introduction to human anatomy & physiology. overview of anatomy anatomy: the study of the...
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Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Overview of Anatomy
Anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another
Overview of Physiology
Physiology: The study of how the body and its parts work or function
Relationship
What is relationship between the terms anatomy and physiology?
The parts of your body form a well-organized unit and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.
Levels of Structural Organization
Simplest level – chemical level
– Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins
– Molecules then associate to form cells
Organ System Overview
Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
Integumentary System
The external covering of the body or the skin
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Muscular System
The skeletal muscles, those responsible for the movement of the body, form the muscular system
Nervous System
The body’s fast-acting control system
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Endocrine System
Controls the body activities, but much more slowly than the nervous system
Endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the blood to travel to distant target organs.
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other organs like the spleen and tonsils
Helps defend the body against disease- causing agents
Respiratory System
Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Responsible for breaking down food and delivering the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.
Urinary System
Removes the nitrogenous-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.
Bellringer
Compare and contrast the terms ‘anatomy’ and ‘physiology’.
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position Movement Body Cavities Directional Terms Regional Terms Body Planes
Anatomical Position
Body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Movement
Abduction Adduction Antagonistic Eversion Inversion
Circumduction Supination Pronation Rotation Extension Flexion
Types of Body Movements
Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline
Adduction: moving a limb towards the body midline
Types of Body Movements
Supination: moving the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position (anatomical position)
Pronation: moving the palm of the hand from an anterior, position to a posterior position.
Types of Body Movements
Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together
Extension: movement increases the angle of the joint and increases the distance between two bones.
Types of Body Movements
Rotation: movement of bone around longitudinal axis; shaking head “no”
Types of Body Movements
Circumduction: proximal end of the limb is stationary, and its distal end moves in a circle
Types of Muscles – Related to Movement
Antagonist: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement of the prime mover.
Types of Body Movements
Inversion: turning the sole of the foot so that it faces medially
Eversion: turning the sole of the foot laterally
Body Cavities
•Figure 1.7, page 15
Regional Terms
Anterior Body Landmarks– Nasal, Oral, Cervical, Thoracic, Abdominal,
Umbilical, Pubic, Patellar, Orbital, Sternal, Axillary, Brachial, Carpal, Digital, Inguinal, Femoral, Tarsal
– Fig. 1.5a, page 13
•Nasal•Oral•Cervical•Thoracic•Abdominal•Umbilical•Pubic•Patellar•Orbital• Sternal•Axillary•Brachial•Carpal•Digital•Inguinal•Femoral •Tarsal
Regional Terms
Posterior Body Landmarks– Cephalic, Occipital, Deltoid, Scapular, Vertebral,
Lumbar, Gluteal– Fig 1.5b, page 13
•Cephalic
• Occipital
•Deltoid
•Scapular
•Vertebral
•Lumbar
•Gluteal
Directional Terms
Directional terms are used to describe the directional relationship of one body structure to another
Table 1.1, page 12 Terms: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior,
Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep
Body Planes
Body Planes
Sagittal Plane: separates the body longitudinally into right and left parts
Body Planes
Frontal Plane: separates the body on a longitudinal plane into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
Body Planes
Transverse Plane: separates the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Tissues
Groups of cells that are similar in structure
4 Types of Body Tissue
Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscle
Epithelial Tissue
Lines body organs, covers the body surface, and found in glandular tissue
Fits closely together Lower surface rests on a
basement membrane Lacks blood vessels Divide rapidly, quick
healing
Epithelial Classified by Layers
Simple Stratified Pseudostratified
Simple Epithelial
One layer of cells
Stratified Epithelial
More than one cell layer
Pseudostratified Epithelial
Looks layered but is not Has cilia at its surfaces
Epithelial Classification by Shape
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional
Squamous Epithelial
Flattened like fish scales or tiles on a floor
Broad and thin nuclei
Cuboidal Epithelial
Cube shaped like dice Centrally located
nucleus
Columnar Epithelial
Column shaped Nucleus is near the
basement membrane
Transitional Epithelial
Change shape– Vary in appearance at the free surface, so that
when the organ is contracted it is thinner than when the wall is stretched.
Found in urinary bladder
Epithelial Examples
Simple Squamous single layer of thin
flattened cells Common site of
diffusion and filtration Line air sacs (alveoli),
walls of blood vessels
Epithelial Examples
Simple Cuboidal single layer of cube-
shaped cells Secretion and
absorption Found in ovaries,
kidney tubules, and ducts of glands
Epithelial Examples
Simple Columnar single layer of
elongated cells Specialize in
absorption Line the uterus and
portions of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus
Epithelial Examples
Pseudostratified Columnar All cells have contact with
basement membrane, but resembles layers
Cilia at surface Found in nasal cavity, trachea,
and bronchi
Epithelial Examples
Stratified squamous epithelium Occurs in areas of severe stress
– Lining of mouth, esophagus, tongue, surface of skin
Nervous Tissue
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Receive and send information
Connective Tissue
The most abundant type of tissue in the body by weight
Well vascularized Can vary from fluid
to solid
Connective Tissue Functions
Bind structures Provide support and protection Fill spaces Store fat Produce blood cells Protect against infection Help repair tissue damage
Connective Tissue Types
Loose Connective Tissue– Areolar– Adipose– Reticular
Dense Connective Tissue Bone – Connective Tissue Blood – Connective Tissue Cartilage – Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
Fibers loosely arranged Three Types
– Areolar– Reticular– Adipose
Areolar – Loose Connective Tissue
Most abundant connective tissue Found beneath all epithelial tissues where its
blood vessels nourish the epithelial cells Binds skin to underlying tissues and fills
space between muscles
Reticular- Loose Connective Tissue
Supports the walls of certain internal organs (Liver, Spleen)
Adipose – Loose Connective Tissue
Forms subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
Cushions joints and some organs
Provides insulation and fuel
Dense Connective Tissue
Made of strong, collagenous fibers
Found in tendons, ligaments, white portion of the eye, and deep skin layers
Bone
The most rigid connective tissue Involved in protection and support
Blood
Transports substances and helps maintain a stable internal system.
Composed of– Plasma– Red Blood Cells– White Blood Cells– Platelets
Cartilage
Made of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in a firm gel substance
Lacks direct blood supply and slow to heal
Support, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues
Three main types:– Hyaline– Elastic– Fibrocartilage
Muscle Tissue
Very cellular, highly vascularized (lots of blood vessels), innervated (have nerves)
Three Main Types– Skeletal– Smooth – Cardiac
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Attached to bones and skin to provide voluntary movement
Contraction generates heat
multi-nucleated with striations
Cardiac Muscle
Found in walls of heart
Smaller, branching cells
One or two nuclei, Striated
Involuntary Control Intercalated disks –
where cardiac muscle cells connect end to end
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Small, cigar shaped (tapered at ends) cells
Uni-nucleated, no striations Found in walls of
– Digestive tract– Arteries and veins to control
blood flow and blood pressure– Ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra to control movement of urine
– Muscles of eye to control pupil size