introduction to managerial economics - ca sri · pdf filemanagerial economics •...
TRANSCRIPT
BEC 30325: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Session 01
Dr. Sumudu Perera
• Nature and scope of Managerial Economics
• Goals and Constraints of business
organizations
• The Theory of the firm
• The nature and importance of profit
• Economic Profit and Accounting Profit
• Quantitative techniques in Managerial
Economics
Session Outline
Managerial Economics
• Managerial Economics is the integration
of economic theory with decision
science tools, so as to make decision
making effective and efficient.
• The application of economic theory and
the tools of decision science to examine
how an organization can achieve its
aims or objectives most efficiently.
Managerial Economics deals with:
“How decisions should be made by
managers to achieve the firm’s
goals-in particular, how to maximize
profit”
Managerial Decision Problems
Economic theory
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Decision Sciences
Mathematical Economics
Econometrics
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Application of economic theory
and decision science tools to solve
managerial decision problems
OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO
MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS
Managerial Decision Problems
• Product price and output
• Make or buy
• Production techniques
• Stock levels
• Advertising and media
• Labour hiring and training
• Investment and financing
6
Decision Sciences :
Tools and Techniques for Analysis
• Numerical Analysis
• Statistical Estimation
• Forecasting
• Game Theory
• Optimization
• Simulation
7
• Theory of consumer behaviour
• Theory of the firm
• Theory of market structures and pricing
8Economic Concepts:
Framework for Decisions
The goals of a firm :
Economic Goals; Maximizing or Satisficing?
• Profit
• Market share
• Revenue growth
• Return on investment
• Technology
• Customer satisfaction
• Shareholder value
9
Non-economic goals and objectives
• A good place for our employees to work
• Provide high quality products/ services to the
customers
• Act as a good citizen in the society
10
Optimal Decision
• Given the goals that the firm is pursuing, the
optimal decision in managerial economics is one
that bring the firm closest to this goal.
11
Questions that managers must answer,
What are the economic conditions in a particular market?
• Market structure?
• Government regulations?
• Future conditions?
• International dimensions?
• Technology?
• Macroeconomic factors?
12
It should be emphasized that practically in all managerial decisions
the task of the manager is the same. Namely, each goal involves
the optimization problem.
• The manager attempts either to maximize or minimize
some objective function, frequently subject to some
constraints.
• And for all goals that involve an optimization problem,
the basic general economic principles apply.
13
Economics Vs. Managerial Economics
Economics
Study of economic theory
Belongs to positive
economics
Examine the human
behavior on using scarce
resources on unlimited
needs and wants
Limited Scope
Managerial Economics
Application of economic
theory
Belongs to normative
economics
Study the way of applying
economic theory for
decision making in firms
Wide scope
14
Why is Managerial Economics Important?
• To estimate economic relationships
• To make decisions related to internal issues
• Effectively utilize resources (What/how
much/how/to whom, to produce)
• Pricing
• Face price and non-price competitions
• Maximizing sales, revenues, profits
• To identify the impact of external factors on
the firm
• To use theoretical concepts in economics to
actual behavior of firms
• A powerful “analytical engine”.
15
Theory of the Firm
▪ Combines and organizes resources for the purpose of producing goods
and/or services for sale.
▪ Internalizes transactions, reducing transactions costs.
▪ Primary goal is to maximize the wealth or value of the firm.
Example -Theory of the Firm
Johns, an entrepreneur decides to set up a firm by recruiting people to
work for wages, by purchasing a property for the factory. Johns believes
that it is very much efficient and less costly to run a business through a firm,
rather than him doing everything alone.
He believes that a general contract agreed with laborers to perform a
number of tasks for specific wages and benefits is less costly than specific
contracts for each task undertaken.
He can also internalize many functions such as Finance, Marketing, IT,
Research and Development etc without giving those tasks to external
parties.
Value of the Firm
The present value of all expected future profits
1 2
1 21(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
nn t
n tt
PVr r r r
1 1(1 ) (1 )
n nt t t
t tt t
TR TCValueof Firm
r r
Alternative Theories
▪ Sales maximization
Adequate rate of profit
▪Management utility maximization
Principle-agent problem
▪Satisficing behavior
Definitions of Profit
▪ Business / Accounting Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit or accounting
costs of production.
▪ Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit and implicit costs of production.
▪ Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its best alternative use.
Example –Accounting vs Economic profit
Aniq is a final year student and he also works as a part-time gym instructor at the
College gymnasium. During his free hours he engages in training athletes, for which he
receives an allowance of Rs.10000 per month. He has to incur a cost of Rs.1200 per
month for his travelling and another Rs.600 on laundry on his sports clothes. Other than
that, on the days that he comes to the gym he has to spend on a protein drink which
would cost him Rs. 800 per month on average. If he was to be occupied elsewhere
during his free time, he could have worked at the college cafeteria and earned Rs.
5,500 per month.
Identify the explicit, implicit and economic costs of this scenario separately, and
compare the accounting and economic profits of engaging in as a gym instructor.
Function of Profit
▪ Profit is a signal that guides the allocation of society’s
resources.
▪ High profits in an industry are a signal that buyers want more
of what the industry produces.
▪ Low (or negative) profits in an industry are a signal that
buyers want less of what the industry produces.
The Changing Environment of
Managerial Economics
▪ Globalization of Economic Activity
Goods and Services
Capital
Technology
Skilled Labor
▪ Technological Change
Telecommunications Advances
The Internet and the World Wide Web
• Numerical analysis
• Statistical estimation
• Forecasting
• Game theory
• Optimization
• Simulation
Decision Science Tools
Department of Business Economics, FMSC, USJP
24
Basic Training: Rules of Differentiation
Constant Function Rule: Y = f(X) =0
Power Function Rule:
Sum-and-Differences Rule
Product Rule
1bdYb aX
dX
dY dU dV
dX dX dX
dY dV dUU V
dX dX dX
Quotient Rule
Chain Rule
26
dY dY dU
dX dU dX
2
dU dVV UdY dX dX
dX V