invasive tracers: csi mismo. predicting and monitoring the spread of marine invasive species:...

Invasive Tracers:

CSI MISMO

Predicting and monitoring the spread Predicting and monitoring the spread of marine invasive species:of marine invasive species:

Development of approaches and Development of approaches and application to the green crab (application to the green crab (Carcinus Carcinus maenasmaenas) and shore crab () and shore crab (Hemigraspus Hemigraspus

sanguineus)sanguineus)

OutlineOutline Background on Invasive SpeciesBackground on Invasive Species

• Created by invasion biologist:Created by invasion biologist:

Dr. Anthony Ricciardi of the Department of Biology of Dr. Anthony Ricciardi of the Department of Biology of McGill University and the Redpath MuseumMcGill University and the Redpath Museum

Biology of the CrabsBiology of the Crabs Importance of Marine systems for invasion and Importance of Marine systems for invasion and

modeling.modeling. ObjectivesObjectives Research questionsResearch questions Spread & Monitoring NetworkSpread & Monitoring Network Take Home MessagesTake Home Messages

What is an ‘exotic species’?

non-indigenous species alien species non-native species introduced species

= a species introduced to a region beyond the range in which it evolved (i.e. beyond its ‘native range’).

=

Dr. A. Ricciardi, lecture slides from Ecology of Species Invasions (BIOL540, McGill University)

When does an introduced speciesbecome an invader?

An introduced species has invaded whenit establishes a self-sustaining population.

Biological Invasion

= the establishment of a species into a region beyond its natural range.


Biological invasion: the establishment ofa species outside of its natural range.

Geographic(or physiological) barrier


What is an ‘invasive’ species?An introduced species that spreads rapidly.

Note:

• ‘Invasive’ is a relative term.

• Most introduced species are not invasive.

• A species may be invasive in some regions but not others.


Donor region

Barriers to the establishment of an exotic species

Recipient region

Physiological barrier

Geographic barrier

Demographic resistance

Biotic resistance


What is Invasion Ecology?The study of the causes & consequences of biological invasions.

• examines factors that influence establishment, spread, and impact of introduced species.

• a multidiscplinary science that combines elements from multiple fields of study (e.g. community ecology, population biology, biogeography, evolution, genetics, conservation biology)


Biological Invasions are a form ofanthropogenic global change.

1. Invasions are occurring at unprecedented rates & spatial scales.

2. Virtually all of these are the result of human activities.


“Natural” Invasions

= invasions without human influence.

• rare on human time scales.• occur over small spatial scales• require the removal of either: (1) a geographic barrier - i.e. the creation of dispersal corridors through glacial retreat, continental drift, or chance events. OR

(2) a physiological barrier - e.g. a thermal barrier removed by climate change.

Spatial scale

Fre

qu

ency

Human-mediatedinvasions

Naturalinvasions


Cum

ulat

ive

num

ber

of in

vade

rs

Year

Rate of invasion in the Baltic Sea

Cohen & Carlton (1998)

18251850187519001925195019752000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Cum

ulat

ive

num

ber

of in

vade

rs

Year

Rate of invasion in San Francisco Bay

Cohen & Carlton (1998)

1850

1870

1890

1910

1930

1950

1970 1990

0

50

100

150

200

250


Rate of invasion of marine coastal watersof North America

Time (Years since 1790)

Cu

mu

lati

ve

Nu

mb

er

of

Inv

ad

ers

Ruiz et al. (2000)


Rates of species invasion in Hawaii

Prior to human settlement: 1 per 30,000 yrs (i.e. 0.00003/yr)

After human settlement: 1 per 50 yrs (i.e. 0.5/yr)

Recently (duringthe past century): 1 every 3 weeks (i.e. 20/yr)

Data from Loope et al. (1988)


Why study invasions?

1. To understand how humans affect the distribution & abundance of other species.

2. Invasions are altering ecosystems worldwide.

3. Invasions are a major cause of extinctions.

4. Invasions impact multiple aspects of society (e.g. natural resources, technological systems, regional economies, human health).


Elton (1958) -

• first book to examine the phenomenon.

• identified invasions as a threat to the world’s distinct faunal realms.

• examined factors that promote or inhibit invasions.

• proposed hypotheses that are still being tested today.


Number of invasion books published since 1954

Simberloff (2004)

Num

ber

of B

ooks

1958

1954

1962

1966

1978

1970

1974

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

30

25

20

10

50

15


Importance of Marine Systems Importance of Marine Systems

Composed of many heavily invaded Composed of many heavily invaded ecosystemsecosystems

• EstuariesEstuaries• Rocky coastsRocky coasts

Important for economics yieldsImportant for economics yields• FishingFishing• LobstersLobsters• ShellfishShellfish

UnderstudiedUnderstudied

Biology and importance of Biology and importance of European Green Crab (European Green Crab (C. maenas)C. maenas)

Economic damage by consuming:Economic damage by consuming: Ecological damage by outcompeting, Ecological damage by outcompeting,

displacing: Native Crabsdisplacing: Native Crabs Environmental tolerances to abiotic factorsEnvironmental tolerances to abiotic factors

• Temperature: 22 to –1˚C Temperature: 22 to –1˚C • Salinity 54 to 4 ppt (great osmo-regulator)Salinity 54 to 4 ppt (great osmo-regulator)

Therefore due to its wide tolerances: Therefore due to its wide tolerances: Green crabGreen crab is a generalist and an is a generalist and an omnivore (eats almost anything!).omnivore (eats almost anything!).

Green crabGreen crab = Carcinus maenas = Carcinus maenas Native: Atlantic coasts of Native: Atlantic coasts of

EuropeEurope• Europe and northern Europe and northern

Africa Africa Invaded Areas: Australia, Invaded Areas: Australia,

South Africa & both coasts of South Africa & both coasts of North AmericaNorth America

Importance:Importance: Fecundity 185,000 to 250,000 Fecundity 185,000 to 250,000

eggs each brood and more eggs each brood and more than 1 a year!than 1 a year!• Long temporal record (187 Long temporal record (187

years)years)• Discovered in 1817 in New Discovered in 1817 in New

JerseyJersey• Lack of quantitative record Lack of quantitative record

and completenessand completeness

http://cars.er.usgs.gov/posters/Nonindigenous/Nonindigenous_Crustaceans/nonindigenous_crustaceans.html

Biology of HemigrapsusBiology of Hemigrapsus

Range:Range:• Covers Portland, Maine to Covers Portland, Maine to

North Carolina and North Carolina and spreading!spreading!

• Habitat:Habitat: Rocky & Rocky & cobblestone beachescobblestone beaches

Invaded New Jersey in Invaded New Jersey in 19871987

Short temporal but Short temporal but quantitative recordquantitative record

Fecundity: 50,000 eggs per Fecundity: 50,000 eggs per broodbrood• 4 to 5 broods in a single 4 to 5 broods in a single

breeding seasonbreeding season

http://cars.er.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Asian_shore_crab/asian_shore_crab.html

How did it get to all these places?How did it get to all these places?

Unintentional Vectors:Unintentional Vectors:• Ballast water transport of larvae formBallast water transport of larvae form• With live food trade of oysters and With live food trade of oysters and

lobsters or baitlobsters or bait• Research useResearch use• Released petsReleased pets• Secondary dispersal by currentsSecondary dispersal by currents

Green Vs. Asian Crab DurationGreen Vs. Asian Crab Durationof Data .of Data .

Green crab has a Green crab has a longer temporal and longer temporal and spatial record but spatial record but gaps in eachgaps in each

Asian shore crabs has Asian shore crabs has shorter temporal shorter temporal record but less gapsrecord but less gaps

Together, they offer a Together, they offer a chance to create the chance to create the first marine specific first marine specific model.model.

www.calacademy.org/

http://www.iisgcp.org/EXOTICSP/images/Japanese_shore_crab/hiraiso

Importance of the ProjectImportance of the Project

Species spread is a central themes in Species spread is a central themes in invasion biology invasion biology

Managing invasive species with Managing invasive species with scarce resources by prioritization. scarce resources by prioritization.

Identify which areas are most at risk Identify which areas are most at risk of becoming invaded of becoming invaded

Early detection has been shown to Early detection has been shown to increase chances of eradication of increase chances of eradication of invasive species invasive species

ObjectivesObjectives

To forecast the spread of marine To forecast the spread of marine aquatic invadersaquatic invaders

To determine the best approach to To determine the best approach to monitoring invasive speciesmonitoring invasive species

To develop a long term volunteer To develop a long term volunteer monitoring network.monitoring network.

QuestionsQuestions Is an invader absent in a location, or have we simply not Is an invader absent in a location, or have we simply not

observed it (in terms of probability)?observed it (in terms of probability)?

What is the effect of control (e.g., the removal of What is the effect of control (e.g., the removal of individuals) on the rate of spread?individuals) on the rate of spread?

How effective/reliable is a volunteer monitoring network?How effective/reliable is a volunteer monitoring network?

Where will Hemigraspus spread?Where will Hemigraspus spread?

What is the optimal monitoring strategy?What is the optimal monitoring strategy?

How sensitive is the spread model to life history How sensitive is the spread model to life history parameters? To what extent can we extrapolate directly to parameters? To what extent can we extrapolate directly to other species (i.e., putting bounds on parameters)?other species (i.e., putting bounds on parameters)?

Current ModelingCurrent Modeling

Ecological forecasting has been done Ecological forecasting has been done for terrestrial systems using:for terrestrial systems using:

Aquatic System: Yes for the fresh Aquatic System: Yes for the fresh water aquatic invasive Zebra Musselswater aquatic invasive Zebra Mussels

Marine: Only applied terrestrial Marine: Only applied terrestrial

models that overestimate spread of models that overestimate spread of MISMIS

General Methodology for SpreadGeneral Methodology for Spread

To forecast invasions we will merge:To forecast invasions we will merge:• continuous spread models continuous spread models • discrete ecological spread models (human)discrete ecological spread models (human)• population dynamicspopulation dynamics• GISGIS• Oceanographic models (currents, temp, S)Oceanographic models (currents, temp, S)

Target organism expanded to any Target organism expanded to any planktonically dispersed organismsplanktonically dispersed organisms

mollusks, fish, echinoderms, and other crustaceans mollusks, fish, echinoderms, and other crustaceans

Current ModelsCurrent Models Ecological forecasting has been done for Ecological forecasting has been done for

terrestrial systems using: terrestrial systems using: • Analytic models Analytic models

• reaction-diffusionreaction-diffusion• integro-difference models integro-difference models

Pro: Can characterize dispersal across the entire parameter Pro: Can characterize dispersal across the entire parameter space and often provide a simple metric of spread space and often provide a simple metric of spread

Con: Do not account for spatial heterogeneity, local Con: Do not account for spatial heterogeneity, local interactions, or stochasticity very well.interactions, or stochasticity very well.

• Individual based models that track the movement and Individual based models that track the movement and dynamics of each individual dynamics of each individual

Aquatic System: Dreissena polymorphaAquatic System: Dreissena polymorpha Marine: Only one attempt..Marine: Only one attempt..

Marinve Vs. Terrestrial Spread Marinve Vs. Terrestrial Spread RatesRates

(Grosholz, 1996)

Become a Super Sleuth, We need your help!

Please join the network at: www.invasivetracers.com

http://www.sgnis.org/kids/index.html

Who is in the monitoring network?Who is in the monitoring network?

The monitoring network will be constructed from The monitoring network will be constructed from volunteers across diverse groups, ranging from volunteers across diverse groups, ranging from college and high school students to coastal college and high school students to coastal communities:communities:

MIT, Bowdoin College, College of the AtlanticMIT, Bowdoin College, College of the Atlantic Elementary and High schools of many coastal states!Elementary and High schools of many coastal states! New England Aquarium’s Harbor Discoveries program, New England Aquarium’s Harbor Discoveries program,

College of the Atlantic Summer campCollege of the Atlantic Summer camp Acadia Institute of Oceanography Acadia Institute of Oceanography Schooner Sound LearningSchooner Sound Learning The Nature Conservancy The Nature Conservancy Six communities volunteers around Salem Sound, MASix communities volunteers around Salem Sound, MA

Participants of Pilot ProgramParticipants of Pilot Program

Time: Commences spring of 2005Time: Commences spring of 2005

Duration: 2 to 5 yearsDuration: 2 to 5 years

Benefits:Benefits:• To maximize the amount of human resources To maximize the amount of human resources • To maximize the effectiveness of monitoring To maximize the effectiveness of monitoring

MIS MIS • Volunteer based science a potential solution to Volunteer based science a potential solution to

the ever-decreasing funding availabilitythe ever-decreasing funding availability

Model to Forecast SpreadModel to Forecast Spread To predict rate and directionTo predict rate and direction Components:Components:

• propagule pressure & discrete spread (Shipping Activity)propagule pressure & discrete spread (Shipping Activity)• Abiotic conditions of the receiving environmentAbiotic conditions of the receiving environment• Population modelPopulation model• Continuous spreadContinuous spread

Large fecundity so cannot use individual based Large fecundity so cannot use individual based modelsmodels

Further, the consequences of currents and their Further, the consequences of currents and their inter-annual variability, environmental inter-annual variability, environmental heterogeneity, density dependence, and heterogeneity, density dependence, and stochasticitystochasticity

Monitoring is so important!Monitoring is so important!

Monitoring is composed of 2 componentsMonitoring is composed of 2 components• Detection (a single crab)Detection (a single crab)• AbundanceAbundance

Best techniques for monitoring depend on Best techniques for monitoring depend on objective, density of crabs in the area, and objective, density of crabs in the area, and the scale of the area (a beach vs. a whole the scale of the area (a beach vs. a whole coast of New England).coast of New England).

That citizen scientists in a regional (even That citizen scientists in a regional (even international) network can provide key international) network can provide key information for invasive monitoring even information for invasive monitoring even in the face of limited funding. in the face of limited funding.

Can you make a difference?Can you make a difference?

YES!!!YES!!! How?How? Do not release your pets into the wild Do not release your pets into the wild

“Free Willy Syndrome”“Free Willy Syndrome”• Gold fish in every pond in North AmericaGold fish in every pond in North America• Lion fish in the Atlantic Coast of North AmericaLion fish in the Atlantic Coast of North America• Piranhas in the Great LakesPiranhas in the Great Lakes• Bunnies on Lovell’s Island, Boston HarborBunnies on Lovell’s Island, Boston Harbor

Help scientists detect invasive species in Help scientists detect invasive species in your ‘hood!your ‘hood!• Early detection increases chance of eradicationEarly detection increases chance of eradication

Techniques for monitoringTechniques for monitoring

Quadrat searchesQuadrat searches• How many crabs in a How many crabs in a

square area of PVC pipesquare area of PVC pipe Transect SearchesTransect Searches

• Walk a vertical line and Walk a vertical line and collect any crabs that collect any crabs that you fine on that line.you fine on that line.

• Better for sites with low Better for sites with low densitiesdensities

• Needle (Crab) in a Hay Needle (Crab) in a Hay Stack (Beach)Stack (Beach)

Crab TrapsCrab Traps

http://www.dal.ca/~cstaicer/Images/marine2/pages/INTERTI&.htm

http://www.oberlin.edu/Geopage/Images/Transect.JPG

To help you need to memorize:To help you need to memorize: Asian shore crab have three teeth on Asian shore crab have three teeth on

each side of the eye and large claws. each side of the eye and large claws.

European Green crabs have 5 teeth European Green crabs have 5 teeth on each side of the eye.on each side of the eye.How many letter in the word "green"? How many letter in the word "green"? 5.5.How many teeth on each side of the How many teeth on each side of the eye on a European green crab? 5.eye on a European green crab? 5.

The native crabs, jonah and rock The native crabs, jonah and rock crab, both have 9 teeth and grow crab, both have 9 teeth and grow larger than both the invasive crabs. larger than both the invasive crabs. So if the crab has more than 6 teeth So if the crab has more than 6 teeth on eachon eachside of the eye the crab is native. side of the eye the crab is native. These two crabs are very hard toThese two crabs are very hard todifferentiate but that is OK because differentiate but that is OK because they are both native. they are both native.

Asian Shore Crab

European Green Crab

How do you tell if a crab is male or How do you tell if a crab is male or female?female?

The male has a thinner abdomen that look looks like light house. The female has a wider and more circular one that help it hold in hundred of thousands of eggs. This rule works for other species of crabs!

http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/ans/greencrab.htm

http://whyfiles.org/160invasive_spec/3.html

invasive tracers: csi mismo. predicting and monitoring the spread of marine invasive species:...

Documents

introduced species

invasive species background

mcgill university slide

invasion ecology

natural invasions

lecture slides

community ecology

invasion biologist