Introduction to Psychology II

Psychology Department

Primary motives

• Hunger motivationA need or convincing desire of food• What cause hunger?– Empty stomach contraction cause hunger– Hunger produce an overall feeling of weakness– Lower level of glucose(a kind of sugar in blood)in the

blood– Liver also responds to a lack of bodily fuels by sending

nerve impulse to brain. These messages also contribute to desire of eat

Brain areas involve in hunger• Two areas of hypothalamus are involved in

hunger that is – lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus – The hypothalamus is sensitive to levels of sugar or

glucose in the blood and it also take signals from stomach and liver. All these signals combine to explain about the state of hunger.

– The ventromedial hypothalamus is involve in the stop mechanism of eating food

Set point is the proportion of body fat(leptin) that tend to be maintained by the changes in huger and eating so it is the important mechanism that indicates about feeling of hunger or when to take less food

Thirst motivationThere are two kinds of thirst

Extracellular thirst that is caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells

It is caused by bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating and drinking alcohol

It leads to decrease the level of salts and water in the body so best satisfied by salty water

Cont….Intracellular thirst is triggered when fluid is

drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells because it leads to shrink the cell

This kind of thirst is best satisfied by plain water

Kidneys and hypothalamus is involve in thirst motivation

Pain motivationAvoiding pain is also the basic human drivePain is an episodic drive as it occurs in distinct episodesIt is associated with bodily damage that has occur or is

about to occurPain prompts to avoid or eliminate sources of

discomfort rather than attainment of any goalPain tolerance could be learned through society as

some people show their pain loudly and some show least of the behaviour without to much distress

Sex motivation

The term sex drive refers to the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual activity

Many psychologists do not think of sex as primary motive because it not not necessary for individual survival rather it is important for group survival

The sex drive is non-homeostaticSex drive can be aroused at virtually any time by almost any

thing

Cont….

Hormones play a role in sex drive– Androgen is the male hormone whereas Estrogen

is female hormone related to sex drive– Increase in the level of androgen initiate sex drive

in males whereas estrogen and androgen both play role in female sex drive because females also have little amount of androgen when its level increase they feel the sex drive

sleepUnconsciousness or unawareness of the external

environment is what we meant as sleepStages of sleepStage 1 is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep

and can be awakened easilyIn stage 2, eye movement stops and brain waves

become slower with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves.

When a person enters stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves.

In stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively.

Cont…Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as deep sleep, and it is very

difficult to wake someone from them. In deep sleep, there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking or night terrors.

In the REM period, breathing becomes more rapid, irregular and shallow, eyes jerk rapidly and limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. Also, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises and the body loses some of the ability to regulate its temperature. This is the time when most dreams occur, and, if awoken during REM sleep, a person can remember the dreams. Most people experience three to five intervals of REM sleep each night.

Factors affecting sleepCircadian rhythm - This is natural 24 hours cycle which

determines when humans fall asleep according to correspond daily activities and environment surrounding people

Environmental arousal - certain factors cause a state of arousal. When humans are in this state, sleep tends to be disrupted (e.g. stress)

Sleep deprivation - when one is sleep deprived, he/she tends to fall asleep sooner the next time and remain asleep longer. It must be emphasized that individual differences play an important role in sleep cycles

Bowel & bladder tensions

• Bowel and bladder tension plays an important role, particularly during the period of toilet training.

• Too early or too severe toilet training may induce a feeling of insecurity in the child.

• Such problems may be avoided if parents wait until the child is physically ready.

• These drives have very little significance in adult motivation.

Secondary motivation

The need to belong or affiliationAristotle called us as social animal so we have a need to affiliate with others for feeling of identification and connectivity

It is aid to survival asattachment serve as a powerful survival tool from caregivers to bring maturity for children and also enhance reproductionit also enhance the practice of corporation and protection

Wanting to belong

Cont…We are acting to increase our social acceptance by obeying

social norms because it enhance our self esteemThe need to belong depends on deep attachment and menacing

threatsMoreover we have to maintain that relationship with many

activitiesIt also have some darken sides as it could lead to abusive

relationships as detachment could lead to negative emotionsSo one can say that strong feeling of belongingness leads to

good health or visa verse

Achievement motivationIt is the desire to excel or meet some

internalized standard of excellenceMany achievement oriented children have

parents and teachers who encourage their independence from very early age

Achievement could be as a result of intrinsic(desire to perform for once own sake) or extrinsic motivation(desire to perform because of some external rewards or to avoid punishment)

Cont….Effective managers adjust their managerial

style in such a way that it will enhance the achievement motive of their employees

This motive have strong implications in all areas of life as the desire to have success is predominating in all spheres of life

But as it is said that it is learned, we learn this desire from are surroundings

Power motivationA tendency to seek impact, control or influence over

others, and to be seen as powerful individualPeople are more apt to belong to organization and seek

officeAlso seek to powerful professions like business

management or teachingThey seek to display trapping of powerMale show negative or opposite to social norms to

show their power whereas females show more positive behavior to command

Creativity motivation

This motivation has its link more with intrinsic motivation rather than extrinsic one

It is enhanced by personal interests or involvement challenging situation and freedom of choice rather than increase in salaries

Creativity killers areworking under strong supervisionchoices restrictions by rulesworking only for getting good evaluationworking mainly for moneytime pressure

Aggression

• While it has a biological basis, human aggression is primarily under the control of social factors.

• Among the environmental and social causes of human hostile aggression are frustration, insults, compliance with social pressures and unpleasant environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, intense noise, and under some conditions, crowding.

Cont….

• Aggression can be learned in various ways.• Punishment, catharsis, the

presence of non aggressive models may serve to lessen aggressive behavior.

Social Approval Motive

• Motive for social approval means to gain approval from significant others & the society in general.

• If this motive is weak, a person may behave antisocially.

• If it is too strong, a person may bury his originality and use up his adaptive energies in trying to discover and do the conventionally correct things.

• If the child was deprived of the love and care in infancy and could not develop the earliest form of social approval motive, the consequences could be undesirable social developments in later life.

Need for Self Actualization

• It refers to an individual’s need to develop his or her potentialities, to do what he or she is capable of doing.

• “Self actualizers”, then are people who make the fullest use of their capabilities.

• The goals for this need vary from person to person, for some it may be achievement in literacy or scientific fields, for others leadership in politics or community, and for some it may be living their lives fully without being unduly restrained by social conventions.

Competence Motive

• We are motivated to master challenges of environment. This is called competence motivation.

• Exploration, curiosity, and the need for sensory stimulation may simply be expressions of our need to master the environment.

• This motive plays an important & persistent role in driving human behavior

Cont…

• To achieve new masteries.• From crawling to standing, a baby pulls

himself over and over again until he finally succeeds. In a similar way, he works to be effective in the environment when it comes to walking and number of other challenges.

• These triumphs of child hood throw light on competence motivation.

Motives of Exploration & Curiosity

• The curiosity and exploration motive causes to seek out a certain amount of novelty and complexity, and with no other apparent motivation, we seek out and explore new environments.

• This motive is not unique to humans. Many animals will explore a new environment with no external reward other than the newness of what is perceived.

Play & Manipulation

• This is a motive to explore the surrounding and satisfying the pleasure need through playing and manipulation.

• This motive plays an important role in learning the new skills and mastering new tasks.