introduction to ipr (25mar05)

8/8/2019 Introduction to IPR (25Mar05)

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Introduction to

Intellectual PropertyRights

Post Graduate Diploma in IPR(PGDIPR)


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CONCEPTOFPROPERTY

Natural object becomesaresourcewhen itsatisfiesa human want

A resource possessedandownedbecomesa property

A bundleoflegalrightslinkedto

ownershipandpossessionofanitem

(Tangible: relatedtophysicalobjects)


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INTELLECTUALPROPERTY

Itisthe PROPERTYCREATED BYAPPLICATIONOFHUMANMIND

Intangible (non-physical)innature-derivesvaluefrom ideas

Thereisnouniform definitionof IP

Inknowledgeage, IPisakeytotechno-economicgrowth


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IP UBIQUITOUS INLIFE

Articlesoffood, furniture, clothing,textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,

entertainmentgadgets, machinery,books, etc.areall IPprotected.

Domainof IPis ever expanding with

adventofTechnologyandGlobalization : GI, IC topographyarenew additions, TK/Biodiversityarelikelyadditions


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RATIONALEBEHIND IP

Thecreativeactivityculminatingin IPisnecessaryforsocio-economicprogress

Materialincentivesandrewards encouragegreatercreativeactivity

IPrights grantmonopolyto ensurerewards

Theinterestsofownerandsocietyarebalanced bylimitingperiodsofmonopoly withobligationtodiscloseandremediesagainstabuseofrights

Disclosure bringsknowledgeinpublicdomain


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NATUREOF IPRs

Essentiallynegativerightsto stopothersfrom copyingorcounterfeiting

Inpatents, beingfirstwithaninventionpre-emptsanyrightofanother makingsameinventionindependently.

Incopyrights, therightisdilutedasright

isovertheform ofexpressionandnotoveridea.

IPRs being statutoryrightsarelegallyenforceable.

Theyareterritorialinnature.


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7MAIN IP INSTRUMENTS

Patents

Trademarks, TradeNames & Services Marks

Geographical Indications

IndustrialDesigns

Layout-designsofIntegrated Circuits

Trade Secrets

CopyrightsAnd Related Rights

Firstsix are Industrial Property Rights


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Patents


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PATENT: WHAT IS IT?

Itisalimited right granted bythestatetoaninventorinrespectofan

inventiontoexclude anyotherpersonfrom practicingtheinvention

i.e. manufacturing, usingorsellingthe

patentedproductorfrom usingthepatentedprocess, withoutduepermission.


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WHATCANBEPATENTED?

Inventions in all fields of technology,whether products or processes, if they

meet thecriteria of Being patentablesubjectmatter;

Novelty;

Non-obviousness (inventivestep);

Industrial application (utility).


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Conditions of Patentability

Novelty: Invention not known to publicprior toclaim by inventor

Inventive Ste p: Invention would not be obvious to a person with ordinary skill inthe art

Industrial Application: Invention can be made o r used in any useful, practicalactivity as distinct from purely intellectual

or aesthetic one


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SOMEEXCLUSIONSFROMPATENTABILITY

Naturallyoccurringsubstances/elements;

Diagnostic, therapeuticandsurgical methodsof

treatmentofhumansoranimals; Plantsandanimalsotherthan-organisms;

Essentially biologicalprocessesforproductionof

plantsoranimals; Inventions whoseuseiscontrarytopublicorder

or morality.

Ideas, methodsfor business, playinggames,

performing mentalacts.


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PATENT: SPECIALREQUIREMENT

Disclosureof invention

Sufficiently clear and complete sothat a person skilled in the art cancarry out theinvention.

A country may require the bestmode for carrying out the inventionto bedisclosed.


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4711(Cologne)

TRADEMARKS


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TRADEMARK, SERVICEMARK,and TRADENAME

Distinctivesymbols,signs,logosthathelpconsumerto distinguish between

competinggoodsorservices.Atrade nameisthe nameofan enterprise

whichindividualizesthe enterpriseinconsumers mind.

Legally not linkedto quality.

Infact, linked inconsumers mindto qualityexpectation.


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Forms of TM

Visual: Words, letters, numerals,devicesincludingdrawingsand

symbols or 2-D representations ofobjectoracombination oftwo ormoreofthese, colourcombinations orcolourper se, 3-D signas shape ofgoods or

packaging.

Audio: Sounds, Musical Notes

Olfactory: Smells


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CRITERIAOFTMPROTECTABILITY

Distinctive (basicfunction):

- inherent(e.g.RIN), or

- acquired byusage (e.g. TATA)

Non-deceptive ( toavoid misleading)

Notcontrarytopublicorder, morality

Special Requirements

A markisregisteredforspecifiedclassesofgoodsorservices.


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What is protected and

whats not? Right to use TM inrelationtogoods/

servicesasregisteredareprotected (If

TM consistsofseveralparts, protectionisfor TM asa whole)

StateEmblems, Official Hallmarks,

EmblemsofIntergovernmentalOrganizationscannot beusedas TM.


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Paithani weaving

GEOGRAPHICALINDICATIONS


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What isGI?

Manygoodspossess theirpeculiarpropertiesdue to theirgeographicalorigin.

GI is the best method to indicate thegeographicaloriginofgoods and services.

Many agriculturalproducts (tea, rice);dairyproducts (cheese), wines and spirits(Champagne)owe their special quality andreputation to theirgeographicalplaceofgrowthorprocessing.


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Protection ofGI

GI is not owned byasingle owner

Anyproducer in the region canuse theGI

on theproductprovided it isprepared by thenormsset out for theuse of thatGI.

GI is registered in the national registerandissimilar to the certification mark identifying

the origin of thegood. Govt. can registerGI in the international

register maintained by WIPO for world wideprotection.

It isan offence touse falseGI ongoods.


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IndustrialDesigns


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What are Industrial Designs?

Theornamentalor aesthetic aspectofan article that enhancesvisual appeal

and differentiatesproduct.e.g. 3-Dfeaturesofshapeor surface asofaperfume bottle, 2-Dpatternsof

lines, shapes andcolours ason a bedsheet.


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Criteria for Protection as ID

New and Original

Capable of massproduction orapplication on an article ofutility

Not contrary topublic order or

moralityThe shape should not bedetermined

merely by the functionality of the

good.


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Comparison of ID against TM

ID

Has to be integralpart of product

Should beoriginal and newbut need not be

distinctive

TM

Is applied on theproduct but neednot be embodiedin it.

Should bedistinctive


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ID,Copyright, Patent

If the article is not mass produced orthedesigncan not be applied on a

useful article, thedesign would bean aesthetic work, protectableundercopyright.

Some engineeringdesigns may besufficiently innovative, protectable asa patent.


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ID Protection

Protects commercial exploitation of thedesign idea throughproducts/articles

that embody it or reproduce itandnot thearticles themselves.


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Integrated CircuitLayoutDesigns


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What isLayout Design?

Layout of transistors and othercircuitelements, includinglead wires

connecting such elements andexpressed in any manner in asemiconductor integratedcircuit (IC).


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Why to protect?

IC Layoutsare creations ofhumanmind;

Thereislot ofinvestment of timeandmoneyin the creation but copyingisvery cheap;

Fertilearea withnew circuitdesignsmade everyday to caterforminiaturizationandnovelapplications.


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Why special protection?

There may not be novelty so cannot bepatented;

Copyright protectiondoes not returnthe investments since commercial lifeofadesign is limited.


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Protection is against

Act of reproducing alayoutdesignfullyor inparts;

Importing, selling ordistributingcommercially aprotectedlayoutdesignorIC incorporating it.

But identicaldesign createdindependently by thirdparty isnotprohibited.


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TradeSecret

The bestkeptsecrettilldate


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Trade Secrets

Someinventions, data, informationcannot beprotected by anyof the

available meansofIPRs. Suchinformationisheld confidential as atrade secret.

Trade secret can be aninvention, idea,survey method,manufacturingprocess,experiment results, chemicalformula,recipe, financial strategy, clientdatabase etc.


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When Trade Secrets are

preferred?

Wheninventionis not patentable;

Patent protectionislimited to 20 years,when secret can bekept beyond thatperiod;

When costof patent protection are

prohibitive; Whenitis difficult to reverse engineer


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How to guard Trade Secret?

Restrictingnumber ofpeoplehaving accesstosecretinformation

Signing confidentiality agreements withbusinesspartners and employees

Usingprotective techniqueslike digital datasecurity tools and restricting entryinto areawhere tradesecretis worked orheld

Nationallegislationsprovideprotectioninform ofinjunction and damagesifsecret

informationisillegally acquired or used.


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Copyright


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Copyright

Copyright protectsliteraryandartisticworks

e.g. Books, lectures, dramaticand musicalworks, choreography, cinematography,drawings, paintings, architecture, sculpture,

photographs, illustrations, maps, planssketches etc.

This isautomatic rightcreated with thecreation ofworkandno registration is

required


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Rights covered underCR

Moral Rights : Authors right ofpaternity. Non-alienable.

Economic Rights : Rights to exploit thework.e.g. Rights of translation, rights of

performance, rights of reproduction etc.These rights can be transferred,assigned, licensedfor economicbenefits.


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Who are theAuthors?

Writer/writers of the book;

Painter;

Musiccomposer;

Translator;

Cinematographer; Photographer etc.


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Duration of Protection

For books and other works of arts it is 50to 70 years after thedeath of the author

(thelaws ofdifferent countriesvary);

Forphotographic work 25 years frommaking the work;

For cinematic works 50 years aftermaking the work available topublic.


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Exceptions to Protection

(Free Use orFair Deal) Quotationsfor commentary;

IllustrationforTeaching;

Current NewsReporting etc.

Free Use isdecided by amount ofworkused and its economic implications tothe rightholder.The mention oforiginal author/source is must.


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RelatedRights


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Related Rights

(Neighbouring Rights)Rights related to dissemination ofcopyrighted work

Theyprotect:

Performers ofWork

Producers ofPhonograms

Broadcasting Organizations


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International Agreements

ParisconventionfortheprotectionofIndustrialProperty (1883)

BerneconventionforprotectionofLiteraryand Artistic Works (1886)

AgreementonTradeRelated Aspects

ofIntellectualPropertyRights (TRIPS)(1994)


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Emerging Issues in IPR

Traditional KnowledgeandExpressionofCulture (Folklore)

Biodiversityand Genetic Resources

Electronic Commerce;

InternetDomain Names;

Protectionofdatabases, software


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Thank you!

introduction to ipr (25mar05)

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