introduction to umts signalling and interfaces_oct2004_p
DESCRIPTION
UMTSTRANSCRIPT
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
1/891 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Introduction to UMTSSignalling and Interfaces
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
2/893 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Module topics
Introduction to 3G/UMTS signalling
Transport layer signalling and interfaces
Control layer signalling and interfaces
User layer signalling and interfaces
Summarised function of the 3G/UMTSinterfaces
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
3/894 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ObjectivesAfter this module the student will be able to:
Explain how the interfaces of a UMTS network can be divided into
stratums that work on different layers. Explain how the OSI model has been sub-divided in UMTS.
List and identify the protocols used in UMTS interfaces throughoutthe transport signalling layer of the network.
Explain the basic concept of ATM.
List and identify the protocols used in UMTS interfaces throughoutthe control-signalling layer of the network.
Name the basic functions of the RANAP, RNSAP and NBAP.
List and identify the protocols used in the network interfacesthroughout the user-signalling layer of the network.
When given a UMTS model, summarise the functions of the UMTSnetwork interfaces.
without using any references (if not otherwise stated).
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
4/895 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Combined GSM/UMTS Rel. 99 PLMNCN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs) domain
packet switched (ps) domain
commoncs & ps
networkelements
MSCVLR
GMSC
HLREIRAC
GGSNSGSN
PSTISD
corp.networ
WAP
PDNIP-backbone
CG
BillingCentre
BG
Inter-PLMNNetwork
UTRAN
RNCNode B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B RNS
RNSIub
Iub
Iur
Uu
Uu
UE
UE
BSC
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS BSS
BSS
Abis
Abis
Um
Um
MS
MS
GERAN
TRAU
TRAU
PCU
PCU
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
5/897 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Bearer & Signalling
UE Node B RNC
Uu Iub/Iur Iu
Core Network
MSC
3G
SGSN
RNCNode B
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
6/898 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Management layers of a UMTS network
The network can be visualised from the point of view ofthe elements, or from how the user and controlinformation is passed through the architecture.
Mobility Management (MM)
Communication Management (CM)
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
UE RAN CN
CS (circuit switched): Call control (CC), supplementary services (SS) and short message service (SMS).PS (packet switched): Session management
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
7/899 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
3G/UMTS Session Management
CNRAN
RANAP Connection
Radio Access Bearer
RANAP Connection
RRC Connection
UE
PacketNetwork
CircuitSwitchedNetwork
Packet Data ServiceSpeech Service
Video Service
Radio Access Bearer
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
8/8910 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
BS RNCMTUSIM Core Network Domains:
- MSC & GMSC (Circuit Switched)
- SGSN & GGSN (Packet Switched)
3G network structure
Access Stratum
Serving Stratum
Application Stratum
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
9/8911 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
OSI model
Transport Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Session Layer
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer
Application Layer Application Layer
User Data Control Data
Network Layer
Data (Link) Layer
Physical Layer
User Plane Control Plane
Transport Plane
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
10/89
12 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Transport plane (Access Stratum)
Defines how physical connection is establishedbetween the mobile terminal and the network
In the Uu interface, FDD-mode and TDD-mode(based on WCDMA) are used
In the UTRAN interfaces, ATM will be used:
- Iub
- Iur
- Iu-CS, Iu-PS
This section concentrates on ATM
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
11/89
14 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ATM cell
Always the same payload - 48 bytes (octets)
Overhead is almost 9.5%, due to the 5-octet header
Can carry any type of information
Two types of ATM cells
ATM UNI (User-Network Interface) cell;used forcommunication between ATM endpoints and ATM
switches ATM NNI (Network-Node Interface) cell;used for
communication between ATM switches
Header5 bytes
Payload48 bytes
53 bytes
Vi t l P th Vi t l Ch l
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
12/89
15 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Virtual Path (VP)
Virtual Channel (VC)
ATM CellVirtual Channel
Virtual Path
Virtual Channel = Virtual Circuit
Virtual Paths = Logical grouping ofVirtual Circuitsan ATM switchcan perform operations on groupsof Virtual Circuits
Transmission Path
= A bundle of Virtual Paths
Virtual Path, Virtual Channel,Transmission Path
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
13/89
16 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ATM UNI cell header - Content
VCI
GFC VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI PT CLP
HEC
123457 68
Payload
Header(5 bytes)
Payload(48 bytes)
GFC Generic Flow Control
GFC Provides local functions, such as identifying multiple stations that share a
single ATM interface. This field is typically not used and is set to its default value.
VPI Virtual Path Identifier
VPI: In conjunction with the VCI, identifies the next destination of a cell as it passes
through a series of ATM switches on the way to its destination.
VCI Virtual Channel Identifier
VCI: In conjunction with the VPI, identifies the next destination of a cell as it passes
through a series of ATM switches on the way to its destination.
PT Payload Type
PT: Indicates in the first bit whether the cell contains user data or control data. If
user data, the second bit indicates congestion, and the third bit indicates whether
the cell is the last in a series of cells that represent a single AAL5 frame.
CLP Cell Loss Priority
CLP: Indicates whether the cell should be discarded if there is congestion in the
network. If the CLP bit equals 1, the cell should be discarded in preference to cells
with the CLP bit equal to zero.
HEC Header Error Control
HEC: Calculates checksum only on the header itself.
Any cell that fails the header error check is instantly discarded by the network.
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
14/89
17 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ATM protocol layers
Physical layer defines the transmission medium.
ATM layer inserts and extracts the cell header.It also takes care of multiplexing and switching of cells.
AAL maps user data from higher layer into standard ATMcells to be transported over an ATM network. It also collectsinformation from ATM cells for delivery to higher layers.
PHYSICAL LAYER
ATM LAYER
AAL
ATM ADAPTATION LAYER
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
15/89
18 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ATM Adaptation Layer
Typical
Use
FixedConnection
Video&
Audio
FrameRelay
IPServices
AAL AAL1 AAL2 AAL5 AAL3/4
Connection Oriented Connectionless
Synchronised Not Synchronised
Constant VariableBit Rate
Source & Dest.
Connection
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
A B C D
ATM Service Classes
Convergence Sublayer
Segmentation and ReassemblySublayer
AAL
CS
SAR
Higher Protocol Layers
ATM Layer
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
16/89
19 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ATM example
VC2 / VP2
VC1 / VP1
RNC
ATMswitch
VC1 / VP1
BTS 1
AXC
VC3 / VP3VC3, VC4 / VP4
VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6 / VP7VC5 / VP5
VC6 / VP6
VC1/VP1 THROUGH-CONNECTED IN AXC2
VC/VP CROSS-CONNECTION TABLEVC3/VP4 VC3/VP 7VC4/VP4 VC4/VP 7VC5/VP5 VC5/VP 7VC6/VP6 VC6/VP 7
AXC / ATM switch
BTS 2
AXC
BTS 3
AXC
BTS 4
AXC
BTS 5
AXC
BTS 6
AXC
StandaloneAXC
CCS7 lower layers (review from GSM
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
17/89
20 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
CCS7 lower layers (review from GSMcourses)
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
18/89
24 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Iub, Iur, Iu-CS transport planesRNCBS
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL2 AAL2AAL5 AAL5
Control
Da
ta
Control
Da
ta
User
Data
User
Data
Iub
DRNCSRNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL2 AAL2AAL5 AAL5
Con
trol
Da
ta
Con
trol
Da
ta
User
Data
User
Data
Iur
RNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL2 AAL2AAL5 AAL5
Control
Data
Control
Data
User
Data
User
Data
Iu-CSCS CoreNetworkDomain
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
19/89
25 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Iu-PS, Iu-CS, Iur, & Iub: Transport Plane
Physical Layer
ATM
AAL2
Service: Variable bit rate Source & destination
synchronised connection orientated
AAL5
Service: Variable bit rate Source & destination
not synchronised connection orientated
control data
Iu-CS, Iu-PS, Iur, Iub
user data
Iu-PS
user data
Iu-CS, Iur, Iub
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
20/89
27 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Control plane ( Serving Stratum)
Transparent for the transport plane
Main protocols: NBAP Node B Application Part - Iub interface
RNSAP/Radio Network SubsystemApplication PartIur interface
RANAP/Radio Access Network ApplicationPartIu interfaces (CS and PS)
Also MAP and ISUP are presented (optionaltopics)
The following slides will introduce theseprotocols and their roles.
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
21/89
28 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Iub interface (NBAP)
RNCBS
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL5
NBAP NBAP
Convergence Protocol(s) Convergence Protocol(s)
AAL5
Iub
Common NBAP procedures:
Create UE contexts (neededbefore dedicated signallingprocedures can take place).
Control BCCH information
Dedicated NBAP procedures:
Related to specific UE context,examples:
Radio link addition,reconfiguration, deletion
Downlink power control
Dedicated measurementsignalling
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
22/89
30 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Iur interface (RNSAP)DRNCSRNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL5
RNSAP RNSAP
Convergence Protocol(s) Convergence Protocol(s)
AAL5
IurRNSAP protocol functions
Some examples: Radio link management
and supervision
Physical channel
reconfiguration Measurements, dedicated
resources
CCCH signalling transfer
Paging in URA or cell Etc.
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
23/89
31 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Signalling example: Radio link setup
RACH-Short Initial Access RRC Connection Request
Radio Link Setup
RRC Conn. Request AckFACH - Access Granted
Radio Link Setup Response
Synchronisation IndicatedUL DPCCH
DRNC SRNCBSUu Iub Iur
Radio Link Setup Response
Radio Link Setup
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
24/89
32 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Iu interface (RANAP)
Core NetworkDomains
RNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL5
RANAP RANAP
Convergence Protocol(s) Convergence Protocol(s)
AAL5
Iu RANAP protocol functionsSome examples:
RAB management
Controlling overload in Iu
Paging users
Controlling security inUTRAN
Location reporting/control
Etc.
The path of the bearer through the
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
25/89
33 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
The path of the bearer through thenetwork
IuCN Circuit Domain: - RT Traffic - Constant Bit Rates
CN Packet Domain: - NRT Traffic (RT Traffic) - Variable Bit Rates
RAB4
The path of the bearer - Circuit
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
26/89
34 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
The path of the bearer CircuitSwitched
Bearers to Setup or Modify:
Bearers to Keep:
Bearers to Release:
- Bearer ID- AAL2 ID- Binding ID (transport)
- Bearer ID
- Bearer ID- Release Cause
UE BS RNC CN - Circuit Switched Domain
Uu Iub Iu
RANAPRRC
NBAP
RANAPNBAP
= Radio Access Network Application Part= Node B (BS) Application Part
The path of the bearer - Packet
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
27/89
35 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
The path of the bearer PacketSwitched
Bearers to Setup or Modify
Bearers to Keep:
Bearers to Release:
- NSAPI- CN IP Address- GTP Flow Label
- NSAPI
- NSAPI- Release Cause
UE BS RNC CN - Packet Domain
Uu Iub Iu
RANAP
NBAP
RANAPNBAPNSAPIGTP
= Radio Access Network Application Part= Node B (BS) Application Part= Network Service Access Point Identifier= GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
RRC
R di A B i t
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
28/89
36 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Radio Access Bearer assignment
RAB Assignment Complete
RAB Assignment Request
RNCBSUu Iub Iu Core Network
Domains
RAB is configured to be used over the existing Radio Link(s)
rcu sw c e core ne wor -ISUP/MAP
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
29/89
37 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ISUP/MAP(optional topic)
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
Transport Protocol(s)
(OSI 1 - 3)
Convergence Protocol(s)
(OSI 4 - 6)
MAP
User plane ( Application Stratum)
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
30/89
41 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
User plane ( Application Stratum)
Signalling between the UE and the destination (forinstance an application server).
In the Uu interface, user plane is DPDCH plus the data itcarries.
User planes for other interfaces are shown in the followingfour figures.
Also, IP protocols are repeated (optional topics).
User plane in the Iub interface
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
31/89
42 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
User plane in the Iub interface
RNCBS
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL2
Frame Protocols for:
DCH, RACH and FACH
Frame Protocols for:
DCH, RACH and FACH
AAL2
Iub
User plane in the Iur interface
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
32/89
43 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
User plane in the Iur interface
DRNCSRNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL2
Frame Protocols forDCH
Frame Protocols forDCH
AAL2
Iur
User data on the Iu CS interface
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
33/89
44 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
User data on the Iu-CS interface
Core NetworkCircuit Switched Domain
RNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL2
User Data Streams User Data Streams
AAL2
Iu-CS
User data on the Iu PS interface
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
34/89
45 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
User data on the Iu-PS interface
Core Network
Packet Switched Domain
RNC
Physical Layer Physical Layer
ATM ATM
AAL5
IP
UDP
GTP
User Data Streams
IP
UDP
GTP
User Data Streams
AAL5
Iu-PS
TCP/IP background
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
35/89
46 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
TCP/IP background
Where, when and why was TCP/IP developed?
TCP/IP was developed for US military data networks inthe 1970s
TCP/IP is based on the concept of client server interaction
The first network to use this protocol was calledARPANET
Currently most widely used protocol in WAN and LAN
Who is responsible for Internet standards?
Today TCP/IP protocols are developed and standardisedby the InternetEngineering Task Force (www.ietf.org)
What is the difference between TCP/IP and OSI?
No session or presentation layers defined
This functionality is built into application layer protocols
ISO-OSILayer
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
36/89
47 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
ISO-OSI
Logical connection between source &destination
Physical Layer
(Data) Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
Physical and electro-magnetical propertiesof the transmission medium
Transmission of data frames between two con-
nected network elements; often error
correction
End-to-end flow and data integrity
Synchronisation of equivalent processes
Adaptation of data formats
Applications such as VoIP and telnet
ISOInternational Organisation for StandardisationOSIOpen Source Interconnection
Layer
TCP/IP vs OSI (simplified)
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
37/89
48 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
TCP/IP vs OSI (simplified)
Physical Layer
(Data) Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
Network Interface
(layer 1 and 2 arenot specified within
the Internet protocol suite)
Internet ProtocolARP, RARP
ICMP, IGMP
Transport (TCP, UDP)
Application
ISO OSI Model TCP/IP Protocol StackLayer
Client-server model
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
38/89
49 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Client-server model
Communication
Network
Communication
Network
ClientClient
ServerServer
IP Address logic
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
39/89
52 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
New Street Old Street
House 1 House 2 House 1 House 3
Network 1 Network 2
Host 1 Host 2 Host 1 Host 2 Host 3
Router A
Crossing A
IP Address logic
IP addresses
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
40/89
53 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
networklayer
L1
L2
IP addresses
Router 2
Router 3
Router 1
IP Network B
Internet
IP Network A
IP Network C
IP address
uniquenumber that identifiesa host on a network
Two types of IP addresses
PrivateIP addresscannot be senton a public network
PublicIP addresscan be sent on a public network
What is an IP address made up of?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
41/89
54 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
The 32 bits in an IP address are split between a unique:
Net ID,which represents the network to which the host or
gateway is attached.
Host ID,which uniquely identifies a specific host within that
network.
The Net ID always precedes the Host ID.
What is an IP address made up of?
Net ID Host ID
IP Address
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
42/89
55 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IP Address
11000000 01111010 01100010 01010000
Oktet 1 Oktet 2 Oktet 3 Oktet 4
32 bits
binary format dotted decimal format
192.122.98.
0
10
110
1110
Net ID
Net ID
Net ID
Multicast
0 1 7 8 31
31
31
31
15 160 1
0 1
0 1 2
2
2
3
3 4
23 24
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
16777214 users/net
0.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254
65534 users/net
128.0.0.1 to 191.255.255.254
254 users/net
192.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254
268435454 groups
224.0.0.1 to 239.255.255.255
1111 Reserved for special use
310 1 2 3 4
Class E
Netmask operation
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
43/89
56 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Netmask operation
192.168.0.0192.168.0.0
255.255.255.0255.255.255.0
192.168.0.1192.168.0.1
11000000.101010000.0000000.00000000 11000000.1010100.000000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.0000000011111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001 IP Address
Netmask
Decimal Representation
Bitwise ANDing
Binary Representation
NetworkAddress
Static and dynamic addressingk
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
44/89
57 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
y g
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
networklayer
L1
L2
Static IP addressPermanent IP address stored on theclient
Dynamic IP address- Dynamically allocated by the network element- Address could be used by different hosts at different times
IP routingt k
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
45/89
58 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
g
L1
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
L2
networklayer
L1
IP
L2
L1
IP
L2
Relay
Router
Routingis the process of selectingthe next destination using a routing
table.
Router Layer 3 switch decides were to
transmit the IP packetnext after analysis ofthe IP headerinformationdepending on datalink and physical linklayer, segmentationor reassembly maynecessary
Routing table: Example 1
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
46/89
59 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
g p
Destinat ion Mask Next hop Interface
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 Ethernet 0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Tokenring 0
192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.5 Ethernet 0
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.5 Tokenring 0
192.168.1.0/24192.168.0.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.0.5/24
192.168.2.3/24 192.168.1.1/24
192.168.1.5/24
Internet
192.168.0.1/24
Router 2
Router 1
Router 3
192.168.0.7/24
Ethernet 0 Tokenring 0
Internet Protocol version 6t k
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
47/89
60 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IPv6 is the replacementprotocol for IPv4
IPv6 offers 128-bit addresssize
Resulting in 3.40282 Exp 38 IP
addresses, lasting a lot longerthan IPv4
Advantages:
Extended address space
Flow labeling capabilities
Authentication and privacy
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
networklayer
L1
L2
Transport Layertransport
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
48/89
61 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
p y
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
transportlayer
L1
L2
L1
IP
L2
L1
IP
L2
Relay
Router
L1
IP
L2
L1
IP
L2
Relay
Router
Router Router
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
L1
L2
virtual connection
communication
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):adds reliability
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):best effort delivery
transportTransmission Control Protocol (TCP)
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
49/89
62 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IP
TCP
Appli-cation
L1
L2
transportlayer
Services by TCP:
provides reliabledata transfer between two IPend points
Its functionality includes:
Sequence numbering
Basic flow control
Packet acknowledgements and
Checksum for data corruption supervision
segmentation and reassembly
EthernetEthernet IPIP TCPTCP FTP (Data)FTP (Data) EthernetEthernet IPIP TCPTCP FTP (Data)FTP (Data)
FTP (Data)FTP (Data)
Packet 1. Packet 2.
transportUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
50/89
63 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IP
UDP
Appli-cation
L1
L2
transportlayer
Services by TCP:
provides fast, but unreliabledata transfer between twoIP end points
Used instead of TCP when
speed is more important than reliability, and/or
upper or lower layer protocols support reliable data
t transfer
EthernetEthernet IPIP TCPUDP FTP (Data)VoIP EthernetEthernet IPIP TCPUDP FTP (Data)VoIP
FTP (Data)Voice over IP
Packet 1. Packet 2.
Application layer protocolsapplication
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
51/89
64 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
TelnetThis application isused for providing virtualterminal (VT) sessionsbetween IP capable equipment
HTTPHyperText TransportProtocol is an applicationused to define WWW contentsand its transfer.
SMTPSimple Mail TransferProtocol is an applicationlayer protocol used for
Internet mail transfer. SNMPSimple Network
Management Protocol is anapplication used for networkmanagement.
IP
TCP/
UDP
Appli-cation
applicationlayer
L1
L2
Port Numbers and Sockets
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
52/89
66 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IP
Transport
Application
1
L1
L2
Application
2
one IP address
several applications
(port A) (port B)
Application Server 1
ApplicationServer 2
Data transmission between IP devices isuniquely identified by
Sender IP address and TCP/UDP port number
and
Receiver IP address and TCP/UDP port
number
Each application will have one or several portnumbers to identify the sender and receiver
applicationsServer side: Application port numbers are
typically fixed
Client side: Port numbers
are allocated dynamically
Port numbers run from 0 to 65536
Port Numbers and Sockets: Example
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
53/89
67 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
WWW-browserWWW-browser
TCPTCP
IPIP
Sender: 192.168.0.1
Receiver: 192.168.0.2
Layer 4: TCP
Sender: 192.168.0.1
Receiver: 192.168.0.2
Layer 4: TCP
Sender: 1137Receiver: 80 (HTTP)Sequence #: 13122
Sender: 1137Port: 80 (HTTP)Sequence #: 13122
HTTP: Get Page...
192.168.0.1: 1137 -> 192.168.0.2:80
Port: 1137
Protocol: TCP
WWW-browserWWW-server
TCPTCP
IPIP
Port: 80
Protocol : TCP
Address: 192.168.0.1 Address: 192.168.0.2
Client Server
TCP packet
IP packet
Network address translation (NAT)
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
54/89
68 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
IP address:10.1.1.2
NetworkAddress
Translation
IP router towardsan external network
PrivateNetwork
Public Network(Internet)
IP address:10.1.1.4
IP address:10.1.1.7
10.1.1.2123.45.40.2
10.1.1.7123.45.40.3
123.45.40.4 (currently not used)
Dynamic mapping ofinternal IP addresses to an
externally valid IP addressspace.
Makes internalinfrastructure invisible.
Network address and port translation(NAPT)
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
55/89
69 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
(NAPT)
10.1.1.210.1.1.310.1.1.410.1.1.510.1.1.254
NetworkAddressand Port
TranslationInternet
123.45.40.1:61002123.45.40.1:61003123.45.40.1:61004123.45.40.1:61005123.45.40.1:61254
IP Router outside theGPRS IP Core Network
GPRSbackboneSGSN
BSS
TIDxTIDyTIDz
GGSN
10.10.10.110.10.10.15
10.1.1.3
10.1.1.2
Components in IP networks
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
56/89
70 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Some of the other components of IPnetworks are:
Domain Name System (DNS)
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) Remote Authentication Dial In User
Service (RADIUS)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Firewalls
Domain Name System
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
57/89
71 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Domain Name System (DNS) is anapplication layer protocol
The purpose of a DNS is to convert 32bit IP addresses to symbolic names, forexample:
193.65.100.105 = www.nokia.com
The conversion is performed by theDomain Name Server
DNS server has a database containingIP addresses and correspondingsymbolic names
DNS server is based on a
Hierarchical model
Distributed model
How does DNS work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
58/89
72 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HOST
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA.COM?
Local DNS server
1
How does DNS work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
59/89
73 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HOST
root DNS server
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA.COM?
Local DNS server
1
2
How does DNS work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
60/89
74 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HOST
root DNS server
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA.COM?
Local DNS server
1
2.com DNS server
3
How does DNS work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
61/89
75 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HOST
root DNS server
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA.COM?
Local DNS server
1
2.com DNS server
3
.nokia.com DNS serve4
How does DNS work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
62/89
76 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HOST
root DNS server
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA.COM?
Local DNS server
1
2.com DNS server
3
.nokia.com DNS serve4
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA=
192.168.0.15
5.ntc.nokia.com DNSserver
How does DNS work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
63/89
77 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HOST
root DNS server
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA.COM?
Local DNS server
1
2.com DNS server
3
.nokia.com DNS serve4
GPRS.NTC.NOKIA=
192.168.0.15
5.ntc.nokia.com DNSserver
6
Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDHCP SERVER
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
64/89
78 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Provides automaticnetwork configurationinformation from theDHCP server to theDHCP client
The configurationinformation involves:
IP addressNetmask
Default gateway
IP addresses are notassigned permanently
to any client DHCP server contains a
poolof addresses which canbe
DHCP OFFER (A)ADDRESS: 192.168.1.51NETMASK: 255.255.255.0GATEWAY: 192.168.1.1LEASE TIME: 5 hours
DHCP OFFER (A)ADDRESS: 192.168.1.51NETMASK: 255.255.255.0GATEWAY: 192.168.1.1LEASE TIME: 5 hours
DHCP OFFER (B)ADDRESS: 192.168.1.52NETMASK: 255.255.255.0GATEWAY: 192.168.1.1LEASE TIME: 30 minutes
DHCP OFFER (B)ADDRESS: 192.168.1.52NETMASK: 255.255.255.0GATEWAY: 192.168.1.1LEASE TIME: 30 minutes
HOSTDHCP CLIENT
REMOTE ACCESS SERVERDHCP CLIENT
REMOTE HOST
Remote authentication dial in userservice
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
65/89
79 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
RADIUS protocol is used for thecentralised control of remote usersbetween several remote access servers(RAS)
Each RAS is connected, as a client, to a
central RADIUS server RADIUS server contains the information
needed for authentication of the remoteusers
It is also possible to assign dynamic IP
addresses to remote users usingRADIUS.
Virtual Private Network
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
66/89
80 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN allows remote users to securelycommunicate with a companys
network over a public, non-securenetwork such as the Internet
VPN involves a variety of encryptionand security mechanisms to make thevirtual link secure.
Tunnelling is used in VPN for makingsecure communications
VPN consists of four main components:
Remote user (VPN Client)
Network Access Server (NAS)
VPN Server
VPN Protocol
How does a VPN work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
67/89
81 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
1
How does a VPN work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
68/89
82 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
1
2
ISP
How does a VPN work?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
69/89
83 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
INTERNET
CompanyGateway
1
2
3
ISP
Company
How does a VPN work?CompanySecurity
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
70/89
84 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
INTERNET
CompanyGateway
Server
1
2
3
4
ISP
Company
How does a VPN work?CompanySecurity
S
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
71/89
85 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
INTERNET
CompanyGateway
Server
1
2
3
4
5
ISP
Company
How does a VPN work?CompanySecurity
S
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
72/89
86 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
INTERNET
CompanyGateway
Server
1
2
3
4
5
6
ISP
Company
How does a VPN work?CompanySecurity
S
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
73/89
87 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
INTERNET
CompanyGateway
Server
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ISP
Company
How does a VPN work?CompanySecurity
Server
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
74/89
88 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
VPN
Client
NAS
Securit
y
Server
INTERNET
CompanyGateway
Server
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ISP
Company
Firewall
t l b t i
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
75/89
89 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
controls accessbetween an insecureexternal network
(e.g. Internet) to the secure network of anorganisation
Screens all incoming and outgoing packets
degree of protection offered by a firewalldepends on itsconfiguration
FirewallAccess Policy
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
76/89
90 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Traffic
PermittedTraffic
Permitted
Traffic
Traffic
Process
Discarded
Packets
Process
Restricted Traffic
Restricted Traffic
Secure
Network
Access Policy
Firewall
Firewalls
A firewall is placed at the point where a
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
77/89
91 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
A firewall is placed at the point where asecure network connects to an insecure
network A firewall does not protect the network
against:
Theft of data by employees
Damage caused by virus infection
Attacks made on a network from within
the network
Generally, firewalls consists of threemain components:
Packet filtering
A lication level atewa s
Packet filtering
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
78/89
92 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Packet filtering can be implemented by
using a router
Packet filtering works filtering incomingand outgoing packets based on filteringrules before consulting the routingtable
Simple to implement and offers simplelevel of security
Does not hide network topology fromthe outside world
Application level gateways
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
79/89
93 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Performs application filtering (for
example, web proxy)
Also referred to as Proxies
Application filtering supports moresecurity policies than packet filtering
Application filtering can hide thenetwork topology from the outsidenetwork
Circuit level gateways
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
80/89
94 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
Circuit level gateways are a special
form of application level gateway.
Circuit level gateways operate at thesession layer of the OSI model or at theTCP layer of the TCP/IP model.
The function of circuit level gateways isto relay both TCP and UDP datagrams.
It offers no form of packet filtering orprocessing and often referred to astransparent gateways.
Circuit level gateways are implementedfor monitoring only outward boundconnections.
Summary of UMTS signalling andinterfaces
The next two slides summarise the implementation of
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
81/89
96 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
The next two slides summarise the implementation ofdifferent interfaces with respect to:
RAN interfaces
Core network interfaces
RANinterface
Iub Interface:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- ATM
- Communication Control Ports- Node B Control Ports
- RACH/FACH/DCH Data Portsforming UE Context(s)
Iur Interface:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
- ATM
- SCCP over CCS7
Frame Protocols for Dedicated
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
82/89
97 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
s
BS Functions:- Modulation
- Rate Matching- Error Protection in Uu Interface- Uu Interface Channelisation- Macro Diversity (Softer Handover)
Uu Interface:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- WCDMA (Wideband CodeDivision Multiple Access)
- DPDCH and DPCCH Channels
- Optimised, application-relatedprotocols suitable for bothpacket and circuit switchedtraffic
- Radio Link (RL) Setup- RL Reconfiguration- RL Addition- RL Deletion- Radio Access Bearer Mgmt
- Radio Link (RL) Setup- RL Reconfiguration- RL Addition- RL Deletion- Power Control Information
- Handover Signalling- Measurement Reports
Procedures
- Frame Protocols for DedicatedChannels over ATM
- Radio Link (RL) Setup- RL Reconfiguration
- RL Addition- RL Deletion- Power Control Information- Handover Signalling- Measurement Reports
Iu Interface for CN Packet Domain:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- ATM
- RANAP over CCS7 or IP
- GTP (GPRS TunnellingProtocol) over UDP/IPover AAL5
- Radio Access Bearer Management
- SRNC Relocation- Direct Transfer Procedures(Direct Signalling between UEand the CN Packet Domain)
Iu Interface for CN Circuit Domain:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- ATM
- RANAP over CCS7
- Optimised, application-relatedprotocols over ATM AAL2
- Radio Access Bearer Management- SRNC Relocation- Direct Transfer Procedures
(Direct Signalling between UEand the CN Circuit Domain)
BS
BS RNC
RNC
RNC Functions:Radio Resource Management
Telecommunication Management
- Admission Control- Code Allocation- Load Control- Power Control- Handover Control (HO)- Macro Diversity (Soft HO)
- Radio Access Bearer (RAB)- RAB - Radio Link Mapping
Core networkinterfacesIu Interface for CN Circuit Domain:
Transport Plane
Control Plane- ATM
VLR - VLR MM:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
- CCS7
- CCS7 MTP,SCCP and MAP
MSC - MSC Traffic & MM: Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
- CCS7
- CCS7 MTP & ISUPand MAP for MM
MSC/VLR - HLR MM:
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
83/89
99 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
HLR&AC&EIR
MSC&VLR GMSC (&VLR)
Iu PSTN
Gi
3G RAN
Iu Interface for CN Packet Domain:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- ATM
- RANAP over CCS7 or IP
- GTP (GPRS TunnellingProtocol) over UDP/IPover AAL5
- Radio Access Bearer Management- SRNC Relocation- Direct Transfer Procedures
(Direct Signalling between UEand the CN Packet Domain)
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- RANAP over CCS7
- Optimised, application-relatedprotocols over ATM AAL2
- Radio Access Bearer Management- SRNC Relocation- Direct Transfer Procedures
(Direct Signalling between UEand the CN Circuit Domain)
User Plane
Procedures- Security Parameter
Transfer
User Plane
Procedures- Traffic Path Setup (ISUP)- MSC-MSC Handover (MAP)
MSC/VLR HLR MM:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
Procedures
- CCS7
- CCS7 MTP,
SCCP and MAP
- Location Enquiry- Roaming Nbr Allocation- Location Registration- Security Parameter Alloc.
SGSN - GGSN:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
- ATM
- IP (GTP)
- IP
GGSN - Public IP:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
- ATM
- IP
CN Service Domain:Transport Plane
Control Plane
User Plane
- CCS7
- CCS7, MTP,SCCP, MAP,INAP, CAMEL
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
84/89
101 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
3G/UMTS Signalling and Interfaces
Review Questions
Review (1/2)MSC
RAN
Mobility CoreControl
Transport PCM
LapDControl
Transport PCM
BSSAP
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
85/89
102 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
PCM
ISUP
ATM
RANAP ov er CCS7
Iu-PS
RANAP o ver CCS7,
(later also ov er IP)
ATM
RNSAP
Iub
ATM
NBAP
TCSM
RAN
BSCMSC
ATM
Module
2G
SGSN
3G
SGSN
RNC
RNC
Gb
Abis HLR
p
InterfaceA
Transport
InterfacePCM
Control
Transport
Iu-CS
Control
Transport
Interface
Control
TransportInterface
ATM/IP
Iur
Control
Transport
Interface
Control
Transport
Interface
GSMBTS
WCDMABTS
PSTN
Review (2/5)
2 Which of the following sentences about the Radio Access Bearer is true?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
86/89
104 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
2. Which of the following sentences about the Radio Access Bearer is true?
a. The RAB carries a connection between the terminal and the core
network.b. The RAB is a radio link signalling protocol.c. Voice is the only information on a RAB.d. All of the above.
3. Which of the following sentences about the Radio Resource Connection(RRC) is true?
a. The RRC is the connection between the terminal and the core network,upon which traffic is transferred.b. The RRC is the connection between the terminal and Radio AccessNetwork and contains the Radio Access Bearers.c. The RRC is the connection between the Radio Access Network andcore network and contains all the RABs from different terminals.
Review (3/5 )
4. Which of the following sentences about the ATM connection is correct?
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
87/89
105 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
4. Which of the following sentences about the ATM connection is correct?a. The virtual channels contain virtual paths for the data.b. There is one virtual path per virtual channel.c. One virtual circuit contains at the most one virtual channel.d. One virtual path can contain many virtual channels.
5. In the RNC, what is the function of the MAC (Medium Access Control)?
a. Selection of data to be inserted in Radio Frame.b. Selection of common channels.
c. Multiplexing of logical channels to transportation channels.d. Ciphering for real-time traffic.e. All of the above.
Review (4/5 )6. Which of the following sentences best describes the function and role of theNBAP protocol?
a. It is the protocol used between the network and the PSTN and used for callset up purposes
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
88/89
106 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
set-up purposes.b. It is the protocol used between two RNCs. It is used when one NC needs to
signal a cell in an URA and when performing soft handovers.c. It is the protocol used between the core network and the RNC and used forthe management of resources.d. It is the protocol used between the RNC and the BTS and used to control theallocation of resources.
7. Which of the following sentences best describes the function and role of theRANAP protocol?
a. It is the protocol used between the network and the PSTN and used for callset-up purposes.b. It is the protocol used between two RNCs and used when one RNC needs tosignal a cell in an URA and performing soft handovers.c. It is the protocol used between the core network and the RNC and used forthe management of resources.d. It is the protocol used between the RNC and the BTS and used to control the
allocation of resources.
Review (5/5 )8. Which of the following sentences best describes the function and role of the
RNSAP protocol?
a It is the protocol used between the network and the PSTN and used for call
-
5/31/2018 Introduction to UMTS Signalling and Interfaces_Oct2004_p
89/89
107 NOKIA 6-65766 v.5 / 25.10.2004
a. It is the protocol used between the network and the PSTN and used for callset-up purposes.
b. It is the protocol used between two RNCs. It is used when one RNC needs tosignal a cell in an URA and when performing soft handovers.c. It is the protocol used between the core network and the RNC and used forthe management of resources.d. It is the protocol used between the RNC and the BTS and used to control theallocation of resources.
9. Which of the following sentences best describes the function and role of the
ISUP protocol?a. It is the protocol used between the network and the PSTN and used for callset-up purposes.b. It is the protocol used between two RNCs. It is used when one RNC needs tosignal a cell in a URA and when performing soft handovers.c. It is the protocol used between the core network and the RNC and used forthe management of resources.d. It is the protocol used between the RNC and the BTS and used to control theallocation of resources.