introduction to sources of international law

7/29/2019 Introduction to Sources of International Law

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Introduction to Sources ofInternational Law at the University

of Michigan Law Library

REFERENCE UNITRevised June 2007


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Intro to Srcs of Intl Law/L/LLRef/Research Guides i Revised June 2007

CONTENTS

Page

Alphabetical List of Contents .................................................................................ii

I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1

II. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ............................................................1

A. General Texts ................................................................................................2

B. Digests ..........................................................................................................3

C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias ....................................................................3

D. Research Guides and Bibliographies ............................................................3

E. Treaties. ........................................................................................................4

1. Locating the Text ...............................................................................4

a. United States treaties.................................................................4

b. Foreign International Treaties ...................................................6

2. Determining Whether the Treaty is in Force .....................................6

3. Interpreting the Text of the Treaty ....................................................7

F. Decisions of International Tribunals. ...........................................................7

1. International Court of Justice .............................................................7

2. Court of Justice of the European Union .............................................8

3. European Court of Human Rights......................................................8

4. International Law Reports..................................................................85. International Criminal Tribunal for the Frmr. Yugoslavia ................8

6. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda .....................................8

G. Decisions of National Courts ........................................................................9

H. Arbitration ....................................................................................................9

I. Periodicals ....................................................................................................9

J. Annuals or Yearbooks. .................................................................................10

K. International Organizations ..........................................................................11

1. Basic Reference Sources of International Organizations...................11

2. United Nations ...................................................................................11

2A. Locating United Nations Documents. ....................................12

3. European Union .................................................................................14

4. WTO/GATT ......................................................................................16

Map of Sub-2 .......................................................................................................18


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Intro to Srcs of Intl Law/L/LLRef/Research Guides ii Revised June 2007

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTENTS

Page

Annuals ........................... ......................................................................................... 10

Arbitration .......................... ...................................................................................... 9

Bibliographies ......................... ................................................................................. 3

Council of Ministers of the European Union ..................... ...................................... 14

Court of Justice of the European Union ....................... ............................................ 8, 14

Dictionaries ......................... ..................................................................................... 3

Digests............................ .......................................................................................... 3

Encyclopedias ........................ .................................................................................. 3

European Court of Human Rights................. ........................................................... 8

European Parliament ...................... .......................................................................... 14European Union ................................ ....................................................................... 14

Foreign international treaties .................. ................................................................. 6

GATT .................................... ................................................................................... 16

General texts ......................... ................................................................................... 2

International Court of Justice ................... ................................................................ 7

International organizations.................... ................................................................... 11

International tribunals, decisions ................. ............................................................ 7

Map of Sub-2 ...................................... .................................................................... 18

National courts, decisions .................... .................................................................... 8

Periodicals .......................... ...................................................................................... 9

Treaties ............................ ......................................................................................... 4

United Nations ........................ ................................................................................. 11

United Nations documents .................... ................................................................... 12

United States international treaties ............... ........................................................... 4

World Trade Organization (WTO) .......................................................................... 16

Yearbooks .......................... ...................................................................................... 10


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Intro to Srcs of Intl Law/L/LLRef/Research Guides 1 Revised June 2007

I. INTRODUCTION

This guide to international legal research is designed primarily for students with little or no experience in doingresearch in international law. It is not a comprehensive treatise on the subject of international law, but rather a

concise summary of the more important current English primary and secondary sources for beginning research ininternational law.

The international law collection is located on LEVEL S-2, North Wing. Call numbers begin with JX and are furthersubdivided as follows:

JX2 = Periodicals (includes all journals, proceedings of societies and yearbooks)

JX3 = Treatises

JX4 = Conferences

JX6 = Courts and Cases

JX8 = Treaties

JX9 = International organizations

Effective research on any topic begins with a search for books in THE MLAW CATALOG, the Law Library'sonline catalog. For periodical literature check Legal Trac, the Index to Legal Periodicals, the Index to ForeignLegal Periodicals, and the Max Planck Institute's Public International Law (All in REF COLL: INDEXES; LEVELS-1 and also online via Electronic Reference Collection,

http://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_LibraryResearchLinks/Resource.asp ).

For further information and assistance in using the collection consult the Reference staff at the Reference Desk(LEVEL S-1; 764-9324).

II. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

International law consists of a body of rules governing the relations between states. Its historical function was the

preservation of peace and it is currently related to foreign policy, power balance and economic relationships.International law is traditionally divided into two branches, public and private.

Public international law regulates the relations of states among themselves and with each other's nationals.Increasing amounts of public international law are being codified under such diverse headings as international trade,

criminal extradition, admiralty and international aviation law, immigration and naturalization law, conduct duringwartime and human rights.

Private international law (in this country frequently called conflict of laws) determines where and by whose law

controversies involving more than one jurisdiction are to be resolved, as well as how foreign judgments areenforced. Private international law applies to individuals as well as corporations and other business entities. It alsohas been referred to as "transnational law."
http://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_LibraryResearchLinks/Resource.asphttp://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_LibraryResearchLinks/Resource.asphttp://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_LibraryResearchLinks/Resource.asp


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The Statute of the International Court of Justice (Article 38) defines the sources of international law as follows:

a) treaties, covenants and agreements between nations.

b) traditional law of nations, as established by customary practice and generally acceptedprinciples of international law.

c) international adjudications, tribunals and arbitrations.

d) classic commentaries and digests of international law.e) law developed by international organizations and reflected in their documentation.

f) law of foreign relations (including diplomatic and consular law).

g) municipal (i.e., domestic or internal) law of individual states relating to international matters.

A. GENERAL TEXTS

To obtain an overview of international law the student should consult a general treatise. Written by scholarsand authorities, they define the state of the law and also influence its development. The following are classic

authoritative texts in the field:

1. Oppenheim, L. Oppenheim's International Law, edited by R. Jennings and Arthur Watts. 9th ed. 1992(JX3 O623i 1992).

2. Brierly, J.L. The Law of Nations. 6th ed. 1963 (JX3 B853 1963).

3. Schwarzenberger, G. Manual of International Law. 6th ed. 1976 (JX3 S415m 1976).

4. O'Connell, D.P. International Law. 2nd ed. 1970 (JX3 O183i 1970).

5. Von Glahn, S. Law Among Nations. 7th, rev. ed., 1996. (JX3 V9465L 1992).

6. Steiner, H.J. & Vagts, D. Transnational Legal Problems. 4th ed. 1994 (MAIN DESK: CASEBOOKS).

7. Bishop, W.W. International Law: Cases & Materials. 3rd ed. 1971 (MAIN DESK: CASEBOOKS).

8. Henkin, L. International Law: Cases & Materials. 2nd ed. 1987 (CASEBOOKS).

9. Dicey, A. Dicey and Morris on the Conflict Of Laws. 13th

ed. 2000 (JX3 D547c 1987).

10. Kahn-Freund, O. General Problems of Private International Law. 1976 (JX3 K1288ge 1976).

11. Ehrenzweig, A. Private International Law. 3 volumes. 1967 (JX3 E3265p 1967).

12. Brownlie, I. Principles of Public International Law. 5th ed. 1998. (JX3 B8855p 1990).13. Bederman, D. International Legal Frameworks. 2001 (JX3 B3987i 2001).14. Janis, M. An Introduction to International Law. 3rd ed. 1999 (JX3 J3297i 1999).


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B. DIGESTS

The official record of United States practice in matters pertaining to international law is available in variousdigests, which have been published under the auspices of the Department of State.

1. Digest of International Law, compiled by G. H. Hackworth. Washington, GOP, 1940-1944, 8 volumes.(JX3 H123d 1940). Covers the years 1906-1939. General index and list of cases in Volume 8, but no

document index.

2. Digest of International Law, prepared by Marjorie M. Whiteman. Washington, GOP, 1963-1973. 15volumes. (JX3 W5945di 1963). Successor to Hackworth's, covers the period of 1940-1960. Volume 15contains the general index, list of abbreviations used, list of cases cited and a list of main entries.

Disadvantage--uneven coverage. Each volume includes material compiled up to its date of publication,but the individual volumes were published out of order over a ten-year period.

3. Digest of United States Practice in International Law. U.S. Department of State, 1973-1980. Annual(JX2 D51 U58); Contd by Cumulative Digest of United States Practice in International. 1981-1988 (JX2C971 D57 U58); Contd by Digest of United States Practice in International Law. 2000- (JX2 D51U581). Continues Whiteman's digest. Similar in form to former, but differs in content as it is limited to

mainly noting the record in vital areas of international law during the calendar year and to the UnitedStates practice.

4. American Society of International Law. American Journal of International Law. (JX2 A51). Contains ineach quarterly issue a section "Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law."

Prepared by the Department of State specialists and follows the same arrangement as the Annual Digest.

5. International Legal Materials, bi-monthly. (JX2 A516i). Publishes important texts, documents, treaties,decisions, regulations, etc., relating to inter-national law and makes available such documentation wellahead of most other publications.

C. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Until 1981, there was no English-language reference work covering the field of international law generally.The first such tool began publication under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative PublicLaw and International Law under the title:

1. Encyclopedia of Public International Law. 1992. 4 volumes. (REF COLL: DC 5 I61 E56). TheEncyclopedia comprises 1300 articles dealing with all aspects of public international law, in alphabeticalorder, covering broadly a specific subject area.

2. International Encyclopedia of Laws. 1992- (REF COLL: FL6 I611 E564 C582 P96 & FL6 I611E564C748). This multi-volume set comprises laws of foreign countries in many subject areas, includingcivil procedure, commercial and economic law, etc.

D. RESEARCH GUIDES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

1. Research Guides

a. George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics. Guide to International Research. 3rded. 1998 (REF COLL: BIBLIOG GUIDE TO).

b. Rehberg, Jeanne & Popa, Radu. Accidental Tourist on the New Frontier. 1998 (REF COLL:BIBLIOG ACCIDENT).


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In addition, general descriptions of researching international law can be found in a number of standardworks on American legal research:

c. Cohen, Morris. How to Find the Law. 9th ed. 1989. Chapter 15 (MAIN DESK: BIBLIOG).

d. Cohen, Morris. Legal Research in a Nutshell. 7th ed. 2000. Chapters VIII and XII (CLOSEDRESERVE: BIBLIOG).

e. Mersky, Roy. Fundamentals of Legal Research. 8th ed. 2002. Chapter 20 (REF COLL: BIBLIOGMERSKY).

f. Price, Miles O. Effective Legal Research. 4th ed. 1979. Chapters 6 and 29 (REF COLL: BIBLIOG

PRICE).

2. Bibliographies.

a. Delupis, Ingrid. Bibliography of International Law. 1975 (BIBLIOG DETTER)

b. Robinson, Jacob. International Law and Organization. 1967 (REF COLL: BIBLIOG ROBINSON).

c. Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law. Public International Law: ACurrent Bibliography of Articles. 1975- Published twice a year. (REF COLL: INDEXESPUBLIC_I).

d. Index to Legal Periodicals. 1886- (REF COLL: INDEXES & online via Electronic ReferenceCollection).

e. Current Law Index. 1980- (REF COLL: INDEXES & online via Electronic Reference Collectionunder Legal Trac).

f. Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals. 1960- (REF COLL: INDEXES & online via ElectronicReference Collection).

g. American Society of International Law. American Journal of International Law. (JX2 A51)Bibliographic section of each issue is an invaluable source of information on current publications.

E. TREATIES.

International agreements, whether they are called treaties, conventions, executive agreements, exchange of

notes, understandings, protocols or otherwise, constitute the bulk of contemporary international law.Research problems relating to treaties may be grouped into three broad categories:

1. Locating the text of the treaty.2. Determining whether a particular treaty is in force, for what parties and with what reservations.3. Interpreting the text of the treaty.

1. Locating the Text

a. United States Treaties and international agreements usually are published in the following forms:


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1. Press releases of the State Department, issued on the date of the signing. 1929-1939 (JX2 U58D4p P9)

2. United States. Congress. Senate. Executive [Documents]. (JX8 9 U58.3 S4d) Through the 96th

Congress (1979-80) they contain the texts of treaties submitted to the Senate for ratification, butusually are not publicly available until the injunction of secrecy has been removed. Library has1977-1980. This publication is no longer being published in print.

3. Senate, House & Treaty Documents.http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong006.html .

Beginning with the 104th Congress this online resource supersedes the Senate ExecutiveDocuments and contains the texts of treaties to which the United States is a party.

4. Treaties and Other International Acts Series (TIAS) 1946- (JX8 9 U58.3 S7tr). First widelydisseminated official version of treaties and agreements which have entered into force; in

pamphlet form; similar to slip laws. There is a several year time lag between the entry intoforce of a treaty and its publication in the TIAS. These are kept until replaced by a boundvolume.

5. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (UST) (JX8 9 U58.3 A). Published

by the Department of State since 1950, this is the United States permanent official treaty seriesthat culminates and replaces the TIAS. Texts of agreements are published both in English and

any other official language. Arranged in consecutive TIAS order, each volume has an index bysubject and country. There is a many year time lag between the entry into force of a treaty andits publication.

A commercially published index to United States treaties is Kavass, United States Treaty Index:

1776-2000 Consolidation (REF COLL: INDEXES US TREAT) that is updated and keptcurrent by new consolidations and supplements.

6. Hein's United States Treaties and Other International Agreements--Current Microfiche Service1991- (Index (edited by Kavass) in REF COLL: INDEXES US, microfiche at MICRO-10

S408). This service is intended to provide the full text of current, unreleased treaties andinternational agreements.

7. International Legal Materials (JX2 A516i) published bi-monthly by the American Society ofInternational Law is a collection of current official foreign and U.S. documents relating to

international legal affairs. Documents include current materials that may not become availablein more permanent collections until a later date and also recent treaties or drafts that are notreadily accessible in any other form.

8. U.S. Treaties online at Thomas. http://thomas.loc.gov/home/treaties/treaties.htm . All

agreements and treaties (over 650) considered by the U.S. Congress from the 90th (1968)Congress - current session, covered by at least title and status. Full-text treaties are availablefrom 104th (1996)present.

9. For most retrospective purposes, you can use Treaties and Other International Agreements of

the United States of America, 1776-1949, edited by C. E. Bevans. It includes the English text ofall treaties and agreements which were published in Statutes at Large between 1776-1949 and is

divided as follows: Volumes 1-4, multilateral conventions arranged chronologically; Volumes5-12, bilateral agreements arranged alphabetically by country; Volume 13, general index. (JX89 U58.3 1968).
http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong006.htmlhttp://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong006.htmlhttp://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong006.htmlhttp://thomas.loc.gov/home/treaties/treaties.htmhttp://thomas.loc.gov/home/treaties/treaties.htmhttp://thomas.loc.gov/home/treaties/treaties.htmhttp://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong006.html


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b. Foreign International Treaties. The most important of series that publish treaties of various countriesare:

1. League of Nations Treaty Series (LNTS) 1920-1946. (MICRO-10 LLMC 79-454) LNTS

contains treaties registered with the League of Nations between League of Nations members orbetween League members and non-members.

2. United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) 1946- (JX9 UN.8 V.1). This is a continuation of the Leagueof Nations Treaty Series (LNTS). UNTS publishes all treaties registered with the United Nations

or filed by non-member states or international organizations. Treaties appear in their originalanguages and in English and French translations. Cumulative indexes, covering 50-100 volumeseach, consist of three sections: chronological index, general international agreements index and an

alphabetical country and subject index. Although UNTS is the most comprehensive treatycollection, the time lag of its publication is six to eight years.

3. United Nations Treaty Collection. http://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asp . This online collectionincludes 10 categories of treaty-related data, including Status of Multilateral Treaties Depositedwith the Secretary-General, Full-text treaties via the United Nations Treaty Series (1946 -), andTexts of Recently Deposited Multilateral Treaties.

4. Organization of American States Treaty Series. (Classified separately in JX9. Check the MLaw

Catalog under the name of the treaty.) The OAS Treaty Series supersedes the Pan American TreatySeries. It includes multilateral treaties concluded among countries of the Western Hemisphere.

5. European Treaty Series. 1950- (JX9 CE.1 E89t). Includes treaties among the members of theCouncil of Europe.

6. European Conventions and Agreements. (JX9 CE.1 E89ta 1971). Published by the Council ofEurope, this invaluable compilation is published in three volumes. Volume I, 1949-1961; Volume

II, 1961-1970 with index volume; Volume III, 1972-1974.

7. Consolidated Treaty Series. (JX8 3 C65 1969) Includes treaties from 1648-1919 (until League oNations Treaty Series begins). Arranged chronologically, in French or English translation(summary is provided if no translation is available). A five-volume index guide.

2. Determining Whether the Treaty is in Force

a. Treaties in Force 1941- (JX8 9 U58.1 U5t; Latest paper issue in REF COLL: INDEXES US_DEPT

also online athttp://www.state.gov/s/l/18531.htm ). Published annually, this index lists the treaties andinternational agreements of the United States which the State Department considers to be in force onJanuary 1 of a given year. Part I lists bilateral agreements under the name of the country and is

subdivided by subject. Part II lists multilateral agreements arranged by subject followed by a listing ofsignatories. Treaties in Force between its annual revisions is supplemented by the Treaty Informationsection of the weekly U.S. Department of State Dispatch (JX2 U107).

b. Multinational Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General. 1968-. (JX9 UN.8 V L49mt; Latest paper

issue in REF COLL: INDEXES MULTILAT; also online athttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asp )This annual publication resembles Treaties in Force. It reflects treaty status as of December 31. In

addition to multilateral treaties, each volume also includes conventions for which the Secretary-Generalacts as depository. Each volume, arranged into twenty-four broad subject categories, containscomprehensive lists of signatures, ratifications and accessions, and the full text of any accompanying

declaration or reservation. Multinational Treaties, between its annual revisions, is supplemented by the"Conventions and Agreements" section of the monthly UN Chronicle (JX9 UN.8 I U582).
http://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://www.state.gov/s/l/18531.htmhttp://www.state.gov/s/l/18531.htmhttp://www.state.gov/s/l/18531.htmhttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://www.state.gov/s/l/18531.htmhttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asp


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c. Status of Inter-American Treaties and Conventions. 1973- (JX9 OAS.81 L49 E79tca). Bienniapublication. (#5 of OAS Treaty series).

d. Inter-American Treaties and Conventions; Signatures, Ratifications and Deposits with Explanatory

notes. 1954-1980 (JX9 OAS.1 G326 161te & REF COLL: INDEXES INTER-AM 1985). Publishedannually. (#9 of OAS Treaty series).

e. Chart Showing Signatures and Ratifications of Council of Europe Conventions and Agreements. 1976-(JX9 CE.55 L496 E831). Annual publication.

Information about treaties to which the U.S. is a party (new ratifications, etc.) can be found in:

f. Department of State Bulletin. 1939-1989 (JX2 U58 D4p D42). Published monthly, the bulletincontains a Treaty Information section.

g. U.S. Department of State Dispatch. 1990-1999 (JX2 U107); also online ahttp://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/index.html (1993-96)&http://www.state.gov/www/publications/dispatch/index.html (1997-99). This title continued theDepartment of State Bulletin; published weekly, it has a Treaty Information section.

3. Interpreting the Text of the Treaty

For the interpretation of the text of a treaty, you will need its legislative history, its application by theexecutive and judiciary and its analysis by writers on international law. In researching the legislative

history of a treaty, an extensive search of the documentation of the governmental agencies of eachparticipating party is required. Proceedings of the conference that led to the conclusion of the treaty, as

well as documents of international organizations must be consulted, and last, but not least, treatises andperiodical articles dealing with the subject matter must be checked.

For legislative history of United States treaties, Senate Executive documents, reports and debates in theCongressional Record are the basic sources.

F. DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS.

Judicial decisions of international tribunals represent another source of international law. Of thosetribunals:

1. International Court of Justice, created by the Charter of the United Nations, is the only truly worldwidetribunal, its jurisdiction extending to all states, whether or not they are members of the United Nations.

Non-members can be parties before the Court if they accept its jurisdiction. The Court publishes itsdecisions first in advance-sheet form, and later in two annual collections:

a. Report of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders. 1947- (JX6 4.4 R3).

b. Pleadings, Oral Arguments, and Documents. 1947- (JX6 4.4 P7). Similar to briefs and records ofAmerican Appellate Courts.

c. Yearbook of the International Court of Justice. 1946- (JX6 4.3 Y3). Contains information on the

developments in the Court's jurisdiction, its organization, its administration, its finances, biographicaldata of the judges and bibliographic list of all the cases before the court.
http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/index.htmlhttp://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/index.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/www/publications/dispatch/index.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/www/publications/dispatch/index.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/www/publications/dispatch/index.htmlhttp://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/index.html


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d. Case Law of the International Court, edited by Edward Hambro and Arthur W. Rovine. 1952-1974(JX6 3.3 C3). This is a digest of the decisions of the present court arranged by topic.

e. Digest of Decisions of the International Court, edited by K. Marek. (JX6 4.6 P92 1974). Two

volumes, 1974-1978. Volume 1: Permanent Court of International Justice. Volume 2: InternationalCourt of Justice.

f. Encyclopedia of Public International Law. (JX3 E56 P976 I61 1981 v.2). Volume 2 is entitled"Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals and International Arbitrators."

2. Court of Justice of the European Community is a tribunal of a regional organization with internationaljurisdiction. Its decisions are published in Reports of cases before the Court of Justice and the Court of

First Instance. 1954- (JX9 EC.6 R425) See K.3., infra, for additional information on publications.

3. European Court of Human Rights publishes its decisions in the following:

a. Publications, Series A--Judgments and Decisions. 1961- 1996 (JX9 CE.55 H95pa).

b. Publications, Series B--Pleadings, Oral Arguments and Documents. 1960-1995 (JX9 CE.55 H95pb).c.

Reports of Judgments and Decisions. 1996-1998 (JX9 CE.55 H95re).

d. Reports of Judgments and Decisions. 1999- (JX9 CE.55 H95rep).e. Human Rights Case Digest. 1994- (JX9 CE.6 H918 R57 C33) & online (1990-)(See the MLaw

Catalog,http://umil.iii.com/, for links to Human Rights Case Digest Online).

4. International Law Reports. Edited by Hersch Lauterpacht. (JX6 6 I61) 1919- . Reprints selecteddecisions of national courts, but also indexes decisions of the International Court of Justice, Court ofJustice of the European Communities, Administrative Tribunal of the International Labor Organization,decisions of selected claims, conciliation and arbitration commissions, etc. It was formerly entitled

Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases. Cumulative indexes.

5. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY).

a. Basic Documents. 1995- (JX6 5 I61 Y9ba) &http://www.un.org/icty/basic.htm . These documents

include statute of the tribunal, rules, indictments and proceedings, and judgments.

b. Annual Report. 1994- (JX6 5 I61 Y9a) &http://www.un.org/icty/pub.htm.

c. Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals. 1999- (JX6 6 A615 L43).6. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

a. Basic Documents. 1999- (In processing of ordering for the Library as of Nov. 2003)&http://www.ictr.org/legal.htm .These documents include resolutions, rules, agreements, cases inprogress, and completed cases.

b. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 1998 (JX9 UN.82 M877in). Vol. 2 containsdocuments of the Rwanda Tribunal.

c. Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals. 1999- (JX6 6 A615 L43).
http://umil.iii.com/http://umil.iii.com/http://umil.iii.com/http://www.un.org/icty/basic.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/basic.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/basic.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/pub.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/pub.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/pub.htmhttp://www.ictr.org/legal.htmhttp://www.ictr.org/legal.htmhttp://www.ictr.org/legal.htmhttp://www.ictr.org/legal.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/pub.htmhttp://www.un.org/icty/basic.htmhttp://umil.iii.com/


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G. DECISIONS OF NATIONAL COURTS

A large body of judicial decisions dealing with international law can be found in the national court reportsof individual countries. Two of the most important compilations are:

1. American International Law Cases. edited by Francis Deak and Frank S. Ruddy. 1783- (CASEBKSAmerican). Sixty volumes in three series. Cases contain decisions of federal and state courts of the

United States involving questions of public international law. Index.

2. British International Law Cases, edited by C. Perry. 1964-70. (CASEBKS British). Ten volumes. Thisseries is a collection of decisions of the courts of the British Isles on issues of international law. Nocommentary is given. A cumulative index is available for the first eight volumes.

H. ARBITRATION

1. Permanent Court of Arbitration. Under its own modern rules of procedure, which are based

upon the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the PCA administers arbitration, conciliation and fact findingin disputes involving various combinations of states, private parties and intergovernmental

organizations.

a. Summaries of Awards, Settlement Agreements and Reports. 1999 (JX6 2.6) &http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/ .

b. Basic Documents. 1998 (JX6 2.3 P4512 B311 D63) &http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/.

2. United Nations' Reports of International Arbitral Awards 1948- (JX9 UN.8 V L49r). Published inEnglish or French, depending on the language of the original, these reports include mediation andconciliation agreements as well as arbitral awards rendered by a tribunal or an individual selected by the

parties.

3. Collection of ICC Arbitral Awards, 1974-1995 (JX9 ICC.2 C862c 1990). Arbitral awards involvingprivate parties.

4. A.M. Stuyts, Survey of International Arbitrations, 1794-1989. (JX3 S938s 1990). A contemporarydigest.

I. PERIODICALS

1. The American Journal of International Law. 1907- (JX2 A61) It contains substantive articles,case notes, book reviews, a summary of current United States policy and practice, selection ofdocuments and resolutions of international organizations. This is the most prestigious journal in the

international legal field.

2. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 1952- (JX2 I7 A5) Frequently supplemented bydocumentary material in pamphlet form. This the leading British journal.

3. Bulletin of Legal Developments 1966- (FL2 B938) Published biweekly by the British Institute ofInternational and Comparative Law, it provides a concise, comprehensive overview of recent activities ina given field. Annual index.
http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/BD/http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/


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4. Many American law schools and professional associations publish journals with an international lawemphasis--a few examples are:

a. Cornell International Law Journal, 1968- (JX2 C814).

b. Harvard International Law Journal, 1967- (JX2 H331).c. Law and Policy in International Business, 1969- (JX2 L49 B97).d. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 1967- (JX2 V2281).

e. Journal of World Trade Law, 1967- (JX2 J798).f. Virginia Journal of International Law, 1960- (JX2 V67).

g. Michigan Journal of International Law, 1979- (JX2 M762 Y39)

J. ANNUALS OR YEARBOOKS.

Annuals or Yearbooks fall into three categories. The first category is annually published collections of

articles or documents, e.g.:

1. British Year Book of International Law, 1920- (JX2 B86). Contains substantive articles by leadingBritish specialists, surveys of British court decisions affecting public and private international law, and

book reviews.

2. Japanese Annual of International Law, 1957- (JX9 ILA.2 J35 J36). Includes texts of Japanese court

decisions and chronological list of treaties concluded by Japan.

3. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 1970- (JX2 N399). In addition to substantive articles and

key documents, includes reports on Dutch international legal practice, treaties and judicial decisions.

The second category includes proceedings or reports of annual conferences or conventions.

1. American Society of International Law. Proceedings of the.Annual Meeting. (JX2 A516p) 1972-Between 1970 and 1973, the Proceedings were a part of the American Journal of International Law, (JX2A51).

2. Institute of International Law. Annuaire de lInstitut de Droit International. 1877- (JX9 II L A61).Reports on the annual meetings, contains texts of resolutions adopted, which often are in the form of draftmultilateral conventions.

3. Hague Academy of International Law. Recueil de Cours. 1950- (JX2 H2r). The Recueil prints, in Englishor French, the collected lectures of international scholars from various countries at the annual sessions ofthe academy. The sessions last about six weeks and are divided into two periods: one devoted to private,the other to public international law.

The third category of yearbooks is annual almanacs or manuals which contain factual information about theactivities of select organizations or achievements in a specific field for a given year.

1. Yearbook of International Organizations. 1966- (JX9 A Y3 & Latest edition in REF COLL: DIRECTYEARBOOK).

2. Yearbook of the United Nations. 1946/47- (JX9 UN.8 I Y3; Latest edition in REF COLL).

3. Statesman's Yearbook. 1966- (DIRECT STATEMA & Latest edition in REF COLL: DIRECTSTATEMA).

4. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. 1997 - (JX9 UN.82 M463 P71 Y3).


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K. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

A continuously increasing body of international law emanates from international and regional organizations.

The Law Library's international organizations (JX9) collection is housed on Level S-2, North Wing, exceptEuropean Union materials, which are located in the EC Documents Center, S-2 Core (see map on p. 18,infra),and for new monographs that are being classified under the Library of Congress scheme, which are

located on Level S-1North. The arrangement of the JX9 collection is basically an alphabetical one, accordingto the most commonly used acronyms of the organization's name (e.g., Council of Europe = JX9 CE;

Organization of American States = JX9 OAS) the only exception being the specialized agencies of the UnitedNations, e.g. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, etc.which are classified with the parent organization.

For each organization, an attempt has been made to obtain its basic documents, bulletins and annual reports.

1. Basic Reference Sources of International Organizations.

There are several useful surveys of the law of international organizations.

a. Bowett, D. W. The Law of International Institutions. 5th ed., 2001 (LC COLL: KZ4850. S26).

b. Schermers, H. G. International Institutional Law. 2nd ed., 1980 (JX9 A.1 S326i 1980).

c. Peaslee, A. J. International Governmental Organizations: Constitutional Documents. 3rd rev. ed.,

1974-1979. 5 volumes. (JX9 A.1 P363i 1974). A brief history, lists of members, the address ofheadquarters and a brief bibliography are given for each organization.

d. Yearbook of International Organizations. 1966- (JX9 A Y3; Latest issue in REF COLL: DIRECT.YEARBOOK). Published by the Union of International Associations, the Yearbook contains entriesfor over 4,000 international organizations. Each entry gives the main publications of the organization,the body's purpose and membership, its address, date of establishment and various statistics.

Of the several hundred plus international organizations represented in the Law Library, the three mostcomprehensive collections are those of the United Nations, European Union, and World Trade Organization(WTO/GATT).

2. United Nations.

The following materials describe the history of the U.N. and analyze its function and legal status.

a. Goodrich, L. M. Charter of the United Nations; Commentary and Documents, 3rd rev. ed., 1969 (JX9UN.82 G65c 1969).

b. Simma, B. The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, 2nd ed., 2002 (LC COLL: KZ4991.C48).c. Sohn, L.B. Cases of United Nations Law, 2nd ed., 1967 (JX9 UN.82 S682c 1967). Supplemented by

Basic Documents of the United Nations. 2nd ed., 1968. (JX9 UN.82 S682b 1968).

d. Harris, D.J. Cases and Materials on International Law, 5 th ed. 1998 (CASEBKS HARRIS).


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e. Everyman's United Nations. 8th ed., 1968 (JX9 UN.8 I E93). Covers the period 1948-1968, detailedhistory.

f. Everyone's United Nations. 10th ed., 1986 (JX9 UN.8 I E931). Concentrates on the work of the UN

and related agencies since 1965.

g. Yearbook of the United Nations. 1966/67- (JX9 UN.8 I Y3; latest edition REF COLL). Describes

the proceedings and activities of the organization for every twelve-month period and gives an accountof the major aspects of the work of specialized agencies for each year. Membership lists of the United

Nations and its agencies are included and references to official United Nations documents are given atthe end of each chapter. There is a three-year lag between the year reviewed and the date of

publication. It is the best place to begin research on a problem of international law handled by or

relating to the United Nations.

h. United Nations Juridical Yearbook. 1963- (JX9 UN.8 V U582j; latest edition and Index REFCOLL). Includes selected texts of documents concerning the legal status of organizations within theUnited Nations system, as well as discussions of the legal activities of those organizations. TheYearbook also covers the judicial decisions by international and national tribunals. The last chapter isa legal bibliography of books and articles about the United Nations and other international

organizations.

i. United Nations International Law Commission Yearbook. 1949- (JX9 UN.8 V I61y; latest editionREF COLL). Issued in two volumes annually since 1949, this publication contains the summaryrecords of the International Law Commission in Vol. 1, and documents relating to the subjects

discussed, including the report to the General Assembly, in Vol. 2.

j. Yearbook/United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. 1968/1970- (JX9 UN.8 V C73it;latest edition REF COLL). This yearbook relates to the activities and documents of UNCITRAL.

k. UN Chronicle. Vol. 1, May 1964- monthly. (JX9 UN.8 U582). Each issue contains a complete recordof the month, describing the proceedings, decisions and resolutions of the main organs and committees

of the United Nations in political, economic, social, legal and administrative fields. The Notes-of-the-Month section includes announcements of international meetings, conventions and agreements, and aselective list of documents.

2.A. Locating United Nations Documents.

United Nations documents and sales publications are issued in mimeographed, offset, or printed form.They are identified by series symbol, sales code, or Official Record designation.

The Law Library has the mimeographed documents and the Official Records of the United Nations on

microfiche from 1946present (Readex Microfiche Collection, MICRO-10 UN); for instructions onusing this collection, see the handout entitled "United Nations Documents on Readex Microfiche,"available at the Reference Desk.

An online index to the Readex Microfiche Collection, Access UN, exists through the Law Librarys

Electronic Reference Collection,http://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htm . ThisIndex includes Official Records, masthead documents, draft resolutions, meeting records, UN Sales

Publications, and the UN Treaty Series citations. Also included is the full-text of several thousand UNdocuments.
http://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htmhttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htmhttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htmhttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htm


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PDF images of UN Official Documents may also be accessed via the web athttp://www.un.org/documents , and via the Law Librarys Electronic Reference Collection,

http://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htm . The UN's ODS (Official DocumentSystem) database covers all new official documents (including UN Official Records) and many olderdocuments. Eventually, ODS will contain all official documents from 1946 to the present.

United Nation treaties may also be accessed full-text online via the United Nations Treaty Collectionhttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asp .This online collection includes 10 categories of treaty-related dataincluding Status of Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, Full-text treaties via theUnited Nations Treaty Series (1946 -), and Texts of Recently Deposited Multilateral Treaties.

The Law Library also has a paper copy of the Official Records from 19461980, as well as paper

copies of a variety of United Nations sales publications. To locate paper Official Records and salespublications, check the MLaw Catalog.

The Hatcher Graduate Library, which is a United Nations Depository Library, has paper United Nations

documents, including Official Records, from 1945-present, as well as the Readex Microfiche Collection.Check the Documents Center (320 Hatcher North) for specific holdings in paper. You should also check

Mirlyn for documents and sales publications.

In using United Nations documents for research, proceed from the highest organ to the lowest subsidiarybody, from the general to the specific, and from current to retrospective. The following steps may behelpful:

a. A general manual, such as Everyone's United Nations (supra JX9 UN.8 I E931) should be consultedfor the background of a topic, and the time period the topic was considered.

b. Having determined the time period in step a, the Yearbook of the United Nations (supra JX9 UN.8 IY3; latest in Ref. Coll. JX9 UN.8 IY3) of the relevant year(s) should be consulted for summaries of

action on a question and for selected documentary references.

c. For comprehensive documentary references, there are two approaches: First, if the topic wasdiscussed by the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council or TrusteeshipCouncil, the relevant Index to Proceedings should be consulted.

1. General Assembly. 1950- (REF COLL: JX9 UN.2 Sess. X)2. Economic and Social Council. 1952- (REF COLL: JX9 UN.5 Sess. X)3. Security Council. 1964- (REF COLL: JX9 UN.6 YR)4. Trusteeship Council. 1953- (REF COLL: JX9 UN.7 Sess. X)

Each index includes the following:

1. The list of officers of the session.2. Information concerning the rules of procedure and the resolutions and decisions of thesession.

3. Checklist and Agenda of the meetings.

4. Subject index listing, the documents and action taken on the question during the session.5. Numerical list of documents, with information on their re-issuance, if any.
http://www.un.org/documentshttp://www.un.org/documentshttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htmhttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htmhttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://untreaty.un.org/English/treaty.asphttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/eres/ereslist/ereslistindex.htmhttp://www.un.org/documents


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Second, if the time period is prior to 1997, and if the topic is more general, consult UNDOC, UNDEUNDI subject indexes:

1. UNDOC: Current Index. Published monthly, 1979-1996 (REF COLL: JX9 UN U563).

2. UNDEX: United National Documents Index. Covers documentation issued from 1974-1978(REF COLL: JX9 UN U56a).

3. (UNDI). United Nations Documents Index. Covers documentation from 1950-1973 (REF

COLL: JX9 UN U55n).

d. The documentary references obtained should be sifted to determine the organ (plus subsidiary organs)that has treated the substantive aspects of the topic, and the development and action taken should befollowed through the periodic reports of these organs. The list of documents considered by an organ is

often appended to its periodic reports; this list may be used to identify reports and papers on morespecific aspects of a question.

e. Current developments may be followed in the latest issues in the UN Chronicle (supra ) and innewspapers.

f. Citations to UN documents may be found via Access UN (supra), the online index to the ReadexMicrofiche Collection. Copies of microfiche documents may then be requested from the CirculationDesk on Level S-2. Access UN may be searched by a variety of parameters, including subject,

agenda/session, title, author, document type, document number, etc.

g. Finally, various UN documents, such as some Security Council, General Assembly and Economic andSocial Committee documents, may be found full-text on the web at:http://www.un.org/documents/ .

3. European Union.

The European Union comprises the European Coal and Steel Community (founded 1952), the European

Economic Community (established 1958) and the European Atomic Energy Community (established1958). These three original organizations are now referred to as the European Communities. In 1967, the

principal organs of the three communities were merged. These member organs include:

a. European Commission: A permanent body made up of 20 members responsible for the implementationof the basic Treaty, also holding the right of initiative and executive power.

b. Council of Ministers: Composed of a representative from each member state, the Council is the finalpolicy-making body. This decision-making body adopts or amends Commission proposals, and adoptsthe budget with the Parliament.

c. European Parliament: The Parliament is made up of 626 members who collectively have power overthe appropriation of funds. Both the Council and the Commission consult the Parliament, and theCommission is answerable to it. The Parliament delivers opinions on Commission proposals andshares the power of decision-making with the Council.

d. Court of Justice and Court of First Instance: The judicial organ of the EU, which interprets and appliesthe basic Treaty, ensuring that the law is observed in the process of Community integration.Established in 1958, the Court of Justice is composed of fifteen judges appointed for a renewable term

of six years, and eight advocates-general. The Court of First Instance is an independent courtcomposed of 15 Judges appointed for a term of six years. This court deals with actions brought bynatural and legal persons against decisions of the Community institutions.
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e. Court of Auditors: Monitors the implementation of the Community budget.f. Economic and Social Committee: A consultative body that involves representing trade unions and

social and professional groups in the process of drafting Community legislation.

g. Committee of the Regions: Another body ancillary to the Council and the Commission, this bodyintroduces representation for regional and local bodies in the Community institutional system and has

advisory functions.

h. European Investment Bank: The role of the Bank is to contribute on a financial level to the balanceddevelopment of the Community.

The Law Library became the first regional depository in the United States for European Unionpublications in 1957. Since English became one of the official languages of the Union only in 1973, the

earlier documentation is sometimes difficult to find. Additional information on EU research, includinghow to find legislation and the documents of the Commission, Parliament, Council, Economic andSocial Committee, and Court of Justice can be found in the Law Librarys research guide "Researchingthe Law of the European Union," available in paper at the Reference Desk or online athttp://www.law.umich.edu/library/refres/researchguides.htm . The following are some of the general

European Union publications that should be consulted:

a. Reports of cases before the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. 1954- ( JX9 EC.6 R425).Court of Justice is a tribunal of the European Community with international jurisdiction.

b. Treaties Establishing the European Communities, Treaties Amending the Treaties, Documents ofAccession. 1987 (JX9 EC T784 1987).

c. Collection of the Agreements Concluded by the European Communities. 1977- 5 volumes andannual supplement volume. (JX9 EC C697 1977).

d. Official Journal of the European Union. The official gazette of the European Union, it contains texts

of legislation, draft legislation, official announcements, and information on EU activities. Since1968, the Official Journal has consisted of two parts:

1. Legislation (L series) (JX9 EC.2 J86 E). Includes acts and regulations and non-obligatorypublications of decisions.

2. Information and Notices (C series) (Communications et Informations) (JX9 EC.2 J86c E)which includes:

a. Activities of Community institutions, European Parliament proceedings texts, Court of

Justice actions, Commission and Council public business, European and Social Committeeopinions and Court of Auditor actions.

b. Preparatory acts: proposals for new legislation.

c. Notices: competition and contract announcements.

3. Index to the Official Journal of the European Communities 1978- (JX9 EC.2 J86x5 E).Monthly index should be used until the annual index is available.

4. European Communities Legislation: Current Status. 1952- (REF COLL: INDEXES

EUROPEAN) This index, which is updated annually, is a guide to all binding secondary
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legislation of the European Communities (i.e. regulations, decisions, recommendations, anddirectives). Current Status not only lists legislation in force but also provides historical

information about legislation, e.g., repeals, amendments, etc. Citations to the Official Journal,where the full text of listed legislation may be found, are provided for each listed item.

5. Directory of Community Legislation in Force 1983- (REF COLL: INDEXESDIRECTOR). This annual index describes all secondary legislation in force at the time of

publication, arranged by treaty subject; provides Official Journal citations.

e. Bulletin of the European Communities. 1968- (JX9 EC B93e) is the monthly bulletin of theCommunities. The information is arranged in three parts: events and studies, activities anddocumentation. It also lists all items published in the Official Journal and gives the docket of the

Court of Justice.

f. General Report on the Activities of the Union. 1994- (JX9 EC.21 G327). This is the best overviewof the EUs activities.

g. European Union Law Reporter (LOOSELEAF COMMON MKT) (LEVEL S-2). This is a three-volume looseleaf service that is updated bi-weekly and includes Court decisions, regulations, treaties

and summaries of pertinent national legislation of the Member States.

4. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO/GATT)

The World Trade Organization or WTO began on January 1, 1995 and is located in Geneva

Switzerland. It was created by the Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-1994). It currently has amembership of 146 countries and is a forum for trade negotiations. It administers WTO trade

agreements, handles trade disputes, and monitors national trade policies. WTO documents may befound at:

1. WTO Documents - Microform. 1995-1996 (MICRO-10 S495). This set of documents isindexed by List & Index of Documents Issued. (MICROFRM ROOM BKS W927

T76L). WTO documents 1995- are now available online athttp://docsonline.wto.org/?language=1 .

2. Basic Instruments and Selected Documents/World Trade Organization (BISD WTO).1995- (As of June 2003, still in process). Includes treaties, agreements, dispute settlement

panel reports, etc.

3. WTO Guide to Documentation. (REF COLL: JX9 UN.90 A W9275W).

4. Documents that are first released as Restricted, generally eventually become Derestricted,

and available for public use. The following are indexes and lists of documents remainingrestricted and derestricted:

a. Documents Remaining Restricted. 1995- (MICROFRM ROOM BKS W927 T76D).b. Derestriction of Documents and Documents Remaining Restricted. 1996-1997

(MICROFRM ROOM BKS W927 T76DE).c. Derestriction of Documents. 1997- (MICROFRM ROOM BKS W927 T76DEA).

5. Dispute Settlement Reports/World Trade Organization. 1996- (JX9 UN.90 W9275 D613).

6. World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Decisions. 1996/97- (JX9 UN.90 C71 W9278D61). This is an annotated reporter, with helpful commentary.
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7. International Trade Law Reports. Vol. 1, 1996- (JX9 UN.90 Y I615 T763 L41 R42).

8. Dispute Settlement CommentariesElectronic Resource. (As of June 2003, still in process).http://www.worldtradelaw.net/dsc/main.htm . Includes summary and analysis of all WTO

dispute settlement reports and arbitrations.

9. Annual Report/World Trade Organization. 1996- (JX9 UN.90 W9275 A61).

The predecessor to the WTO, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into force in

1947. It also governed the trade relations of its signatory countries. For detailed information on findingGATT materials in the Law Library, ask for the handout "GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade; Sources of GATT Documents and GATT Information," available at the Reference Desk on S-1.

This handout describes the major publications of and about GATT and how to find GATT documentson microfiche or film. Included below are the some basic resources for GATT documents:

1. Many of the basic GATT materials (the treaty, decisions of dispute settlement panels, etc.) arepublished in Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (BISD) 1952-1995 (JX9 UN.90 C7 B31).

2. GATT documents are available on microfiche 1947-1994 (MAIN DESK: MICRO-10 S206).

Indexed in annual volumes (Microform Room Books, G326).

3. Selective GATT materials are available online via the WTO Documents Online website. Legal texts,http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm , Dispute Settlement Reports,http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htm , and Uruguay Round documents by

subject,http://docsonline.wto.org/gen_trade.asp .
http://www.worldtradelaw.net/dsc/main.htmhttp://www.worldtradelaw.net/dsc/main.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htmhttp://docsonline.wto.org/gen_trade.asphttp://docsonline.wto.org/gen_trade.asphttp://docsonline.wto.org/gen_trade.asphttp://docsonline.wto.org/gen_trade.asphttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/gt47ds_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htmhttp://www.worldtradelaw.net/dsc/main.htm


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