introduction to gisintroduction to gissite.iugaza.edu.ps/ajamassi/files/2010/02/lecture011.pdfhi t f...

GIS technologyGIS technologyGIS technologyGIS technology

Introduction to GISIntroduction to GISIntroduction to GISIntroduction to GIS

D ELJAMASSI Al ddiDr. ELJAMASSI Alaeddinne

Ph.D. Geomatics Engineering (GIS& Remote Sensing)g g ( g)

Faculty of Engineering- IUGaza-Palestine

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GIS TechnologGIS TechnologGIS TechnologyGIS TechnologyWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GIS

Components of GISComponents of GISComponents of GISComponents of GIS

What does a GIS do?What does a GIS do?What does a GIS do?What does a GIS do?

Functions of GIS Functions of GIS

Benefits of GISBenefits of GIS

Real World ApplicationsReal World Applications

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What is GIS?What is GIS?

A G hi I f ti S t (GIS) iA G hi I f ti S t (GIS) i

What is GIS?What is GIS?

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of computerized maps and databases collection of computerized maps and databases p pp pthat are linked together for the purpose of that are linked together for the purpose of storing retrieving managing and analyzingstoring retrieving managing and analyzingstoring, retrieving, managing and analyzing storing, retrieving, managing and analyzing information.information.

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What is GIS?What is GIS?What is GIS?What is GIS?

GeographicGeographic InformationInformation SystemSystem oror GISGIS isisdefineddefined asas anan informationinformation systemsystem toto input,input,retrieveretrieve processprocess analyzeanalyze andand visualizevisualizeretrieve,retrieve, process,process, analyzeanalyze andand visualizevisualizegeographicallygeographically referencedreferenced datadata ororgeospatialgeospatial datadata inin orderorder toto supportsupport decisiondecisionmakingmaking forfor planningplanning andand managementmanagement ofofmakingmaking forfor planningplanning andand managementmanagement ofofnaturalnatural resourcesresources andand environmentenvironment

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What is GIS?What is GIS?…What is GIS?…What is GIS?

What Is aG hiGeographicI f tiInformationSystem?System?

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Sample overlaySample overlayp yp y

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GIS (Describing Our World)GIS (Describing Our World)GIS (Describing Our World)GIS (Describing Our World)

We can describe any We can describe any element of our worldelement of our worldelement of our world element of our world in two ways:in two ways:

Att ib t I f tiAttribute Information:What is it?Location Information:

Wh i it?Species: OakHeight: 15m

Where is it?

Height: 15mAge: 75 Yrs

51°N 112°W51 N, 112 W

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GISGIS Links Data SetsLinks Data SetsGIS GIS -- Links Data SetsLinks Data Sets

GIS software links the location GIS software links the location data and the attribute data:data and the attribute data:

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Forget about Maps!Forget about Maps!Forget about Maps!Forget about Maps!

Geographic Information Systems areGeographic Information Systems aredriven by the data linked to the mapsdriven by the data linked to the mapsdriven by the data linked to the maps.driven by the data linked to the maps.

Databases 80%

Maps 20%

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Did you Know?Did you Know?Did you Know?Did you Know?

Approximately Approximately 8080% of ALL data stored is % of ALL data stored is related to a geographic locationrelated to a geographic locationrelated to a geographic location.related to a geographic location.

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GIS & Others Science and TechnologGIS & Others Science and TechnologGIS & Others Science and Technology GIS & Others Science and Technology

GISGISGIS borrows from other GIS borrows from other software technology:software technology: GISGISsoftware technology:software technology:

RelationalRelational Relational Database CADCADRelationalRelationalDatabaseDatabase

Relational Database Management Systems

CADCADGraphicsGraphics

Computer Assisted Design and Graphics Software

Statistical Statistical AnalysisAnalysis

Statistical Analysis AnalysisAnalysisand Reporting

Packages

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GIS & Others Science and TechnologGIS & Others Science and Technolog

CAD الحاسب1 بمعونة التصميم أنظمة Computerـ –added design:

GIS & Others Science and Technology GIS & Others Science and Technology

CAD :Computer –added designـ أنظمة التصميم بمعونة الحاسب 1

تتيح الوصول إلى قواعد البيانات ولكن بشكل محدود

ةGISRS DBM

.إمكانياتها التحليلية محدودة

:Computer Cartographyـ األنظمة الكرتوغرافية 2

. topologyبنية المعلومات فيها بسيطة وتفتقر إلى العالقات المكانية

محدودة التحليلية قدراتهاCAC

.قدراتها التحليلية محدودة Database management systemsـ أنظمة إدارة قواعد البيانات3

DBMS):(ة تخزن وتجمع وتعالج البيانات الوصفية

.إمكانياتها الرسومية محدودة وتفتقر إلى إمكانية التحليل الجغرافي بعد4 عن االستشعار أنظمة Remoteـ sensing systems: :Remote sensing systemsـ أنظمة االستشعار عن بعد4

raster dataتجمع وتخزن وتعالج البيانات النقطية vector( الشعاعية تفتقر هذه األنظمة إلى القدرة على معالجة البيانات

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data ( .إمكانية ربطها مع البيانات الوصفية محدودة

GIS & Others Science and TechnologGIS & Others Science and TechnologGIS & Others Science and Technology GIS & Others Science and Technology

CAD

GISRS DBMGISRS DBM

CAC

يم السابقة األنظمة محل المعلومات الجغرافي نظام يحل ال إلجراء إمكانياتها بعض من يستفيد بل وظائفها أداء في

.المختلفة الجغرافية التحاليل

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Hi t f GISHi t f GISHistory of GISHistory of GIS

O i i l t t k d f di i UK (O i i l t t k d f di i UK (18501850 ) d t) d t Original uses were to track spread of diseases in UK (Original uses were to track spread of diseases in UK (18501850s) and to s) and to combine topography and military maps during wars in early combine topography and military maps during wars in early 18001800s s

Evolution of GIS was stimulated by the concept of overlayEvolution of GIS was stimulated by the concept of overlay Evolution of GIS was stimulated by the concept of overlayEvolution of GIS was stimulated by the concept of overlayW. Manning combined soil, vegetation, and topography maps to W. Manning combined soil, vegetation, and topography maps to

analyze relationship (analyze relationship (19121912))y p (y p ( )) Tyrwhitt recognized and described the overlay process in detail (Tyrwhitt recognized and described the overlay process in detail (19501950)) Alexander used weightings and multiple factors to make transportation Alexander used weightings and multiple factors to make transportation

decisions (decisions (19631963)) I. McHarg used photographic overlays to create many maps to suit I. McHarg used photographic overlays to create many maps to suit

many purposes (many purposes (19691969))

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Why Use GIS?Why Use GIS?

GIS is notGIS is not..........simply a computer system for making maps, simply a computer system for making maps, although it can create maps at different scales, in different although it can create maps at different scales, in different projections, and with different colors. projections, and with different colors.

GIS is GIS is much more than mapping software. Maps are only one much more than mapping software. Maps are only one of three views of a GIS. When deployed with a clear of three views of a GIS. When deployed with a clear p yp ystrategy, GIS is a technology that can change an strategy, GIS is a technology that can change an organization fundamentally and positively.organization fundamentally and positively.

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Three Views of a GISThree Views of a GIS

A hi i f i lA hi i f i lA geographic information system supports several A geographic information system supports several views for working with geographic information.views for working with geographic information.

G d t b iG d t b iGeodatabase viewGeodatabase view

Geovisualization view Geovisualization view

Geoprocessing viewGeoprocessing viewp gp g

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Three Views of a GISThree Views of a GIS

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The Geodatabase ViewThe Geodatabase ViewThe Geodatabase ViewThe Geodatabase View

G hi R t tiG hi R t tiGeographic Representations:Geographic Representations:

AsAs partpart ofof aa GISGIS geodatabasegeodatabase design,design, usersusers specifyspecifyhowhow certaincertain featuresfeatures willwill bebe representedrepresented.. ForForppexampleexample::

ParcelsParcels willwill typicallytypically bebe representedrepresented asas polygons,polygons, StreetsStreets willwill bebe mappedmapped asas centerlines,centerlines,WellsWells asas points,points, andand soso onon..p ,p ,

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Geovisualization viewGeovisualization viewGeovisualization viewGeovisualization view

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Geoprocessing viewGeoprocessing viewGeoprocessing viewGeoprocessing view

TheseThese geoprocessinggeoprocessing functionsfunctions taketake informationinformationff i tii ti d td t tt ll l til ti f tif tifromfrom existingexisting datadata sets,sets, applyapply analyticanalytic functions,functions,andand writewrite resultsresults intointo newnew derivedderived datadata setssets..

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IS To GISIS To GISIS To GISIS To GIS

Information Systems To Geographic Information Information Systems To Geographic Information S tS tSystemsSystems

GIS As Sub set of Information SystemGIS As Sub set of Information SystemGIS As Sub set of Information SystemGIS As Sub set of Information System

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The GIS is Sub Set of Information SystemThe GIS is Sub Set of Information SystemyySpatialisation

IS SpatialInfor

+GIS Infor-

mation

ISGIS

ISGIS

Non spatialeGIS spatiale Infor-mation -

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GIS TechnologGIS TechnologGIS TechnologyGIS TechnologyWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GIS

Components of GISComponents of GISComponents of GISComponents of GIS

What does a GIS do?What does a GIS do?




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Components of a GISComponents of a GISArcMap, IDRISI, ArcMap, IDRISI,

Components of a GISComponents of a GIS

S i ti t GISS i ti t GIS

MapInfo, etc.MapInfo, etc.

SoftwareSoftwareScientists, GIS Scientists, GIS

technicians, etc.technicians, etc.

DataData PeoplePeople

HardwareHardwareDigitizer scannerDigitizer scannerRaster vector x yRaster vector x y

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Digitizer, scanner, Digitizer, scanner, PC, etc.PC, etc.

Raster, vector, x,y Raster, vector, x,y tables, etc.tables, etc.

11 H dH d11. Hardware. Hardware

PrinterPrinterDigitizerDigitizer

C tC tComputerComputer

ScannerScanner PlotterPlotter

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PlotterPlotter

11 H dH d11. Hardware. Hardware

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22 GISGIS Soft areSoft are22. GIS. GIS–– SoftwareSoftware

ESRI:Products, used by 77% of GISprofessionals. ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcSDE. IDRISI: Proprietary GIS product developed by IDRISI: Proprietary GIS product developed by

Clark Labs. G di (INTERGRAPH) P d d b Geomedia: (INTERGRAPH), Products, used by

18% of GIS professionals.Autodesk: World (Autodesk)

Mapinfo Pro: Products used by 20% of GISMapinfo Pro: Products, used by 20% of GISprofessionalsG C t (G t)

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GeoConcept: (Geoconcept)

33 DataData33. Data. Data S ti l d t b i ithS ti l d t b i ith tt tt f tf t Spatial data can be in either Spatial data can be in either vector vector or or raster raster format:format:

VectorVector format is used when a feature has shape andsize (can be point, line, or polygon) and is stored in ah fil (* h )shapefile (*.shp)

RasterRaster format is used when data has no distinctshape (e.g. rainfall, wind, temperature, “greenness”,etc.) and is often stored as an image file (*.img)

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33..11 Data Types :Vector DataData Types :Vector Data33..1 1 Data Types :Vector DataData Types :Vector Data

i i d A i ii i d A i i Points, Lines and Areas represent entitiesPoints, Lines and Areas represent entities

Points Points -- City, TreeCity, TreeLines Lines -- River, RoadRiver, Road,,Areas Areas -- Forest, LakeForest, Lake

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Data Types :Vector DataData Types :Vector Data

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Data Types :Vector DataData Types :Vector Data

PointsPointsZero-dimensional - represents a sitep

LinesLinesOne-dimensional – has length but no

width Polygons Polygons T di i lTwo-dimensional – an area

Surfaces (or volumes)Surfaces (or volumes)( )( )Three-dimensional – occupies an area

and has a vertical component31

and has a vertical component

Data Types :Vector DataData Types :Vector Dataypyp

# ## #

#

##

## PointsPoints

# ## #

#

##

##

#

###

#

##

#

#

#

#

PointsPointsLinesLines

#

###

#

##

#

#

##

##

#

#

LinesLines#

##

#

#

AreasAreasWHEELER

COACH

ALPIN

COLUMBIA

WILL IM

ANT

KNOWLTO EL PONDAreasAreas

TextText TH

ALPINE

J B

NTI C

LTON

SHUBAEL RASPBERRYTextText

FLINT

OLD FALMOUTH

MIS T IC

OSTER

VIL LEEOIS

LANC

TARL

IGHT

MOSS EN

OVELLS T

32

E

OUR

GE

CAMMETT

STOVELLSO

TUIT

33..2 2 Data Types :Raster DataData Types :Raster Dataypyp

G id i iG id i iGrids represent entitiesGrids represent entitiesGrids made of cellsGrids made of cellsValue applied to cellValue applied to cell

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44 P l i GISP l i GIS44. . People using GISPeople using GIS

GovernmentGovernment GovernmentGovernment Tax maps; economic development; housing; law enforcement;

healthhealth

ScienceScienceMeteorology; biology; geology; geophysics; educationMeteorology; biology; geology; geophysics; education

BusinessBusiness R t ili k ti Retailing; marketing

LogisticsLogistics T i di i Transportation; disaster preparation

EnvironmentEnvironment Landuse changes; water quality; pesticide monitoring; soil

erosion; air pollution

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GIS TechnologGIS TechnologGIS TechnologyGIS TechnologyWhat is GISWhat is GIS

Components of GISComponents of GIS




l ld A li il ld A li iReal World ApplicationsReal World Applications

Application of GIS in TransportApplication of GIS in TransportApplication of GIS in TransportApplication of GIS in Transport

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GIS can answer the following questions:

What is at a given location?

Where does it occur?

What is nearby? ?What trends are occurring?

?W e ds e occu g?

What happens “if”?36

What happens if ?


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GIS TechnologGIS TechnologGIS TechnologyGIS TechnologyWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GISComponents of GISComponents of GIS




l ld A li il ld A li iReal World ApplicationsReal World Applications

Application of GIS in TransportApplication of GIS in TransportApplication of GIS in TransportApplication of GIS in Transport

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Functions of a GISFunctions of a GISFunctions of a GISFunctions of a GIS

Spatial data is the fuel of GIS. Input Input SS Storage Storage ManipulationManipulationppQueryQueryA lA lAnalyzeAnalyzeVisualizationVisualization

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Functions of aFunctions of a GISGISFunctions of a Functions of a GISGIS

Spatial data is the fuel of GIS• Input :Data Input - aerial photography scanning

Spatial data is the fuel of GIS.• Input :Data Input - aerial photography, scanning,

digitizing, GPS or global positioning system.

• Storage: hardcopy can be stored flat in map g py pdrawers. Digital data can be stored on CD, diskette or on your hard drive).

M i l ti• Manipulation( digital geographic data can be edited).

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Functions of aFunctions of a GISGISFunctions of a Functions of a GISGIS

• Query & Analyze: see later

• Visualization : The ability to display your data, your maps, and information about them.

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Input Data: Scanner Digitizer GPSInput Data: Scanner Digitizer GPSInput Data: Scanner, Digitizer, GPSInput Data: Scanner, Digitizer, GPS

Table Digitizing traces Table Digitizing traces objects on a paper mapobjects on a paper mapj p p pj p p pUses a digitizing Uses a digitizing

tablettablet

HeadsHeads--up Digitizing traces up Digitizing traces objects on the screenobjects on the screenjjScanned map, air Scanned map, air

photo or satellitephoto or satellitephoto or satellite photo or satellite imageimage

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Global Positioning S stemsGlobal Positioning S stemsGlobal Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systems

GPS i l iGPS i l i GPS is a revolutionary GPS is a revolutionary navigation Systemnavigation System24 satellites orbiting

the earthProvide location

within meters anywhere on the globe.

Now available in many cars as an option

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Global Positioning S stemsGlobal Positioning S stemsGlobal Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systems

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Global Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systemsg yg y

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Global Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systemsg yg y

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Earth Obser ationEarth Obser ationEarth ObservationEarth Observation

L d t (TM)L d t (TM) SPOTSPOTLandsat (TM)Landsat (TM)RadarSATRadarSAT

SPOTSPOT

LANDSATLANDSATRadarSATRadarSATNOAANOAAERSERS

RADARSATRADARSATERSERS

NOAANOAA48

NOAANOAA

Query: City maps in actionQuery: City maps in actionQuery: City maps in actionQuery: City maps in action

What is the fastest a to getWhat is the fastest a to getWhat is the fastest way to get What is the fastest way to get to a fire?to a fire?

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Query: City maps in your neighborhoodQuery: City maps in your neighborhood

What are the best What are the best routes for your routes for your school buses inschool buses inschool buses in school buses in order to get order to get

h hh heveryone home the everyone home the fastest?fastest?

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Query: City maps...Query: City maps...Q y y pQ y y p

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Query: Atlas maps and national boundariesQuery: Atlas maps and national boundariesQ y pQ y p

What is the political reconstruction of What is the political reconstruction of Russia’s boundaries?Russia’s boundaries?

Russia

Kazakhstan

EstoniaLatvia

Lithuania-->Byelarus

Ukraine

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan <-----Tajikistan

KyrgyzstanGeorgiaArmenia ----> Azerbaijan

<-----Moldova

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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GISGIS Anal sisAnal sisGIS GIS -- AnalysisAnalysis

GIS software can answer GIS software can answer questions about our world:questions about our world: Wh t i h

Attribute Questions:Attribute Questions:questions about our world:questions about our world:

S ti l Q tiS ti l Q ti

What provinces have more than 1.5 million people?

What provinces border S k t h ?

Spatial Questions:Spatial Questions:

Saskatchewan?

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Query & AnalysisQuery & AnalysisQuery & AnalysisQuery & Analysis

Pl i th b tPl i th b tPlanning the best Planning the best location for a new location for a new ball park ball park

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Study of drainage systemsStudy of drainage systems Study of drainage systemsStudy of drainage systems

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Evaluate areas most Evaluate areas most susceptible to susceptible to landslidelandslidelandslidelandslide

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Q & A l iQ & A l iQuery & AnalysisQuery & Analysis

Nuclear waste site Nuclear waste site planningplanningplanningplanning

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Data Vie and O tp tData Vie and O tp tData View and OutputData View and Output

General mapGeneral mapGeneral mapGeneral mapThematic mapThematic mapUnique valuesGraduated color and symbolyProportional SymbolsPies and ChartsPies and Charts

58 From ESRI on-line source

Displa and S mboli ingDispla and S mboli ingDisplay and SymbolizingDisplay and Symbolizing

Si l S b lSi l S b l Single SymbolSingle Symbol

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Displa and S mboli ingDispla and S mboli ingDisplay and SymbolizingDisplay and Symbolizing Qualitative symbologyQualitative symbology Qualitative symbologyQualitative symbologyUnique valuesUnique values but many fieldsUnique values but many fieldsMatching to symbols in a style

60 From ESRI on-line source

Displa and S mboli ingDispla and S mboli ingDisplay and SymbolizingDisplay and SymbolizingQuantitative symbologyQuantitative symbologyQuantitative symbologyQuantitative symbologyGraduated ColorsGraduated SymbolsProportional SymbolsProportional SymbolsDot Density

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Displa and S mboli ingDispla and S mboli ingDisplay and SymbolizingDisplay and SymbolizingCharts (Multiple attributes)Charts (Multiple attributes)Charts (Multiple attributes)Charts (Multiple attributes)PieB / lBar/columnStackedMultiple attributes

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Data PresentingData PresentingData PresentingData PresentingGraphsGraphsppBar/column graphsLine graphsg pPie graphs3D graphs3D graphs

ReportsReports

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GIS TechnologGIS TechnologGIS TechnologyGIS TechnologyWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GISWhat is GISComponents of GISComponents of GIS





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Benefits of GISBenefits of GISTh I t f U i GISTh I t f U i GISThe Importance of Using GISThe Importance of Using GIS

Less Data RedundancyLess Data RedundancyM Ti l I f tiM Ti l I f tiMore Timely InformationMore Timely InformationEasy Analysis of InformationEasy Analysis of InformationImproved Management of ResourcesImproved Management of ResourcesAdaptable to ChangeAdaptable to Changep gp gExpanded Opportunities for AnalysisExpanded Opportunities for AnalysisSimulation and ModelingSimulation and ModelingSimulation and ModelingSimulation and ModelingValuable Tool for Decision ManagementValuable Tool for Decision Management

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Benefits of GISBenefits of GISTh I t f U i GISTh I t f U i GISThe Importance of Using GISThe Importance of Using GIS

Geospatial data better maintained in a standard format R i i d d ti i Revision and updating easier Search, analysis and representation easier More value added products Data can be shared and exchangedg Productivity more improved Time and cost saved Time and cost saved Better decision making

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Real World ApplicationsReal World ApplicationsReal World ApplicationsReal World Applications P blic UtilitiesP blic Utilities Public UtilitiesPublic UtilitiesEmergency Emergency 911 911 Health Care Health Care E i t lE i t lEnvironmental Environmental Environmental MapEnvironmental MapppAgricultureAgricultureM k tiM k tiMarketingMarketingReal EstateReal Estate

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Real World ApplicationsReal World ApplicationsReal World ApplicationsReal World Applications

“ h li i f G S i li i d l b h“ h li i f G S i li i d l b h “The application of GIS is limited only by the “The application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use it.” imagination of those who use it.”

Jack Dangermond, President of ESRIJack Dangermond, President of ESRI

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P blic UtilitiesP blic UtilitiesPublic UtilitiesPublic Utilities

Is it safe to Is it safe to dig here?dig here?

A proposed excavation, identified by p p , yaddress, is compared to pipelines in the area using Geotechnology.

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EmergencEmergenc 911911Emergency Emergency 911911

What is the What is the fastest route tofastest route tofastest route to fastest route to the Hospital?the Hospital?

Geotechnology can choose theGeotechnology can choose the fastest route to a hospital. The GIS can take into account

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GIS can take into account traffic and other impediments.

Health CareHealth CareHealth CareHealth Care

What What Communities areCommunities areCommunities are Communities are at risk from at risk from Di ?Di ?Disease?Disease?

Geotechnology identifies communities at risk of River Blindness and helps determine

75

the impact of treatment.

En ironmentalEn ironmentalEnvironmentalEnvironmental

What are the What are the effects ofeffects ofeffects of effects of Global Global W i ?W i ?Warming?Warming?

Land cover and temperature relationships are made clear when the data are seen at once

76using Geotechnology.

Agric lt reAgric lt reAgricultureAgriculture

How can I improve How can I improve food production?food production?food production?food production?

Geotechnology is used in ki tmaking crop management

decisions to maximize yields d i i i f tili i t

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and minimize fertilizer input.

Ts nami ReliefTs nami ReliefTsunami ReliefTsunami Relief

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H rricane Tracking and ResponseH rricane Tracking and ResponseHurricane Tracking and ResponseHurricane Tracking and Response

79

MarketingMarketingMarketingMarketing

How can I How can I optimize my optimize my Marketing Marketing Campaign?Campaign?p gp g

Geotechnology can query a database and identify only those areas with the highest household income within a specified distance

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of a store.

Real EstateReal EstateReal EstateReal Estate

Where is my Where is my Dream Home?Dream Home?Dream Home?Dream Home?

With Geotechnology, an agent can h f i hb h d dshow a map of a neighborhood and a

picture or video of the actual ti

81

properties.

GIS ApplicationsGIS Applicationsppppfor Transportationfor Transportationpp

82

TransportationTransportation

pp

Evaluate traffic flowEvaluate traffic flow

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TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportationProvide Provide maps for a maps for a corridor corridor studystudy

84Graphic: ESRI Map Book

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportationGIS can beGIS can beGIS can be GIS can be web web enabled toenabled toenabled to enabled to display display traffic traffic countscounts

85

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation

GIS can be web GIS can be web enabled enabled interactively interactively display accident display accident locations and locations and d i i ld i i ldriving alerts.driving alerts.

86

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportationGIS assist with GIS assist with

j tj tproject project management management

d b d tid b d tiand budgetingand budgeting

87

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation

DetermineDeterminethe drivethe drive--timestimes

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Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You

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introduction to gisintroduction to gissite.iugaza.edu.ps/ajamassi/files/2010/02/lecture011.pdfhi t f...

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