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  • PART 6NTRODUCTION TOTRANSISTORSPART 6NTRODUCTION TOTRANSISTORSPART 6NTRODUCTION TOTRANSISTORS

  • WHAT IS A TRANSISTOR???WHAT IS A TRANSISTOR???WHAT IS A TRANSISTOR???WHAT IS A TRANSISTOR???IS A THREE TERMINAL DEVICE THAT HAS THE ABILITY TO AMPLIFY SIGNALS???IS A THREE TERMINAL DEVICE THAT HAS THE ABILITY TO AMPLIFY SIGNALS???IS A THREE TERMINAL DEVICE THAT HAS THE ABILITY TO AMPLIFY SIGNALS???IS A THREE TERMINAL DEVICE THAT HAS THE ABILITY TO AMPLIFY SIGNALS???

  • WHAT ARE THE DIFFERERENTTYPES OF TRANSISTORS???TRANSISTORSNPNMOSFETPNPENHANCEMENTDEPLETION PCHANNELNCHANNELJFETBIPOLAR JUNCTIONTRANSISTORFIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR

  • WHAT ARE THE ASSOCIATEDTRANSISTOR SYMBOLS???WHAT ARE THE ASSOCIATEDTRANSISTOR SYMBOLS???WHAT ARE THE ASSOCIATEDTRANSISTOR SYMBOLS???

  • HOW ARE BJT s CONSTRUCTED???HOW ARE BJT s CONSTRUCTED???HOW ARE BJT s CONSTRUCTED???NNP0.001 in.BASE REGION THICKNESSLIGHTLY DOPEDEMITTERHEAVILYDOPEDCOLLECTORMEDIUM DOPED

  • WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???BASE>>>> SERVES AS THE INPUT TERMINAL! CONTROLS CURRENT FLOW FROM EMITTER TO COLLECTOR!BASE>>>> SERVES AS THE INPUT TERMINAL! CONTROLS CURRENT FLOW FROM EMITTER TO COLLECTOR!BASE>>>> SERVES AS THE INPUT TERMINAL! CONTROLS CURRENT FLOW FROM EMITTER TO COLLECTOR!

  • WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR OUTPUT OR OUTPUT TERMINAL! ACTS AS THE SOURCE OF CURRENT CARRIERS!!EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR OUTPUT OR OUTPUT TERMINAL! ACTS AS THE SOURCE OF CURRENT CARRIERS!!EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR OUTPUT OR OUTPUT TERMINAL! ACTS AS THE SOURCE OF CURRENT CARRIERS!!EMITTER>>>> MAY SERVE AS INPUT OR OUTPUT TERMINAL! ACTS AS THE SOURCE OF CURRENT CARRIERS!!

  • WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BJT TERMINALS???COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES AS OUTPUT TERMINAL!! COLLECTS CURRENT CARRIERS FROM EMITTER!!!COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES AS OUTPUT TERMINAL!! COLLECTS CURRENT CARRIERS FROM EMITTER!!!COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES AS OUTPUT TERMINAL!! COLLECTS CURRENT CARRIERS FROM EMITTER!!!COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES AS OUTPUT TERMINAL!! COLLECTS CURRENT CARRIERS FROM EMITTER!!!COLLECTOR>>>> SERVES AS OUTPUT TERMINAL!! COLLECTS CURRENT CARRIERS FROM EMITTER!!!

  • WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONSOF BJT???WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONSOF BJT???WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONSOF BJT??? AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS SWITCHING CIRCUITS PROTECTION CIRCUITS TIMING CIRCUITS CONTROL CIRCUITS

  • WHAT ARE THE REQUIEREMENTS FOR BJT TO OPERATE???WHAT ARE THE REQUIEREMENTS FOR BJT TO OPERATE???WHAT ARE THE REQUIEREMENTS FOR BJT TO OPERATE???WHAT ARE THE REQUIEREMENTS FOR BJT TO OPERATE???BASE MUST BE CONNECTED TOWARDS POSITIVE SIDE OF SUPPLY

    EMITTER MUST BE CONNECTED TOWARDS NEGATIVE SIDE OF SUPPLY

    COLLECTOR MUST BE SUPPLIED BY POSITIVE STRONGER THAN BASE POSITIVE SUPPLY.BASE MUST BE CONNECTED TOWARDS POSITIVE SIDE OF SUPPLY

    EMITTER MUST BE CONNECTED TOWARDS NEGATIVE SIDE OF SUPPLY

    COLLECTOR MUST BE SUPPLIED BY POSITIVE STRONGER THAN BASE POSITIVE SUPPLY.

  • WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENTMODES OF BJT OPERATION???WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENTMODES OF BJT OPERATION???CUT OFFFACTIVE SATURATIONCUT OFFFACTIVE SATURATIONCUT OFFFACTIVE SATURATION

  • CUT OFFCUT OFFCUT OFFBASE EMITTER, BASE COLLECTOR JUNCTIONS ARE BOTH REVERSE BIAS!!!BASE EMITTER, BASE COLLECTOR JUNCTIONS ARE BOTH REVERSE BIAS!!!BASE EMITTER, BASE COLLECTOR JUNCTIONS ARE BOTH REVERSE BIAS!!!

  • ACTIVEACTIVEACTIVE BASE EMITTER JUNCTIONS ARE FORWARD BIAS, BASE COLLECTOR JUNCTION ARE REVERSE BIASED!!!

  • SATURATIONSATURATIONSATURATIONBOTH BASE EMITTER AND BASECOLLECTOR JUNCTIONS AREFORWARD BIASED!!!

  • BASIC OPERATION OF AN NPN BJTANALYSIS OF OPERATIONANALYSIS OF OPERATIONANALYSIS OF OPERATIONIN THIS SET UP, BASEEMIITER JUNCTION IS FORWARD BIASWHILE BASE COLLECTORJUNCTION IS REVERSE BIAS!!!IN THIS SET UP, BASEEMIITER JUNCTION IS FORWARD BIASWHILE BASE COLLECTORJUNCTION IS REVERSE BIAS!!!

  • EQUIVALENTSCHEMATIC CIRCUIT!!!

    NOTE: THIS KINDOF DRAWING ISCALLED CLOSE LOOP!!!

  • OPEN LOOP STYLE OF SCHMETIC DIAGRAM+ VccVceVeVcVbeVbcVbBJT MOST IMPORTANTVOLTAGES

  • THE COLLECTOR CURVES AND THE DC LOAD LINE THE COLLECTOR CURVES AND THE DC LOAD LINE THE COLLECTOR CURVES AND THE DC LOAD LINE THE COLLECTOR CURVES AND THE DC LOAD LINE IcsatIcsat

  • THE SATURATION POINTTHE SATURATION POINTTHE SATURATION POINTTHE SATURATION POINTTHE CUT OFFTHE CUT OFFTHE CUT OFFTHE CUT OFF POINTTHE ACTIVE POINTTHE ACTIVE POINTTHE ACTIVE POINTTHE ACTIVE POINT

  • THE TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

    Base bias is useful in digital circuits as this as this circuits usually operates in saturation orcut off. This means that the output is eitherlow or high output voltage.THE TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

    Base bias is useful in digital circuits as this as this circuits usually operates in saturation orcut off. This means that the output is eitherlow or high output voltage.THE TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

    Base bias is useful in digital circuits as this as this circuits usually operates in saturation orcut off. This means that the output is eitherlow or high output voltage.THE TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

    Base bias is useful in digital circuits as this as this circuits usually operates in saturation orcut off. This means that the output is eitherlow or high output voltage.

  • Recognizing Hard Saturation Recognizing Hard Saturation Recognizing Hard Saturation 1. Often the base voltage and collector voltage are equal

    2. If this is the rule , the ratio is 10:1 which means that Base resistance is ten times greater than collector resistance

  • Topic Evaluation:

    1. What are the requirements of an NPN type BJT to operate? 2. What are the three modes f BJT operation? 3. What are the applications of of a BJT? 4. How many transistor voltages are there? 5. Among the different transistor voltages, which one is the most important? 6. What is the approximate value of Vce if BJT is cut off? 7. What BJT voltage remains constant regardless of Vcc value? 8. What is the approximate value of Vce if BJT is saturated? 9. What happens to CE resistance if BJT is working as a switch? 10. What device or circuit do BJT comparable in terms of testing?

  • BASIC AMPLIFIER PRINCIPLESBASIC AMPLIFIER PRINCIPLESBASIC AMPLIFIER PRINCIPLESBASIC AMPLIFIER PRINCIPLES1. There exist a RESISTANCE between EMITTER AND COLECTOR.2. CE resistance is CONTROLLED BY BASE BIAS.3. MORE base bias, CE resistance decreases.4. LESS base bias, CE resistance increases.5. VARYING base bias, CE resistance varying.6. Variation of CE resistance is PROPORTIONAL to base bias variations.

  • TRANSISTOR BIASINGTRANSISTOR BIASINGTRANSISTOR BIASING The VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS

  • Associated Formulas

    Divider current: I =

    Base Voltage: VB =

    Emitter Voltage: VE = VB - VBE

    Emitter Current: IE =

    VCEQ = ICQRC - IERE

    OR VCC - IE(RC+RE)

    IB = VccR1+R2 VE RE R2R1+R2VCC IE 1 + hFE

  • IBBASE BIAS OR FIXED BIAS ASSOCIATED FORMULAS ASSOCIATED FORMULAS

    IB = VCC - VBE

    RB

    IC = hFE IB -------- for Q point value

    VCE = VCC _ ICRC---- for Q point value

  • Constructing a DC load line for Base Bias Determine Q pts for VCE and IC?

    SOLUTION IB = VCC - VBE = 20.28uA RB

    IC = hFE IB = 2.028mA

    VCE = VCC - ICRC = 3.94mA

    ICSAT = Vcc / RC = 4mA

    VCEoff = VCC = 8V0 2 4 6 843210Q POINTVCC = 8V

  • EMITTER BIAS ASSOCIATED FORMULAS Ic

    IEIB RB RC 360K 2K

    =100+VCC VEE - VBE REIE =+VEE ICQ = VEE - VBE RESINCE IC APPROX. EQUAL TO IEVCEQ = VCC - ICQRC = 6.53mATO SOLVE FOR ICSAT AND VCEOFF 2VCC RC + RE

    VCEOFF = 2VCC

    note : only if two supplies are equal

    ICSAT =

  • RC 750

    =100+VCC = 12V-VEE 12VEXAMPLE: SOLVE FOR : ICQ AND VCEQ RB RE100 1.5KSOLUTION:

    VEE - VBE REICQ = =7.53mAnote: IC IS APPROX. EQUAL TO IE

  • What is an amplifier GAIN?

    Gain of an amplifier is mainly determined by the HFE or hfe rating of a particular BJT.

    Gain is number that is used to multiply the input so as to predict the expected output level. BJT HFE are typically between50 to 400

  • What is an amplifier GAIN?

    The ability of a transistor to amplify is referred to as current gain. Beta() is thecurrent gain of a common emitter amplifier.Also sometimes called forward current transfer ratio(HFE).

    dc = IC / IB ac = ic / ib

  • BASIC AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSBASIC AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSBASIC AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSBASIC AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS1. COMMON EMITTERinput is applied to base and output is taken at collector.2. COMMON BASEinput is applied to emitter and output is taken at collector.3. COMMON COLLECTOR...input is applied to base and output is taken at emitter

  • Bipolar Transistor Definitions

    VCC---- supply voltage connected to collectorVEE---- supply voltage connected to emitterVBB---- supply voltage connected to baseVc----- Collector voltage to groundVB----- Base voltage to groundVE----- Emitter voltage to groundVCE---- Collector Emitter VoltageVBE---- Base emitter voltageBVCEO--DC breakdown voltage collector to emitter with base open.

  • BVCBO---DC breakdown voltage , collector to base with emitter open.BVEBO---DC breakdown voltage, emitter to base with collector open.IE--------Emitter currentIB--------Base CurrentIC--------Collector currentIcmax-----maximum allowable current

  • Two stage amplifier+ Vccinputoutput100K 2.2K 10K

    22K 2201uF1uF


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