1. INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC ALGORITHMS BY AHMED MEDHAT OTHMAN @amedhat3

2. AGENDA 1. Introduction 2. Natural Inspired Computing 3. Classical Computation vs. bio-inspired computing 4. Evolution in the real world 5. Collaborative discussion 6. Problem solving 7. Genetic Algorithms (GA) 8. Anatomy of a GA 9. Advantages of GA 10. Limitations of GA 11. Related techniques 12. Summary 2 3. INTRODUCTION 3 4. INTRODUCTION 4 5. INTRODUCTION 5 6. INTRODUCTION 6 7. INTRODUCTION 7 8. INTRODUCTION 8 9. INTRODUCTION The only intelligent systems on this planet are biological. Biological intelligences are designed by natural evolutionary processes. They often work together in groups, swarms, or flocks. They don't appear to use logic, mathematics, complex planning, complicated modeling of their environment. They can achieve complex information processing and computational tasks that current artificial intelligences find very challenging indeed. 9 10. NATURAL INSPIRED COMPUTING 10 11. NATURAL INSPIRED COMPUTING In other words Biologically Inspired Computing. Biological organisms cope with the demands of their environments. They uses solutions quite unlike the traditional human- engineered approaches to problem solving. They exchange information about what theyve discovered in the places they have visited. Bio-inspired computing is a field devoted to tackling complex problems using computational methods modeled after design principles encountered in nature. 11 12. CLASSICAL COMPUTATION VS. BIO-INSPIRED COMPUTING 12 13. CLASSICAL COMPUTATION VS. BIO-INSPIRED COMPUTING Classical computing is good at: Number-crunching Thought-support (glorified pen-and-paper) Rule-based reasoning Constant repetition of well-defined actions. Classical computing is bad at: Pattern recognition Robustness to damage Dealing with vague and incomplete information; Adapting and improving based on experience 13 14. CLASSICAL COMPUTATION VS. BIO-INSPIRED COMPUTING Bio-inspired computing takes a more evolutionary approach to learning. In traditional AI, intelligence is often programmed from above. The Programmer create the program and imbues it with its intelligence. Bio-inspired computing, on the other hand, takes a more bottom-up, decentralized approach. Bio-inspired computing often involve the method of specifying a set of simple rules, a set of simple organisms which adhere to those rules. 14 15. EVOLUTION IN THE REAL WORLD Each cell of a living thing contains chromosomes - strings of DNA. Each chromosome contains a set of genes - blocks of DNA. Each gene determines some aspect of the organism (like eye colour). A collection of genes is sometimes called a genotype. A collection of aspects (like eye characteristics) is sometimes called a phenotype. 15 16. EVOLUTION IN THE REAL WORLD Reproduction involves recombination of genes from parents and then small amounts of mutation (errors) in copying. The fitness of an organism is how much it can reproduce before it dies. Evolution based on survival of the fittest. 16 17. COLLABORATIVE DISCUSSION What we can learn from nature? Applications of nature in the engineering field. 17 18. PROBLEM SOLVING Suppose you have a problem. You dont know how to solve it. What can you do? Can you use a computer to somehow find a solution? This would be nice! Can it be done? 18 19. PROBLEM SOLVING Brute-Force Solution A blind generate and test algorithm: Repeat Generate a random possible solution Test the solution and see how good it is Until solution is good enough 19 20. PROBLEM SOLVING Can we use this Brute-Force idea? Sometimes - YES: if there are only a few possible solutions and you have enough time then such a method could be used For most problems - NO: many possible solutions with no time to try them all so this method cannot be used 20 21. PROBLEM SOLVING Search Techniques Calculus Base Techniques Guided random search techniques Enumerative Techniques BFSDFS Dynamic Programming Tabu Search Hill Climbing Simulated Annealing Evolutionary Algorithms Genetic Programming Genetic Algorithms Fibonacci Sort 21 22. GENETIC ALGORITHMS 22 Initialize Population satisfy constraints ? Evaluate Fitness Select Survivors Output Results Randomly Vary Individuals Yes No 23. GENETIC ALGORITHMS How do you encode a solution? Obviously this depends on the problem! GAs often encode solutions as fixed length bitstrings (e.g. 101110, 111111, 000101) Each bit represents some aspect of the proposed solution to the problem For GAs to work, we need to be able to test any string and get a score indicating how good that solution is. 23 24. GENETIC ALGORITHMS The set of all possible solutions [0..1000] is called the search space or state space. In this case its just one number but it could be many numbers. Often GAs code numbers in binary producing a bitstring representing a solution. We choose 1,0 bits which is enough to represent 0..1000 24 25. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Example: encoding 4 parameters Param1 value = 1000 = 8 Param2 value = 1011 = 11 Etc., 25 Binary Representation 26. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Search Space For a simple function f(x) the search space is one dimensional. But by encoding several values into the chromosome many dimensions can be searched e.g. two dimensions f(x,y). Search space can be visualised as a surface or fitness landscape in which fitness dictates height. Each possible genotype is a point in the space. A GA tries to move the points to better places (higher fitness) in the the space. 26 27. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Fitness landscapes 27 28. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Implicit fitness functions Most GAs use explicit and static fitness function Some GAs (such as in Artificial Life or Evolutionary Robotics) use dynamic and implicit fitness functions - like how many obstacles did I avoid Individuals fitness Average fitness of population 28 29. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Example - Drilling for Oil Imagine you have to drill for oil somewhere along a single 1 km desert road. Problem: choose the best place on the road that produces the most oil per day. We could represent each solution as a position on the road. Say, a whole number between [0..1000] 29 30. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Where to drill for oil? 30 0 500 1000 Road Solution2 = 900Solution1 = 300 31. GENETIC ALGORITHMS In GAs these encoded strings are sometimes called genotypes or chromosomes and the individual bits are sometimes called genes 31 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 900 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 300 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 102 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Convert to binary string 32. GENETIC ALGORITHMS 32 0 1000 Road Solution2 = 900 (1110000100) Solution1 = 300 (0100101100) OIL Location 30 5 33. ANATOMY OF GA Selecting Parents Many schemes are possible so long as better scoring chromosomes more likely selected Score is often termed the fitness Roulette Wheel selection can be used: Add up the fitness's of all chromosomes Generate a random number R in that range Select the first chromosome in the population that - when all previous fitnesss are added - gives you at least the value R 33 34. ANATOMY OF GA 34 Example population No. Chromosome Fitness 1 1010011010 1 2 1111100001 2 3 1011001100 3 4 1010000000 1 5 0000010000 3 6 1001011111 5 7 0101010101 1 8 1011100111 2 35. ANATOMY OF GA 35 Roulette Wheel Selection 1 2 3 1 3 5 1 2 0 18 21 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rnd[0..18] = 7 Chromosome4 Parent1 Rnd[0..18] = 12 Chromosome6 Parent2 36. ANATOMY OF GA 36 Crossover - Recombination 0100101100 1110000100 Crossover single point - random 0100000100 1110101100 Parent1 Parent2 Offspring1 Offspring2 With some high probability (crossover rate) apply crossover to the parents. (typical values are 0.8 to 0.95) 37. Why does crossover work? A lot of theory about this and some controversy The idea is that crossover preserves good bits from different parents, combining them to produce better solutions A good encoding scheme would therefore try to preserve good bits during crossover and mutation 37 ANATOMY OF GA 38. ANATOMY OF GA 38 Mutation 1011011111 1010000000 Offspring1 Offspring2 1011001111 1000000000 Offspring1 Offspring2 mutate Original offspring Mutated offspring With some small probability (the mutation rate) flip each bit in the offspring (typical values between 0.1 and 0.001) 39. ANATOMY OF GA 39 Many Variants of GA Different kinds of selection (not roulette) Tournament Elitism, etc. Different recombination Multi-point crossover 3 way crossover etc. Different kinds of encoding other than bitstring Integer values Ordered set of symbols Different kinds of mutation 40. ADVANTAGES OF GA Concepts are easy to understand Genetic Algorithms are intrinsically parallel. Always an answer; answer gets better with time Inherently parallel; easily distributed Less time required for some special applications Chances of getting optimal solution are more 40 41. LIMITATIONS OF GA The population considered for the evolution should be moderate or suitable one for the problem (normally 20-30 or 50- 100) Crossover rate should be 80%-95% Mutation rate should be low i.e. 0.5%-1% assumed as best The method of selection should be appropriate Writing of fitness function must be accurate 41 42. RELATED TECHNIQUES Genetic programming Evolutionary programming Swarm intelligence Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Intelligent Water Drops Bees algorithm Neural Networks 42 43. SUMMARY 43 Representation Binary strings Recombination N-point or uniform Mutation Bitwise bit-flipping with fixed probability Parent selection Fitness-Proportionate Survivor selection All children replace parents Speciality Emphasis on crossover 44. 44 45. THANKS Contact information Email: amedhat3@gmail.com Website: http://amedhat.info Twitter: @amedhat3 Linkedin: linkedin.com/in/amedhat 45