability to threats by using strengths and avoid making the business activity more susceptible to threats by preventing weaknesses

Justification There are many opportunities in Pigeon Pea production. For the farmers to transform from subsistence-oriented production to market-oriented production, there is need for the identification of the production and marketing opportunities with the evaluation of strengths, weaknesses and threats.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders and processors Approaches to be used in dissemination




Levels of experiences in Pigeon Pea production

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Availability of information on Pigeon Pea production and marketing

Levels of competition among the Pigeon Pea Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Farmers – Demanding opportunities County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Demanding

opportunities Research institutions – Capacity building


None





and marketing Levels of strengths, weaknesses and Threats in Pigeon Pea

production and marketing Levels of policy support





Levels of strengths, weaknesses and Threats in Pigeon Pea production and marketing – Sensitization of stakeholders the challenges.








Development and dissemination – Marketing opportunities for youth, men and femals


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Development and dissemination – Limited opportunities Adoption and scaling up – Comparisons of opportunities and

weaknesses at the level of VMGs VMG related opportunities Production opportunities – Available machines for labour

reduction for the VMGs Market-oriented production for the VMGs

E: Case studies/profiles of success storiesSuccess stories from previous similar projects

None


The matrices are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations GAPS Further research Software for running the SWOT matrix Efficiency in identifying the opportunities Performance of the opportunities TIMP Name 5.3 Farm budgeting, Record keeping, Break-even and Gross

margin Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Difficulties for the farmers to know how much they spent and

how much income was earned from their Pigeon Pea production. What is it? (TIMP description) A budget is a formal plan for carrying out business activities in

the future. It shows the process of carrying out an activity and the end result. Budgeting is the planning process or the development of a plan of action (budget). Record keeping is the art of collecting useful pieces of data or information on the happenings of a particular undertaking, with the view of processing it in the future (for example, analysing sales and costs and calculating profits). Break-even and gross margin are used are used to compare costs and returns and therefore profit.

Justification An effective farm budgeting process begins with the definition of production programme. This is followed by specifying and estimating the inputs that are needed for the production

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programme. Without good farm records, it becomes difficult for farmers to identify problem areas and know whether their businesses are generating profit or not. Therefore, record keeping is an important activity that is necessary for operating farm businesses successfully.




Production programme Availability of data on quantities of inputs requirements, costs,

outputs and value Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Farmers – Defining production progamme County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building


None





and marketing Defining production programmes of Pigeon Pea Levels of policy support





Defining production programmes of Pigeon Pea – SWOT analysis







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Development and dissemination – Differentiated opportunities in gender



Development and dissemination – Bean production programmes for VMGs

Adoption and scaling up – Levels of profitability VMG related opportunities Production opportunities – Bean production programmes

Profitable opportunities E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

None


Budget templates are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations GAPS Further research Software for running the budgets Profitable opportunities Performance of budgets TIMP Name 5.4 Market Research - Information Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Market access constraints involving structural and information

and organization What is it? (TIMP description) Structural constraints include asymmetry of market relations

where there is reliance on monopolistic traders whose market power allows excess profit shares profit shares. The constraint on skills, information and organization include Lack of understanding of how markets operate, lack of information, lack of relevant skills.

Justification Poor farmers in many remote areas do not understand how the market works or why prices fluctuate; they have little or no information on market conditions, prices and quality of goods; they are not organized collectively; and they have no experience

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of market negotiation and little appreciation of their capacity to influence the terms and conditions upon which they enter the market .Difficult market access restricts opportunities for income generation. Farmer market research provides relevant data to help solve marketing challenges that farmers most likely face in their farm businesses.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers, Extension, NGOs, Researchers. Approaches to be used in dissemination



Organization of farmers Formation of market research group or market opportunity

group Availability of facilitators Availability of many traders Production volume and quality


Farmers – Formation of market opportunity group County extension staff - Facilitators NGOs – Facilitators Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Buyers Research institutions – Facilitators


None




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Formation of market opportunity group Availability of information Levels of policy support


Disorganization and scattered farmers – Formation of producer organization


Formation of market opportunity group Availability of information Levels of policy support



Environmental conditions – Over-use of cultivated land due to over-production of Pigeon Pea

Policy conditions – Policy support in market opportunity groups

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations Basic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35

per kg so as to sell farm gate price at KES 45-50, traders sell

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to consumers at KES 50-70 Estimated returns From farmers to traders and sellers each should make about

KES 5-10 per kg, thereby making the venture profitable to everyone along the value chain


Development and dissemination – Involvement of youth, men and females in the formation of market opportunity group

Adoption and scaling – Definition of roles Gender related opportunities Increased production and sales of Pigeon Pea by youth,

females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea. VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Involvement of VMGs in the formation of market opportunity groups

Adoption and scaling up – Definition of roles VMG related opportunities Increased production and sales of Pigeon Pea by youth,

females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea. E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

None


The guidelines on the formation of market opportunity groups are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia KuriaPartner organizations GAPS Further research Performance of market opportunity groups Sustainability of the market opportunity groups Equity distribution in sales and income TIMP Name 5.5 Forming producer organizations Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Smallholders acting alone typically lack the production volume

and the bargaining power to command on-time delivery of agricultural inputs at reasonable prices.

What is it? (TIMP description) Producer organization is a group of producers formed with an objective of accessing markets and reducing market failures. It is a legal entity established to bring farmers together to benefit from marketing.

Justification The rural poor are constrained by lack of information about

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markets, lack of business and negotiating experience, and lack of a collective organization which can give them the power they require to interact on equal terms with other, generally larger and stronger, market intermediaries. Cultural and social distance, and discrimination, may also be factors that at least partly exclude the poor from markets. Therefore formation of producer organizations would reduce these constraints.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders and processorsApproaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of County policies Willingness of farmers Availability of targeted markets


Farmers – Members of producer organization County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Targeted markets Research institutions – Capacity building


None





and marketing Group dynamics Levels of policy support




Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production and marketing – Capacity building on sources of information.

Group dynamics – Capacity building Level of policy support – support in extension services



Environmental conditions – Degradation of natural resources due to over-production

Policy conditions – Policies supporting formation and functioning of producer organizations

Market conditions – Existing demand D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations

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Basic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35 per kg so as to sell farm gate price at KES 45-50, traders sell to consumers at KES 50-70



Development and dissemination – Involvement of youth, males and females in the formation of producer organizations

Adoption and scaling – Definition of roles involving youth, males and females

Gender related opportunities Production and marketing opportunities by youth, females and males in the production of Pigeon Pea.


Development and dissemination – Involvement of VMGs in the formation of producer organizations

Adoption and scaling up – Definition of roles involving VMGs in the functioning of producer organizations

VMG related opportunities Production and marketing opportunities for the VMGs E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

None


The guidelines for the formation of producer organizations are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations GAPS Further research Performance of producer organizations Production efficiency in bean production due to the formation of producer organizations Equity distribution in income TIMP Name 5.6 The farmer as an entrepreneur Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed Subsistence bean farming due to low adoption of innovations

leading to low productivity.What is it? (TIMP description) Generally, an entrepreneur is someone who undertakes

innovations and finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods and ultimately profit. This depends on whether that farmer is a commercial-

167

oriented production or subsistence-oriented production. Farmers become entrepreneurs when business principles are applied in farm operations, and farm activities are geared toward making a profit.

Justification Without entrepreneur skills, farmers will remain at subsistence farming. The characteristics of subsistence farmers are production for self-sufficiency and limited incentive for the market, limited participation in input and output markets, limited investment in inputs and technology, reliance on retained seeds or donated inputs and traditional technology, little valuation of inputs and outputs and wide product mix. The characteristics of commercial farmers are production for the market with a strong focus on generating profits, active participation in input and output markets, active investments in inputs and technology, reinvestment of profits into inputs and technology, valuation of inputs and outputs and narrow product range.




Availability of innovations Farmers’ willingness to finance the innovations Risk tolerance levels Levels of production Levels of profit


Farmers – Undertakes innovations County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Demanding

goods Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production

and marketing Subsistence farming Levels of policy support




Subsistence farming – adoption of innovations Level of policy support – support in extension services

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Environmental conditions – supporting use of innovations Policy conditions – Policy supporting innovations Market conditions – Less bean market competition





Development and dissemination – Innovations applicable to youth, men and females

Adoption and scaling – Innovations accessible to youth, men and females

Gender related opportunities Innovations applicable to youth, men and females. Innovations accessible by youth, men and females


Development and dissemination – Innovations applicable to VMGs

Adoption and scaling – Innovations accessible to VMGs VMG related opportunities Innovations applicable to VMGs

Innovations accessible by VMGs E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

None


The innovations are ready for up-scaling



Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria Partner organizations GAPS Further research Rates of innovation adoption Levels of subsistence Productivity of Pigeon Pea Profitability TIMP Name 5.7 Contract farming Category (i.e. technology, innovation Management practice

169

or management practice) A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Markets failure in driving bean production has led to low

production What is it? (TIMP description) Contract farming involves private companies extending lines of

credit to producers in the form of farming inputs and technical assistance. Under contract farming terms, contractors commit themselves to buy the entire product contracted out to producers at an agreed price. On the other hand, producers provide labour and manage the contracted farming activity

Justification Without contract farming smallholder farmers face poor market access for the Pigeon Pea production. Contract farming is a contractual arrangement between producers and buyers of a farm product. The contract can either be oral or written, and will specify one or more conditions of production and marketing of an agricultural product. In essence, contract farming commits the farmer to produce a certain commodity at a certain time for an agreed price and, in return, the contractor undertakes to buy the commodity, and may provide agricultural extension and other services to producers in order to satisfy production requirements in terms of quality and quantity. The benefits of contract farming to farmers are market access, increased Incomes, reduction in the risk of price fluctuations, credit and financial intermediation, timely provision of inputs, monitoring and labour incentives, reduction of production risk, introduction of higher-value crops, improved collective bargaining, household spill-over benefits and improved access to extension.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, tradersApproaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of willing farmers Availability of traders Competitiveness of Pigeon Pea varieties


Farmers – Contract party and beneficiaries County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Contract party

and beneficiaries Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on contract farming

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Levels of policy support Suggestions for addressing the challenges




Inadequate information to stakeholders on contract farming – Capacity building



Environmental conditions – Input support in the contract to improve natural resource management





Development and dissemination – Inclusion of youth, males and females in the contract

Adoption and scaling – Equity distribution through contract farming

Gender related opportunities Market access, increased income VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Low market access and income by VMGs

Adoption and scaling up – Availability of markets for the VMGs

VMG related opportunities Market access, increased income E: Case studies/profiles of success stories Success stories from previous similar projects

Contracted sorghum production in Machakos and Tharaka-Nithi Counties


The guidelines for the contract farming are ready for up-scaling




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GAPS Further research Performance of contracted farming in terms of productivity, sales and profit Equity distribution Improvement in skill and information delivery TIMP Name 5.8 Internet marketing Category (i.e. technology, innovation or management practice)

Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practiceProblem addressed Poor market access due to structural, skills and market

information constraints What is it? (TIMP description) Internet marketing refers to the strategies used to market

products and services online and through other digital means. These can include a variety of online platforms, tools, and content delivery systems

Justification Internet marketing is increasingly becoming mandatory for businesses of all types. This high adaptability of internet marketing is an important benefit that businesses can take advantage of to provide their consumers with the best shopping experience. Consumers use a variety of online methods for finding, researching, and eventually making purchasing decisions. Internet marketing reduces costs.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, traders and processorsApproaches to be used in dissemination







Farmers – Sellers of Pigeon Pea production County extension staff - Capacity building NGOs – Capacity building Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Buyers of Pigeon

Pea Research institutions – Capacity building


None




Digital skills of farmers Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming

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Inadequate information to stakeholders on the bean production and marketing

Internet connectivity Levels of policy support





Internet connectivity – Information hub Level of policy support – support in extension services


Social conditions – Conflicts between subsistence-oriented production and commercial-oriented production

Environmental conditions – None Policy conditions – Policy supporting information hub





Development and dissemination – Digital skills by youth, men and females

Adoption and scaling – Inadequacy of skills Gender related opportunities Availability of mobile phones, access to markets by youth,

males and females VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up

Development and dissemination – Levels of digital skills Adoption and scaling up – Levels of digital skills

VMG related opportunities Availability of mobile phones, access to markets by youth, males and females


None


The platforms are ready for up-scaling




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GAPS Further research Levels of digital skills by farmers Performance of the internet marketing in terms of productivity, sales and profitability GAPS Further research Adoption rate on the use of farm business plan Performance of the farm business plans

Gaps in Marketing

1. The available varieties are not linked to specific market/uses. Hence the need to develop varieties for specific markets (malting and brewing, baking, food and feed).

2. Enabling policies to enable marketing and consumption of Garden Pea are lacking e.g. the blending policy should be fast tracked.

6. Agricultural Policy options

TIMP Name 6.1 Policy options in National agricultural strategies


Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Poor marketing facilities and institutions are some of

the constraints to increased agricultural production. The major marketing constraints comprise high transportation costs due to dilapidated roads, improper handling, poor storage facilities and wastage. These result in fluctuations in both productions and incomes.

What is it? (TIMP description) Failure of the agricultural institutions to achieve policy objectives and address key areas of policy concerns.

Justification Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Agricultural policy goals in Kenya revolves around increasing productivity and income growth, especially for smallholders; enhanced food security and equity, emphasis on irrigation to introduce stability in agricultural output, commercialisation and intensification of production especially among small scale farmers; appropriate and participatory policy formulation and environmental sustainability. However, the key areas for concern for Pigeon Pea production and marketing are declining agricultural performance, limited high potential agricultural land and over-reliance on rain fed

174

agriculture, limited diversification of agricultural production, poor and inadequate rural infrastructure, inadequate and declining research in agriculture, agricultural sector financing and related activities, lack of a comprehensive land use policy. Therefore, without addressing the policy concerns, smallholder farmers would face low productivity and poor market access.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approachesUsers of TIMP Farmers, traders, processing industries, Extension, NGOs,

Research institutionsApproaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of stakeholders Availability of agricultural policies and specific Pigeon Pea-

based policies Availability of policy goals, objectives and key areas of

concerns Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their roles

Farmers – Demanding Pigeon Pea policies to support production and marketing

County extension staff - Sensitization of farmers NGOs – Sensitization of farmers Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Demanding

Pigeon Pea policies to support production and marketing Research institutions – Sensitization of stakeholders


All Counties in Kenya for the National agricultural policies. However, there is lack of bean policies in Kenya




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the agricultural

policies whether National or County Poorly established Pigeon Pea value chain Pigeon Pea production are specific to agro-ecological zones

and not all the Counties in Kenya grow Pigeon Pea Suggestions for addressing the challenges

Disorganization and scattered farmers – Formation of producer organizations as an institution

Small-scale farming – Policies for increasing productivity Inadequate information to stakeholders on the agricultural

policies whether National or County – Sensitization of stakeholders

Poorly established Pigeon Pea value chain – strengthening bean value chain

Pigeon Pea production are specific to agro-ecological zones and not all the Counties in Kenya grow Pigeon Pea – Diversification of Pigeon Pea

Lessons learned in up scaling if any None Social, environmental, policy and market conditions necessary for

Social conditions – Low productivity of Pigeon Pea Environmental conditions – lack of a comprehensive land use

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development and up-scaling policy Policy conditions – Lacking specific Pigeon Pea policy Market conditions - Poor market infrastructure





Development and dissemination – Supporting youth, females and males in production and marketing Pigeon Pea

Adoption and scaling – Supporting youth, females and males in production and marketing Pigeon Pea

Gender related opportunities Supporting youth, females and males in the production and marketing of Pigeon Pea.

Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males


Development and dissemination – Low productivity and inaccess to markets by VMGs

Adoption and scaling up - Low productivity and inaccess to markets by VMGs

VMG related opportunities Supporting VMGs the production and marketing of Pigeon Pea.

Increased income by VMGs Increased employment by VMGs


None


Requires validation




Further research Adoption of policies Equity distribution among the stakeholders Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to farmer-market linking models Farmer accessibility to production inputs

176

TIMP Name 6.2 Policy cycle in agriculture and

rural development – development, validation, stakeholder participation


Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed What is it? (TIMP description) Lack of stakeholders’ participation in the development

and validation of agricultural policies leading to low

productivity and poor institutions

Justification Agricultural policy goals in Kenya revolves around increasing productivity and income growth, especially for smallholders; enhanced food security and equity, emphasis on irrigation to introduce stability in agricultural output, commercialisation and intensification of production especially among small scale farmers; appropriate and participatory policy formulation and environmental sustainability. Policy cycle is used in the development and validation of agricultural policies for the agriculture and rural development





Availability of stakeholders Availability of agricultural policies and specific Pigeon

Pea-based policies Availability of policy goals, objectives and key areas of


Farmers – Demanding Pigeon Pea policies to support production and marketing


Pigeon Pea policies to support production and marketing

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Research institutions – Sensitization of stakeholders C: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted if any

All Counties in Kenya for the National agricultural policies. However, there is lack of bean policies in Kenya




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the agricultural

policies whether National or County Poorly established Pigeon Pea value chain Pigeon Pea production are specific to agro-ecological

zones and not all the Counties in Kenya grow Pigeon Pea Suggestions for addressing the challenges


Small-scale farming – Policies for increasing productivity Inadequate information to stakeholders on the agricultural


Poorly established Pigeon Pea value chain – strengthening bean value chain

Pigeon Pea production are specific to agro-ecological zones and not all the Counties in Kenya grow Pigeon Pea – Diversification of Pigeon Pea


None


Social conditions – Low productivity of Pigeon Pea Environmental conditions – lack of a comprehensive land

use policy Policy conditions – Lacking specific Pigeon Pea policy Market conditions - Poor market infrastructure

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35




Development and dissemination – Supporting youth, females and males in production and marketing Pigeon Pea Adoption and scaling – Supporting youth, females and

males in production and marketing Pigeon Pea Gender related opportunities Supporting youth, females and males in the production

and marketing of Pigeon Pea. Increased income by youth female and male

178

Increased employment by youth, females and males VMG issues and concerns in development and dissemination, adoption and scaling up






None

Application guidelines for users Training factsheets, manuals and power point slides are available

F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling, 2, Requires validation, 3. Requires further research)

Requires validation




Further research Validation of policies Equity distribution among the stakeholders Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to farmer-market linking models Farmer accessibility to production inputs TIMP Name 6.3 Options in Kenya National Seed Policy 2010


Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Good quality seed has significant potential of increasing on-

farm productivity and enhancing food security. Kenya still experiences shortage of quality seed for crops like some pulses and certain varieties of seed maize suited for arid and semi-arid areas (ASALS). It determines the upper limit of crop yields and therefore the productivity of all other

179

agricultural inputs in farming systems. The challenge in Kenya today is to develop seed production and delivery systems.

What is it? (TIMP description) The National seed policy was developed to create an enabling environment for seed sector development and facilitate the exchange and use of seed. Main objective of National seed policy is to avail adequate high quality seed and planting material for the country's farming and forestry needs.

Justification In 2010, the Kenya adopted a new overarching national seed policy. The National Seed Policy is the Ministry's outline of policy interventions to be pursued in order to address current constraints in the seed sub sector and to improve its performance and contribution towards improved agricultural productivity.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension, NGOs, Research institutions Approaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of stakeholders Availability of seeds Availability of policy goals, objectives and key areas of


Farmers – Demanding seed policy to support production of Pigeon Pea


seed policy to support bean production Research institutions – Sensitization of stakeholders


Counties mainly growing Pigeon Pea




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the seed policy,

especially seed distributionSuggestions for addressing the challenges


Small-scale farming – Seed quality policies for increasing productivity

Inadequate information to stakeholders on the fertilizer policies whether National or County – Sensitization of

180

stakeholders Lessons learned in up scaling if any

None


Social conditions – Use of local seed Environmental conditions – lack of a comprehensive land

use policy Policy conditions – Lack of participation Market conditions – High costs and distribution of

improved seed D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerationsBasic costs Farmers should produce each kg of bean grain at KES 30-35




Development and dissemination – Supporting youth, females and males to access improved seed Adoption and scaling – Supporting youth, females and

males in accessing improved seed Gender related opportunities Improved access to improved seed by youth, females

and males Increased productivity Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males


Development and dissemination – Supporting use of improved seed by VMGs

Adoption and scaling – Supporting use of improved seed by VMGs

VMG related opportunities Improved access to improved seed by VMGs Increased productivity Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by VMGs


Impact of liberalization of seed sector.



Requires validation


Sericulture

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Lead organization and scientists KALRO – John Wambua, Antony Nyaga, Eliud Gatambia, Caesar Kambo, Sylvia Kuria

Partner organizations

GAPS

Further research Adoption of policies Equity distribution among the stakeholders Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to farmer-market linking models Farmer accessibility to fertilizer

TIMP Name 6.4 Options in Mineral fertilizer policy


Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed The Kenyan government has been extensively controlling

imports, pricing, and marketing of fertilizer using policy instruments such as price subsidies, price control, licensing of importers and distributors, and import quotas. In 1993, the government finally withdrew from the fertilizer market and abandoned price controls. The market reform has improved farmers’ access to the input through the expansion of private retail networks. As a result, the number of fertilizer retailers increased roughly from 5,000 in 1996 to 8,000 in 2000. However, fertilizer use on food crops is low, leading to low productivity.

What is it? (TIMP description) Policies for agriculture consist of government decisions that influence the level and stability of input and output prices, public investments affecting agricultural production, costs and revenues and allocation of resources

Justification While the intensity of the fertilizer use has rapidly increased in other parts of the world, it has remained at a low level in Sub-Saharan Africa. For instance, while it has increased from 38 kilograms per ha in 1982 to 101 kilograms per ha in 2002 in South Asia, it increased only from 7 to 8 kilograms per ha during the same period in Sub-Saharan Africa. This negligible fertilizer use partly explains lagging agricultural productivity growth in Sub-Saharan. Thus, experts and policy makers agree on the urgent need to increase the use of inorganic fertilizer in the region. There is less consensus on how to address this issue and currently there are marked differences in policies and programs pertaining to fertilizer

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among African countries. Kenya is one of a few African countries, if not the only one, that has thoroughly and successfully implemented fertilizer market reform policy. However, the levels of inorganic fertilizer use is low leading to low productivity.

B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension, NGOs, Research institutions Approaches to be used in dissemination



Availability of stakeholders Availability of fertilizer policies Availability of policy goals, objectives and key areas of


Farmers – Demanding fertilizer policies to support production and marketing


Pigeon Pea policies to support production and marketing Research institutions – Sensitization of stakeholders


All Counties in Kenya for the fertilizer policies but maize growing counties dominate




Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the fertilizer

policy, especially fertilizer distribution Suggestions for addressing the challenges


Small-scale farming – Policies for increasing productivity Inadequate information to stakeholders on the fertilizer



None


Social conditions – Low use of fertilizer Environmental conditions – lack of a comprehensive land

use policy Policy conditions – Lack of participation Market conditions – High costs and distribution


per kg so as to sell farm gate price at KES 45-50, traders

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sell to consumers at KES 50-70 Estimated returns From farmers to traders and sellers each should make about

KES 5-10 per kg, thereby making the venture profitable to everyone along the value chain


Development and dissemination – Supporting youth, females and males to access fertilizer Adoption and scaling – Supporting youth, females and

males in accessing fertilizer Gender related opportunities Fertilizer access by youth, females and males

Increased productivity Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males


Development and dissemination – Supporting VMGs Adoption and scaling – Supporting VMGs

VMG related opportunities Fertilizer access by youth, females and males Increased productivity Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males


Impact of liberation of fertilizer and uses of fertilizer



Requires validation




Further research Adoption of policies Equity distribution among the stakeholders Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to farmer-market linking models

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TIMP Name 6.5 Climate smart agricultural policies


Management practice

A : Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Failure of other agricultural policies in Kenya to address

climate change and aggregate emissions. What is it? (TIMP description) This is policy for supporting climate-smart agriculture to

work for the poor. Justification The Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) approach addresses

food security and climate change simultaneously, whilst contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation. To meet multiple challenges of climate change and emissions, it has been suggested that, a major transformation of the agriculture sector in Kenya will be necessary and this will require institutional and policy support. Better aligned policy approaches across agricultural, environmental and financial boundaries and innovative institutional arrangements to promote their implementation will be needed. Some of the critical institutional and policy adjustments required to support the transition to climate-smart agriculture are Enabling policy environment, institutions (information production and dissemination), climate data and information gaps, Dissemination mechanisms, Institutions to improve access coordination and collective action and institutions to support financing and insurance needs.





Availability of stakeholders Availability of climate-smart agriculture Availability of policy goals, objectives and key areas of


Farmers – Demanding climate-smart agriculture County extension staff - Sensitization of farmers NGOs – Sensitization of farmers Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Demanding

climate-smart agriculture Research institutions – Sensitization of stakeholders


All Counties in Kenya

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Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the climate-

smart agriculture Suggestions for addressing the challenges


Small-scale farming – Climate-smart agricultural Policies for increasing productivity

Inadequate information to stakeholders on the climate-smart agricultural policies whether National or County – Sensitization of stakeholders


None



use policy Policy conditions – Inadequate climate-smart policies Market conditions - Poor market infrastructure





Development and dissemination – Supporting youth, females and males in addressing climate-smart agriculture Adoption and scaling – Supporting youth, females and

males in addressing climate-smart agriculture Gender related opportunities Increased productivity by youth, females and males

Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males


Development and dissemination – Low productivity due to climate-change


VMG related opportunities Increased productivity by youth, females and males Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males


Adaptation and mitigation of climate change agriculture

Application guidelines for users Training factsheets, manuals and power point slides are

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available F: Status of TIMP Readiness (1. Ready for up scaling, 2, Requires validation, 3. Requires further research)

Requires validation




Further research Adoption of policies Equity distribution among the stakeholders Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to climate-smart agriculture Farmer accessibility to production inputs TIMP Name 6.6 Options in County Integrated Development Plans

(CIDPs)


Management practice

A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice Problem addressed Low development in Counties What is it? (TIMP description) The County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) is a five

year plan developed by County governments to guide County investments.

Justification County Integrated Development Plan is designed to address the County development challenges where agriculture sector is included.





Availability of stakeholders Availability of County Integrated Development Plans


Farmers – Providing data for the agricultural policy concerns

County extension staff - Sensitization of farmers NGOs – Sensitization of farmers

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Private sector (local traders and exporters) – Contributing to the development of County Integrated Development Plans

Research institutions – Sensitization of stakeholdersC: Current situation and future scaling up Counties where already promoted if any





Disorganization and scattered farmers Small-scale farming Inadequate information to stakeholders on the CIDPs

County Suggestions for addressing the challenges


Small-scale farming – Policies for increasing productivity Inadequate information to stakeholders on the CIDPs


None



use policy Policy conditions – Lacking specific Pigeon Pea policy Market conditions - Poor market infrastructure





Development and dissemination – Supporting youth, females and males in production and marketing Pigeon Pea Adoption and scaling – Supporting youth, females and

males in production and marketing Pigeon Pea Gender related opportunities Supporting youth, females and males in the production

and marketing of Pigeon Pea. Increased income by youth female and male Increased employment by youth, females and males





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Requires validation




Further research Adoption of policies Equity distribution among the stakeholders Productivity levels among the smallholder farmers due to CIDPs Farmer accessibility to production inputs

inventory of climate smart agriculture garden pea

Documents