Introduction to Motor Skills & Abilities

Introduction to Motor Skills & AbilitiesEDU712 Skills Acquisition & Sports ManagementSkillsAccording to Knapp (1963) Skills are the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty, often with minimum outlay of time or energyAddition, subtraction, multiplication & divide are fundamental skills of mathematicsPlaying with a keyboard is a skillPlaying with a ball is a skill.Motor SkillMotor skill have also been defined by Argyle & Kendon (1967) as activities that require a chain of sensory (vision, hearing, touch, smell), central (brain and nervous system), and motor mechanics whereby the performer is able to maintain constant control of sensory input and in accordance with the goal of movementMotor skill is a skill that requires voluntary body and/or limb movement to achieve the goal. Playing with a keyboard involves the goal of striking the correct keys in the proper sequence and at the appropriate time, and it requires finger and hand movement to achieve that goal. Sports SkillAccording to the Honeybourne (2006) skill in sports has been classified into three categories: Cognitive SkillsPerceptual SkillsMotor SkillCognitive SkillsIt includes the intellectual skills of the athlete. An athlete make decisions and problem solve.

Cognitive skills such as decision-making speed are critical for a quaterback to make quick, effective decision. Perceptual SkillIt includes interpreting and integrating sensory information to determine the best movement outcome. Attention and previous movement experiences also affect perceptual skills.

Motor Skills It includes the physical elements that enable the movement. To put simply, the activity could not be completed without the learned ability to coordinate the limbs to produce the action.

Fundamental Motor SkillsAt young ages, basic skills provide the foundation for activities with much more complicated sports-specific motor skills. These basic skills are known as Fundamental Motor Skills. WalkingRunningJumpingThrowing CatchingKickingStrikingMotor Skills categorizationDevelopmental TaxonomiesSingle-DimensionalMultidimensionalNon-locomotor Skills Locomotor SkillsManipulative SkillsMovement PrecisionEnvironmental PredictabilityNature of skillEnvironmental ContextAction RequirementNon-locomotor Skills Skills performed in place, without appreciable spatial movement Examples:Bending and Stretching, Twisting and TurningPushing and PullingSwinging

Developmental TaxonomiesLocomotor SkillsUsed to move the body from one place to another or to project the body upwardExamples:Jumping, HoppingRunningWalking

Developmental TaxonomiesManipulative SkillsDeveloped through handling some type of object or apparatus.Most involve hands and feet but other parts of the body can also be used.Leads to better hand-eye and hand-foot coordination.Form basis of many form of game skills

Examples:Kicking, Striking,Juggling

Developmental TaxonomiesSteps Skills Execution1Kick a stationary ball into a goal while standing 2Take a step and kick a stationary ball in to a goal3Run and kick a stationary ball into a goal4Dribble the ball and kick into a goal5Dribble the ball and kick into a goal that is being guarded.Development Taxonomy progression for kicking a ballDevelopmental TaxonomiesMovement Precision Skills in which large muscle groups produce the movementExamples:Kicking, Striking,Throwing. Gross Motor Skills: Skills in which small muscle groups produce the movementExamples:Handwriting, Typing,Sewing. Fine Motor Skills: Single Dimensional Environmental Predictability

The object to acted on does not change during the performance of a skill.Examples:Picking a cup from a table Shooting an arrow at a stationary target.Closed Motor Skills: A person perform in a non-stable environment, where the object or context changes during the performance of skill.Examples:During a rally, a beach volleyball player cannot stand on one spot he move according to ball direction. Open Motor Skills: Single Dimensional Nature of the skillThe skill in which the beginning and end point are clearly defined. Examples:Throwing, KickingCatching.Discrete Motor SkillDo not have a clearly defined beginning or ending point. Continuous task appear as repetitive movement.Examples:Running,Swimming,Bicycling. Continuous Motor Skills:

Single Dimensional Single Dimensional Nature of the skillThe skill that include a series of discrete skills that must occur in a specific sequence. if the order of movement can be altered, the task would not be classified as a serial task.Serial Motor SkillExamples:Triple Jump consisting of a sprint, hop, skip and jumpPunt kick consisting of a catch, approach, drop and kickEnvironmental Context

Regulatory condition are the environmental factors specific to a particular skill or sports.Examples:In soccer , size of field, height and width of the goal, size and weight of the ball. These condition remain the same for any soccer game regardless of where it is played.Regulatory Conditions: RC standardize how a person must adapt to a given situation to produce a successful outcomeMultidimensional Multidimensional Action Requirements

Body orientation is classified as either body transport.Examples:Basketball LayupTriple JumpBody Stability (as in archery shooting)Body orientation Body transport activities include locomotors exercise, such as crawling, walking, and jumping. AbilityAbility Abilities are genetically predetermined characteristics that affect movement performance such as agility, coordination, strength, balance and flexibility. Abilities are enduring and as such, difficult to change in adults.According to Fleishman (1964) abilities are differ from skills in the sense that skills are learned, whereas abilities are a product of both learning and genetic factors.

AGILITYBALANCEFLEXIBILITYCOORDINATION

AGILITYBALANCECOORDINATIONBALANCECOORDINATIONCOORDINATIONReferencehttps://www.youtube.com/user/gamesforkidsunder6 Motor Learning and Development (2011) Pamela S. Haibach, Greg Reid, Douglas H. Collier. Human Kinetics, USMagil, R. A., (1998). Motor Learning: Concepts & Application. McGraw-Hill, SingaporeGallahue, D. L., & Ozmun, J. C., (2002). Understanding Motor Development: Infants, children, Adolescence, Adultshttp://stagesofskillacquisition.blogspot.com/