introduction to human physiology
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Human Physiology. XIA Qiang, M.D. & Ph.D. Department of Physiology Room 518, Block C, Research Building School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Email: [email protected] Tel: 88208252. Course Structure. Lectures: 80 academic hours 5 a.h./week 2 a.h. on Tue., 3 a.h. on Fri. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Human Physiology
XIA Qiang, M.D. & Ph.D.
Department of Physiology
Room 518, Block C, Research Building
School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 88208252
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Course Structure
• Lectures: 80 academic hours• 5 a.h./week• 2 a.h. on Tue., 3 a.h. on Fri.
• Practicals: 64 a.h.• 4 a.h./week
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Evaluation
• Participation in practicals: 5%
• Practical reports: 15%
• Weekly assessments & midterm exam: 20%
• Final examination: 60%
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Recommended textbook
• Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2006) Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, Tenth Edition. McGraw-Hill.
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Course website
• University Course Center: • http://10.202.77.12/
• Course website:• http://10.202.77.12/JWCenterWeb/TemplateVi
ew?tempName=null&id=null&websiteId=26519&type=1&codeName=columnsun&courseWebsiteId=69995
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Physiology: the study of the logic of life
Life
Logic
Study
生理学
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Physiology
Plant Physiology
Bacterial Physiology
Viral Physiology
Animal Physiology
Human Physiology
……
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Human Physiology
• Specific characteristics, functions and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being
How ?What ?
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Exercise Physiology
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Aviation, high-altitude, and space physiology
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Diving and Hyperbaric physiology
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C. Galen (129-200)
(Ancient Greco-Roman)
History of Physiology
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Italian)
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De Motu Cordis
“On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628)
(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html)
W. Harvey (1578-1657) (English)
Rise of modern physiology
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An Italian physiologist who
used a microscope to
discover the capillaries,
crowning Harvey’s
investigation
M. Malpighi (1628-1694)
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L. Galvani (1737-1798) (Italian)
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(1813-1878)
A French physiologist known
for his idea of the internal
environment
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Павлов (Ivan Pavlov) (1849-1936)
A Russian physiologist known
chiefly for his development of
the concept of the conditioned
reflex
Awarded the Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine in 1904
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中国生理学会 Chinese
Association for
Physiological
Sciences
(founded in
1926)
林可胜 (Robert Kho Seng Lim) (1897-1969)“Father of Chinese Modern Physiology”
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Levels of Physiological research
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1. Cellular and molecular Physiology
Measurementof cell shortening
Ce
ll le
ng
th (m
)
120
905s
Measurement of [Ca2+]i
0.6
1.3
340
/380
5s
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2. Organ and System Physiology
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3. Integrative Physiology
Acute experiment
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Chronic experiment
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Body Fluid = 60% of Body Weight (BW)
Intracellular Fluid2/3, 40% of BW
Extracellular Fluid1/3, 20% of BW
Plasma 5% of BW
Interstitial Fluid15% of BW
70 kg Male, 42 L
Internal environment
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External Environment
Extracellular Fluid1/3, 20% of BW
Plasma 5% of BW
Interstitial Fluid15% of BW
Internal Environment
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Extracellular Fluid=Internal Environment
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis (from the
Greek words for “same”
and “steady”):
maintenance of static or
constant conditions in
the internal environment
W. Cannon
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Components of Homeostasis:
Concentration of O2 and CO2
pH of the internal environment
Concentration of nutrients and waste products
Concentration of salt and other electrolytes
Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid
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----Regulation
Body's systems operate together to
maintain homeostasis:
Skin system Skeletal and muscular system
Circulatory system Respiratory system
Digestive system Urinary system
Nervous system Endocrine system
Lymphatic system Reproductive system
How is homeostasis achieved?
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Regulation of body functions
• Nervous Regulation
• Humoral Regulation
• Autoregulation
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Reflex
Knee jerk reflex
Nervous regulation
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•Receptor
•Afferent (sensory) nerve
•Reflex center (brain or spinal cord)
•Efferent (motor) nerve
•Effector
Reflex Arc
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Endocrine cells
Hormone
Hormone
Receptor
Traditional description of humoral regulation by hormone
Humoral regulation
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•Endocrine action: the hormone is distributed in
blood and binds to distant target cells•Paracrine action: the hormone acts locally by
diffusing from its source to target cells in the
neighborhood•Autocrine action: the hormone acts on the same
cell that produced it
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VasopressinOxytocin
Neuroendocrine
(Neurosecretion)
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• Pheromone
Pheromone for MenOriginal price: $99.95
Ant Alarm Pheromone
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Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure
Mechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels
Significance: Maintenance of near-constant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow
Autoregulation
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80~180 mmHg
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Control systems of the body
CYBERNETICS
or Control and Communication
in the Animal and the Machine
(MIT Press 1948)
Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)Originator of Cybernetics
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Open-loop system
Seldom seen under physiological conditions
Stress
1. Non-automatic Control System
Control Center EffectorsStimulus Response
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Closed-loop system
Automatic control
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
2. Feedback Control System
Control Center EffectorsStimulus Response
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Negative feedback: common
A change in a condition leads to responses from the
effectors which counteracts that change
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Examples:
Regulation of blood pressure,
Regulation of body temperature,
Regulation of hormone release…
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Gain of the negative feedback:
The degree of effectiveness with which a control
system maintains conditions
Correction
ErrorGain=
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Positive feedback: uncommon
A change in a condition leads to responses from the
effectors which amplifies that change
+
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Examples:
Child birth
Micturition
Blood coagulation
Vicious circle under pathophysiological conditions…
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3. Feed-forward Control
Often seen in nervous system
Rapid
Adaptive control
Examples: some muscle contraction,
conditioned reflex
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Control Center EffectorsStimulus Response
MonitorMonitorDisturbance
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Summary
• Terms:
• Internal environment
• Homeostasis
• Negative feedback
• Positive feedback
• Regulation of body functions
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