introduction to unix. 2 unix file system zdirectory organization zhierarchy of files &...
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Introduction to UNIX
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2
Unix File System
Directory OrganizationHierarchy of Files & Directories
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
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3
Unix File System
Identifying Files Using Full Path Names
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
/home/rdefe/mbox
Full Path Names Always begin with /
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Unix File System Identifying Files using Relative Path Names
Dependent on Your Location in the File System
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
data/jan/file1
Current Working Directory
mbox
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Directory Manipulation
mkdir [directory1] [directory2] … Create New Directories
$ mkdir mail$
$ mkdir mail$
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m ail m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe
Directories created based on your current location in the File System
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Directory Manipulation
cd [DirectoryName] Change Directory
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
$ cd data$ cd data
$ cd /home/djones$ cd /home/djones
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Directory Manipulation
pwd Display Present Working Directory
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
$ pwd/home/rdefe$
$ pwd/home/rdefe$
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Directory Manipulation
rmdir [directory1] [directory2] … Remove Empty Directories
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m ail m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe$ rmdir mail$
$ rmdir mail$
X
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Directory Manipulation
rm [-ri] [directory1] [directory2] … -r Remove Directories -i Interactive
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m ail m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe
X$ rm -r data$
$ rm -r data$
Caution: Will delete directories that have files & subdirectories
$ rm -i mboxmbox? y$
$ rm -i mboxmbox? y$
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Unix Commands
cp [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Copy A File -i Interactive
$ cp jan jan.copy$
$ cp jan jan.copy$
$ cp /home/jsmith/data mydata$
$ cp /home/jsmith/data mydata$
$ cp /home/jsmith/d5 /tmp/a5$
$ cp /home/jsmith/d5 /tmp/a5$
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Unix Commands
cp [-i] [File1] [File2] … [FileN] [Directory] Copy N number of files to a directory
$ cp jan feb mar data$
$ cp jan feb mar data$
$ cp p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$
$ cp p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$
$ cp jan data$
$ cp jan data$
Note: data is an existing directory
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Unix Commands
mv [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Rename a File Move a File to a Different Directory
$ mv jan feb$
$ mv jan feb$
$ mv jan /tmp/oldjan$
$ mv jan /tmp/oldjan$
$ mv jan /tmp$
$ mv jan /tmp$
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Unix Commands
mv [-i] [File1] [File2] … [FileN] [Directory] Move N number of files to a directory
$ mv jan feb mar data$
$ mv jan feb mar data$
$ mv p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$
$ mv p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$
$ mv jan data/oldjan$
$ mv jan data/oldjan$
Note: data is an existing directory
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Unix Commands
ln [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Create multiple names that all reference
the same data
$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$
$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$
1 $ vi feb$
$ vi feb$
2
$ cat jan$ cat feb$
$ cat jan$ cat feb$
3
Changes made to feb are reflected in jan feb and jan both reference the same data Changes made to one will be reflected in the other
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Unix Commands
How Links Work
$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ln feb mar$ ls jan feb mar$
$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ln feb mar$ ls jan feb mar$
jan
feb
mar
$ rm jan$ rm janUse the rm command to remove links
X
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Unix Commands
feb
mar
1582
How Links Work ls -i to display inode numbers ls -l to display number of links
$ ls -l-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 feb-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 mar$
$ ls -l-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 feb-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 mar$
$ ls -i1582 feb1582 mar$
$ ls -i1582 feb1582 mar$
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Unix Commands
ln [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Create multiple names that all reference
the same data
$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$
$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$
1 $ vi feb$
$ vi feb$2
$ cat jan$ cat feb$
$ cat jan$ cat feb$
3
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Unix Commands
ln [-i] [File1] [File2] … [FileN] [Directory] Create N number of linked files in a
directory$ ln jan feb mar data$
$ ln jan feb mar data$
$ ln p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$
$ ln p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$
$ ln jan data/oldjan$
$ ln jan data/oldjan$
Note: data is an existing directory
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Examplescp, mv, ln
$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
$ cp letter1 letter1.cp$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter11509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1.cp
$ mv letter1.cp doc$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
$ cp letter1 letter1.cp$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter11509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1.cp
$ mv letter1.cp doc$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
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Examplescp, mv, ln
$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
$ ln doc a$ ln a b$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 a1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 b1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
$ ln doc a$ ln a b$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 a1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 b1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1
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Examplescp, mv, ln
cp Makes new copies of filesmv Moves and/or renames filesln Create additional file names
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Unix Commands
grep [string] [File1] [File2] … Find a char string contained in a file Global Regular Expression Processor
$ cat datathis is a sample filethat we'll use to test theunix grep command.unix commands can some interestingnames
$ grep unix dataunix grep command.unix commands can some interesting
$ cat datathis is a sample filethat we'll use to test theunix grep command.unix commands can some interestingnames
$ grep unix dataunix grep command.unix commands can some interesting
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Unix Commands
grep [string] [File1] [File2] …
$ grep unix data wpdata:unix grep command.data:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.wp:this unix editor can$$ grep "unix comm" data wpdata:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.$
$ grep unix data wpdata:unix grep command.data:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.wp:this unix editor can$$ grep "unix comm" data wpdata:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.$
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Meta Characters
Special Characters with Special Meaning / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #
Used to Save time
$ ls a*z$ ls a*z
$ ls a*9*z$ ls a*9*z
$ cp a* data$ cp a* data
$ more data*$ more data*
$ rm junk*$ rm junk*
$ ls a*$ ls a*
* Match zero or more characters
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Meta Characters
Special Characters with Special Meaning / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #
Used to Save time
$ ls a?z$ ls a?z
$ ls a??$ ls a??
$ cp a? data$ cp a? data
$ more data?$ more data?
$ rm junk?$ rm junk?
$ ls a?$ ls a?
? Match any single character
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Meta Characters
Special Characters with Special Meaning / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #
Used to Save time
[ ] Match any single character in the list
$ ls a[abc]$ ls a[abc] aa, ab, ac
$ ls a[abc,0-9]z$ ls a[abc,0-9]z aaz, a9z, acz
$ ls a[adz,A-Z]$ ls a[adz,A-Z] aa, aZ, aA
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Meta Characters
Combining Meta Charaters
$ ls a?[123]$ ls a?[123] aa1, au3, az2
$ ls data*[89][12] $ ls data*[89][12] data81, data91, data82
$ ls mail?[xy]*$ ls mail?[xy]* mailxx1234, mail8y
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Meta Characters
. Current Directory .. Parent Directory ~ Home Directory
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
Current Directory
Parent Directory
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Meta Characters
Copy /home/djones/info to rdefe
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
$ cp /home/djones/info .$$
$ cp /home/djones/info .$$
pwd
$ cp ../djones/info .$
$ cp ../djones/info .$
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Meta Characters
Copy /home/rdefe/mbox to data
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
$ cp ../mbox tempmbox$$
$ cp ../mbox tempmbox$$
pwd
$ cp ../mbox .$
$ cp ../mbox .$
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Meta Characters
Other Examples...
usr var
file1, file2,file3, file4
jan
file1, file2,file3, file4
feb
data m box, letter,prog1, prog2
rdefe jsm ith
x1, x2, x3, x4
save m box, jandatinfo
djones
hom e etc lib
/
$ cp ../*.f .$
$ cp ../*.f .$
pwd
$ cp ../../rdefe/mbox .$
$ cp ../../rdefe/mbox .$
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…Even More Redirection
Output Normally Displayed to the Screen Can Be Redirected to a File
$ pr prog1 >> prog1.pr$
$ pr prog1 >> prog1.pr$
If the file prog1.pr exists append the output of the pr command to prog1.pr
Note: Nothing is displayed to the screen
If the file prog1.pr does not exist send the output of the pr command to a new file prog1.pr
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…Even More Redirection
UnixCommand | tee FileName Display Screen Output and Redirect to a
File
$ who | tee whoisonrdefe ttyp0 Aug 23 9:07 (dana)jsmith ttyp2 Aug 23 22:30 (dana)rdefe ttyp3 Aug 23 13:53 (dana)$
$ who | tee whoisonrdefe ttyp0 Aug 23 9:07 (dana)jsmith ttyp2 Aug 23 22:30 (dana)rdefe ttyp3 Aug 23 13:53 (dana)$
Output saved to the file whoison
Output displayed to the screenOutput displayed to the screen
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Shell Scripts
Text File that Contains Unix CommandsCorrect Command Syntax
Options Arguments
One Command per Line
$ cat myshellwhodate$
$ cat myshellwhodate$
$ rm * -i$ rm * -i
$ cat myshell2who;date$
$ cat myshell2who;date$
x