introduction to the kyoto mechanism and future of kyoto in canada presentation to: canadian bar...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada
Presentation to:
Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Lawand
National Environmental Energy and Resources Law Sections
April 25, 2007
Gray E. TaylorBennett Jones LLP
[email protected](416) 777 5769
34th Floor1 First Canadian PlaceToronto, ON M5X 1A4
Other Bennett Jones LLP Offices:
4500 Bankers Hall East
855 – 2nd Street S.W.
Calgary, AB T2P 4K7
1000 ATCO Centre
10035 – 105 Street
Edmonton, AB T5J 3T2
![Page 2: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Outline of Presentation International Law
UNFCC, Kyoto Protocol and Marrakesh Accords Kyoto Protocol
General Mechanisms Compliance Requirements
Canada Kyoto Target and Gap Provincial Differences Harper Government’s Plan and Former Liberal Government’s Plan Current Canadian Bills and Legislation
Provinces Alberta’s Climate Change and Emissions Management Act and Specified
Gas Emitters Regulation Issues for Business Lawyers
![Page 3: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
International Law
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – 1992 approximately 190 parties have ratified, including the U.S. aim of stabilizing GHGs in atmosphere based on precautionary principle “common but differentiated responsibilities” – developed
countries to bear greater burden contemplated protocols (patterned on Vienna Convention
and Montreal Protocol)
![Page 4: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
International Law (cont’d)
Kyoto Protocol negotiated – December, 1997 but ratified and in force only
on February 16, 2005 ratified by 84 countries
Marrakesh Accords agreed in 2001but only approved at COP/MOP 1 (Montreal)
in force in December, 2005 creates detailed “regulations” for implementing Kyoto
Protocol
![Page 5: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Kyoto Protocol
numerical limits (“caps”) on developed country GHG emissions on average for five-year period 2008-2012 (see next slide for numbers)
GHGs are CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
![Page 6: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Kyoto Protocol (cont’d)
non-compliance leads to Facilitative Branch of Compliance Committee and/or
Enforcement Branch enforcement includes
loss of use of Kyoto Mechanisms requirement in next compliance period to achieve targets plus
130% of shortfall
![Page 7: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Country CAPS (% of 1990 (or other base year) emissions)
Australia 108** Greece 92 Norway 101 Austria 92 Hungary* 94 Poland* 94 Belgium 92 Iceland 110 Portugal 92 Bulgaria* 92 Ireland 92 Romania* 92 Canada 94 Italy 92 Russian Federation* 100 Croatia* 95 Japan 94 Slovakia* 92 Czech Republic* 92 Latvia* 95 Slovenia* 92 Denmark 92 Liechtenstein 92 Spain 92 Estonia* 92 Lithuania* 92 Sweden 92 European Community 92 Luxembourg 92 Switzerland 92 Finland 92 Monaco 92 Ukraine* 100 France 92 Netherlands 92 United Kingdom 92 Germany 92 New Zealand 100 United States 93**
*Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy**Countries that did not ratify Kyoto Protocol
Note: no “caps” for developing countries such as China, India, Korea, Brazil and Mexico.
![Page 8: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Kyoto Mechanisms
Emissions Trading On January 1, 2008, developed country parties are issued
Assigned Amount Units (“AAUs”) equal to cap Parties can sell unneeded AAUs Primarily “economies in transition”
(Russia, Ukraine, Poland, etc. have “hot air”) Other countries may trade too
rely on other Kyoto Mechanisms rely on buying later rely on domestic reductions
Reserve requirement (must keep 90% of original allocation or five times most recent inventory)
![Page 9: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Kyoto Mechanisms (cont’d)
Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”) projects in developing countries that reduce GHG emissions
against baseline “baseline” is “what would have happened without project” generates Certified Emission Reductions (“CERs”) that can
be sold to developed country parties or authorized participants
sustainable development goals
![Page 10: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Kyoto Mechanisms (cont’d)
Joint Implementation projects in developed countries (including Russia and the
Ukraine) that reduce GHG emissions generates Emission Reduction Units (“ERUs”) host country converts AAUs into ERUs and assigns to
another party or authorized participant
![Page 11: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Kyoto Mechanisms (cont’d)
Private entities can participate directly in Kyoto Mechanisms (CDM or JI) if authorized by a party
Canada can authorize participation of Canadian subsidiaries of US companies entities from other countries provinces and cities NGOs
but Canada will be responsible for ensuring each such entity’s participation complies with Kyoto
![Page 12: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
What “Kyoto” means to Ratifying Developed Countries
Allocation to developed country parties of “permits” (i.e. AAUs) to emit GHGs
First Commitment period is 5 years (2008-2012) Kyoto Registry
5 x “cap” allocated in AAU’s Cap is “Country Cap” % x 1990 GHG emissions (e.g.
Canada is 94% x approximately 596 MT = approximately 560 MT)
![Page 13: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
What “Kyoto” means to Ratifying Developed Countries (cont’d)
Total GHG emissions in First Commitment Period cannot exceed AAU’s
UNLESS country uses the Kyoto Mechanisms
Total GHG emissions to be less in total than all AAUs + CERs + ERUs + RMUs*
*RMUS are “removal units” generated by a land use, land use change or forestry sinks in a developed country during a commitment period
![Page 14: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
1990 2000 2010
approximately596
approximately 830
GHG Emissions in Megatonnes (millions of tonnes) of CO2 equivalent 2003 GAP
180 MT
“Business as Usual” Gap is approximately 265 MTon average over 2008-2012
2003 Emissions:740 MT
Kyoto Target Analysis for Canada
“Business as Usual” Compared to Kyoto Commitment*
approximately560 MT
* Based on 2006 data
850
20122008
![Page 15: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Canada’s Kyoto Challenge (as seen in 2002)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
Mt
CO
2 e
qu
iva
len
t
Source: Canadian Climate Change Secretariat, January 2002
1990Emissions607 Mt
1999705 Mt
2010Emissions800 Mt
Kyoto Target571 Mt
BAU GAP238 Mt or 30%
Business asUsual
![Page 16: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
National Unity: GHG Emissions by Province, 2004
* Will Alberta or other Provinces challenge constitutionality of federal Kyoto legislation?
![Page 17: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Harper Government’s Plan Bill C-30 and Notice of Intent to Regulate (October, 2006)
mixed regulation of GHGs with regulation of air pollutants targets
2010-2015 target setting based on emissions intensity 2020*-2025 more stringent emissions intensity targets 2050* absolute reductions of 45% to 55% against 2003**
levels cost Rona Ambrose her job
Canadian public, even in Alberta, is pro climate change regulation and largely pro Kyoto
* What happened to 2015-2020 and to 2025-2050?**Kyoto Protocol uses 1990 and this got Canada a “fossil of the day” award in Nairobi at COP/MOP2
![Page 18: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Harper Government’s Plan (cont’d)
New Plan to be announced this week(?) according to Environment
Minister Baird “made in Canada” solution clearly hostile to “country to country” AAU emissions trading
as may involve “hot air” likely hostile to Joint Implementation trading as may involve
“hot air” possibly open to Clean Development Mechanism trading on
a limited basis
![Page 19: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Reductions (Annual) (2008 to 2012)
Large Final Emitters (LFE) (intensity-based using emissions trading and offset)*
36 – 45 MT —
Climate Fund (Domestic Offset and International Kyoto Units Purchases)
75 – 115 MT $4 - $5 billion (about $50 per tonne)
Partnership Fund (with Provinces) 55 – 85 MT $2 – $3 billion
Automobile Industry 5.3 MT —
Renewable Energy 15 MT $1 billion
One Tonne Challenge 5 MT $120 million
Existing Federal Programs 40 MT $2.8 billion
“Business as Usual” Sinks (e.g. Forestry and Agriculture)
10 MT – 30 MT** —
Total 240MT - 300 MT $9 billion - $11 billion(about $40 per tonne)
Canada: Principal Elements of Project Green (May, 2005) – Former Liberal Government
* cap of $15/tonne on cost of shortfall credits**doubtful because of mountain pine beetle
![Page 20: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Canadian Statutes
Clean Air Act: Bill C-30 government vs. opposition
both deal with GHGs and air pollutants (constitutional issue?) opposition prescribes
meeting Kyoto targets use of Green Investment Bank to issue credits at $20/tonne in 2008, $25/tonne in
2009 and 2010 and $30/tonne in 2011 and 2012 and reduction targets for 2020, 2035 and 2050 of 20%, 35% and 60%-80% from 1990
levels (see revised Bill C-30 at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteePublication.aspx?SourceId=198462)
government argues this is cost prohibitive (see “The Cost of Bill C-288 to Canadian Families and Business” at http://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/media/m_123/report_eng.pdf
![Page 21: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Canadian Statutes (cont’d)
Kyoto Implementation Act: Bill C-288 requires Government to submit a plan to meet Kyoto targets
within 180 days passed Commons and now in Senate (Baird testimony)
Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 GHG reporting already GHGs already declared “toxic” and can be regulated
(including emissions trading provisions) may be used as Harper government will not likely proceed
with Bill C-30 and detests Bill C-288
![Page 22: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Alberta
Climate Change and Emissions Management Act Program
Specified Gas Reporting Act Bill 3 (now law) and Specified Gas Emitters Regulation
(pending)
Other Provinces Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia Voluntary Emissions Reductions (VERs)
standards, trading
![Page 23: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Where Did We Start in Alberta?
Climate Change and Emissions Management Act (CCEMA) – in force 2003
CCEMA provided a legislative framework to regulate GHGs, but was very dependent upon future regulations
Specified Gas Reporting Regulation (SGRR) – in force 2004
SGRR requires specified gas reports from large GHG emitters
![Page 24: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
What’s New?
Bill 3 - Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act (announced March 2007 and in force April 2007)
Bill 3 is largely an amendment to the enforcement provisions of the CCEMA Broad inspection and investigation powers Compliance orders Administrative Penalties/Offences/D&O Liability Limited appeals to Environmental Appeals Board
Specific regulation of GHGs is covered in the new proposed regulation
![Page 25: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (SGER)
Basic Obligation – 12% Emissions Intensity Reduction Applies to “facilities” that release 100,000 tonnes or more
of specified gases into the environment in a year 2007 Emissions Intensity Limits – “net emissions intensity”
for “established facilities” must be 88% of “baseline emissions intensity” (“BEI”) for the period July 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007
2007 Emissions Intensity Limits – vary for “new facilities” “New facilities” may include currently operating facilities
![Page 26: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Baseline Emissions Intensity (BEI)
Part 4 of SGER Application for BEI
apply for BEI by September 1, 2007 if established facility or in fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh or eighth year of commercial operations in 2007
thereafter all new facilities must apply by June 1 of fourth year (starting 2008)
![Page 27: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Baseline Emissions Intensity (BEI) (cont’d)
BEI Established facility BEI is either
average of 2003, 2004 and 2005 emissions intensities not production weighted average so anomalous years impact
baseline; or alternative method approved by Alberta Environment
consider applying for alternative if early action reduced emissions
New facility emissions intensity for 3rd year of commenced production
![Page 28: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Baseline Emissions Intensity (BEI)
Alberta Environment has ability to give different BEI than requested may consider
technologies used by others at comparable facilities (laggards may be punished)
BATEA for the facility (potential to set higher BEI to reward BATEA implementation and protect new facility from intensity improvement requirements immediately?)
![Page 29: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Baseline Emissions Intensity (BEI) (cont’d)
New BEI Determination (Section 25) Alberta Environment may review BEI, order a new
application or require a new BEI if BEI is inaccurate facility has “expanded or significantly changed” otherwise appropriate in Alberta Environment’s view
![Page 30: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
SGER – Net Emissions
“net emissions intensity” based on a formula set out in section 4(3) for 2007 requirements (Half year emissions – “offsets and credits”)/production
“net emissions intensity” for 2008 and beyond based on formula in section 5(3) Intensity targets appear to stay at 12% for “established
facilities” – however Minister may set additional NEI Intensity targets for “new facilities” ramp up to 12% in 2%
annual increments
![Page 31: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Net Emissions Intensity Calculation
FormulaNEI = (TAE – (EO+FC+EPC))
PwhereNEI is net emissions intensity;TAE is total annual emissions;EO is allowable emission offsets applied by the person
responsible;FC is allowable fund credits applied by the person responsible;EPC is allowable emission performance credits applied by the
person responsibleP is production for the year.
![Page 32: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Total Annual EmissionsNEI = (TAE – (EO+FC+EPC))
P
where
NEI is net emissions intensity;
TAE is total annual emissions;
EO is allowable emission offsets applied by the person responsible;
FC is allowable fund credits applied by the person responsible;
EPC is allowable emission performance credits applied by the person responsible
P is production for the year.
TAE is defined as total direct emissions (TDE), not including industrial process emissions (IPE)
TDE is total of direct emissions (DE) includes GHG emissions “from sources actually located at a facility” (emphasis
added) excludes indirect emissions excludes mobile sources (?) such as vehicles (?)
TAE excludes IPE IPEs are emissions from an industrial process involving chemical reactions other
than combustion where the process’ primary purpose is not energy production e.g. exclude CO2 from lime production e.g. many refinery/upgrader operations (but not distillation)?
![Page 33: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Allowable Emission Performance CreditsNEI = (TAE – (EO+FC+EPC))
P
where
NEI is net emissions intensity;
TAE is total annual emissions;
EO is allowable emission offsets applied by the person responsible;
FC is allowable fund credits applied by the person responsible;
EPC is allowable emission performance credits applied by the person responsible
P is production for the year.
EPC (see Sections 10 and 11) created when Actual Emissions Intensity (AEI) is less than required NEI AEI also excludes IEPs 2007 EPCs may be banked 2008 EPCs may not be banked all must be used by other facilities, thus EMISSIONS TRADING likely necessary guidelines may be issued which must be complied with to use EPCs if jointly held, holders use pro rata, thus ownership/disposition provisions in joint
venture agreements desirable
![Page 34: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Allowable Offset CreditsNEI = (TAE – (EO+FC+EPC))
P
where
NEI is net emissions intensity;
TAE is total annual emissions;
EO is allowable emission offsets applied by the person responsible;
FC is allowable fund credits applied by the person responsible;
EPC is allowable emission performance credits applied by the person responsible
P is production for the year.
OC (See Sections 8 and 11) means off-facility site reduction in GHG emissions, thus EMISSIONS TRADING likely necessary note that reductions in IPE not offsets (e.g. CCS not available for IEPs) note facility definition is broad and flexible (opportunity?) must be a reduction in Alberta again pro rata use by joint holders guidelines may be issued by Alberta Environment which must be complied with NB – credit for actions from January 1, 2002 project types
press release mentions only low tillage agriculture other possibilities
lower N2O use; animal management (diet); manure and other agricultural waste management; forestry (afforestation, reforestation, preservation?); biofuels, energy efficiency; CCS (?); landfills (?); Demand Side Management (?)
![Page 35: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Allowable Fund CreditsNEI = (TAE – EO+FC+EPC))
P
where
NEI is net emissions intensity;
TAE is total annual emissions;
EO is allowable emission offsets applied by the person responsible;
FC is allowable fund credits applied by the person responsible;
EPC is allowable emission performance credits applied by the person responsible
P is production for the year.
FC (See Sections 9 and 11) one credit of one tonne of reductions for each $15 contributed must be contributed by March 31 of year following year of use
January 1/March 31 only for previous year guidelines may be issued by Alberta Environment and must be complied with
Note:
-the Fund is created by the Climate Change and Emissions Management Act and specifies categories of use for funds
-government indicates Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), such as CO2 pipeline, may be funded projects
-is there room for private sector involvement in management of Fund?
![Page 36: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
ProductionNEI = (TAE – EO+FC+EPC))
P
where
NEI is net emissions intensity;
TAE is total annual emissions;
EO is allowable emission offsets applied by the person responsible;
FC is allowable fund credits applied by the person responsible;
EPC is allowable emission performance credits applied by the person responsible
P is production for the year.
Production quantity of “end product” produced by a facility, expressed in “the applicable unit of
production” end product not defined Climate Change and Emissions Management Act focuses on GHG Emissions per $ of
Gross Domestic Product goal is 50% of 1990 levels
should “end product” be measured in $? or “widgets”? or “BTUs”? multiple product facilities need clarity
![Page 37: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
SGER – True-up
True-up – concerns the availability of “offsets & credits” to the “person responsible” for subtraction from annual or half-year emissions
“Offsets & credits” that may be used are those that are available on the earlier of Date compliance report is submitted; and Deadline for submitting a compliance report
Use ‘em or lose ‘em?
![Page 38: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
SGER – Duty to Comply
Responsibility for compliance rests with the “person responsible”
If more than one “person responsible” during a designated period, then compliance duty rests with the “person responsible” as of December 31
![Page 39: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
SGER – Reporting/Confidentiality/Audits
“person responsible” on December 31 of a year must submit a compliance report by March 31 of following year
Compliance report must Confirm that NEI have been met or provide a plan to meet; Be certified; and Be verified by a “third party auditor”
Director may be required to make CR available to the public
Confidentiality Third Party Auditors
![Page 40: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Issues for Business and Environmental Lawyers
Issues Reporting
CEPA 1999 notice requires GHG reporting Ontario and Alberta have provincial reporting and now Alberta
SGER securities laws – disclosure of “risks” to financial health of
business Transactions
allocate liability and credits in large emitters deals
![Page 41: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Issues for Business and Environmental Lawyers (cont’d)
Offsets value and deal with “offset” opportunities regarding broad
sectors of economy Litigation
tort actions underway in US CEAA and Provincial Environmental Assessments
need to incorporate GHG issues
![Page 42: Introduction to the Kyoto Mechanism and Future of Kyoto in Canada Presentation to: Canadian Bar Association’s National Business Law and National Environmental](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649eba5503460f94bc2204/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
THANK YOU
Gray E. TaylorBennett Jones LLP
[email protected](416) 777 5769
34th Floor1 First Canadian PlaceToronto, ON M5X 1A4
509585