introduction to energyplus -...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to EnergyPlus
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 2
Acknowledgements
The following have contributed to the development of these workshop materials:
D.B. Crawley - Bentley Systems (formerly U.S. Department of Energy)M.J. Witte, R.H. Henninger - GARD Analytics
T.L. Cornell – (formerly GARD Analytics)N. Long – National Renewable Energy Laboratory
R.J. Liesen – U.S. Army CERL (formerly Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)R.K. Strand – Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
C.O. Pedersen – COP Associates (formerly Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)L.K. Lawrie - DHL Consulting (formerly U.S. Army CERL)
W.F. Buhl, F.C. Winkelmann – (formerly Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Current funding - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Prior funding – National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL), and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) by subcontract through the University of Central Florida/Florida Solar Energy Center
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 3
EnergyPlus Team U.S. Department of Energy, DC Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA National Renewable Energy Laboratory, CO Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, WA Florida Solar Energy Center, FL DHL Consulting, CO GARD Analytics, IL Oklahoma State University, OK University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 4
EnergyPlus Team
GARDUIUCNREL
DHLLBNL
PNNL
ORNLDOE
OSU
FSEC
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 5
Part 1 – EnergyPlus Overview
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 6
Part 1 Outline
EnergyPlus Background and ConceptsStructure and Simulation ManagersFeatures and Capabilities EnergyPlus ComponentsInput and OutputUser InterfacesOpenStudio Plugin
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 7
Version Status
Current version 7.2.0, October 2012
Twice yearly updates—April and October
Keep old versions installed Default path has version number: EnergyPlusV7-2-0 Useful for revisions to past work Old installers and passwords are not available
Workshop Materials are primarily 7.2.0
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 8
What is EnergyPlus?
Fully integrated building & HVAC simulation program Based on best features of
BLAST (U.S. Dept of Defense) and DOE-2.1E (U.S. Dept of Energy)plus many new capabilities
Windows XP/Vista/7/8, Linux, Mac 32-bit and 64-bit versions
Main install is simulation engine and select utilities Interfaces available separately
Info at www.energyplus.gov
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 9
EnergyPlus Concepts
Simple input/output file structuresNo surface, zone or system limits
Defaults to 500 zones per air handler and 500 coils per plant loop, but this can be increased by editing master file (IDD) if needed
Other software linked in AIRNET, multi-zone air flow combining wind-
induced flow and air distribution system DElight complex daylighting Slab & Basement, 3-d heat transfer preprocessors
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 10
EnergyPlus Structure withIntegrated Simulation Manager
Third-PartyUser
Interfaces
Update
Feedback
Zone
Conditions
Heat andMass
BalanceSimulation
BuildingSystems
Simulation
Building Description
Calculation Results
Da t
a
EnergyPlusSimulation Manager
Data
Data
Data
Data
DescribeBuilding
DisplayResults
Dat
a
Window 5Calcs
AirflowNetwork
Ground HtTransfer
FutureModules
SPARK
PollutionModels
On-SitePower
FutureModules
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 11
Integrated Simulation Manager
Simultaneous simulation of loads, systems and plant Building Heat Balance Manager HVAC System Simulation Manager
Air and water loops are solved iteratively at each time step Not a single-pass calculation as in some other hourly
simulation tools Tighter coupling between the air- and water-side of the
system and plant Loads “not met” result in zone temperature and
humidity changes Allows capacity limits to be modeled more realistically
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 12
Loads Features and Capabilities
Heat Balance Method Room and surface heat balance every time step Conduction, convection, radiation
Sub-hourly time steps Default is six 10-minute timesteps per hour
Room air models Default is “well-stirred” with uniform temperature Other options: displacement vent, cross vent,
UFAD, Mundt, user-defined temperature patterns
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 13
Loads Features and Capabilities (cont’d)
Room surface heat transfer 1-D heat transfer Uniform surface temperatures Uniform long and short wave radiation Diffuse radiating and reflecting surfaces Internal heat sources (optional)
Time dependent conduction - thermal mass Conduction transfer functions (default) Optional finite difference model
Optional variable properties to model phase-change materials
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 14
Loads Features and Capabilities (cont’d)
Moisture Models Effective Moisture Penetration Depth (EMPD)
Simplified moisture model Moisture absorbed/released, no transport through
surfaces Estimates moisture interactions between the space air
and interior surfaces and furnishings
Combined Heat And Moisture Finite Element Heat and moisture transfer model (advanced feature) MaterialProperty:HeatAndMoistureTransfer:*
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 15
HVAC Features and Capabilities
Flexible specification of HVAC equipment Components arranged on loops Not limited to predefined system configurations
“HVACTemplates” for standard system configurations
More than one system may serve a zone e.g. Dedicated outdoor air system
plus fan coil units
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 16
EnergyPlus Components
Installing EnergyPlusEnergyPlus Folders
ShortcutsDocumentation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 17
Installing EnergyPlus
After installation the EnergyPlus directory will contain the following subdirectories (if default components are selected):
Default path is C:\EnergyPlusV7-2-0
BACKUP DataSets Documentation Example Files MacroDataSets
PostProcess PreProcess WeatherData
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 18
DataSets and MacroDataSets Folders
DataSets – Predefined Objects Materials Constructions Schedules Chillers Holidays and more
MacroDataSets ##def blocks for parametric batch runs Utility rate tariffs and emissions factors for
37 utilities (2000-2005 data) Solar collector performance data PV performance data
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 19
Documentation Folder
Documentation User & Developer
Documentation Bookmarks to
Navigate Searchable &
Indexed PDF Format Adobe Reader 8.0 or
higher recommended (www.adobe.com)
Requires Adobe Reader 7.0 minimum
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 20
Documentation
Documentation Main Menu C:\EnergyPlusV7-2-0
\Documentation\EPlusMainMenu.pdf
Start All Programs EnergyPlus V7-2 Programs EnergyPlus Documentation Main Menu
User & Developer Documentation
Indexed –“Press to Search Documents”
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 21
ExampleFiles Folder
Over 400 example inputs Named by key feature,
5ZoneSupRetPlen.idf = “5 zone system with supply and return plenum”
ExampleFiles.xlsTable of key features
ExampleFiles-ObjectsLink.xlsLookup by object class name
Many concepts bestlearned by example
BasicsFiles – tutorial examples, see “Getting Started” doc
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 22
WeatherData Folder
EPW WeatherData 5 locations included in standard install Download additional EPW weather files at
www.energyplus.gov 1000s of sites available worldwide
DDY Files ASHRAE Design Days and Location in EnergyPlus syntax Included in weather zip files from www.energyplus.gov
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 23
Weather Data(epw file)
Weather year for energy use comparisonsHourly data typical, can be subhourlyCan be less than a full yearData include temperature, humidity, solar,
wind, rain and snow flags, rainfall, etc. Interpolated for EnergyPlus time steps
Solar values are mid-hour average or total All other values are on-the-hour instantaneous Linear interpolation for each time step
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 1 - EnergyPlus Overview 24
Start Menu Shortcuts
Start Programs EnergyPlus V7-2 Programs Documentation Main Menu EP-Launch – home base IDFEditor – input file editor Readme Uninstall Weather Converter
Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 2
Part 2 Outline
Building Envelope OverviewMaterials and ConstructionsBuilding GeometrySolar and Shadowing OptionsZonesTypes of Surfaces Internal LoadsOpenStudio Plugin for SketchUp
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 3
Building Envelope Overview
MaterialsConstructionsSurfacesZonesBuilding
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 4
Materials and Constructions
Materials define single layers Brick, Concrete, Glass, etc. Material definition includes thickness For different thickness of same material, must
define a new material
Constructions define sets of material layers Exterior wall = Brick+Insulation+Gypsum Board
See Input Output Reference –Surface Construction Elements
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 5
Materials for Opaque Surfaces
Material Has thermal mass Roughness affects convection coefficients Thickness, conductivity, density, and specific heat Absorptances (see later slide for details)
Material,PLASTERBOARD-2, !- NameRough, !- Roughness0.01000, !- Thickness {m}0.16000, !- Conductivity {W/m-K}950.000, !- Density {kg/m3}840.00, !- Specific Heat {J/kg-K}0.900000, !- Thermal Absorptance0.600000, !- Solar Absorptance0.600000; !- Visible Absorptance
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 6
Materials for Opaque Surfaces (cont’d)
Material:NoMass Has no thermal mass Specify only thermal resistance, absorptance, and
roughness
Material:AirGap Also no thermal mass, just resistance Cannot be an outside layer, no absorptances This is a fixed resistance, does not model
convective circulation within the airspace nor radiant transfer across the airspace
Specify effective resistance for different orientation, thickness, etc.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 7
Material Absorptances
Thermal Absorptance Fraction of incident long wavelength radiation that
is absorbed by the material Used when calculating the long wavelength
radiant exchange between various surfaces
Visible Absorptance Fraction of incident visible wavelength radiation
that is absorbed by the material Used when calculating the amount of incident
visible radiation absorbed by various surfaces
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 8
Material Absorptances (cont’d)
Solar Absorptance Fraction of incident solar radiation that is
absorbed by the material Used when calculating the amount of
incident solar radiation absorbed by various surfaces
Solar radiation includes the visible spectrum as well as infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 9
Relating Absorptance to Other Properties
Not all handbooks publish “absorptance”
For thermal Absorptance = Emissivity = Emittance
For solar and visible for opaque materials Transmittance = 0.0 thus, Absorptance = 1.0 - Reflectance
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 10
Materials for Windows
WindowMaterial:Glazing WindowMaterial:Glazing:RefractionExtinctionMethod
WindowMaterial:Gas Air, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, or Custom
WindowMaterial:GasMixture Mixture of Air, Argon, Krypton, Xenon
WindowMaterial:ShadeWindowMaterial:BlindWindowMaterial:Screen
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 11
Simple Window Properties Option
WindowMaterial:SimpleGlazingSystemSimple properties
U-factor Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (normal) Visible Transmittance (normal)
Converted into simple glazing layer with angular dependence
Use only when no detailed glazing data is available
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 12
Construction
List material layers from outside to insideConvection coefficients (film layers) are
added automatically Several convection models to choose from Coefficients vary with conditions User may specify fixed coefficients
Construction,CEILING39, !- NameC5 - 4 IN HW CONCRETE, !- Outside LayerE4 - CEILING AIRSPACE, !- Layer 2E5 - ACOUSTIC TILE; !- Layer 3
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 13
Constructions with FramingEnergyPlus surfaces are 1-D heat transfer
with homogeneous layersOption 1 - Surfaces described in 2 parts
2 Construction objects Framed section (e.g. Brick, Wood, Gypsum Board) Insulated section (e.g. Brick, Insulation, Gypsum Board)
2 Surface objects of appropriate area
Option 2 – Composite construction Use 3-D heat transfer tool from ORNL to model
full thermal bridge effects Tool generates homogeneous layers which results
in equivalent thermal performance
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 14
DataSets for Materials and Constructions
EnergyPlus\DataSets\ ASHRAE_2005_HOF_Materials.idf CompositeWallConstructions.idf (very limited)
WindowBlindMaterials.idf WindowConstructs.idf WindowGasMaterials.idf WindowGlassMaterials.idf WindowScreenMaterials.idf WindowShadeMaterials.idf
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 15
Building Geometry
Coordinate SystemGeometry Rules
BuildingSolar and Shadowing Options
Zone
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 16
Coordinate System
Three dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinate system
Right hand coordinate system X-axis points east Y-axis points north Z-axis points up
Y Axis
X Axis
Z AxisBuilding and/or Zone North Axis
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 17
Geometry Rules (cont’d)World Coordinates
All surface coordinates refer to global origin Building and Zone north axes ignored Zone origins ignored
or Relative Coordinates Zone origins relative to building origin Surfaces relative to zone origins Subsurfaces relative to zone origins Building and Zone north axes are used
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 18
Geometry Rules (cont’d)
or Relative Coordinates with all Zone Origins at (0,0,0) All surface coordinates refer to global origin Building and Zone north axes are used
Daylighting Reference Pt Coordinates Separate option for world or relative Default is relative to zone origin
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 19
Relative Coordinate Options
Building North Axis Relative to true north Rotates about bldg origin
Zone North Axis Relative to building north Rotates about zone origin
Zone Origin Relative to building origin
(0,0,0)
Surface vertices in zone coordinates
True North Building North Axis
+30 degrees
Zone North Axis
(0,0,0)Building Origin
Zone Origin (x, y, z)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 20
Building Object
North axis Rotate entire building (relative coordinates only)
Terrain Alter wind speed vs. height Impacts detailed exterior convection coefficients
Convergence tolerances for warmup days Initial day of each environment (design day or run
period) repeats until tolerances are met “Loads Initialization did not Converge” warning if
max warmup days limit is reached Can specify max number of warmup days
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 21
Solar Distribution Options
Specified in the Building objectMinimalShadowing
No exterior shadowing except from door and window reveals
All direct beam solar radiation incident on floor If no floor, direct beam solar distributed to all
surfaces
FullExterior Exterior shadowing caused by all surfaces (heat
transfer and shading), door and window reveals All direct beam solar radiation incident on floor
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 22
Solar Distribution Options (cont’d)
FullInteriorAndExterior Exterior shadowing same as FullExterior Direct beam solar radiation falls on all surfaces in
the zone in the direct path of the sun’s rays Solar entering one window can leave through
another window Zone must be convex:
A line passing through the zone intercepts no more than two surfaces
An L-shaped zone is not convex
For non-convex zones, either split them up or use FullExterior option
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 23
Convex Zones
Convex zones Non-Convex zones
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 24
Exterior Solar Reflection
In Building object Solar Distribution field, add “WithReflections”
FullExteriorWithReflectionsFullInteriorAndExteriorWithReflections
For Walls, Roofs, Windows, etc. Uses exterior material absorptance/reflectance properties
For Shading Surfaces ShadingProperty:Reflectance Specifies the reflectance properties of a shading surface Single value, not scheduled Can specify specular and diffuse fractions
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 25
Zones
Thermal Zones A zone is an air mass and associated
surfaces, internal gains, HVAC, etc. Group rooms by thermal similarity Not necessarily a contiguous space Can be multiplied
EnergyPlus only models what is explicitly described Missing wall does not let air in Missing roof does not let sun in Gaps or voids between zones do nothing
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 26
Zone ObjectZone origin and north axis used with relative
coordinates and for daylightingOptional zone multiplierConvection options override global settingZone,
SPACE1-1, !- Name0, !- Direction of Relative North {deg}0, !- X Origin {m}0, !- Y Origin {m}0, !- Z Origin {m}1, !- Type1, !- Multiplier, !- Ceiling Height {m}, !- Volume {m3}, !- Zone Inside Convection Algorithm; !- Zone Outside Convection Algorithm
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 27
Surfaces
Types of SurfacesShading SurfacesBuilding Surfaces
Shading RulesSurface Geometry
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 28
Types of Surfaces
Building Surfaces Walls, roofs, floors, windows, doors, internal mass, etc. Always associated with a Zone Transfer and store heat Often called “heat transfer surface” Cast shadows Reflect solar (optional)
Shading Surfaces Cast shadows Reflect solar (optional) No heat transfer May hold other elements such as photovoltaic panels
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 29
Shading Surfaces
Automatically mirrored to shade in both directions Can describe facing
either way Will show twice in lists of
surfaces, original and mirrored
Optional transmittance schedule Default is always opaque
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 30
Shading Surfaces (cont’)
Optional reflectance Default is non-reflecting ShadingProperty:Reflectance Specify specular and diffuse
reflectances Must also turn on
“withReflections” option in Building object
Three types Site Building Zone/Surface
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 31
Site Shading
Always world coordinates relative to global origin
Never rotatese.g. neighboring
building, mountain, existing trees
Shading:SiteShading:Site:Detailed
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 32
Building Shading
Always relative to global origin
Rotates with building north axis
e.g. canopies, fences, parking deck, new trees
Shading:BuildingShading:Building:
Detailed
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 33
Zone/Surface Shading
World or relative coordinates
Rotates with building north axis
Rotates with zone north axis
e.g. fins and overhangs near a window or door
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 34
Zone/Surface Shading
Shading:Zone:DetailedRelative to a window or
door Shading:Overhang Shading:Overhang:Projection Shading:Fin Shading:Fin:Projection
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 35
Shading Rules Exterior building surfaces cast
shadows Shadows only cast in hemisphere in
direction of outward facing normal A roof extended beyond walls will
not cast shadows downward Need downward facing overhang
surface Shading surfaces are
bi-directional (unless disabled) All surfaces reflect solar as diffuse
inside zone Interior surfaces do not cast
shadows But they do block daylighting See next slide?! ?!
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 36
Attics, Roofs, Overhangs
Shading Surfaces vs. Heat Transfer Surfaces
Conditioned
AtticAttic
Conditioned
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 37
Building/Heat Transfer Surfaces
Walls, roofs, floors, windows, doors Inside environment is always a zoneOutside environment
Exterior with or without wind and sun Other zone (interzone heat transfer) Adiabatic (like internal mass) Ground (GROUND TEMPERATURES) User-Specified (OtherSideCoefficients) Special models (OtherSideConditionsModel) Slab or Basement ground temps
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 38
Building/Heat Transfer Surfaces
Detailed Building Surface Objects 3 or more vertices, must specify x,y,z for every vertex BuildingSurface:Detailed
Walls, Roofs, Floors, Ceilings FenestrationSurface:Detailed
Windows and Doors
Simple Building Surface Objects Wall:Exterior, Wall:Interior, etc. Rectangular Starting vertex, height, width, tilt, azimuth
InternalMass No geometry position, just construction type and area
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 39
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Pair of walls between Zones 1 and 3
Pair of walls between Zones 2 and 3
Pair of walls between Zones 1 and 2
Interzone SurfacesMatched pair of surfaces
One surface in each zone Surfaces reference each other Reverse order of
construction Describe both in input OR Describe one in input and
auto generate the other
Surface adjacent to more than one zone must be split(see example on next slide)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 40
BuildingSurface:Detailed,Zone 1 Ceiling, !- NameCEILING, !- Surface TypeCLNG-1, !- Construction NameZone 1, !- Zone NameSurface, !- Outside Boundary ConditionPlenum Floor 1, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object. . .
BuildingSurface:Detailed,Plenum Floor 1, !- NameFLOOR, !- Surface TypeCLNG-1R, !- Construction NamePLENUM-1, !- Zone NameSurface, !- Outside Boundary ConditionZone 1 Ceiling, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object. . .
Construction, CLNG-1, !- NameMAT-CLNG-1, !- Outside LayerCC03; !- Layer 2
Construction, CLNG-1R, !- NameCC03, !- Outside LayerMAT-CLNG-1; !- Layer 2
Interzone SurfacesExample 1
Reverse Material Order
Matched Surfaces Reference Each Other
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 41
BuildingSurface:Detailed,Zone 1 Ceiling, !- NameCEILING, !- Surface TypeCLNG-1, !- Construction NameZone 1, !- Zone NameZone, !- Outside Boundary ConditionPLENUM-1, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object. . .
CONSTRUCTION, CLNG-1, !- NameMAT-CLNG-1, CC03; !- Outside Layer, Layer #2
Interzone SurfacesExample 2
Explicitly input only one of the two surfaces
Specify “Zone” as Outside Boundary Condition
and Name of adjacent zone
Adjacent surface generated internally
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 42
Windows and Doors
FenestrationSurface:DetailedWindows, Doors, Glass Doors
Only windows and glass doors transmit sunlight Skylights are entered as a window Can have interior windows
Must be placed on a base surfaceFenestration surface area is subtracted
from base surfaceCannot completely cover base surface –
must leave a small perimeter
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 43
Simple Window and Door Objects
Window, Window:InterzoneDoor, Door:InterzoneGlazedDoor, GlazedDoor:InterzoneStarting x,z coordinates are always lower left
corner of window/door relative to lower left corner of base surface
Simple surface origin is always relative to lower left corner of base surface, (no matter what is input for GlobalGeometryRules, see later slide)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 44
Door and Window Details
Outside reveal defined by window vertices
WindowProperty:FrameAndDivider specifies details of frame, sill, inside reveal, etc.
Fenestration surface area is glazing only
Frame is outside this area and subtracts more from base surface
Windows can have a multiplier
InsideRevealSurface
Wall
Wall
Inside SillDepth
Glazing
Sill
OutsideRevealDepth
OutsideRevealDepth
InsideRevealDepth
Inside SillDepth
Glazing
Frame
(b)(a)
Wall
OutsideRevealSurface
InsideRevealDepth
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 45
Geometry RulesVertex-based
Specify 3D coordinates of each corner of a surface As viewed from the outside of the surface Specify global rules used for all surfaces
Surface starting position Upper Left, Upper Right, Lower Left, Lower Right
Order of vertex entry Clockwise, Counterclockwise
GlobalGeometryRules,UpperLeftCorner, !- Starting Vertex PositionCounterClockWise, !- Vertex Entry DirectionWorld; !- Coordinate SystemRelative, !- Daylighting Reference Point Coordinate SystemRelative, !- Rectangular Surface Coordinate System
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 46
Horizontal SurfacesFlat roofs face up (tilt = 0)Floors face down (tilt = 180)Where’s the upper left corner if it’s flat?
Can choose any vertex as starting point
BUT . . . Choose equivalent starting point for subsurfaces Skylights, roof hatches, trap doors, etc. For example, start roof and skylight at NE corner This avoids “surface does not surround
subsurface” error
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 47
Inside Outside or Centerline?
Walls have thickness for heat transferWalls have no thickness for geometryWhat dimensions to use?
For most conventional construction, use whatever is convenient from the plans
Typically, outside dimensions for exterior surfaces, centerline for interior surfaces
For very thick constructions, use centerline dimensions to get proper amount of thermal mass
Zone volume may be specified in Zone object as needed, otherwise computed from surfaces
Standards, such as 90.1, may specify which to use
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 48
Surface Geometry CheckingDrawing
Open idf in OpenStudio SketchUp plugin Output:Surfaces:Drawing, DXF; Output:Surfaces:Drawing, VRML;
Lists Output:Table:SummaryReports, EnvelopeSummary; Output:Surfaces:List, Details;
List surfaces with area, type, azimuth, tilt, etc. eio file, comma-separated, view in spreadsheet
! <Zone/Shading Surfaces> <Zone Name>/#Shading Surfaces # Surfaces! <HeatTransfer/ShadingSurface> <Surface Name> <Surface Class> <Base Surface> <Construction>! <Units>Zone_Surfaces ZONE ONE 4HeatTransfer_Surface ZN001:WALL001 WALL R13WALL
Nominal U (w/o film coef) Area (Net) Azimuth Tilt ~Width ~Height Reveal{W/m2-K} {m2} {deg} {deg} {m} {m} {m}
0.44 69.67728 180 90 15.24 4.57 0
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 49
Zone Internal Loads
Lights See daylighting presentation for controls
People Optional thermal comfort reports
Equipment Electric, Gas, Hot Water, Steam, Other Specify fraction radiant, latent, and
“lost” (exhausted, no gain to space) Remainder is sensible convective gain
Visual Tools for CreatingEnergyPlus Geometry
OpenStudiohttps://openstudio.nrel.gov/
Simergy (in beta)http://simergy-beta.lbl.gov/
Other Third-Party Toolshttp://energyplus.gov/other_tools.cfm
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 50
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 51
OpenStudio Plugin for SketchUp
Trimble SketchUp Intuitive 3-D drawing software Free or pro version
OpenStudio Plugin adds EnergyPlus functionality toSketchUp 3-D environment
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 52
OpenStudio Plugin VersionsKey Differences
Legacy OpenStudio Plugin Read/Write EnergyPlus Input Files (idf) Unsupported idf objects untouched Run EnergyPlus and view results in SketchUp
OpenStudio Plugin with OpenStudio Application Read/Write OpenStudio Model Files (osm) Import/Export EnergyPlus Input Files (idf) Unsupported idf objects are lost Run EnergyPlus and view results outside SketchUp Advanced geometry creation tools and scripts Integration with Building Component Library
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 53
OpenStudio Plugin Tasks
Create and edit building geometryAdd internal gains and daylightingAdd simple ideal HVAC systemSelect some reporting optionsRun EnergyPlus simulation and display resultsSee online tutorials
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 54
Create Building Geometry
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 55
View/Edit Geometry
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 56
Edit a Zone
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 57
Info Tools
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 58
Run Simulation (Legacy)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 59
Run Simulation (Legacy)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 60
Data Visualization
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 61
Data Visualization
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 62
OpenStudio Plugin Limitations
HVAC Systems are added/edited in OpenStudio application or other tools
Not a translator from SketchUp to E+ Cannot automatically convert a SketchUp model Must create SketchUp building surfaces with
OpenStudio active Most common approach is to trace over existing
model Some existing objects can be converted with
copy/paste-in-place (see tutorials) Some loose objects can be projected onto model
OpenStudio Application Features
Simulation settingsSpaces/Stories/Thermal ZonesEnvelope Materials/ConstructionsInternal GainsHVAC SystemsRun scriptsRun simulation and
view resultsOct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 2 - Building Envelope and Internal Loads 63
Part 3 –Input Structure, Global Inputs, Output and
Auxiliary Tools
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 2
Part 3 Outline
Input Object StructureGlobal InputsOutputAuxiliary Tools
EP-Launch IDF Editor Other Software Tools
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 3
General Philosophy of Input/Output/Weather
Designed for interfaces yet human readableSimple, free-format text filesComma-separated “Object-based”
Objects describe a part of the model e.g. Surface object, Fan object, Report object Objects may be in any order within the input file All cross-referencing is explicit within the objects
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 4
Input/Output Files
Input Data DictionaryThis file is created byEnergyPlus developers.
Input Data FileThis file will be createdby UserObject,data,data,…,data;Object,data,data,…,data;
Input Data Dictionary(IDD)
EnergyPlus ProgramMain Program
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
File Types:Standard ReportsStandard Reports (Detail)Optional ReportsOptional Reports (Detail)InitializationReports
Overview of File Format:HeaderData DictionaryData
Note: These files will be created by EnergyPlus.
Output Files
Out
put P
roce
ssor
Input Data File (IDF)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 5
Input Object Structure Begin with object type followed by comma Alpha and Numeric fields in exact order Fields separated by commas Last field followed by semi-colon Commas are necessary placeholders Alpha fields 100 characters maximum, pushed to UPPERCASE Can have more than one field on a line “!” exclamation point begins comments “!-” automatic end-line comment, IDF Editor and Transition will overwrite these
Site:Location,CHICAGO_IL_USA TMY2-94846, !- Name41.78, !- Latitude {deg}-87.75, !- Longitude {deg}-6.00, !- Time Zone {hr}190.00; !- Elevation {m}
Output:Variable, *, Outdoor Dry Bulb, hourly;
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 6
Input Error Detection
Errors reported in ERR output file Input Processor checks field type, max, min,
required fields, based on IDD specificationsSimulation modules perform additional checks Inputs are not processed sequentiallyCertain errors will terminate program before
all input retrieved by simulation modulesHINT: Fix errors at the top of the err file
first – later ones may be false due to confusion of earlier errors
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 7
Units
EnergyPlus idf always in SI units IDF Editor has option to view/edit in IP units
Schedule types must be tagged with units Writes idf file in SI units
EnergyPlus outputs in SI units Optional IP units for some reports
EP-Launch has IP units option for output View Options Miscellaneous “Convert ESO/MTR to IP Units” Main csv and Meter.csv outputs in IP units
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 8
Global Inputs
SchedulesLocation and Environment
Simulation Control
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 9
Schedules
Can be used to influence scheduling of many items, including: Occupancy density Occupancy activity Lighting Thermostatic controls Shading element density
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 10
ScheduleTypeLimits
ScheduleTypeLimits,Fraction, !- Name0.0, !- Lower Limit Value1.0, !- Upper Limit ValueCONTINUOUS; !- Numeric TypeDimensionless; !- Unit Type
ScheduleTypeLimits,Temperature, !- Name-60, !- Lower Limit Value200, !- Upper Limit ValueCONTINUOUS; !- Numeric TypeTemperature; !- Unit Type
Used to validate schedule values and assign units (optional but recommended)
Facilitates IP units in IDF Editor and other interfaces
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 11
Schedule:Day:HourlySchedule:Day:Hourly,Weekday People, !- NameFraction, !- Schedule Type0.0, !- Hour 10.0, !- Hour 2. . .0.5, !- Hour 8 (7-8am)1.0, !- Hour 91.0, !- Hour 10. . .1.0, !- Hour 15 (2-3pm)1.0, !- Hour 160.5, !- Hour 170.1, !- Hour 180.0, !- Hour 19. . .0.0; !- Hour 24 (11-12pm)
The day schedule description is a name and 24 hourly values
Other forms Schedule:Day:Interval Schedule:Day:List Can handle subhourly
schedule changes Schedule:File
Hour 1 is Midnight to 1am
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 12
Schedule:Week:Daily
Schedule:Week:Daily,People Normal Week, !- NameWeekend People, !- Sunday Schedule:Day NameWeekday People, !- Monday Schedule:Day NameWeekday People, !- Tuesday Schedule:Day NameWeekday People, !- Wednesday Schedule:Day NameWeekday People, !- Thursday Schedule:Day NameWeekday People, !- Friday Schedule:Day NameWeekend People, !- Saturday Schedule:Day NameHoliday People, !- Holiday Schedule:Day NameWeekday People, !- SummerDesignDay Schedule:Day NameHoliday People, !- WinterDesignDay Schedule:Day NameAnnual Mtg People, !- CustomDay1 Schedule:Day NameTraining People; !- CustomDay2 Schedule:Day Name
The week description has an identifier and 12 names corresponding to previously defined Schedule:Day:* objects
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 13
Schedule:Year
Schedule:Year,Office People, !- NameFraction, !- Schedule TypePeople Normal Week, !- Schedule:Week Name 11, !- Start Month 11, !- Start Day 15, !- End Month 131, !- End Day 1People Summer Week, !- Schedule:Week Name 26, !- Start Month 21, !- Start Day 28, !- End Month 231, !- End Day 2People Normal Week, !- Schedule:Week Name 39, !- Start Month 31, !- Start Day 312, !- End Month 331; !- End Day 3
Annual schedule Associates a Schedule:Week:* with a range of datesMay reference up to 53 different Schedule:Week:* objects
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 14
Schedule:Compact
Schedule:Compact,Minimum Outside Air, !- NameFraction, !- Schedule Type Limits NameThrough: 12/31, !- Field 1For: Weekdays SummerDesignDay, !- Field 2Until: 24:00, !- Field 30.15, !- Field 4For: Weekends WinterDesignDay Holidays AllOtherDays, !-Field 5Until: 24:00, !- Field 60.05; !- Field 7
Annual schedule declared in a single object
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 15
Location and Environment
LocationDesign DayRun Period
Special DaysDaylight Saving TimeGround Temperatures
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 16
Site:Location
Latitude, longitude and time zone determine solar angles and intensities
Elevation used for standard air density Used to convert air volume flow rates to mass flow
Predefined Site:Location object in *.ddy files included with weather data
Site:Location,CHICAGO_OHARE_INTL_IL_USA Design_Conditions, !- Name41.98000, !- Latitude {deg}-87.90000, !- Longitude {deg}-6.000000, !- Time Zone {hr}201.0000; !- Elevation {m}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 17
SizingPeriod:DesignDaySingle-day simulation
Simulation initialized by repeating day until results agree within tolerances specified in Building object
Drives autosizing calculationsCan also be simulated to produce outputDay types
Heating Cooling Dry Bulb Cooling Dew Point Cooling Wet Bulb Others as desired
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 18
SizingPeriod:DesignDay Cooling Example
Chicago Ohare Intl Ap Ann Clg .4% Condns DB=>MWB, !- Name7, !- Month
21, !- Day of MonthSummerDesignDay,!- Day Type
33.3, !- Maximum Dry-Bulb Temperature {C}10.5, !- Daily Dry-Bulb Temperature Range {C}
DefaultMultipliers, !- Dry-Bulb Temperature Range Modifier Type, !- Dry-Bulb Temperature Range Modifier Schedule Name
Wetbulb, !- Humidity Condition Type23.7, !- Wetbulb at Maximum Dry-Bulb {C}
, !- Humidity Indicating Day Schedule Name, !- Humidity Ratio at Maximum Dry-Bulb {kgWater/kgDryAir}, !- Enthalpy at Maximum Dry-Bulb {J/kg}, !- Daily Wet-Bulb Temperature Range {deltaC}
98934., !- Barometric Pressure {Pa}5.2, !- Wind Speed {m/s} design conditions vs. traditional 3.35 m/s (7mph)230, !- Wind Direction {Degrees; N=0, S=180}No, !- Rain {Yes/No}No, !- Snow on ground {Yes/No}No, !- Daylight Savings Time Indicator
ASHRAETau, !- Solar Model Indicator, !- Beam Solar Day Schedule Name, !- Diffuse Solar Day Schedule Name
0.455, !- ASHRAE Clear Sky Optical Depth for Beam Irradiance (taub)2.050; !- ASHRAE Clear Sky Optical Depth for Diffuse Irradiance (taud)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 19
SizingPeriod:DesignDay Heating Example
Chicago Ohare Intl Ap Ann Htg 99% Condns DB, !- Name1, !- Month
21, !- Day of MonthWinterDesignDay,!- Day Type
-16.6, !- Maximum Dry-Bulb Temperature {C}0.0, !- Daily Dry-Bulb Temperature Range {C}
DefaultMultipliers, !- Dry-Bulb Temperature Range Modifier Type, !- Dry-Bulb Temperature Range Modifier Schedule Name
Wetbulb, !- Humidity Condition Type-16.6, !- Wetbulb at Maximum Dry-Bulb {C}
, !- Humidity Indicating Day Schedule Name, !- Humidity Ratio at Maximum Dry-Bulb {kgWater/kgDryAir}, !- Enthalpy at Maximum Dry-Bulb {J/kg}, !- Daily Wet-Bulb Temperature Range {deltaC}
98934., !- Barometric Pressure {Pa}4.9, !- Wind Speed {m/s} design conditions vs. traditional 6.71 m/s (15
mph)270, !- Wind Direction {Degrees; N=0, S=180}No, !- Rain {Yes/No}No, !- Snow on ground {Yes/No}No, !- Daylight Savings Time Indicator
ASHRAEClearSky, !- Solar Model Indicator, !- Beam Solar Day Schedule Name, !- Diffuse Solar Day Schedule Name, !- ASHRAE Clear Sky Optical Depth for Beam Irradiance (taub), !- ASHRAE Clear Sky Optical Depth for Diffuse Irradiance (taud)
0.00; !- Clearness {0.0 to 1.1}
Note ZERO Clearness = NO SUN
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 20
SizingPeriod:DesignDay Day Type and Schedules
Use day type to control schedules Schedules can have different 24-hr profiles for
every day type, including WinterDesignDay and SummerDesignDay
Examples WinterDesignDay
Set internal loads schedules to zero SummerDesignDay
Set people schedules to full occupancy Set thermostat schedules to have
no setback for design day autosizing
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 21
SizingPeriod:DesignDay Data Sources
*.ddy files Included in weather data zip files on web site 2009 ASHRAE data
MacroDataSets folder Locations-DesignDays.xls Links to regional design day dataset files for 7
WMO regions and California CTZ 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals data
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 22
Sizing with Weather Periods
Multi-day design sizing periodData from weather file
SizingPeriod:WeatherFileDaysUse a weather file period for design sizing calculations
SizingPeriod:WeatherFileConditionType Use a typical or extreme period contained in the epw weather file created heuristically from the weather file data for design sizing calculations
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 23
RunPeriodSpecifies weather file simulation periodSimulation initialized by repeating first day of
RunPeriod until results agree within tolerancesMay have multiple RunPeriods, but no overlap
RunPeriod,1, !- Begin Month1, !- Begin Day of Month12, !- End Month31, !- End Day of MonthMonday, !- Day of Week for Start DayNo, !- Use Weather File Holidays and Special DaysNo, !- Use Weather File Daylight Saving PeriodNo, !- Apply Weekend Holiday RuleYes, !- Use Weather File Rain IndicatorsYes, !- Use Weather File Snow Indicators1; !- Number of Times Runperiod to be Done
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 24
RunPeriodControl:SpecialDays
Add holidays and special days for weather runStandard weather files have no holidays
defined12 Day types: Sunday-Saturday, Holiday,
SummerDesignDay, WinterDesignDay, CustomDay1, CustomDay2
USHolidays-DST.idf in datasets folderRunPeriodControl:SpecialDays,
Special Convocation Week,!- Name9/8, !- Start Date5, !- Duration {days}CustomDay1; !- Special Day Type
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 25
RunPeriodControl:DaylightSavingTime
Overrides weather file DST period (if present)Standard weather files have no daylight
savings period definedPredefined object in ddy fileMultiple date formats valid:
“MM/DD” “DD <Month>” “<Month> DD”<Nth or Last> <Weekday> in <Month><Month> can be 3 char or full name<Weekday> is Sunday, Monday, etc.
RunPeriodControl:DaylightSavingTime,1st Sunday in April, !- Start DateLast Sunday in October; !- End Date
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 26
SimulationControl
Control sizing calculations, if present Control environment
Simulate sizing periods, if present Simulate weather run periods, if present
HINT: Start with Sizing Periods only, with hourly output – faster – easier to understand the data – when running well, then switch to annual weather run
SimulationControl,Yes, !- Do Zone Sizing CalculationYes, !- Do System Sizing CalculationYes, !- Do Plant Sizing CalculationYes, !- Run Simulation for Sizing PeriodsNo; !- Run Simulation for Weather File Run Periods
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 27
Types of Output
Output Report CommandsSummary and MonthlyReportsReport Data DictionaryReport VariablesReport Meters
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 28
Output Report CommandsOutput:Constructions;
Output:Surfaces:Drawing, DXF;
Output:Surfaces:List, Details;
Output:Table:TimeBins . . .
Output:Table:Monthly . . .
Output:Table:SummaryReports,Annual Building Utility Performance Summary;
OutputControl:Table:Style, HTML, InchPound;
List material and construction properties *.eio
Produce drawing of surfaces *.dxf
List all surfaces with area, tilt, construction, etc. *.eio
Bin report for specified variable
Monthly report for specified variables
Annual energy use report
Set table reports to csv, tab, txt, or html and select units option
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 29
Summary and Monthly Reports
“Table” output file csv, tab, txt, or html
Output:Table:SummaryReports Annual Building Utility Performance Summary
(or ABUPS or BEPS) AllSummary (all available summary reports) AllMonthly (all available monthly reports)
Output:Table:Monthly Custom monthly reports
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 30
Example - ABUPS
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 31
Example – ABUPS (cont’d)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 32
Example - Envelope Summary
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 33
Output Reporting Flexibility
Select any variables available for outputSpecify output at time step, hourly, daily,
monthly, or environment intervalsSchedule each output variableSelect various meters by resource and
end-use
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 34
Report Data Dictionary (RDD and MDD Files)
Default Format, underlines indicate variable names . . .
Zone,Average,Outdoor Dry Bulb [C]HVAC,Sum,Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Energy[J]
Alternate Format as IDF objects . . .
Output:Variable,*,Outdoor Dry Bulb,hourly; !- Zone Average [C]Output:Variable,*,Outdoor Dew Point,hourly; !- Zone Average [C]
Lists available output variables for a given input file Must request in idf file:
Output:Variable Dictionary; (default format)Output:Variable Dictionary, IDF; (as objects)
.rdd file for report variables, .mdd file for meters
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 35
Output Variable Commands
Output:Variable, EAST ZONE, Zone Mean Air Temperature, Timestep;
Output:Variable, *, Zone Mean Radiant Temperature, Daily, Report Schedule;
Mean air temperature, only for EAST ZONE, every timestep
Mean radiant temperature, for all zones, daily average, only when “Report Schedule” is >0
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 36
CSV File SampleDate/Time Environment:Outdoor
Dry Bulb [C](Monthly)ZONE ONE:Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Energy[J](Monthly)
ZONE ONE:Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling Energy[J](Monthly)
ZONE ONE:Zone/Sys Air Temp[C](Monthly)
July 25.58495468 0.00E+00 19028775.23 24.4112152January -17.77778 253868837.1 0.00E+00 20.28659003January -4.63546707 4144370093 0.00E+00 20.43495965February -2.23312872 3151142586 0.00E+00 20.46221742March 1.603242608 2545318797 0.00E+00 20.54348182April 8.370677083 1431785319 324853.0522 21.20071107May 15.30398185 639305402.1 51404202.22 22.43806808June 21.09550347 164326207.4 145308752.2 23.40095162July 23.49973118 65628804.19 244539864.1 23.81873695August 21.75707325 96943677.86 103740404 23.32673507September 18.11458333 346023544.8 45088296.07 22.40959675October 11.73642473 1065565115 714539.5928 21.18788477November 4.232118056 2260965068 0.00E+00 20.49516327December -2.566599462 3853388966 0.00E+00 20.46126771
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 37
Meters
Accumulate multiple outputs Standard meters and user-defined meters Appropriate variables are grouped onto “meters” for
reporting purposes Values are put onto the *.mtr output file Meter component details in *.mtd output file Meter names applicable for the simulation are shown
on the .mdd file Meter names are of two forms:
<ResourceType>:<MeterType> <EndUseType>:< ResourceType >:<MeterType>
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 38
Input for Meters
Output:Meter, Electricity:*, Hourly;
Output:Meter, Electricity:Facility, monthly;
Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly, Cooling:Electricity, monthly;
Output:CumulativeMeter orOutput:CumulativeMeter:MeterFileOnly
Meter:Custom Meter:CustomDecrement
All electric meters, for all end uses and all levels
Master electric meter
Cooling equipment, report only to Meter.csv file
Report cumulative values
User-defined meterSubtract from a meter
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 39
Meter Details – Example
Zone lighting power consumptionmtd output lists all applicable meters
Meters for 674,SPACE1-1:Zone Lights Electric Consumption[J]
OnMeter=Electricity:Facility [J]OnMeter=Electricity:Building [J]OnMeter=Electricity:Zone:EAST ZONE [J]OnMeter=GeneralLights:Electricity [J]OnMeter=GeneralLights:Electricity:Zone:EAST ZONE [J]
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 40
Meter Details – Example (cont’d)
GeneralLights:Electricity end-use metermtd output lists all variables connected
to that meterFor Meter=GeneralLights:Electricity [J], ResourceType=Electricity, EndUse=GeneralLights, contents are:SPACE1-1:Zone Lights Electric ConsumptionSPACE2-1:Zone Lights Electric Consumption SPACE3-1:Zone Lights Electric ConsumptionSPACE4-1:Zone Lights Electric ConsumptionSPACE5-1:Zone Lights Electric Consumption
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 41
err Errors Output – always review this!eio Initialization and other Output –
environments, constructions, global settings, sizing, etc.
Table.html Table-style Reportsdxf Drawing of Building Surfacesrdd Report Data Dictionary – list of valid
report variables for a particular runmdd Meter Data Dictionary – valid
report meters for a particular run
Commonly Used Output Files
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 42
Commonly Used Output Files (cont’d)
eso Standard Output – numeric dataopen in xESOView utility
csv Numeric Output - csv spreadsheet of eso data (txt, tab formats optional)
Meter.csv Numeric Meter Output - csv spreadsheet of meter data(txt, tab formats optional)
mtd Meter Details –meter definitions
svg HVAC diagram
For more details see Output Details and Examples document
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 43
Auxiliary Tools
Run-time Tools EP-Launch
Input/Output Tools IDF Editor HVAC-Diagram
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 44
EP-Launch
“Home base” for using EnergyPlusSelect and edit input filesRun EnergyPlus simulationOpen output files Run utility programs such
as Slab and Basement preprocessorsRun groups of simulations
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 45
EP-Launch
View output files
Run utilities
Select weather file
Run EnergyPlus
Select and edit input file
Access EnergyPlus documentation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 46
EP-Launch SetupView Options
Select viewers for text, DXF, VRML, spreadsheet, SVG, HTML, ESO, and PDF files
AutoFind for default windows association or select by browsing
Associate idf files withEP-Launch (double-click)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 47
View Results
“All” tab Direct one-button access to output files Shading indicates which files are present Hover over button for file description
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 48
View Results (cont’d)
“Sets” tab Open groups of output files Predefined groups by type of file Customizable groups of files
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 49
Multiple Runs with EP-Launch
Can queue up multiple single runsCan save a list of runs in a group fileUser option for number of simultaneous
simulations (applies to both methods) View Options Command Window Typically set to
equal number of cpu cores
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 50
IDF Editor
EnergyPlus input editorTable view of input dataSave options (File menu)
Write objects in standard order e.g. RunPeriod, all Material objects, all Construction
objects, all Zone objects, etc. Files may be rearranged – can be good or not so good
Write objects in original order New objects at top or at bottom
Option for special format for certain objects
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 51
IDF Editor
Select object type from class list
Objects shown here for selected class
Pull-down list of keywords or references when applicable
Description of entry, max and min when applicable
Copy/Paste objects from IDF Editor or Text File
Note: Always hit enter or leave cell to save entry
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 52
OpenStudio Results Viewer
Line plotsFlood plotsDifference plotsIlluminance maps
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 53
OpenStudio Results Viewer
Opens EnergyPlus SQlite output Must request this in idf
Output:SQLite, Simple; (or SimpleAndTabular)
Output:Variable and Output:Meter data
In v7.1 not supported directly in EP-Launch Open ResultsViewer separately Then open files to plot
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 54
HVAC-Diagram
Postprocessor creates svg diagram of HVAC system Does not support all system configurations
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 3 - Input/Output, Global Inputs and Auxiliary Tools 55
Other Software Tools
xEsoView statistics and graphs
directly from eso output http://xesoview.sourceforge.net
Text file editor highly recommend going beyond standard ones search web for “text editor” to find options multi-window, split window, column select, syntax
highlighting and more
Part 4 – Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 2
Part 4 Outline
Daylighting Lighting Controls Other Factors Outputs
Ground Heat Transfer
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 3
Daylighting
Daylighting:Controls Calculates illuminance from daylight Split flux method
Daylighting:DELight:Controls Advanced radiosity method, complex fenestration Does not support external shading
Only one type per zoneMay use different types in same run Interior windows are supported
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 4
Daylighting:Controls
Sensible and Latent
Beam Solar
Sky Diffuse
Ground Diffuse
Light Control 2
Light Control 1
Uncontrolled
Reference Pt 2
Reference Pt 1
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 5
Electric Lighting Control
Electric lights full-on assumed to provide the setpoint illuminance – regardless of schedule
Electric lighting control system simulated to determine fraction of lighting for each lighting zone
Based on daylighting illuminance level regardless of actual electric lighting input power
Zone lighting electric reduction factor passed to thermal calculation
Heat gain from lights and power input reduced
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 6
Continuous Dimming
Minimum input power fractionFractional input power
1.000
1.0
Minimum lightoutput fraction
Fractionallight output
Increasing daylightilluminance
Zero daylightilluminance
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 7
Stepped Lighting Control
Daylight illuminance
Fractionalinput power
1.0
00
Illuminance set point
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 8
Daylighting:Controls Inputs
1 or 2 illuminance reference points Specific point(s) in zone (X,Y,Z position) World or relative coordinates depending on option
specified in GlobalGeometryRules Shown as small circles in dxf drawing Illuminance setpoint(s) [lux]
1 to 3 lighting zones Specify fraction of lighting power for each zone Fraction controlled by reference point 1 Fraction controlled by reference point 2 Uncontrolled (implied if Fraction1+Fraction2<1)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 9
Daylighting:Controls Inputs (cont’d)
Lighting control type Continuous – stay on at minimum Continuous – turn off at minimum Stepped – automatic Stepped – manual with probability Minimum lighting output and power levels
Glare control of window shades Direction of view Maximum glare level Only with Daylighting:Controls
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 10
Ground Reflectance
Site:GroundReflectance 12 monthly valuesAffects:
Solar gains Daylighting
Site:GroundReflectance:SnowModifier Alters reflectance when snow on ground
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 11
Ground Shading
Beam reflects from ground as diffuseWhen solar reflection option is active,
portions of the ground are shaded
Beam
A B C
Beam
Ground Ground
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 12
Calculate Solar Reflection From Exterior Surfaces
In Building objectAdd “WithReflections” to solar distribution If FullExteriorWithReflections or
FullInteriorAndExteriorWithReflections, then: Building shadows affect ground reflected solar All exterior heat transfer surfaces automatically
reflect according to their surface properties Shading surfaces reflect only if
ShadingProperty:Reflectance is also specified Impacts daylighting and solar heat gain
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 13
Solar Reflections from Obstructions
Beam
Sky diffuse
Beam
Beam
Solar Reflection from Obstructions
(a) (b) (c)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 14
Solar Reflections from Building Surfaces
Window
Wall
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 15
Shading Surfaces
Direct and sky diffuse shadingDiffuse from ground
If solar distribution option in Building obejct is “FullExteriorWithReflections” or “FullInteriorAndExteriorWithReflections”, then affected by shading from building surfaces
Otherwise controlled by “View Factor to Ground”
Transmittance (optional) Opaque unless Transmittance Schedule specified Solar and visible transmittance assumed equal Non-diffusing - does not change direction of light
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 16
Shading Surfaces for Daylighting (cont’d)
Reflectance (optional) Default is no reflection from shading surfaces Part specular and part diffuse Must specify global option for solar reflection and
shading surface reflectance object (see next slide)
Interior obstructions Opaque Reflecting if a heat transfer surface Non-reflecting if a shading surface
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 17
Special Daylighting Devices
DaylightingDevice:Tubular Tube properties
FenestrationSurface:Detailed TubularDaylightDome TubularDaylightDiffuser Dome
Pipe
Diffuser
Daylit Zone
Transition Zone
Exterior Roof
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 18
Special Daylighting Devices (cont’d)
DaylightingDevice:Shelf Inside BuildingSurface:Detailed object Outside Shading:Zone:Detailed object
DaylightingDevice:LightWell Applied to a window object
Daylit Zone
Outside Shelf Inside Shelf
Window
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 19
Daylighting Modeling Guidelines
Window positions are important Pay attention to shading
Zone multipliers Beneficial to get room proportions correct Can only use if external shading not
affected by zone position
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 20
Representative Room with Zone Multiplier
Zone Multiplier = 4
IW-1
Room-1IW-2
IW-3
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 21
Daylighting in Interior Zones
A
B C DInterior window –
daylighting passes through
Exterior window
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 22
Daylighting withInterior Obstructions
Default Method (split-flux) Initial illuminance distribution blocked Inter-reflected illuminance not blocked Interior surfaces included in zone-average
reflectance calculation
DElight Method (radiosity) Initial illuminance distribution not blocked Inter-reflected illuminance blocked Interior surfaces included in reflection calculations
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 23
Daylighting Outputs
Output Variables Daylight Illum at Ref Point 1 [lux] Glare Index at Ref Point 1 [] Ltg Power Multiplier from Daylighting [] Daylight Illum at Ref Point 1 from Window[lux] Daylight Luminance of Window As Viewed From
Ref Point 1[cd/m2]
Output:IlluminanceMap
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 24
Illuminance MapWindows
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 25
Illuminance MapTubular Daylighting Device
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 26
Ground Heat Transfer
IssuesSlab and Basement PreprocessorsEnergyPlus Ground Temperatures
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 27
Ground Heat Transfer Issues
Problem Conduction calculations in EnergyPlus are one-
dimensional Ground heat transfer calculations are two or
three-dimensional Ground heat transfer time scale is much longer
than building and HVAC
Solution 3-d ground heat transfer preprocessors Produce monthly ground contact temperatures to
use in EnergyPlus simulation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 28
Ground Temperatures
Undisturbed ground temperatures from weather file and most sources
EnergyPlus ground temperature
No soil layer in slab construction, just concrete and finish materials
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 29
Site:GroundTemperature:BuildingSurface
Specifies the outside surface temp for surfaces in contact with the ground (e.g., slab floors, basement walls)
Site:GroundTemperature:BuildingSurface, 17.740, !- January Ground Temperature {C} 17.490, !- February Ground Temperature {C} 17.452, !- March Ground Temperature {C} 18.964, !- April Ground Temperature {C} 19.217, !- May Ground Temperature {C} 19.280, !- June Ground Temperature {C} 20.833, !- July Ground Temperature {C} 21.121, !- August Ground Temperature {C} 21.185, !- September Ground Temperature {C}21.167, !- October Ground Temperature {C} 19.640, !- November Ground Temperature {C} 19.362; !- December Ground Temperature {C}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 30
Ground Temperatures (cont’d)
Three sets of ground temperatures are tabulated in the weather file.
Ground temperatures are for “thermally undisturbed” soil with a diffusivity of 2.3225760E-03 {m**2/day}.
These values are not appropriate for computing building floor losses.
!- Monthly Calculated "undisturbed" Ground Temperatures °Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
!0.5 m 9.8 9.5 10.1 11.5 13.4 15.1 16.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 12.8 11.0!2.0 m 11.0 10.4 10.6 11.4 12.6 14.0 15.1 15.7 15.6 14.8 13.5 12.1!4.0 m 12.0 11.4 11.3 11.6 12.4 13.3 14.2 14.8 14.9 14.5 13.8 12.8
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 31
Ground Temperature Preprocessors
EnergyPlus . . . \PreProcess\GrndTempCalcCompute ground temperatures
Monthly values Outside temperature
boundary condition for a particular surface in contact with the ground.
Documentation in AuxiliaryPrograms.pdf
Run from EP-LaunchUtilities tab
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 32
Ground TemperaturePreprocessors (cont’d)
Slab.exe utility will calculate: Monthly core, perimeter, and average ground
temperatures Given a description of the floor slab, perimeter
insulation, the monthly average indoor temperature, the soil conditions and the weather file for a given location
Basement.exe utility similar for basement floor and walls
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 33
Using Ground Temperatures from Slab Program
Average ground temperatures All floor slab surfaces:
Outside Boundary Condition = Ground Input average ground temperatures in
Site:GroundTemperature:BuildingSurface object
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 34
Using Ground Temperatures from Slab Program (cont’d)
Core and Perimeter temperatures SurfaceProperty:OtherSideCoefficients allows any schedule
to be applied as the outside surface boundary condition of a surface
Input perimeter and core monthly ground temperatures in two separate schedule objects
Create two SurfaceProperty:OtherSideCoefficients objects, one which uses the core temp schedule and one for the perimeter schedule
Describe separate surfaces for core and perimeter floor slabs (using the same perimeter depth as in the Slab program)
Perimeter and Core floor slab surfaces: Outside Boundary Condition=OtherSideCoefficients
Reference the corresponding SurfaceProperty:OtherSideCoefficients object
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 35
Partially Integrated in idf
GroundHeatTransfer:* objects in EnergyPlus IDD –duplicate the slab and basement idf objects
Preprocessor will extract, run slab/basement New EnergyPlus surface boundary conditions:
GroundSlabPreprocessorAverage, GroundBasementPreprocessorAverageFloor, etc.
Preprocessor will replace these with “OtherSideCoefficients” and insert objects and schedules using the output from slab/basement
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 36
Ground Temperatures without the Preprocessors
EnergyPlus defaults to 18C year-roundIndoor air temperature less 2C is a
reasonable default to use for most commercial buildings
Residential applications highly recommend using Slab or Basement preprocessor.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 37
Other Ground Temperatures
Site:GroundTemperature:Shallow Specifically for the Surface Ground Heat
Exchanger and should probably be close to the average outdoor air temperature for the location
Site:GroundTemperature:Deep Specifically for the ground heat exchangers
that would use "deep" (3-4 m depth) ground temperatures for their heat source
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 4 - Daylighting and Ground Heat Transfer 38
Alternate Method for Ground Heat Transfer
Modeling Ground Heat Transfer using C and F Factors for Building Energy Code Compliance Special outside boundary condition for surfaces =
GroundFCfactorMethod Construction:CfactorUndergroundWall Construction:FfactorGroundFloor Site:GroundTemperature:FCfactorMethod
(optional, otherwise defaults to average monthly air temperature delayed by 3 months)
Part 5 – HVAC Overview andHVAC Templates for Standard
System Configurations
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 2
Part 5 Outline
HVAC OverviewHVAC Template OverviewCurrent HVAC Template ObjectsUsing HVAC Template ObjectsHVAC Template Example Inputs/Results
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 3
HVAC Input Overview
Flexible specification of HVAC equipment connections (nodes, branches and loops).
Hierarchical set of objects Loops (air, chilled & hot water, condenser) Supply and demand sides Topology of sides: branches, splitters, and mixers Branches: components along a single duct or pipe Zone Equipment: components directly serving a
zone (AHU terminal units, fan coils, etc.) Nodes: store component inlet & outlet conditions
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 4
Air Loop
HVAC StructureAir Loop
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Supply Side
Central Duct
OA System
Fan
ChW Coil (air side)
Demand Side
Ducts to Zones
VAV Terminal Units
HW Reheat Coils(air side)
Zones
Return Ducts
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 5
HVAC StructureChW Plant Loop
Chilled Water Loop
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Supply Side
Pump
Chiller (ChW side)
Demand Side
ChW Coil (water side)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 6
HVAC StructureCondenser Loop
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Supply Side
Pump
Cooling Tower
Demand Side
Chiller (condenser side)
Condenser Water Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 7
HVAC StructureHW Plant Loop
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Supply Side:
Pump
Boiler
Demand Side:
HW Reheat Coils (water side)
Hot Water Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 8
Zone 1
LocalCon-
vectiveUnits
Air-AirHP
UnitHeater/Vent-ilator
Fan CoilWindowAC
HighTemp
Radiant/Con-
vective
LowTemp
Radiant
Base-boardsRadiatorsHigh
TempRadiators
LowTemp
RadiantPanels
SelectOne
Select One
Return AirPath
Zone Exhaust Fan (Opt.)
NoneDualDuct
ConstantVolume
(CV)
SingleDuct CVReheat
DualDuctVAV
SingleDuctVAV:
Reheat
Local Conv. Unit AlternativesHi Temp Rad/ConvAlternatives
Low Temp RadAlternatives
Select One
Select OneAir
DistributionUnit
Options
ZoneSupply AirSplitter
AirDistribution
Unit
Water-AirHP &
GroundSource
HP
Diagram from Input Output Reference (not all equipment types are included)
HVAC StructureZone Equipment
Air distribution unit served by a central
air loop
Some single-zonesystems are
air-loop based
e.g. Unitary DX cooling with gas furnace
Self-contained zonal unit
No central air loop required
May be served by water loop
e.g. Fan Coil, PTAC,
Radiant
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 9
HVAC Component Types
Simple Components input; initialize; calculate; report Example: electric heating coil, chiller
Compound Components assembled from multiple simple components simulated sequentially with overall control Example: VAV terminal unit with reheat coil
Complex Components component may be a system Example: Unitary furnace with DX cooling
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 10
EnergyPlus Nodes
A node is the point at which a component, such as a source or a load, is connected to the system.
Fan Inlet
Fan Outlet
Nodes
CoilInlet
CoilOutlet
Nodes
Gas Heating Coil
Fan
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 11
EnergyPlus Nodes (cont’d)
Nodes connect components in HVAC networkStore network state data
e.g. temperature, humidity, mass flow rate, average pressure at current barometric pressure (air only)
Store control information e.g., set points
Node data is component fluid input and output data
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 12
EnergyPlus Nodes (cont’d)
Components have one or more pairs of inlet/outlet nodes Fan:
Air inlet node, Air outlet node
Chilled Water Coil: Air inlet node, Air outlet node, CHW inlet node, CHW outlet node
CHWS CHWR
Water Nodes
Chilled Water Coil
Air Nodes
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 13
EnergyPlus Nodes (cont’d)
Components read inlet node data and write outlet node data
Most components “know” nothing more than their respective input specifications and inlet/outlet node data
Each zone has at least a single node for the zone air conditions
Node data available for output reporting various state and control data Temperature, humidity, flow, setpoints, etc.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 14
Simplified Water Loop Example with Nodes
Boiler
Boiler Outlet Node
Supply-Side LoopDemand-Side Loop
±HW Circ Pump
Heating Coil
HW Supply inlet Node
HW Supply Outlet Node
HW Demand Inlet Node
HW DemandOutlet Node
Heating CoilInlet Node
HW Pump Outlet Node
Inlet Pipe
Exit Pipe
Heating CoilOutlet Node
HW Supply Outlet Pipe
HW Supply Bypass Pipe
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 15
Example System3-Zone VAV Reheat
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 16
Detailed HVAC Input Example3-Zone VAV Reheat Supply Side AirLoopHVAC
AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList Controller:WaterCoil (central chilled water coil controller)
AvailabilityManagerAssignmentList AvailabilityManager:Scheduled (supply fan time clock)
BranchList Branch
AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem (outdoor air mixer/economizer) AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem:EquipmentList
OutdoorAir:Mixer AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList
Controller:OutdoorAir OutdoorAir:NodeList
Fan:VariableVolume (supply fan) Coil:Cooling:Water (central chilled water
15 input objects to describe air loop supply side
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 17
Detailed HVAC Input Example3-Zone VAV Reheat Demand Side AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter (ducted supply splitter to zones)
ZoneControl:Thermostat ThermostatSetpoint:DualSetpoint (zone thermostat)
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections (3x1 per zone) ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat (VAV reheat terminal unit)
Coil:Heating:Water (hot water reheat coil)
AirLoopHVAC:ReturnPath AirLoopHVAC:ZoneMixer (ducted return mixer from zones)
6+3x5=21 input objects to describe air loop demand side
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 18
HVAC Template Overview
HVACTemplate objects provide a less detailed way to specify select HVAC system configurations
Example: 3-Zone VAV Reheat air loop(supply and demand sides) HVACTemplate:Thermostat HVACTemplate:Zone:VAV (3x1 per zone) HVACTemplate:System:VAV Only 3 input objects instead of 26 or more
Input fields for basic system options Built-in defaults for other data Automatically sets up loops, branches, and nodes Expanded file saved as output
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 19
HVAC Template Input Flow
User adds HVACTemplate objects to idf input along with building etc.
Preprocessor ExpandObject scans idf file for HVACTemplate objects Comments out HVACTemplate objects Replaces them with corresponding
detailed idf objects Resulting file saved as expidf output
EnergyPlus reads the expidf file These steps automatically
managed by run utility(EP-Launch, OpenStudio, etc.)
Expidf file can be renamed, edited, and used as a new idf file
idf inputHVACTemplate:System:VAV
ExpandObjects
EnergyPlus
expidf output! HVACTemplate:System:VAV
AirLoopHVACBranchlistBranch
Coil:Cooling:Water. . . and more . . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 20
HVACTemplateCurrent Zone Equipment
Zone Thermostat Ideal Loads Air System Fan CoilPackaged Terminal Air Conditioner (PTAC)Packaged Terminal Heat Pump (PTHP)Water to Air Heat Pump (WAHP)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 21
HVACTemplateCurrent Central Systems
Packaged Furnace w/ DX Air ConditionerPackaged Air-to-Air Heat PumpPackaged DX VAV VAV Single Duct w/ Reheat Fan Powered VAV w/ ReheatDedicated Outdoor Air System
Combines with FanCoil, PTAC, PTHP, and WAHP
Chilled/Hot Water Supply LoopsChillers, Boilers and Cooling Towers
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 22
HVACTemplateCurrent Options
Baseboard HeatZone-level supply and return plenumsSystem-level supply and return plenumsHeat recoveryDehumidification controlsHumidification controls . . . and more
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 23
HVACTemplate:Thermostat
Dual Setpoint with Deadbandcontrol type at all times
Specify constant or scheduled setpointsReferenced by HVACTemplate:Zone:* objects
HVACTemplate:Thermostat,
Office Thermostat, !- Name
Heating Setpoints, !- Heating Setpoint Schedule Name
, !- Constant Heating Setpoint {C}
Cooling Setpoints, !- Cooling Setpoint Schedule Name
; !- Constant Cooling Setpoint {C}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 24
HVACTemplate:Zone:IdealLoadsAirSystem
Zone-level objects for ideal air system Sums space cooling and heating loads Does not include HVAC system ventilation
(outdoor air) loads
Simple inputs Zone name Thermostat name
HVACTemplate:Zone:IdealLoadsAirSystem,
SPACE1-1, !- Zone Name
Office Thermostat; !- Template Thermostat Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 25
HVACTemplate:Zone:Unitary Zone-level objects for unitary system
Zone and thermostat names Name of unitary system serving this zone Supply air and outdoor air flow rates and other options
HVACTemplate:Zone:Unitary,SPACE1-1, !- Zone NameFurnace DX 1-1, !- Template Unitary System NameAll Zones, !- Template Thermostat Nameautosize, !- Supply Air Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Zone Heating Sizing Factor, !- Zone Cooling Sizing Factorflow/person, !- Outdoor Air Method0.00944, !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate per Person {m3/s}0.0, !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate per Area {m3/s-m2}0.0, !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate per Zone {m3/s}, !- Supply Plenum Name, !- Return Plenum NameNone, !- Baseboard Heating Type, !- Baseboard Heating Availability Schedule Nameautosize; !- Baseboard Heating Capacity {W}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 26
HVACTemplate:System:Unitary
Air loop objects for unitary systemSchedulesSet pointsOutdoor air controlsHeat recovery optionsHVACTemplate:System:Unitary,
Furnace DX 1-1, !- Name
FanAvailSched, !- System Availability Schedule Name
SPACE1-1, !- Control Zone Name or Thermostat Location Name
autosize, !- Supply Fan Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}
Continuous, !- Supply Fan Operating Mode Schedule Name. . . More . . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 27
HVACTemplate:System:Unitary – Example (1 of 3)
HVACTemplate:System:Unitary,Furnace DX 1-1, !- NameFanAvailSched, !- System Availability Schedule NameSPACE1-1, !- Control Zone or Thermostat Location Nameautosize, !- Supply Fan Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}Continuous, !- Supply Fan Operating Mode Schedule Name0.7, !- Supply Fan Total Efficiency600, !- Supply Fan Delta Pressure {Pa}0.9, !- Supply Fan Motor Efficiency1, !- Supply Fan Motor in Air Stream FractionSingleSpeedDX, !- Cooling Coil Type, !- Cooling Coil Availability Schedule Nameautosize, !- Cooling Coil Capacity {W}autosize, !- Cooling Coil Rated Sensible Heat Ratio3, !- Cooling Coil Rated COP. . . More . . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 28
HVACTemplate:System:Unitary – Example (2 of 3)
Gas, !- Heating Coil Type
, !- Heating Coil Availability Schedule Name
autosize, !- Heating Coil Capacity {W}
0.8, !- Gas Heating Coil Efficiency
, !- Gas Heating Coil Parasitic Electric Load {W}
autosize, !- Maximum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
autosize, !- Minimum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
, !- Minimum Outdoor Air Schedule Name
DifferentialDryBulb, !- Economizer Type
NoLockout, !- Economizer Lockout
19, !- Economizer Upper Temperature Limit {C}
4, !- Economizer Lower Temperature Limit {C}
, !- Economizer Upper Enthalpy Limit {J/kg}
. . . More . . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 29
HVACTemplate:System:Unitary – Example (3 of 3)
, !- Supply Plenum Name, !- Return Plenum NameBlowThrough, !- Supply Fan PlacementCycleOnAny, !- Night Cycle Control, !- Night Cycle Control Zone Name, !- Heat Recovery Type, !- Sensible Heat Recovery Effectiveness, !- Latent Heat Recovery EffectivenessNone, !- Dehumidification Control Type, !- Dehumidification Control Zone Name60.0, !- Dehumidification Setpoint {percent}None, !- Humidifier Type, !- Humidifier Availability Schedule Name0.000001, !- Humidifier Rated Capacity {m3/s}2690.0, !- Humidifier Rated Electric Power {W}, !- Humidifier Control Zone Name30.0; !- Humidifier Setpoint {percent}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 30
HVACTemplate VAV System
HVACTemplate:Zone:VAV Zone terminal unit, variable volume, reheat
optional, baseboard heat optional
HVACTemplate:Zone:VAV:FanPowered Zone terminal unit, fan-powered variable volume,
reheat optional, parallel or series, baseboard heat optional
HVACTemplate:System:VAV Variable air volume (VAV) air loop with optional
heating coil and optional preheat.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 31
HVACTemplate Chilled Water Plant
HVACTemplate:Plant:ChilledWaterLoop Plant and condenser loops to serve all
HVACTemplate chilled water coils, chillers, and towers.
HVACTemplate:Plant:ChillerHVACTemplate:Plant:Tower
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 32
HVACTemplate Hot Water Plant
HVACTemplate:Plant:HotWaterLoop Plant loops to serve all HVACTemplate hot
water coils and boilers.
HVACTemplate:Plant:Boiler
HVACTemplate Detailed Object Reference
HVACTemplate Connection Objects HVACTemplate:Plant:Chiller:ObjectReference HVACTemplate:Plant:Tower:ObjectReference HVACTemplate:Plant:Boiler:ObjectReference
Use with Detailed Plant Objects e.g. Chiller:Electric:EIR Direct control over chiller specifications User specifies performance curves
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 33
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 34
HVACTemplate Example idf – Unitary Zone
HVACTemplate:Zone:Unitary,NORTH PERIMETER, !- Zone NameNorth Zone Unitary, !- Template Unitary System NameOffice Thermostat, !- Template Thermostat Nameautosize, !- Supply Air Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Zone Heating Sizing Factor, !- Zone Cooling Sizing Factorflow/person, !- Outdoor Air Method0.00944, !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate per Person {m3/s}0.0, !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate per Area {m3/s-m2}0.0, !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate per Zone {m3/s}, !- Supply Plenum Name, !- Return Plenum NameNone, !- Baseboard Heating Type, !- Baseboard Heating Availability Schedule Nameautosize; !- Baseboard Heating Capacity {W}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 35
HVACTemplate Example expidf – Unitary Zone
Sizing:Zone,NORTH PERIMETER, !- Zone Name14, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature {C}50, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature {C}0.008, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio
{kg-H2O/kg-air}0.008, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio
{kg-H2O/kg-air}flow/person, !- Outdoor Air Method0.00944, !- Outdoor Air Flow Per Person {m3/s}0.0, !- Outdoor Air Flow Per Zone Area {m3/s-m2}0.0, !- Outdoor Air Flow Per Zone {m3/s}, !- Zone Heating Sizing Factor, !- Zone Cooling Sizing FactorDesignDay, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Method0, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Per Zone Area {m3/s-m2}, !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow {m3/s}0, !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow FractionDesignDay, !- Heating Design Air Flow Method0, !- Heating Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Per Zone Area {m3/s-m2}, !- Heating Maximum Air Flow {m3/s}0; !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Fraction
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 5 - HVAC Overview and Templates 36
HVACTemplate Example expidf – Unitary Zone (cont’d)ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections,
NORTH PERIMETER, !- Zone Name NORTH PERIMETER Equipment, !- Zone Conditioning Equipment List NameNORTH PERIMETER Zone Equip Inlet, !- Zone Air Inlet Node or NodeList Name, !- Zone Air Exhaust Node or NodeList NameNORTH PERIMETER Zone Air Node, !- Zone Air Node NameNORTH PERIMETER Return Outlet; !- Zone Return Air Node Name
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList,NORTH PERIMETER Equipment, !- NameAirTerminal:SingleDuct:Uncontrolled, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object TypeNORTH PERIMETER Direct Air, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Sequence1; !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating or No-Load Sequence
AirTerminal:SingleDuct:Uncontrolled,NORTH PERIMETER Direct Air, !- NameHVACTemplate-ALWAYS 1, !- Availability Schedule NameNORTH PERIMETER Zone Equip Inlet, !- Zone Supply Air Node Nameautosize; !- Maximum Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 2
Outline
Zone Equipment InputZone Forced Air UnitsRadiative Convective UnitsAir Loop Zone Equipment
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 3
Zone Equipment Input
For each controlled zone:ZoneControl:Thermostat
Zone thermostat type and set points or use Operative or Comfort control (more details later)
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections Connects equipment to a zone List of equipment conditioning the zone, 18 max Zone inlet, exhaust, and outlet nodes
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 4
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections
Inlet Nodes Supply air to zone from all forced-air equipment types
Exhaust Nodes Extract air from zone to zonal equipment (fan coil, exhaust fan)
Return Node Return to central air loop Only one allowed
Non-forced-air equipment types use none of these nodes e.g. Radiant heater, baseboard heater
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections,
ZONE1, !- Zone Name
ZONE1 Eq, !- Zone Conditioning Equipment List Name
ZONE1 Inlet Node, !- Zone Air Inlet Node or NodeList Name
ZONE1 Exhaust Node, !- Zone Air Exhaust Node or NodeList Name
ZONE1 Node, !- Zone Air Node Name
ZONE1 Out Node; !- Zone Return Air Node Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 5
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList
Zone Equipment TypeComponent NameCooling and Heating Sequence
Designates simulation order for multiple systems serving a zone
Repeat for each component serving zone18 components maximum
Only one may be an air loop terminal unit Others must be single-zone self-contained units
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 6
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList –Example
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList,ZONE1Equipment, !- NameZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object TypeZONE1 ATU, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Sequence1; !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating or No-Load Sequence
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList,Zone1Equipment Example 2, !- NameZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object TypeZone 1 DOAS Terminal Unit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Sequence1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating or No-Load SequenceZoneHVAC:FourPipeFanCoil, !- Zone Equipment 2 Object TypeZone 1 Fan Coil Unit, !- Zone Equipment 2 Name2, !- Zone Equipment 2 Cooling Sequence2; !- Zone Equipment 2 Heating or No-Load Sequence
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 7
Multiple Equipment Serving the Same Zone
Multiple equipment – yes with limits Only one air loop serving a zone Many pieces of zone equipment Pay close attention to sequence
Sizing Each system will autosize to meet the full zone
load requirement If multiple systems share the same load type
(heating or cooling), then must input hard sizes If one system is a dedicated outdoor air system,
providing tempered OA, sizing of other equipment will not be aware of that.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 8
Zone Equipment Types
Zone Forced Air UnitsRadiative Convective UnitsAir Loop Zone Equipment
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 9
Zone Forced Air Units
Single-zone self-contained units (no air loop) Ideal Loads Air System Fan Coil Window AC Unit Ventilator Unit Heater PTAC/PTHP Water-to-Air Heat Pump (water loop heat pump) Energy Recovery Ventilator DX Dehumidifier Outdoor Air Unit
Typically zone equipment units are assembled from other components
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 10
ZoneHVAC:IdealLoadsAirSystem
Used to compute zone heating/cooling loads without modeling an HVAC system
Unlimited (or limited) capacity at specified temperature and humidity
Controlled by zone thermostatCalculates required flow rate at specified
supply air temperatureDoes not model HVAC ventilation
(outdoor air) load
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 11
ZoneHVAC:IdealLoadsAirSystem – Example
ZoneHVAC:IdealLoadsAirSystem,
Zone1Air, !- Name
NODE_1, !- Zone Supply Air Node Name
50, !- Heating Supply Air Temperature {C}
13, !- Cooling Supply Air Temperature {C}
0.009, !- Heating Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air}
0.009, !- Cooling Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air}
NoLimit, !- Heating Limit
autosize, !- Maximum Heating Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
NoLimit, !- Cooling Limit
autosize, !- Maximum Cooling Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
NoOutdoorAir, !- Outdoor Air
autosize; !- Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 12
Radiative Convective Units
No forced air – no air inlet/outlet nodesHigh Temperature Alternatives
High Temperature Radiant Heaters
Low Temperature Alternatives Low Temperature Radiant panels
Electric Hydronic – Heating and Cooling
Convective-only Baseboard Radiative-convective Baseboard
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 13
Air Loop Zone Equipment
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnitAirTerminal:SingleDuct:Uncontrolled
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 14
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit Attaches zone terminal unit to supply air stream Specific terminal unit type may include
Damper (e.g. VAV or dual-duct) Zone fan (e.g. Powered induction unit PIU) Coils (e.g. Reheat coil) Controls to adjust flow and/or temperature to meet zone
load
Only one central air loop ADU allowed per zone Simplified duct leakage model
Fixed and variable losses to return plenum Requires explicit return plenum zone
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 15
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit
Zone 1
DualDuct
ConstantVolume
(CV)
DualDuctVAV
SingleDuctVAV:
No Reheat
Select One
AirDistribution
UnitOptions
AirDistribution
Unit
SupplyFan
SingleDuct CVReheat
SingleDuctVAV:
Reheat
Not all options shown
Return Plenum Zone (optional)Simplified Duct Leakage Flow to Return Plenum(optional)
Central air loop serving one or more zones
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 16
Air Terminal Unit Types
Single Duct Constant Volume ReheatSingle Duct Variable Volume (VAV)
Reheat, No Reheat, Changeover Bypass Heat and Cool, Reheat with Variable Speed fan (UFAD)
Dual Duct Constant VolumeDual Duct Variable Volume (VAV)Powered Induction Units (PIU)
Series and Parallel4-Pipe Induction UnitCooled Beam (active or passive)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 17
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit- Example
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit,SPACE1-1 ATU, !- NameSPACE1-1 In Node, !- Air Distribution Unit Outlet Node NameAirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat, !- Air Terminal Object TypeSPACE1-1 VAV Reheat, !- Air Terminal Name0.05, !- Nominal Upstream Leakage Fraction0.07; !- Constant Downstream Leakage Fraction
AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat,SPACE1-1 VAV Reheat, !- NameReheatCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule NameSPACE1-1 Zone Coil Air In Node, !- Damper Air Outlet Node NameSPACE1-1 ATU In Node, !- Air Inlet Node Nameautosize, !- Maximum Air Flow Rate {m3/s}0.3, !- Zone Minimum Air Flow Fraction, !- Sensor Node NameCoil:Heating:Electric, !- Reheat Coil Object TypeSPACE1-1 Zone Coil, !- Reheat Coil Name, !- Maximum Reheat Water Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Minimum Reheat Water Flow Rate {m3/s}SPACE1-1 In Node, !- Air Outlet Node Name0.001, !- Convergence ToleranceReverse; !- Damper Heating Action
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 18
AirTerminal:SingleDuct: Uncontrolled
Constant volume terminal unitSupply from central air loop supplied directly
to a zone with no further control Furnace, Heat pump, etc.
Central system may be controlled to meet setpoints in a “control zone”
“Slave zones” or “sub-zones” Typically have no individual control May have baseboard heat or other equipment to
allow individual control
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 6 - HVAC Zone Equipment 19
AirTerminal:SingleDuct: Uncontrolled - Example
AirTerminal:SingleDuct:Uncontrolled,Zone1 Air Supply, !- Name, !- Availability Schedule NameZone 1 Inlet Node, !- Zone Supply Air Node Name0.47; !- Maximum Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
ZONE1Node
SupplyFan
ZONE1Air Supply
ZONE1
ZONE1Inlet Node
ZONE1Out Node
ZONE2Node
ZONE2Air Supply
ZONE2
ZONE2Inlet Node
ZONE2Out Node
Control Zonew/ Thermostat
Slave Zone (thermostat req’d.if autosizing)
Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Outline
Air LoopsOutdoor Air SystemWater LoopsCoilsPlant/Condenser Loop EquipmentCurve and Table Objects
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 2
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 3
Describing a Central Forced Air System
“Air Loop” with 2 “sides” 2 sides are solved iteratively until converged
Supply Side/AirLoopHVAC Main supply duct(s) Central fans, coils, etc. Outdoor air mixer
Demand Side/Zone Equipment Duct splitters and mixers to/from zones Plenums Air terminal units (e.g. VAV box)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 4
Describing a Central Forced Air System (cont’d)
Demand Side/Zone Equipment
North
Zone
EastZone
West
Zone
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Supply Side/AirLoopHVAC
Supply Fan
Cooling CoilCC
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
Return Fan
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 5
AirLoopHVAC
Controller ListAvailability Manager ListBranch ListConnector ListConnection to Zone Equipment
Supply Side Inlet Node Name Demand Side Outlet Node Name Demand Side Inlet Node Names Supply Side Outlet Node Names
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 6
AirLoopHVAC - Example
Supply Fan
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
CoolingCoil
Zone Equip Inlet NodeZone Equip Outlet Node
Air Loop Inlet Node
From Zones To Zones
Air Loop Outlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 7
AirLoopHVAC - Example
AirLoopHVAC,
VAV Sys, !- Name
VAV Sys Controllers, !- Controller List Name
Avail List, !- Availability Manager List Name
autosize, !- Design Primary Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
VAV Sys Branches, !- BranchList Name
, !- ConnectorList Name
Air Loop Inlet Node, !- Supply Side Inlet Node Name
Zone Equip Outlet Node, !- Demand Side Outlet Node Name
Zone Equip Inlet Node, !- Demand Side Inlet Node Names
Air Loop Outlet Node; !- Supply Side Outlet Node Names
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 8
Branch
In air loops, a branch defines a supply ductMaximum Flow Rate
Only used for air branches, omit for water side
Component groups Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name Component 1 Inlet Node Name Component 1 Outlet Node Name Component 1 Branch Control Type Repeat for multiple components
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 9
Branch – Example
Branch,VAV Sys Main Branch, !- Nameautosize, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}
!- Pressure Drop Curve NameFan:VariableVolume, !- Component 1 Object TypeReturn Fan, !- Component 1 NameAir Loop Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node NameReturn Fan Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node NamePASSIVE, !- Component 1 Branch Control TypeAirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem, !- Component 2 Object Type
Continued on next slide
Supply Side/AirLoopHVAC
One Branch
Supply Fan
Cooling CoilCC
Mixed OutdoorAir Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
Return Fan
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 10
Branch – Example (cont’d)
OA Sys, !- Component 2 NameReturn Fan Outlet Node, !- Component 2 Inlet Node NameMixed Air Node, !- Component 2 Outlet Node NamePASSIVE, !- Component 2 Branch Control Type Fan:VariableVolume, !- Component 3 Object TypeSupply Fan, !- Component 3 NameMixed Air Node, !- Component 3 Inlet Node NameSupply Fan Outlet Node, !- Component 3 Outlet Node NameACTIVE, !- Component 3 Branch Control TypeCoil:Cooling:Water:DetailedGeometry, !- Component 4 Object TypeMain Cooling Coil, !- Component 4 NameSupply Fan Outlet Node, !- Component 4 Inlet Node NameAir Loop Outlet Node, !- Component 4 Outlet Node NamePASSIVE; !- Component 4 Branch Control Type
Supply Fan
Cooling CoilCCMixed OutdoorAir Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
Return Fan
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 11
Air Loop Component –Simple Example
Fan:VariableVolume,Supply Fan, !- NameFanAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name0.7, !- Fan Efficiency600.0, !- Pressure Rise {Pa}1.56, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}0.45, !- Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s}0.9, !- Motor Efficiency1.0, !- Motor In Airstream Fraction0.35071223, !- Fan Coefficient 10.30850535, !- Fan Coefficient 2-0.54137364, !- Fan Coefficient 30.87198823, !- Fan Coefficient 40.000, !- Fan Coefficient 5Mixed Air Node, !- Fan Inlet Node NameSupply Fan Outlet Node; !- Fan Outlet Node Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 12
Air Volume Flow Rates
Specified in m3/sConverted to mass flow rate using density for
the following “standard conditions”: Dry air 20C drybulb Standard atmospheric pressure for local elevation
p=101325*(1-2.25577E-05*Z)**5.2559where p=pressure in Pa and Z=altitude in m2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, SI edition, p. 6.1
See Input Output Reference, Fan objects
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 13
Supply and Return Air Path
PlenumsAirLoopHVAC:SupplyPathAirLoopHVAC:ReturnPath
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 14
Plenums
Plenum zone is a separate thermal zoneUse interzone surfaces to link to conditioned
spaceConnected to HVAC system through
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPlenum AirLoopHVAC:ReturnPlenum
Plenum temp computed like any other zone except there is added flow through the zone when the HVAC system is operating
Outlet temp is from end of previous time step
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 15
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter Splits the supply air from the main air
handler to serve individual zones Dual duct systems require splitters for both
the cold and hot air ducts
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPlenum Allows system air to flow through a zone
before it reaches the zone(s) to be served
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 16
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath -Example
Zone 3 ATUIn Node
ZONE 3
Zone 2 ATUIn Node
ZONE 2
Zone 1 ATUIn Node
ZONE 1
Zone EqIn Node
Zone Supply Air Splitter 1
Zone Supply Air Path 1
SupplyFan
Plenum Zone(optional)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 17
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath -Example (cont’d)
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath,
Zone Supply Air Path 1, !- Name
Zone Eq In Node, !- Supply Air Path Inlet Node Name
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter,!- Component 1 Object Type
Zone Supply Air Splitter 1; !- Component 1 Name
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter,
Zone Supply Air Splitter 1, !- Name
Zone Eq In Node, !- Inlet Node Name
Zone 1 ATU In Node, !- Outlet 1 Node Name
Zone 2 ATU In Node, !- Outlet 2 Node Name
Zone 3 ATU In Node; !- Outlet 3 Node Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 18
AirLoopHVAC:ReturnPath
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneMixer Mixes the return air streams returning to the main
air handler from individual zones
AirLoopHVAC:ReturnPlenum Allows system air to flow through a zone before it
reaches the main return duct Allows system air to be mixed from multiple
zones, can eliminate the need for a zone mixer Can mix plenum and ducted returns Plenums may be in series or parallel (series
temperatures lag by a zone time step)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 19
Describing an Outdoor Air System
AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystemis a subsystem component onmain air loop branch OA System Controller List OA System Equipment List OA System Availability Manager List
AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem,
OA Sys, !- Name
OA Sys Controllers, !- Controller List Name
OA Sys Equipment, !- Outdoor Air Equipment List Name
VAV Sys Avail List; !- Availability Manager List Name
Mixed Air Outlet
Supply Fan
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Supply Fan
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air OutletAir Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 20
OA System Equipment List
System component type Outdoor air mixer, coil, heat exchanger
System component nameRepeat for each air loop component
AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem:EquipmentList,
OA Sys Equipment, !- Name
OutdoorAir:Mixer, !- Component 1 Object Type
OA Mixing Box; !- Component 1 Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 21
OutdoorAir:Mixer
Specifies the inlet and outlet nodes of the outdoor air mixer
OutdoorAir:Mixer,
OA Mixing Box, !- Name
Mixed Air Outlet, !- Mixed Air Node Name
Outdoor Air Inlet, !- Outdoor Air Stream Node Name
Relief Air Outlet, !- Relief Air Stream Node Name
Air Loop Inlet; !- Return Air Stream Node Name
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 22
Outdoor Air System –Controller List
List all controllers which are part of the outdoor air subsystem
AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList,
OA Sys Controllers, !- Name
Controller:OutdoorAir, !- Controller 1 Object Type
OA Controller; !- Controller 1 Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 23
Controller:OutdoorAir
Economizer optionsMixed Air Node Name – get setpoint temperature Actuator Node Name – set outdoor air flow rateMinimum outdoor air flow rate controls and
scheduleMaximum outdoor air flow rate Simplified demand-controlled ventilation
Based on occupancy and floor area See Controller:MechanicalVentilation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 24
Controller:OutdoorAir -Example
Controller:OutdoorAir,OA Controller, !- NameRelief Air Outlet, !- Relief Air Outlet Node NameAir Loop Inlet, !- Return Air Node NameMixed Air Outlet, !- Sensor Node NameOutdoor Air Inlet, !- Actuator Node Nameautosize, !- Minimum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Maximum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}FixedDryBulb, !- Economizer Control TypeModulateFlow, !- Economizer Control Action Type19., !- Economizer Maximum Limit Dry-Bulb Temperature {C}0.0, !- Economizer Maximum Limit Enthaply {J/kg}, !- Economizer Maximum Limit Dew-Point Temperature {C}, !- Electronic Enthalpy Limit Curve Name4., !- Economizer Minimum Limit Dry-Bulb Temperature {C}NoLockout, !- Lockout TypeFixedMinimum, !- Minimum Limit TypeMin OA Sched; !- Minimum Outdoor Air Schedule Name
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 25
Outdoor Air Pretreat Options
Preheat (gas, electric, or hot water)Heat Recovery – sensible and enthalpyEvaporative CoolerDesiccant DehumidifierCooling Coil (DX or chilled water)Transpired Solar Collector
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 26
Setpoint Manager Required?
OA Controller needs a setpoint on the mixed air outlet node for continuous fan systems Modulates OA fraction to meet setpoint Scheduled mixed air setpoint simplest Not used for cycling fan –
economizer full on or offSetpointManager:Scheduled,
Mixed Air Temp Manager, !- NameTemperature, !- Control VariableSeasonal Reset Mixed Air Temp Sch, !- Schedule NameMixed Air Outlet; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 27
Setpoint Manager (cont’d)
Mixed air setpoint adjusted for fan heatSetpointManager:Scheduled,
Supply Air Temp Manager, !- NameTemperature, !- Control VariableSeasonal Reset Supply Air Temp Sch, !- Schedule NameAir Loop Outlet; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name
SetpointManager:MixedAir,Mixed Air Temp Manager, !- NameTemperature, !- Control VariableAir Loop Outlet, !- Reference Setpoint Node NameMixed Air Outlet, !- Fan Inlet Node NameSupply Fan Outlet, !- Fan Outlet Node NameMixed Air Outlet; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 28
Initializing Outdoor Air Nodes
Required for air loops and some zone equipOutdoorAir:NodeList
Assigns weather data temp and humidity to node
OutdoorAir:Node Assigns height-dependent conditions to node Important for tall buildings
Option AOutdoorAir:NodeList,
Outdoor Air Inlet; !- Node or NodeList Name 1
Option BOutdoorAir:Node,
Outdoor Air Inlet, !- Name
50.0; !- Height Above Ground {m}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 29
Defining Water Loops
Two main objects PlantLoop CondenserLoop
Divided into two sub-loops Supply side Demand side
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 30
Demand & SupplySub-Loops
Demand-side sub-loop Equipment that creates a load on the plant e.g. Hot water heating coil
Supply-side sub-loop Equipment that meets these loads e.g. Boiler
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 31
Demand- & Supply Sub-Loops (cont’d)
Simplest form of a loop with mixers, splitters, and bypasses
Boiler
Boiler Outlet Node
Supply-Side LoopDemand-Side Loop
±HW Circ Pump
Heating Coil
HW Supply inlet Node
HW Supply Outlet Node
HW Demand Inlet Node
HW DemandOutlet Node
Heating CoilInlet Node
HW Pump Outlet Node
Inlet Pipe
Exit Pipe
Heating CoilOutlet Node
HW Supply Outlet Pipe
HW Supply Bypass Pipe
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 32
Branches for Water-Side Loops
Maximum Branch Flow Rate (Ignored)Pressure Drop Curve NameComponent 1 Object TypeComponent 1 Object NameComponent 1 Inlet Node NameComponent 1 Outlet Node NameComponent 1 Branch Control Type
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 33
Branches for Water-Side Loops - ExampleBranch,
Heating Supply Inlet Branch, !- Name, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Pressure Drop Curve NamePump:VariableSpeed, !- Component 1 Object TypeHW Circ Pump, !- Component 1 NameHW Supply Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node NameHW Pump Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node NameACTIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 34
Layout for Individual HVAC Sub-Loops
Elements can be defined in series, in parallel, or both with some restrictions
Branches are defined as individual legs within the loop structure
Segment between point A & B is defined as a branch, as is the section between points E and F
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to iComponents
C1
... 1 to jComponents
Cn
D1 Dn
n Mixer
1 to kComponents
E
F
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to i
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to iComponents
C1
... 1 to jComponents
Cn
D1 Dn
n Mixer
1 to kComponents
E
F
Supply Sub-Loopor
Demand Sub-Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 35
Layout for Individual HVAC Sub-Loops (cont’d)
Can model a single loop pump, or individual branch pumps
For loop pump -The first supply side component between A & B must be the pump, which controls the loop flow.
For branch pumps – pump must be first on the branch
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to iComponents
C1
... 1 to jComponents
Cn
D1 Dn
n Mixer
1 to kComponents
E
F
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to i
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to iComponents
C1
... 1 to jComponents
Cn
D1 Dn
n Mixer
1 to kComponents
E
F
Supply Sub-Loopor
Demand Sub-Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 36
Layout for Individual HVAC Sub-Loops (cont’d)
Each sub-loop may only have one splitter and one mixer.
Equipment may be in parallel between the mixer and splitter,
Within any branch, there can only be elements in series.
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to iComponents
C1
... 1 to jComponents
Cn
D1 Dn
n Mixer
1 to kComponents
E
F
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to i
1 to mComponents
n Splitter
A
B
1 to iComponents
C1
... 1 to jComponents
Cn
D1 Dn
n Mixer
1 to kComponents
E
F
Supply Sub-Loopor
Demand Sub-Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 37
Pumping Rules
Supply side must have at least one pump
For primary-secondary, demand-side also has at least one pump
Pumps may be on inlet branch or on parallel component branches
Pumps may be constant flow or variable flow
Pumps may be continuous or intermittent
Splitter
Mixer
Components
Loop Pump
From Demand-Side Sub-Loop
To Demand-Side Sub-Loop
Supply-Side Sub-Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 38
Pumping Rules (cont’d)
Bypass may be required on supply and/or demand side Depends on pump type (variable or constant flow) Depends on supply equipment type (variable or
constant flow, series or parallel) Flow from pump must have someplace to go If not sure, include a bypass – it will have no flow if
not needed
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 39
Summary of Loop Limitations
Each sub-loop allowed one splitter and one mixer
One bypass on each sub-loop (optional)No other components may be in series with a
bypassEquipment may be in parallel only between
the splitter and mixerEquipment may be in series on each branch
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 40
PlantLoop – ExamplePlantLoop,
Hot Water Loop, !- NameWater, !- Fluid TypeHot Loop Operation, !- PlantEquipmentOperationSchemes NameHW Supply Outlet Node, !- Loop Temperature Setpoint Node Name100, !- Maximum Loop Temperature {C}10, !- Minimum Loop Temperature {C}autosize, !- Maximum Loop Flow Rate {m3/s}0.0, !- Minimum Loop Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Plant Loop Volume {m3}HW Supply Inlet Node, !- Plant Side Inlet Node NameHW Supply Outlet Node, !- Plant Side Outlet Node NameHeating Supply Side Branches, !- Plant Side Branch List NameHeating Supply Side Connectors, !- Plant Side Connector List NameHW Demand Inlet Node, !- Demand Side Inlet Node NameHW Demand Outlet Node, !- Demand Side Outlet Node NameHeating Demand Side Branches, !- Demand Side Branch List NameHeating Demand Side Connectors, !- Demand Side Connector List NameSequential, !- Load Distribution Scheme, !- System Availability Manager ListSingleSetPoint, !- Plant Loop Demand Calculation SchemeNONE; !- Common Pipe Simulation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 41
PlantLoop – Set Point Control
Plant loop supply temperature controlled by a set point manager
SetpointManager:Scheduled,Hot Water Loop Setpoint Manager, !- NameTemperature, !- Control VariableHW Loop Temp Schedule, !- Schedule NameHW Supply Outlet Node; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name
SetpointManager:OutdoorAirReset,Hot Water Loop HW Temp Manager, !- NameTemperature, !- Control Variable82.2, !- Setpoint at Outdoor Low Temperature {C}-6.7, !- Outdoor Low Temperature {C}65.6, !- Setpoint at Outdoor High Temperature {C}10, !- Outdoor High Temperature {C}Hot Water Loop HW Supply Outlet; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 42
Primary-Secondary Loops
Specify in PlantLoop objectCommon Pipe Simulation field options
None –Primary loop, no pump on demand-side
CommonPipe or TwoWayCommonPipe –Primary-Secondary loop, pump on demand side
PlantLoop,Primary-Secondary Chilled Water Loop, !- NameWater, !- Fluid Type. . .
SingleSetPoint, !- Plant Loop Demand Calculation SchemeCommonPipe; !- Common Pipe Simulation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 43
Coils
Heating CoilsCooling Coils
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 44
Heating Coils
Coil:Heating:Water Coil:Heating:Electric Coil:Heating:Gas Coil:Heating:Steam Coil:Heating:DX:SingleSpeed Coil:Heating:DX:MultiSpeed Coil:Heating:WaterToAirHeatPump:EquationFit Coil:Heating:WaterToAirHeatPump:ParameterEstimation Coil:Heating:Desuperheater Coil:WaterHeating:AirToWaterHeatPump Coil:WaterHeating:Desuperheater
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 45
Cooling Coils
Coil:Cooling:Water Coil:Cooling:Water:DetailedGeometry Coil:Cooling:DX:SingleSpeed Includes the condensing unit
Coil:Cooling:DX:TwoSpeed Coil:Cooling:DX:MultiSpeed Coil:Cooling:DX:TwoStageWithHumidityControlMode CoilSystem:Cooling:Water:HeatExchangerAssisted CoilSystem:Cooling:DX:HeatExchangerAssisted Coil:Cooling:WaterToAirHeatPump:EquationFit Coil:Cooling:WaterToAirHeatPump:ParameterEstimation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 46
DX Cooling Coil – ExampleCoil:Cooling:DX:SingleSpeed,Furnace ACDXCoil 1, !- NameFanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name25000, !- Rated Total Cooling Capacity (gross) {W}0.75, !- Rated Sensible Heat Ratio3.0, !- Rated COP1.3, !- Rated Air Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Rated Evaporator Fan Power Per Volume Flow Rate {W/(m3/s)}DX Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node, !- Air Inlet Node NameAir Loop Outlet Node, !- Air Outlet Node NameWindACCoolCapFT, !- Total Cooling Capacity Function of Temperature Curve NameWindACCoolCapFFF, !- Total Cooling Capacity Function of Flow Fraction CurveWindACEIRFT, !- Energy Input Ratio Function of Temperature Curve NameWindACEIRFFF, !- Energy Input Ratio Function of Flow Fraction Curve NameWindACPLFFPLR, !- Part Load Fraction Correlation Curve Name
continued on next slide
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 47
DX Cooling Coil – Example (cont’d)
Coil:Cooling:DX:SingleSpeed,. . . , !- Nominal Time for Condensate Removal to Begin {s}, !- Ratio of Initial Moisture Evaporation Rate and Steady State Latent . . ., !- Maximum Cycling Rate {cycles/hr}, !- Latent Capacity Time Constant {s}DX Coil 1 Condenser Inlet Node, !- Condenser Air Inlet Node NameAirCooled, !- Condenser Type0.9, !- Evaporative Condenser Effectiveness {dimensionless}, !- Evaporative Condenser Air Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Evaporative Condenser Pump Rated Power Consumption {W}0, !- Crankcase Heater Capacity {W}10, !- Maximum Outdoor Dry-Bulb Temperature for Crankcase Heater Operation {C}, !- Supply Water Storage Tank Name; !- Condensate Collection Water Storage Tank Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 48
Plant/Condenser Loop Equipment
PumpsBoilersChillersTowersWater-Side EconomizersSolar CollectorsThermal Storage
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 49
Pumps
Pump:ConstantSpeedPump:VariableSpeedHeaderedPumps:VariableSpeedHeaderedPumps:ConstantSpeed
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 50
Pump – Example
Pump:VariableSpeed,CW Circ Pump, !- NameCW Supply Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node NameCW Pump Outlet Node, !- Outlet Node Name.0013, !- Rated Flow Rate {m3/s}300000, !- Rated Pump Head {Pa}560, !- Rated Power Consumption {W}.87, !- Motor Efficiency0.0, !- Fraction of Motor Inefficiencies to Fluid Stream0, !- Coefficient 1 of the Part Load Performance Curve1, !- Coefficient 2 of the Part Load Performance Curve0, !- Coefficient 3 of the Part Load Performance Curve0, !- Coefficient 4 of the Part Load Performance Curve0, !- Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s}INTERMITTENT, !- Pump Control TypeAlwaysAvailable; !- Pump Flow Rate Schedule Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 51
Pipes
Pipe:AdiabaticPipe:Adiabatic:SteamPipe:IndoorPipe:OutdoorPipe:Underground
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 52
Boilers and Heat Sources
Boiler:HotWaterBoiler:SteamWaterHeater:StratifiedWaterHeater:MixedWaterHeater:HeatPumpDistrictHeating
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 53
Boiler – ExampleBoiler:HotWater,
Boiler, !- NameGAS, !- Fuel Type25000, !- Nominal Capacity {W}0.8, !- Nominal Thermal EfficiencyCondensingBoilerEff, !- Normalized Boiler Efficiency Curve Name100, !- Design Water Outlet Temperature {C}0.0021, !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s}0.10, !- Minimum Part Load Ratio1.00, !- Maximum Part Load Ratio1.00, !- Optimum Part Load RatioBoiler Inlet Node, !- Boiler Water Inlet Node NameBoiler Outlet Node, !- Boiler Water Outlet Node Name100, !- Water Outlet Upper Temperature Limit {C}ConstantFlow, !- Boiler Flow Mode Type, !- Parasitic Electric Load {W}; !- Sizing Factor
Curve:Biquadratic,CondensingBoilerEff, !- Name1.124970374, !- Coefficient1 Constant0.014963852, !- Coefficient2 x. . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 54
Chillers
Chiller:Electric:EIR (based on DOE-2)Chiller:Electric:ReformulatedEIRChiller:Electric (based on BLAST)Chiller:ConstantCOP (electric)Chiller:AbsorptionChiller:EngineDrivenChiller:CombustionTurbineChillerHeater:Absorption:DirectFiredDistrictCooling
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 55
Chiller – Example
Chiller 1Chiller 1 ChW Inlet
Chiller 1 ChW Outlet
Chiller 1Cnd Outlet
Chiller 1Cnd Inlet
Condenser DemandSide Loop
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
CW PumpPlant Demand Side
Cooling Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 56
Chiller – Example (cont’d)Chiller:Electric:EIR,Chiller 1, !- Nameautosize, !- Reference Capacity {W}3.6, !- Reference COP {W/W}6.67, !- Reference Leaving Chilled Water Temperature {C}29.4, !- Reference Entering Condenser Fluid Temperature {C}autosize, !- Reference Chilled Water Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Reference Condenser Water Flow Rate {m3/s}Chiller 1 RecipCapFT, !- Cooling Capacity Function of Temperature Curve NameChiller 1 RecipEIRFT, !- Electric Input to Cooling Output Ratio Function . . . Chiller 1 RecipEIRFPLR, !- Electric Input to Cooling Output Ratio Function . . .0, !- Minimum Part Load Ratio1, !- Maximum Part Load Ratio1, !- Optimum Part Load Ratio0.25, !- Minimum Unloading RatioChiller 1 ChW Inlet, !- Chilled Water Inlet Node NameChiller 1 ChW Outlet, !- Chilled Water Outlet Node NameChiller 1 Cnd Inlet, !- Condenser Inlet Node NameChiller 1 Cnd Outlet, !- Condenser Outlet Node NameWaterCooled, !- Condenser Type, !- Condenser Fan Power Ratio {W/W}1, !- Compressor Motor Efficiency5, !- Leaving Chilled Water Lower Temperature Limit {C}ConstantFlow, !- Chiller Flow Mode0; !- Design Heat Recovery Water Flow Rate {m3/s}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 57
Cooling Towers
Condenser TowerInlet Node
Condenser TowerOutlet Node
Tower
Cond DemandSide Loop
Plant Supply SideCondenser Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 58
Cooling Towers (cont’d)
CoolingTower:TwoSpeedCoolingTower:SingleSpeedCoolingTower:VariableSpeed
CoolingTower:SingleSpeed,Tower, !- NameCondenser Tower Inlet Node, !- Water Inlet Node NameCondenser Tower Outlet Node, !- Water Outlet Node Name0.0011, !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s}16.0, !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}1000, !- Fan Power at Design Air Flow Rate {W}1750.0, !- U-Factor Times Area Value at Design Air Flow Rate {W/K}0.0, !- Air Flow Rate in Free Convection Regime {m3/s}0.0, !- U-Factor Times Area Value at Free Convection Air Flow Rate {W/K}UFactorTimesAreaAndDesignWaterFlowRate, !- Performance Input Method, !- Nominal Capacity {W}; !- Free Convection Capacity {W}
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 59
Fluid Coolers
EvaporativeFluidCooler:SingleSpeedEvaporativeFluidCooler:TwoSpeedFluidCooler:SingleSpeedFluidCooler:TwoSpeed
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 60
Water-Side Economizers
HeatExchanger:HydronicHeatExchanger:PlateHeatExchanger:WatersideEconomizer
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 61
Solar Collectors
SolarCollector:FlatPlate:WaterSolarCollector:FlatPlate:PhotovoltaicThermal
SolarCollector:UnglazedTranspiredSolarCollector:UnglazedTranspired:Multisystem
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 62
Thermal Storage
WaterHeater:MixedWaterHeater:StratifiedThermalStorage:Ice:SimpleThermalStorage:Ice:DetailedThermalStorage:ChilledWater:MixedThermalStorage:ChilledWater:Stratified
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 63
Curve Objects
Curve:CubicCurve:QuadratricCurve:BiquadraticCurve:Biquadratic,
Sample Curve, !- Name1.000, !- Coefficient1 Constant0.100, !- Coefficient2 x0.001, !- Coefficient3 x**20.200, !- Coefficient4 y0.002, !- Coefficient5 y**20.003, !- Coefficient6 x*y0, !- Minimum Value of x100, !- Maximum Value of x0, !- Minimum Value of y100; !- Maximum Value of y
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 64
Curve Object Used in Gas Heating Coil
Coil:Heating:Gas,Furnace Coil, !- NameFanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name0.8, !- Gas Burner Efficiency15000, !- Nominal Capacity {W}Heating Coil Air Inlet Node, !- Air Inlet Node NameAir Loop Outlet Node, !- Air Outlet Node Name, !- Temperature Setpoint Node Name100, !- Parasitic Electric Load {W}PLFCurveforGasFurnace, !- Part Load Fraction Correlation Curve Name10; !- Parasitic Gas Load {W}
Curve:Cubic,PLFCurveforGasFurnace, !- Name0.8, !- Coefficient1 Constant0.2, !- Coefficient2 x0.0, !- Coefficient3 x**20.0, !- Coefficient4 x**30, !- Minimum Value of x1; !- Maximum Value of x
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 7 - HVAC Air Loops and Water Loops 65
Table Objects
Table of valuesAvoid need for user curve fittingTable:OneIndependentVariableTable:TwoIndependentVariablesTable:MultiVariableLookup
Part 8 - HVAC Controlsand Autosizing
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 2
Outline
Zone Controls Thermostat Humidistat
System ControlsHVAC Autosizing
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 3
Zone Control
Thermostat controlHumidistat control
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 4
Thermostat Control
Controls zone to a specified temperatureControl type schedule
Specifies which type of control is active at any given time0 = Uncontrolled1 = Single heating setpoint2 = Single cooling setpoint3 = Single heating/cooling setpoint4 = Dual setpoint with deadband
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 5
Thermostat Control (cont’d)
Control Type and Name Reference other objects which specify the setpoint
schedules for a given control type Repeat for each control type used
in the zoneThree control options
ZoneControl:Thermostat (air temp) ZoneControl:Thermostat:OperativeTemperature
(air temp and mean radiant temp) ZoneControl:Thermostat:ThermalComfort
(Fanger PMV)
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 6
Zone Thermostat – ExampleYear-Round Auto
ZoneControl:Thermostat,Space 1-1 Thermostat, !- NameSPACE1-1, !- Zone NameZone Control Type Sched, !- Control Type Schedule NameThermostatSetpoint:DualSetpoint, !- Control 1 Object TypeAll Zones Dual SP Control; !- Control 1 Name
Schedule:Compact, Zone Control Type Sched, Any Number,Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 4; ! Always=4=Dual SP
ThermostatSetpoint:DualSetpoint,All Zones Dual SP Control, !- NameHtg-SetP-Sch, !- Heating Setpoint Temperature Schedule NameClg-SetP-Sch; !- Cooling Setpoint Temperature Schedule Name
Schedule:Compact, Htg-SetP-Sch, Temperature,Through: 12/31, For: WeekDays CustomDay1 CustomDay2,Until: 6:00, 13.0, Until: 7:00, 17.0, Until: 21:00, 21.0, Until: 24:00, 13.0,For: WeekEnds Holiday SummerDesignDay, Until: 24:00, 13.0,For: WinterDesignDay, Until: 24:00, 21.0;
Similar schedule for cooling setpoints . . .
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 7
Humidity Control
ZoneControl:Humidistat specifies high and low relative humidity setpoint schedules
ZoneControl:Humidistat has no effect by itself For DX systems, activate humidity control in unitary
system object or equivalent For chilled water systems, also need
SetpointManager:SingleZone:Humidity:Maximum and change control variable in Controller:WaterCoil to TemperatureAndHumidityRatio
For humidification need to add humidifer object and a SetpointManager:SingleZone:Humidity:Maximum
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 8
System Controls
High Level Control Similar to an energy management system Setpoint Managers algorithms establish fluid loop setpoints
Availability Managersmake global on/off decisions
Demand ManagersDemand limiting for lights, plug loads,
thermostats
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 9
System Controls (cont’d)
Component Control Controllers sense state at one node in system control flow at another node to match setpoint
Integrated control control integrated within component
Control is ideal physical simulation of PI controllers requires
shorter time step
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 10
System Controls (cont’d)
Programmable Energy Management System Advanced feature Sensors (e.g. Zone1 humidity ratio) Actuators (e.g. Turn a fan on/off) User defined programs/rules to take action based
on current sensor values For example, turn on a fan when one of several
temperatures > limit
See Application Guides – Energy Management System
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 11
System Availability Managers
Global on/off decisions for a systemScheduled
Availability determined by an on/off schedule
Night Cycle Used to cycle an air system on when one or more
zones becomes too hot or too cold
Temperature-Based DifferentialThermostat HighTemperatureTurnOff/On LowTemperatureTurnOff/On
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 12
Setpoint Managers
SetpointManager:ScheduledSetpointManager:Scheduled:DualSetpoint Uses a schedule to determine one or more
setpoints
SetpointManager:OutdoorAirReset Sets the supply air temperature according to the
outside air temperature using a reset rule Reset rule determined by the supply air setpoint
temperature at the outside high and low temperature
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 13
Setpoint Managers (cont’d)
SetpointManager:SingleZone:ReheatSetpointManager:SingleZone:HeatingSetpointManager:SingleZone:Cooling Calculates a setpoint temperature for the supply air
that will satisfy the load of a controlled zone
SetpointManager:SingleZone:Humidity:MinimumSetpointManager:SingleZone:Humidity:Maximum Calculates the supply air humidity ratio needed to
maintain the zone relative humidity as specified
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 14
Setpoint Managers (cont’d)
SetpointManager:MixedAir Adjust supply air setpoint for fan heat Outside air controller operates the outside air damper to
meet this setpoint
SetpointManager:WarmestSetpointManager:WarmestTemperatureFlowSetpointManager:Coldest Supply air temperature reset based on zone demands
SetpointManager:OutdoorAirPretreat Calculate required outdoor air stream conditions which will
produce the reference setpoint condition at the mixed air node
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 15
Setpoint Managers (cont’d)
SetpointManager:MultiZone:Heating:Average SetpointManager:MultiZone:Cooling:Average SetpointManager:MultiZone:MinimumHumidity:Average SetpointManager:MultiZone:MaximumHumidity:Average SetpointManager:MultiZone:Humidity:Minimum SetpointManager:MultiZone:Humidity:Maximum SetpointManager:FollowOutdoorAirTemperature SetpointManager:FollowSystemNodeTemperature SetpointManager:FollowGroundTemperature SetpointManager:CondenserEnteringReset SetpointManager:CondenserEnteringReset:Ideal
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 16
Controllers
Controller:WaterCoil Controls variable at one node based on the
condition at another node For a cooling coil, the control node might be the
outlet air temperature while the actuated variable is the flow rate through the coil
Controller:OutdoorAir Controls mixed air box outside air flow rate Economizer options, temperature and enthalpy Simple demand controlled ventilation
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 17
Controller:WaterCoilSensor Node Name is the sensed nodeActuator Node Name is the water inlet to coilConvergence tolerance usually autosizedAction: Reverse (cooling) or Normal (heating)
Controller:WaterCoil,
VAV Sys 1 Central Cooling Coil Controller, !- Name
Temperature, !- Control Variable
Reverse, !- Action
FLOW, !- Actuator Variable
VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node, !- Sensor Node Name
VAV Sys 1 Central Cooling Coil Water Inlet Node, !- Actuator Node Name
autosize, !- Controller Convergence Tolerance {deltaC}
autosize, !- Maximum Actuated Flow {m3/s}
0.0; !- Minimum Actuated Flow {m3/s}
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 18
HVAC Autosizing
Sizing:ZoneDesignSpecification:OutdoorAir
DesignSpecification:ZoneAirDistributionSizing:SystemSizing:Plant
Component SizingSizing Outputs
Mixing Autosize with Specified Values
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 19
HVAC Autosizing Overview
Uses all sizing periods and selects max size Typically a winter and summer design day Zone and system airflow rates Component sizes Water loop flow rates and capacities
Outside air options “Size and go” runs with computed sizesSizing report files (.zsz, .ssz)Component sizing reported in .eio output file
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 20
Autosizing Input
SimulationControlAt least 2 sizing periodsSpecial day schedules for sizing (optional)Global sizing parametersZone, System and Plant Sizing objects “Autosize” indicates which inputs to be
autosized
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 21
SimulationControl
Activate sizing calculationsActivate sizing period simulationsExample below performs sizing calculations
using the sizing periods, but then simulates and reports results for only the weather file run period
SimulationControl,
Yes, !- Do Zone Sizing Calculation
Yes, !- Do System Sizing Calculation
Yes, !- Do Plant Sizing Calculation
No, !- Run Simulation for Sizing Periods
Yes; !- Run Simulation for Weather File Run Periods
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 22
Sizing:Parameters
Global sizing factor applied to zone design loads and air flow rates, >=1.0
Averaging window – critical if using setback Size on the average load over several time steps Ideal loads sizing simulation will recover from
setback in a single time step To avoid gross oversizing, increase averaging
window or use design day thermostat schedules with no setback
Sizing:Parameters,1.2, !- Heating Sizing Factor1.2, !- Cooling Sizing Factor; !- Time Steps in Averaging Window
Blank above defaults to 1 hour averaging window
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 23
Zone Sizing Calculations
Computes maximum cooling load, heating load and design supply air flow rates
Computes zone OA requirements per user inputs, used to sum system OA requirement
Slave zones or sub-zone need a thermostat to be included in zone sizing calculations (even though thermostat may not be active during the simulations)
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 24
Zone Sizing Calculations (cont’d)
An ideal loads air simulation is performed for each zone for each sizing period Hot or cold air supplied directly to a zone
at a fixed temperature and with infinitely variable air flow.
This determines zone design air flow rates for heating and cooling.
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 25
Sizing:Zone Inputs
Design heating and cooling supply air temperatures and humidity ratios
Reference outdoor air requirementsZone sizing factors
Overrides global sizing factors
Design flow rate limitsOptional - specify hard supply flow rate to
feed into other sizing calculationsReference ventilation effectiveness specs
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 26
DesignSpecification:OutdoorAir Inputs
Referenced by other objects Sizing:Zone ZoneHVAC:IdealLoadsAirSystem AirTerminal:*:VAV:* Controller:MechanicalVentilation (DCV)
Outdoor air requirements per person, per area, per zone, ACH, sum or max OA flow rate schedule (used by some objects) OA flow per person may be based on design occupancy (sizing) current number of occupants (DCV)
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 27
DesignSpecification:ZoneAirDistribution Inputs
Referenced by other objects Sizing:Zone Controller:MechanicalVentilation (DCV)
Air distribution effectiveness Heating/Cooling Schedule
Secondary recirculation fractionUsed for ventilation rate procedure
(VRP) for sizing and DCV
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 28
Sizing:Zone - ExampleSizing:Zone,SPACE1-1, !- Zone or ZoneList Name
SupplyAirTemperature, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature Input Method14., !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature {C}, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature Difference {delta C}SupplyAirTemperature, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature Input Method50., !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature {C}, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature Difference {deltaC}0.009, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kgWater/kgDryAir}0.004, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kgWater/kgDryAir}SZ DSOA SPACE1-1, !- Design Specification Outdoor Air Object Name0.0, !- Zone Heating Sizing Factor0.0, !- Zone Cooling Sizing FactorDesignDayWithLimit, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Method, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {m3/s-m2}, !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow {m3/s}, !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow FractionDesignDay, !- Heating Design Air Flow Method, !- Heating Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Heating Maximum Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {m3/s-m2}, !- Heating Maximum Air Flow {m3/s}, !- Heating Maximum Air Flow FractionSZ DZAD SPACE1-1; !- Design Specification Zone Air Distribution Object Name
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 29
DesignSpecification:OutdoorAir Example
DesignSpecification:OutdoorAir,ZoneMinOARequirements, !- NameSum, !- Outdoor Air Method0.00472, !- Outdoor Air Flow per Person {m3/s-person}0.000508, !- Outdoor Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {m3/s-m2}, !- Outdoor Air Flow per Zone {m3/s}, !- Outdoor Air Flow Air Changes per Hour {1/hr}Min OARequirements Sched;!- Outdoor Air Flow Rate Fraction Schedule Name
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 30
DesignSpecification:ZoneAirDistribution Example
DesignSpecification:ZoneAirDistribution,ZoneAirDistribution, !- Name1.2, !- Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness in Cooling Mode {dimensionless}0.8, !- Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness in Heating Mode {dimensionless}
, !- Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Schedule Name0.1; !- Zone Secondary Recirculation Fraction {dimensionless}
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 31
System Sizing Calculations
Calculates design air flow rates and heating and cooling capacities based zone sizing results, specified supply air conditions, and design weather conditions.
Must use zone sizing objects to force hard flow rates (will not read component sizes)
Only controlled zones are included in system sizing calculations
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 32
Sizing:System Inputs
“System” is an AirLoopHVACType of load to size on
Sensible (latent and total will be future options) VentilationRequirement (for DOAS) Coincident or non-coincident
Design supply and preheat temperaturesDesign minimum outside air flow rateMinimum system air flow ratioOptional - specify hard supply flow rate – this
will scale zone flows to match system flow
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 33
Sizing:System - ExampleSizing:System,
VAV Sys 1, !- AirLoop Namesensible, !- Type of Load to Size Onautosize, !- Design Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}0.3, !- Minimum System Air Flow Ratio7.0, !- Preheat Design Temperature {C}.008, !- Preheat Design Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-Air}11.0, !- Precool Design Temperature {C}.008, !- Precool Design Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-Air}12.8, !- Central Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature {C}16.7, !- Central Heating Design Supply Air Temperature {C}noncoincident, !- Sizing Optionno, !- 100% Outdoor Air in Coolingno, !- 100% Outdoor Air in Heating0.008, !- Central Cooling Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio
{kg-H2O/kg-Air}0.008, !- Central Heating Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio
{kg-H2O/kg-Air}DesignDay, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Method0, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}DesignDay, !- Heating Design Air Flow Method0; !- Heating Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 34
Plant Sizing
Calculates heating, cooling & condenser loop flow rates
Used to calculate maximum water flow rates for heating and cooling components
Component flow rates summed to calculate plant loop flow rates – even if components are not autosized
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 35
Sizing:Plant Inputs
Plant loop or Condenser loopLoop type – heat, cool, condenserDesign loop exit temperatureDesign loop delta T
Sizing:Plant,
Hot Water Loop, !- Plant or Condenser Loop Name
heating, !- Loop Type
82., !- Design Loop Exit Temperature {C}
11; !- Loop Design Temperature Difference {deltaC}
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 36
What Component Inputs Can Be Autosized?
Indicated in IDD file
Fan:VariableVolume,…..N3 , \field Maximum Flow Rate
\units m3/s\Autosizeable
…..
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 37
In the IDF file:
Fan:VariableVolume,Supply Fan 1, !- NameFanAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name0.7, !- Fan Efficiency600.0, !- Pressure Rise {Pa}autosize, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s}0.9, !- Motor Efficiency1.0, !- Motor In Airstream Fraction0.0015302446, !- Fan Coefficient 10.0052080574, !- Fan Coefficient 21.1086242, !- Fan Coefficient 3-0.11635563, !- Fan Coefficient 40.000, !- Fan Coefficient 5Main Heating Coil 1 Outlet Node, !- Fan Inlet Node NameVAV Sys 1 Outlet Node; !- Fan Outlet Node Name
Component Input Autosizing
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 38
Sizing Outputs
*.zsz file – hourly zone loads for heating and cooling
*.ssz file – hourly system loads for heating and cooling
*.eio file – component sizes! <Component Sizing Information>, Component Type, Component Name, Input
Field Description, Value
! Component Sizing, SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, SPACE1-1 VAV REHEAT, Maximum air flow rate [m3/s], 0.46114
! Component Sizing, COIL:GAS:HEATING, SPACE1-1 ZONE COIL, Nominal Capacity of the Coil [W], 7423.7
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 39
Sizing Outputs (cont’d)
Output:Table:SummaryReports EquipmentSummary HVACSizingSummary
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 40
Mixing Autosize with Specified Values
Values for flow rates or equipment sizes may be specified in Sizing:Zone object – Zone supply and OA flow rates Sizing:System object – System supply and OA flow rates Specific component objects – e.g. Fan flow BAD IDEA!
Autosize calculations primarily use only the information from Sizing objects Sizing:System specified flow rate overrides zone flow rates
Autosize calculations generally know nothing about specified values in component objects e.g. – Value specified for supply fan flow rate will only be
used in that specific fan object, other components will size based on Sizing object results
But there are exceptions . . .
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 41
Exception for Plant Loops
Plant loop total flow rate Autosized flow rate for plant loop and
pump objects will sum all demand-side equipment flow rates
This works if the demand-side components are autosized or have specified sizes
Specified size in PlantLoop object does notimpact autosized pump flow rate –pump will autosize based on demand-side flow total
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 42
Mixed Sizing Inputs in the Same Component
Many components have multiple capacity and/or flow rate inputs DX coil – capacity and airflow rate Chiller – capacity, evaporator flow rate, condenser
flow rateEach component currently computes
Autosized values in a specific order or priorityOften not intuitiveMay be documented in Engineering ReferenceCan end up with inconsistent values
with mixed inputs
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 43
Chiller with Mixed Sizing Inputs
Capacity Autosized based on plant loop design flow rate and delta T
Evaporator flow rate Autosized based on plant loop design flow rate Currently ignores a specified capacity value
Condenser flow rate Autosized base on capacity
(whether capacity is specified or autosized) BEST PRACTICE
Treat all 3 inputs the same All 3 “Autosize” or all 3 specified values
Chiller:Electric:EIR, Chiller 1, !- Name70000, !- Reference Capacity {W}. . .autosize, !- Reference Chilled Water Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Reference Condenser Water Flow Rate {m3/s}
June 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8 - HVAC Controls and Autosizing 44
Autosizing Review and Cautions
ZoneControl:Thermostat rules the peak load calculations Uses an internal ideal loads simulation – so peak zone load
calcs know nothing of the actual HVAC equipment Be careful with setback – recovery could set the peak
Sizing:* objects rule everything else Information in component objects is generally not known to
sizing calculations SetpointManager:* and other control inputs must be
consistent with the Sizing:* object inputs Hot water heating loops generally tend to be
significantly oversized (still an issue as of v6.0) Confirm peak hot water loop loads on design days Use hard values to right-size the loop and boilers
Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and
Residential Applications
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 2
Outline
HVACTemplate System TypesDX System InputsPost-Template CustomizationSizing Considerations
HVACTemplate Zonal Units
Constant volumeCycling or continuous fan –
mode can be scheduledHVACTemplate:Zone:PTAC
DX cooling Electric, Hot Water,
or Gas heat
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 3
HVACTemplate Zonal UnitsHVACTemplate:Zone:PTHP
DX cooling Air-to-air heat pump heating Electric or gas supplemental heat
HVACTemplate:ZoneWaterToAirHeatPump DX cooling – Water loop condenser Water-to-air heat pump heating Electric supplemental heat Can be ground-source
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 4
HVACTemplate Constant-Volume Central Systems
Rooftop Units or Split SystemsCycling or Continuous Fan –
mode can be scheduledSingle-Zone or Multi-Zone
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 5
HVACTemplate Constant-Volume Central Systems
Furnace with DX Cooling HVACTemplate:System:Unitary HVACTemplate:Zone:Unitary DX Cooling Electric or Gas Heating Humidity control with reheat option (including desuperheat)
Air-to-Air Heat Pump HVACTemplate:System:UnitaryHeatPump:AirToAir HVACTemplate:Zone:Unitary DX cooling Air-to-air heat pump heating Electric or gas supplemental heat
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 6
HVACTemplate VAV Central Systems
Rooftop Units or Split Systems Continuous Fan with night-cycle mode Single-Zone or Multi-Zone
HVACTemplate:Zone:VAV:FanPowered HVACTemplate:Zone:VAV
HVACTemplate:System:VAV ChW cooling with HW, Electric or Gas Heat
HVACTemplate:System:PackagedVAV DX cooling with HW, Electric or Gas Heat
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 7
DX System InputsRated Performance
At ARI conditions 26.7°C drybulb/19.4°C wetbulb outdoor 35.0°C drybulb/23.9°C wetbulb entering
coilCapacity – Gross, totalSHR – Gross, sensible divided by totalCOP – Gross, total cooling cap divided by
power input to compressor + outdoor fanGross = no supply fan heat or electricity
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 8
DX System InputsRated Performance
EER – not a direct inputCOP = Gross Cap/(Compressor+OutdoorFan Power)EER = Net Cap/(Compr.+ODFan+SupplyFan Power)COP = [EER*(Compr.+ODFan+SupplyFan Power) +SupplyFanHeat]/(Compressor+OutdoorFan Power)
Catalog data varies Net, gross, sometimes not labeled clearly
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 9
DX System InputsRated Performance
Rated Evaporator Fan Power Per Volume Flow Rate Be careful! In Coil:Cooling:DX:SingleSpeed Used to calculate rated peformance
outputs (EER, SEER, IEER, Net Capacity) Does not impact energy simulation – other
fan inputs dictate simulation fan power HVACTemplate leaves this blank which
results in default of 773.3 W/(m3/s) or 365 W/1000 cfm
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 10
DX System OutputsRated Performance
EnergyPlus outputs in eio and table file EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio IEER – Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio Net Capacity - Standard Rating (Net) Cooling
Capacity
Computed based on rated inputs and standard rating calculations
Coil:Cooling:DX:SingleSpeed onlySimulation results may vary
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 11
Post-Template Customization
HVACTemplate objects have a limited set of direct inputs
*.expidf – expanded idf contains many more detailed inputs
Following slides list key items that you may need to customize
Copy and rename *.expidf to <newname>.idf then edit
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 12
Post-Template CustomizationPerformance Curves
VAV Fan power vs flowGas heating coil PLR curveDX cooling and heating coils
Capacity and EIR vs temperature and flow Part-load curve
DX heating coil defrost curveOthers?
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 13
Post-Template CustomizationOther Parameters
DX cooling coils Crankcase heater Moisture (re-)evaporation with continous
fan and cycling compressor Rated Evaporator Fan Power Per Volume
Flow Rate (mentioned earlier) Evaporative condenser
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 14
Post-Template CustomizationOther Parameters
DX heating coils Defrost controls
Maximum supply air temperature Furnace Heat pump supplemental heat
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 15
Sizing Considerations
Cooling vs Heating Capacity In cold climates, if heating sets supply airflow,
cooling capacity will likely be oversized Separate heating/cooling sizing factors only apply
to supply air flow rate – currently do not function as expected
DX Coil Cooling Capacity Based on design airflow and supply temp Built-in CFM/ton limits may constrain capacity
Heat Pump Heating Coil Capacity based on Cooling Coil Capacity
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 8b - HVAC for Light Commercial and Residential 16
Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example
with Hot Water Boiler and Water-Cooled Chiller
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 2
Outline
3-Zone VAV with Reheat Air LoopHot Water LoopChilled Water LoopCondenser Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 3
3-Zone VAV System ExampleWe are going to look at this system input Loop by Loop
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 4
3-Zone VAV Reheat Air Loop
Air Loop contains the Mixed Air System, Supply Fan and the Cooling Coil
Outdoor Air System contains an Outdoor Air Mixing Box and Controller
Zone Equipment Loop contains the Splitter, VAV Air Distribution Unit, the zones, and the Return Air Path with the Mixer.
Remaining slides walk through all input to describe the air side of this system
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
North
Zone
EastZone
West
Zone
Ret
urn
A irM
ixer
North
Zone
East
Zone
West
Zone
Ret
urn
A irM
ixer
Zone Supply A
ir Splitter
Zone 3 VAV Reheat
Zone Equipment Inlet
Zone 2 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Supply Fan Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 5
VAV Reheat Air Loop
AirLoopHVAC,
VAV System, !- Name
VAV System Controllers, !- Controller List Name
VAV System Avail List, !- Availability Manager List Name
1.3, !- Design Primary Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
VAV System Branches, !- BranchList Name
, !- ConnectorList Name
Air Loop Inlet, !- Supply Side Inlet Node Name
Zone Equipment Outlet, !- Demand Side Outlet Node Name
Zone Equipment Inlet, !- Demand Side Inlet Node Names
Air Loop Outlet; !- Supply Side Outlet Node Names
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 6
VAV Reheat Controller and Branch Lists
AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList,
VAV System Controllers, !- Name
Controller:WaterCoil, !- Controller 1 Object Type
Cooling Coil Controller; !- Controller 1 Name
BranchList,
VAV System Branches, !- Name
VAV System Main Branch; !- Branch 1 Name
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 7
VAV Reheat Availability Manager
AvailabilityManagerAssignmentList,
VAV System Avail List, !- Name
AvailabilityManager:Scheduled, !- Availability Manager 1 Object Type
VAV System Avail; !- Availability Manager 1 Name
AvailabilityManager:Scheduled,
VAV System Avail, !- Name
FanAndCoilAvailSched; !- Schedule Name
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 8
VAV Reheat Main Branch
Branch,VAV System Main Branch, !- Name1.3, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}, !- Pressure Drop Curve NameAirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem, !- Component 1 Object TypeOA Sys, !- Component 1 NameAir Loop Inlet, !- Component 1 Inlet Node NameMixed Air Outlet, !- Component 1 Outlet Node NamePASSIVE, !- Component 1 Branch Control Type
< continued on next slide >
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 9
VAV Reheat Main Branch (cont’d)
<BRANCH object continued from previous slide>
Fan:VariableVolume, !- Component 2 Object Type
Supply Fan, !- Component 2 Name
Mixed Air Outlet, !- Component 2 Inlet Node Name
Supply Fan Outlet, !- Component 2 Outlet Node Name
ACTIVE, !- Component 2 Branch Control Type
Coil:Cooling:Water, !- Component 3 Object Type
Cooling Coil, !- Component 3 Name
Supply Fan Outlet, !- Component 3 Inlet Node Name
Air Loop Outlet, !- Component 3 Outlet Node Name
PASSIVE; !- Component 3 Branch Control Type
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 10
VAV Reheat Outdoor Air System
AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem,
OA Sys, !- Name
OA Sys Controllers, !- Controller List Name
OA Sys Equipment, !- Outdoor Air Equipment List Name
VAV System Avail List; !- Availability Manager List Name
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 11
VAV Reheat Outdoor Air Equipment List
AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem:EquipmentList,
OA Sys Equipment, !- Name
OutdoorAir:Mixer, !- Component 1 Object Type
OA Mixing Box; !- Component 1 Name
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 12
VAV Reheat Outdoor Air Mixer
OutdoorAir:Mixer,
OA Mixing Box, !- Name
Mixed Air Outlet, !- Mixed Air Node Name
Outdoor Air Inlet, !- Outdoor Air Stream Node Name
Relief Air Outlet, !- Relief Air Stream Node Name
Air Loop Inlet; !- Return Air Stream Node Name
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 13
VAV Reheat Outdoor Air Controller List
AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList,
OA Sys Controllers, !- Name
Controller:OutdoorAir, !- Controller 1 Object Type
OA Controller; !- Controller 1 Name
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 14
VAV Reheat Outdoor Air Controller
Controller:OutdoorAir,
OA Controller, !- Name
Relief Air Outlet, !- Relief Air Outlet Node Name
Air Loop Inlet, !- Return Air Node Name
Mixed Air Outlet, !- Sensor Node Name
Outdoor Air Inlet, !- Actuator Node Name
0.468, !- Minimum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
1.56, !- Maximum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
FixedDryBulb, !- Economizer Control Type
ModulateFlow, !- Economizer Control Action Type
19., !- Economizer Maximum Limit Dry-Bulb Temperature {C}
, !- Economizer Maximum Limit Enthaply {J/kg}
, !- Economizer Maximum Limit Dew-Point Temperature {C}
, !- Electronic Enthalpy Limit Curve Name
4., !- Economizer Minimum Limit Dry-Bulb Temperature {C}
NoLockout, !- Lockout Type
FixedMinimum, !- Minimum Limit Type
Min OA Sched; !- Minimum Outdoor Air Schedule Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 15
VAV Reheat Outdoor Air Node List
OutdoorAir:NodeList,
Outdoor Air Inlet; !- Node or NodeList Name 1
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air)
Mixed Air Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 16
VAV Reheat Supply Fan
Fan:VariableVolume,Supply Fan, !- NameFanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name0.7, !- Fan Efficiency600.0, !- Pressure Rise {Pa}1.3, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s}0.20, !- Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s}0.9, !- Motor Efficiency1.0, !- Motor In Airstream Fraction0.35071223, !- Fan Coefficient 10.30850535, !- Fan Coefficient 2-0.54137364, !- Fan Coefficient 30.87198823, !- Fan Coefficient 40.000, !- Fan Coefficient 5Mixed Air Outlet, !- Fan Inlet Node NameSupply Fan Outlet; !- Fan Outlet Node Name
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 17
Coil:Cooling:Water,Cooling Coil, !- NameCoolingCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Nameautosize, !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s}autosize, !- Design Inlet Water Temperature {C}autosize, !- Design Inlet Air Temperature {C}autosize, !- Design Outlet Air Temperature {C}autosize, !- Design Inlet Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air}autosize, !- Design Outlet Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air}Cooling Coil ChW Inlet, !- Water Inlet Node NameCooling Coil ChW Outlet, !- Water Outlet Node NameSupply Fan Outlet, !- Air Inlet Node NameAir Loop Outlet, !- Air Outlet Node NameSimpleAnalysis, !- Type of AnalysisCrossFlow; !- Heat Exchanger Configuration
VAV Reheat Cooling Coil – Air Side
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 18
VAV Reheat Cooling Coil Controller
Controller:WaterCoil,
Cooling Coil Controller, !- Name
Temperature, !- Control Variable
Reverse, !- Action
FLOW, !- Actuator Variable
Air Loop Outlet, !- Sensor Node Name
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet, !- Actuator Node Name
0.001, !- Controller Convergence Tolerance {deltaC}
0.0011, !- Maximum Actuated Flow {m3/s}
0.0; !- Minimum Actuated Flow {m3/s}
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 19
VAV Reheat Cooling Coil Setpoint Manager
SetpointManager:Scheduled,
Cooling Supply Air Temp Manager, !- Name
Temperature, !- Control Variable
Always 12.8, !- Schedule Name
Air Loop Outlet; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name
Mixed Air Outlet
CCSupply FanCooling Coil
OA Mixing Box
Relief Air Outlet
Outdoor Air Inlet
Air Loop Inlet (Return Air) Air Loop Outlet(Supply Air)
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet
Supply Fan Outlet
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 20
VAV Reheat Zone Supply Air Path
AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath,
VAV System Supply Path, !- Name
Zone Equipment Inlet, !- Supply Air Path Inlet Node Name
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter,!- Component 1 Object Type
Zone Supply Air Splitter;!- Component 1 Name
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Retu
r nA i
rMixe
r
North
Zone
EastZone
West
Zone
Retu
r nA i
rMixe
r
Zone Supply A
ir Splitter
Zone 3 VAV Reheat
Zone 2 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Inlet
Zone Equipment Inlet
Zone 3 VAV Inlet
Zone 2 VAV Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 21
VAV Reheat Zone Splitter
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter,
Zone Supply Air Splitter,!- Name
Zone Equipment Inlet, !- Inlet Node Name
Zone 1 VAV Inlet, !- Outlet 1 Node Name
Zone 2 VAV Inlet, !- Outlet 2 Node Name
Zone 3 VAV Inlet; !- Outlet 3 Node Name
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Retu
r nA i
rMixe
r
North
Zone
EastZone
West
Zone
Retu
r nA i
rMixe
r
Zone Supply A
ir Splitter
Zone 3 VAV Reheat
Zone 2 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Inlet
Zone Equipment Inlet
Zone 3 VAV Inlet
Zone 2 VAV Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 22
VAV Reheat Zone Thermostat
ZoneControl:Thermostat,Zone 1 Thermostat, !- NameWest Zone, !- Zone NameZone Control Type Sched, !- Control Type Schedule NameThermostatSetpoint:DualSetpoint, !- Control 1 Object TypeDual Setpoints with Setback; !- Control 1 Name
ThermostatSetpoint:DualSetpoint,Dual Setpoints with Setback, !- NameHtg-SetP-Sch, !- Heating Setpoint Temperature Schedule NameClg-SetP-Sch; !- Cooling Setpoint Temperature Schedule Name
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Retu
r nAi
r Mixe
r
North
Zone
EastZone
WestZone
Retu
r nAi
r Mixe
r
Zone Supply A
ir Splitter
Zone 3 VAV Reheat
Zone 2 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 23
VAV Reheat Zone Equipment Connections
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections,
West Zone, !- Zone Name
Zone 1 Equipment, !- Zone Conditioning Equipment List Name
Zone 1 Inlet, !- Zone Air Inlet Node or NodeList Name
, !- Zone Air Exhaust Node or NodeList Name
Zone 1 Node, !- Zone Air Node Name
Zone 1 Outlet; !- Zone Return Air Node Name
West
Zone
West Zone
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1Outlet
Zone 1Inlet
Zone 1Node
Zone 1 VAV Damper Outlet
Zone 1 VAV Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Outlet
Zone 1Reheat Coil
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 24
VAV Reheat Zone Equipment List
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList,
Zone 1 Equipment, !- Name
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object Type
Zone 1 ADU, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name
1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Priority
1; !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating Priority
West
Zone
West Zone
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1Outlet
Zone 1Inlet
Zone 1Node
Zone 1 VAV Damper Outlet
Zone 1 VAV Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Outlet
Zone 1Reheat Coil
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 25
VAV Reheat Air Distribution Unit
ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit,
Zone 1 ADU, !- Name
Zone 1 Inlet, !- Air Distribution Unit Outlet Node Name
AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat, !- Air Terminal Object Type
Zone 1 VAV Reheat; !- Air Terminal Name
West
Zone
West Zone
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1Outlet
Zone 1Inlet
Zone 1Node
Zone 1 VAV Damper Outlet
Zone 1 VAV Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Outlet
Zone 1Reheat Coil
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 26
VAV Reheat VAV Terminal Unit
AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat,
Zone 1 VAV Reheat, !- Name
ReheatCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name
Zone 1 VAV Damper Outlet,!- Damper Air Outlet Node Name
Zone 1 VAV Inlet, !- Air Inlet Node Name
0.33, !- Maximum Air Flow Rate {m3/s}
0.3, !- Zone Minimum Air Flow Fraction
Zone 1 Reheat HW Inlet, !- Sensor Node Name
Coil:Heating:Water, !- Reheat Coil Object Type
Zone 1 Reheat Coil, !- Reheat Coil Name
0.0003, !- Maximum Reheat Water Flow Rate {m3/s}
0.0, !- Minimum Reheat Water Flow Rate {m3/s}
Zone 1 Inlet, !- Air Outlet Node Name
0.001, !- Convergence Tolerance
Reverse; !- Damper Heating Action
<Refer to schematic on previous slide>
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 27
VAV Reheat Reheat Coil – Air Side
Coil:Heating:Water,
Zone 1 Reheat Coil, !- Name
ReheatCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name
300., !- U-Factor Times Area Value {W/K}
0.0003, !- Maximum Water Flow Rate {m3/s}
Zone 1 Reheat HW Inlet, !- Water Inlet Node Name
Zone 1 Reheat HW Outlet, !- Water Outlet Node Name
Zone 1 VAV Damper Outlet,!- Air Inlet Node Name
Zone 1 Inlet, !- Air Outlet Node Name
UFactorTimesAreaAndDesignWaterFlowRate, !- Performance Input Method
autosize, !- Nominal Capacity {W}
82.2, !- Design Inlet Water Temperature {C}
16.6, !- Design Inlet Air Temperature {C}
71.1, !- Design Outlet Water Temperature {C}
32.2; !- Design Outlet Air Temperature {C}
West
ZoneWest Zone
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1Outlet
Zone 1Inlet
Zone 1Node
Zone 1 VAV Damper Outlet
Zone 1 VAV Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Inlet
Zone 1 Reheat HW Outlet
Zone 1Reheat Coil
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 28
VAV Reheat Zone Return Air Path
AirLoopHVAC:ReturnPath,
VAV System Return Path, !- Name
Zone Equipment Outlet, !- Return Air Path Outlet Node Name
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneMixer, !- Component 1 Object Type
Return Air Mixer; !- Component 1 Name
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Retu
r nA i
rMixe
r
North
Zone
EastZone
West
Zone
Retu
r nA i
rMixe
rZone S
upply Air S
plitter
Zone 3 VAV Reheat
Zone 2 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 29
VAV Reheat Zone Mixer
AirLoopHVAC:ZoneMixer,
Zone Return Air Mixer, !- Name
Zone Equipment Outlet, !- Outlet Node Name
Zone 1 Outlet, !- Inlet 1 Node Name
Zone 2 Outlet, !- Inlet 2 Node Name
Zone 3 Outlet; !- Inlet 3 Node Name
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
North
Zone
EastZone
West
Zone
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Supply A
ir Splitter
Zone 3 VAV Reheat
Zone 2 VAV Reheat
Zone 1 VAV Reheat
Zone 1Outlet
Zone EquipmentOutlet
Zone 2Outlet
Zone 3Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 30
Hot Water Demand Side
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 31
Hot Water Coils & Hot Water Demand Side
Objects required: BranchList ConnectorList Connector:Splitter Connector:Mixer Branch,Zone X Reheat Branch
(3) COIL:Water:SimpleHeating(3)
Branch, HW Outlet Branch Pipe:Adiabatic
Branch, HW Inlet Branch Pipe:Adiabatic
Branch, HW Bypass Branch Pipe:Adiabatic
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
Return H
W M
ixer
Bypass
HW
Splitter
VAV Box:Reheat
VAV Box:Reheat
VAV Box:Reheat
Zone 1 Reheat Coil HW Outlet
Zone 1 Reheat Coil HW Inlet
HW Demand Entrance Pipe Outlet Node
HW DemandInlet Node
HW DemandOutlet Node
HW Exit Pipe Inlet
HW Bypass Outlet
HW
Bypass Inlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 32
Hot Water Supply Side
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 33
Hot Water Loop Supply SideHot Water Supply Side
Objects required: PlantLoop BranchList ConnectorList Connector:Splitter Connector:Mixer
(cont’d on next slide)
Boiler
Pla
nt D
eman
d S
ide
Hea
ting
Loop
Boiler Outlet Node
HW Pump
HW PumpOutlet Node
Byp
ass
BoilerInlet Node
HW SupplyInlet Node
HW SupplyOutlet Node
HW Exit Pipe Inlet NodeHW BypassOutlet Node
HW BypassInlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 34
Objects required: Branch, Supply Inlet Branch
Pump:VariableSpeed Branch, Boiler Branch
Boiler:HotWater Branch, Supply Bypass Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Supply Outlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic (or Pipe:Indoor or other) PlantEquipmentOperationScheme
PlantEquipmentOperation:HeatingLoad PlantEquipmentList
SetpointManager:* (for HW supply temp)
Hot Water Loop Supply SideHot Water Supply Side (cont’d)
Boiler
Pla
nt D
eman
d S
ide
Hea
ting
Loop
Boiler Outlet Node
HW Pump
HW PumpOutlet Node
Byp
ass
BoilerInlet Node
HW SupplyInlet Node
HW SupplyOutlet Node
HW Exit Pipe Inlet NodeHW BypassOutlet Node
HW BypassInlet Node
Boiler
Pla
nt D
eman
d S
ide
Hea
ting
Loop
Boiler Outlet Node
HW Pump
HW PumpOutlet Node
Byp
ass
BoilerInlet Node
HW SupplyInlet Node
HW SupplyOutlet Node
HW Exit Pipe Inlet NodeHW BypassOutlet Node
HW BypassInlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 35
Cooling Coil & Chilled Water Demand Side
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 36
Cooling Coil & Chilled Water Demand Side
Objects required: BranchList ConnectorList Connector:Splitter Connector:Mixer
BypassChilled Water Demand-Side Outlet Node
Chilled Water Demand-Side Inlet Node
CCCooling Coil
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet Node
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet Node
ChW Bypass Outlet Node
ChW Bypass Inlet Node
ChW Demand Exit Pipe Inlet Node
ChW Demand Entrance Pipe Outlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 37
Cooling Coil & Chilled Water Demand Side (cont’d)
Objects required (cont’d): Branch, VAV Sys 1 ChW-Branch
Coil:Cooling:Water:DetailedGeometry, VAV SYS 1 Cooling Coil Branch, Chilled Water Loop 1 ChW Inlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Chilled Water Loop 1 ChW Outlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Chilled Water Loop 1 ChW Bypass Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic
BypassChilled Water Demand-Side Outlet Node
Chilled Water Demand-Side Inlet Node
CCCooling Coil
Cooling Coil ChW Outlet Node
Cooling Coil ChW Inlet Node
ChW Bypass Outlet Node
ChW Bypass Inlet Node
ChW Demand Exit Pipe Inlet Node
ChW Demand Entrance Pipe Outlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 38
Chilled Water Supply Side
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 39
Objects required: PlantLoop, Chiller Plant Chilled Water Loop BranchList ConnectorList Connector:Splitter Connector:Mixer
Chilled Water Supply SidePlant Supply Side
Cooling Loop
ChW Pump
Chiller
Bypass
Pla
nt D
eman
d S
ide
Coo
ling
Loop
ChW Supply Inlet Node
ChW Supply Outlet Node
Chiller Inlet NodeChW Bypass
Inlet Node
Chiller Outlet NodeChW BypassOutlet Node
ChW Exit Pipe Inlet Node
ChW Supply Mixer
ChW Supply SplitterChW Pump Outlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 40
Objects required (cont’d): Branch, Chiller Plant Cooling Supply Inlet Branch
Pump:VariableSpeed Branch, Chiller Plant Chiller Branch
Chiller:Electric Branch, Chiller Plant Cooling Supply Bypass Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Chiller Plant Cooling Supply Outlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic (or Pipe:Indoor or other type)
Chilled Water Supply Side (cont’d)
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
Chiller
Bypass
Pla
nt D
eman
d S
ide
Coo
ling
Loop
ChW Supply Inlet Node
ChW Supply Outlet Node
Chiller Inlet NodeChW Bypass
Inlet Node
Chiller Outlet NodeChW BypassOutlet Node
ChW Exit Pipe Inlet Node
ChW Supply Mixer
ChW Supply SplitterChW Pump Outlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 41
Objects required (cont’d): PlantEquipmentOperationSchemes
PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad PlantEquipmentList
SetpointManager:* (for ChW supply temp)
Chilled Water Supply Side (cont’d)
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
Chiller
Bypass
Pla
nt D
eman
d S
ide
Coo
ling
Loop
ChW Supply Inlet Node
ChW Supply Outlet Node
Chiller Inlet NodeChW Bypass
Inlet Node
Chiller Outlet NodeChW BypassOutlet Node
ChW Exit Pipe Inlet Node
ChW Supply Mixer
ChW Supply SplitterChW Pump Outlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 42
Condenser Demand Side
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 43
Objects required: BranchList ConnectorList Connector:Splitter Connector:Mixer Branch, Condenser Demand Inlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Chiller Condenser Branch
Chiller:Electric Branch, Cond. Demand Bypass Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Cond. Demand Outlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic
Condenser Demand Side
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
Chiller
Condenser SupplySide Loop
Condenser DemandBypass
ChillerCondenser Outlet Node
Chiller CondenserInlet Node
Condenser Demand Inlet Node
Condenser Demand Bypass Inlet Node
Condenser DemandOutlet Node
CondenserDemand
Splitter
Condenser Demand Mixer
Condenser Demand Bypass Outlet Node
Condenser Demand Exit Pipe Inlet Node
Condenser Demand Entrance PipeInlet Node
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 44
Condenser Supply Side
NorthZone
EastZone
WestZone
Plant Supply SideCooling Loop
ChW Pump
CoolingTower
Cond. Pump
Cond. Supply Side Loop
Bypass
Supply Fan
Ret
urn
Air
Mix
er
Zone Air S
plitter
Plant Demand SideCooling Loop
Plant Dem
and SideH
eating Loop
CC
Bypass
CondenserBypass
VAV Box:ReHeat
VAV Box:ReHeat
Cond. DemandSide Loop
CondenserBypass
Outdoor AirMixing Box
Relief Air
Outdoor Air
VAV Box:ReHeatBoiler
Plant Supply SideHeating Loop
HW Pump
Chiller
Byp
ass
Bypass
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 45
Condenser Supply Side
Objects required: CondenserLoop BranchList ConnectorList Connector:Splitter Connector:Mixer
Condenser Supply Side
CoolingTower
CondenserPump
CondenserBypass Inlet
Condenser DemandSide Loop
Condenser Supply Outlet Condenser Supply Inlet
CondenserBypass Outlet
CondenserTower Inlet
CondenserTower Outlet
CondenserSupply
Mixer
CondenserSupply SplitterCondenser
Supply Exit Pipe Inlet Node Condenser
Pump Outlet
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 9 - HVAC VAV System Example 46
Condenser Supply Side
Objects required (cont’d): Branch, Supply Inlet Branch
Pump:VariableSpeed Branch, Condenser Branch
CoolingTower:Single Speed Branch, Cond. Supply Bypass Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic Branch, Supply Outlet Branch
Pipe:Adiabatic (or Pipe:Outdoor) CondenserEquipmentOperationSchemes
PlantEquipmentOperation: CoolingLoad
CondenserEquipmentList SetpointManager:*
(for CndW supply temp)
Condenser Supply Side (cont’d)
CondenserSupply Exit
Pipe Inlet Node
CoolingTower
CondenserPump
CondenserBypass Inlet
Condenser DemandSide Loop
Condenser Supply Outlet Condenser Supply Inlet
CondenserBypass Outlet
CondenserTower Inlet
CondenserTower Outlet
CondenserSupply
Mixer
CondenserSupply Splitter
CondenserPump Outlet
Part 10 – Infiltration, Natural Ventilation, and
Multizone Airflow
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 2
Outline
Simple Airflow ModelsSpecial Zone Outdoor Airflow ModelAirflow Network OverviewMultizone AirflowHVAC Distribution AirflowHybrid Ventilation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 3
Simple Airflow Models Infiltration
Zone-level infiltrationDriven by wind speed and deltaTThree Models
ZoneInfiltration:DesignFlowRate ZoneInfiltration:EffectiveLeakageArea ZoneInfiltration:FlowCoefficient
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 4
Simple Airflow ModelsInterzone Airflow
ZoneMixing Airflow from one zone to the next Scheduled Can specify min deltaT Assumes equal amount leaves receiving zone User must balance air to source zone with other
mixing, infiltration, or HVACZoneCrossMixing
Airflow exchange between two zones Scheduled Can specify min deltaT
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 5
Simple Airflow ModelsVentilation
Zone-level simplified ventilation Simple natural ventilation model Flow driven by wind speed and deltaT Temperature controls and other limits Optional fan power consumption
Two Models ZoneVentilation:DesignFlowRate ZoneVentilation:WindandStackOpenArea
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 6
Combining Infiltration, Ventilation, and Duct Leakage
ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAirComputes combined outdoor air flow into
zone ZoneInfiltration ZoneVentilation ZoneHVAC:EnergyRecoveryVentilator Simplified duct leakage specification
Balanced flows are summedUnbalanced flows added in quadrature
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 7
Airflow Network Overview
Simulate airflows for Envelope leakage Operable windows and doors Leakage and openings between zones HVAC distribution system
Currently limited to constant volume systems
Drivers Wind Buoyancy HVAC distribution system Zone exhaust fan
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 8
Airflow Network Overview
Based on AIRNET tool from NISTObject classes are Airflownetwork:*Disables the simple airflow objectsGood overview in the Input Output
Reference Extensive list of what this model can and
cannot do
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 9
Airflow Network Control Objects
AirflowNetwork:SimulationControl AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:ExternalNode AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:WindPressureCoefficientArray AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:WindPressureCoefficientValues
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 10
Multizone Airflow
Surface leakageLarge vertical
openings (windows and doors)
Large horizontalopenings
Zone-to-zone airflow
Zone-1
Window-2
Zone-2
Zone-3
Window-1
Window-3
Door-12
Door-23
ExternalNode-1
ExternalNode-2
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 11
Ventilation Controls
Open or close windows and doorsZone or surface level controlsControl types
Temperature Enthalpy Scheduled
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 12
Multizone Airflow Objects
AirflowNetwork:Multizone:Zone AirflowNetwork:Multizone:Surface AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:ReferenceCrackConditions AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:Surface:Crack AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:Surface:EffectiveLeakageArea AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:Component:DetailedOpening AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:Component:SimpleOpening AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:Component:HorizontalOpening AirflowNetwork:MultiZone:Component:ZoneExhaustFan
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 13
HVAC Distribution Airflow
Simulate distribution system airflows Supply leaks Return leaks Ductwork conduction losses
Interact with multizone airflows Pressures from leaks, supplies, returns,
and exhaust fans Impacts envelope and zone-to-zone airflow
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 14
Distribution Airflow Objects
AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Node AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:Leak AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:LeakageRatio AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:Duct AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:ConstantVolumeFan AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:Coil AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:HeatExchanger AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:TerminalUnit AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Component:ConstantPressureDrop AirflowNetwork:Distribution:Linkage
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 15
Hybrid Ventilation Control
AvailabilityManager:HybridVentilationWhen zone and outdoor conditions are
favorable for natural ventilation Override window/door opening controls to
maximize natural ventilation Turn off an HVAC system
Works with simple or detailed ventilation model
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 10 - Infiltration, Natural Ventilation and Multizone Airflow 16
Airflow Network Examples
AirflowNetwork3zVent AirflowNetwork3zVentAutoWPC AirflowNetwork_Multizone_HorizontalOpening AirflowNetwork_MultiZone_House AirflowNetwork_MULTIZONE_House_TwoSpeed AirflowNetwork_MultiZone_SmallOffice AirflowNetwork_MultiZone_SmallOffice_HeatRecoveryHXSL AirflowNetwork_Simple_House AirflowNetwork_Simple_SmallOffice HybridVentilationControl HybridVentilationControlGlobalSimple
Part 11 – Weather Converter, Miscellaneous
Features, Testing & Support Resources
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 2
Outline
Weather Converter ReadvarsESO Postprocessor Input Data Dictionary Allowable Ranges and Defaults Additional Features Testing Support
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 3
Weather Converter
Convert weather data formats
Generate statistics report
Create design day data
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 4
Weather Converter Input
Input formats TMY3/TMY2/TMY IWEC WYEC2/WYEC FMT (DOE-2 ascii format) CLM (ESP-r ascii format) CSV (special epw CSV format) BLAST (separate conversion utility) SAMSON (source data for TMY2) Custom (user described format) and others . . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 5
Weather Converter Output
Output formats EPW EnergyPlus weather file (ascii text) CSV User-readable and editable form STAT Statistical report DDY Location and design day objects
Holidays and Daylight Savings By design, EPW files have no holidays or daylight
savings time specified You can add it in a text editor or edit csv format
or specify in your IDF (easiest)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 6
Available EPW Weather Files
Several included in standard installDownload other locations from web site
http://www.energyplus.gov/cfm/weather_data.cfm USA locations
TMY3 & CTZ, with a few TMY2 and TMY Over 1000 sites
Canadian locations CWEC 72 sites
International locations TMY2, TMY, ASHRAE IWEC, CIBSE*, CSWD, CTYW, ETMY, IGDG,
INETI, ISHRAE, KISR, RMY, SWEC, SWERA & Technion Over 1000 sites worldwide *available only from CIBSE
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 7
Site Variations in Weather Data
EnergyPlus varies external conditions Wind speed increases significantly with height
Ground level zones by default see approximately 50% lower wind speed than weather data
Temperature decreases slightly with height Surfaces, infiltration, ventilation, HVAC (option)
User controls Building object, Terrain field Site:HeightVariation Site:WeatherStation
Wind speed default is 10m above ground, open field Temperature is 1.5m above ground
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 8
ReadVarsESO PostProcessor
Converts eso output file to desired format csv (comma-delimited, spreadsheet) tab (tab-delimited) txt (space-delimited)
Filter report and meter variables By name By reporting frequency (hourly, daily, etc.)
Separate input command files rvi and mvi In EP-Launch Edit Postprocessor Command Specify which variables to include Control the order of variables in the spreadsheet file
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 9
Example rvi Input File
eplusout.esoeplusout.csvOutdoor Dry BulbZone/Sys Air TemperatureZone/Sys Sensible Cooling RateZone/Sys Sensible Heating RateTotal Water Heating Coil RateTotal Water Cooling Coil RateSensible Water Cooling Coil RatePlant Loop Cooling DemandPlant Loop Heating DemandPump Mass Flow RatePump Outlet Temp0
Required—ESO name and output name
Required—terminator
List of output variables
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 10
Optional Simulation Parameters
TimestepSub-hourly timesteps, default=6 per hour
ShadowCalculation Shadowing Calculation Frequency, default=20 days
SurfaceConvectionAlgorithm:InsideSurfaceConvectionAlgorithm:OutsideHeatBalanceAlgorithmRoomAirModelType
See Input Output Reference – Simulation Parameters
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 11
Other Construction Types
Construction:InternalSource Radiant heating and cooling Specify where the source term is located
Construction:WindowDataFile Use Window5 software to describe window details
and do a thermal and optical analysis of a window under different design conditions
Save EnergyPlus export file from Window5 Use this command to import window, frame, and
divider descriptions for EnergyPlus Material:RoofVegetation
Plants, soil, irrigation
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 12
Water Use Manager
WaterUse:*Control and report water useGeneralized water end-use objects
hot and cold water mixing at the tap, zone latent gains drainwater heat recovery stand-alone or plant loop hot water supply
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 13
Water Use Manager (cont’d)
HVAC components calculate and report water consumption or
condensate productionRainwater collectors to harvest
precipitationGroundwater wells with pumpingWater storage tanks for storing and
reusing reclaimed water
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 14
Additional Features Electric power generators (fuel and photovoltaic) Building integrated photovoltaics DX cooling coil moisture re-evaporation Duct losses (simple and detailed) Economics (utility rates and life cycle cost) And more . . .
Comparison of 20 programs in Crawley et al, “Contrasting the Capabilities of Building Energy Performance Simulation Programs”, July 2005
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/pdfs/contrasting_the_capabilities_of_building_energy_performance_simulation_programs_v1.0.pdf
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 15
Sources of Input DataUser interfaces and other utilitiesCADD programs
Trace over DXF in some EnergyPlus interfaces OpenStudio Plugin for Google SketchUp Green Building Studio (gbxml) supports older version EnergyPlugged (AutoCAD plug-in to create and edit
EnergyPlus input files). Graphisoft ArchiCad direct export in ? Bentley Hevacomp, AECOsim Energy Simulator
Window5/6 Window thermal and optical data
windows.lbl.gov/software/window/window.html
Private Sector User Interfaces
EP-Quick
Easy Energyplus(Chinese)
COMFENEnergyGaugeTREAT PlusESP‐r EPlusInterfaceHVAC EnergySolarShoeBoxxEsoViewothers….EFEN
ECOTECT
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 16
Private Sector Interfaces Web Sites
http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/
http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Hevacomp+Dynamic+Simulation/
http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/AECOsim+Energy+Simulator/
http://www.simeb.ca/
http://www.smartenergysoftware.com/
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 17
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 18
Model Maker
Web forms to create generic buildingsSelect from 6 Standards or Guidelines
ASHRAE 90.1-2007, 2004, 2001, 1999 Low Energy Advanced Energy Design Guide (30% savings)
Submit and run remotely Input and output sent via e-mail
Model Maker
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 19
Model Maker
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 20
Model Maker andExample File Generator
Model Maker EnergyPlus v5.0 and v6.0 (as of Oct 2012) https://modelmaker.nrel.gov/
EnergyPlus Example File Generator EnergyPlus v7.0 and v7.1 (as of Oct 2012) Very similar to Model Maker http://www.energyplus.gov/file_generator_
about.cfm
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 21
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 22
Input Data Dictionary IDD File
Energy+.iddLocated in
EnergyPlus folderField Types
A (alpha) or N (Numeric)
ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:Convective:Water,
A1 , \field Name
\required-field
A2 , \field Availability Schedule Name
\required-field
\type object-list
\object-list ScheduleNames
. . .
N1 , \field U-Factor Times Area Value
\required-field
\autosizable
\units W/K
. . .
N3 ; \field Convergence Tolerance
\type real
\minimum> 0.0
\default 0.001
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 23
IDD File (cont’d)
Lists every available input object If it is not in the IDD, then it is not available IDD version must be consistent with exe
version IDD can be edited by user to extend certain
objects e.g. AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter
extend for more than 500 zones
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 24
Allowable Ranges and Defaults
Allowable ranges Some max/min declared in IDD
Fatal error if outside of range
Some max/min hidden in source code May reset value and issue warning, may be fatal
Defaults Some defaults declared in IDD Some defaults hidden in source code Some values have no defaults
Alphas become blank Numerics become zero
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 25
EnergyPlus Test Suites
Regression test suites run for every build Over 400 files checked for changes in results
Standardized test suites run before every major release ASHRAE
Standard 140 (envelope loads BESTEST) 1052-RP (building fabric analytical load calculations) Standard 140 HVAC CE100/200 (unitary space cooling
equipment) Standard 140 HVAC CE300/400/500 (unitary cooling with
outside air) Standard 140 HVAC HE100/200 (fuel-fired furnaces)
EnergyPlus Test Suites
IEA BESTEST Multi-Zone Non-Airflow (heat transfer between
zones) Airflow Tests Including Multi-Zone Airflow (airflow
through external openings and between zones due to thermal and wind forces)
Ground-Coupling (heat transfer from slab-on- grade) Mechanical Equipment Control Strategies (water
heating and water cooling coils)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 26
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 27
EnergyPlus Test Suites
Developed for EnergyPlusHVAC Equipment Component Tests (water
chiller and hot water boiler) Global Energy Balance Test (window air
conditioner and hydronic heating/cooling system)
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 28
ASHRAE Standard 140 Envelope Test Results
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 29
ASHRAE 1052-RP Test Results
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 30
ASHRAE Standard 140HVAC Test Results
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 31
EnergyPlus Testing Reports Reports available at www.energyplus.gov
Building Thermal Envelope and Fabric Load Tests (ASHRAE Std 140-2007) HVAC Tests CE100 to CE545 (ASHRAE Std 140-2007) HVAC Tests HE100 to HE230 (ASHRAE Std 140-2007) ASHRAE 1052-RP Toolkit – Building Fabric Analytical Tests HVAC Component Comparative Tests Global Energy Balance Tests IEA BESTEST Multi-Zone Non-Airflow IEA BESTEST Mechanical Equipment & Control Strategies for a Chilled
Water and a Hot Water System IEA BESTEST In-Depth Ground Coupled Heat Transfer Tests
Contrasting the Capabilities of Building Energy Performance Simulation Programs, Report comparing the features and capabilities of twenty simulation
programs including EnergyPlus, July 2005.
Additional reports in progress
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 32
Support Resources
EnergyPlus Website (www.energyplus.gov) Free program download Documentation Weather data Testing and validation reports Developer & commercial distribution licenses
Building Energy Software Tools DirectoryInformation about more than 300 building energy
software tools from around the world: buildingtools.energy.gov
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 33
Support Resources (cont’d)
User Support Helpdesk energyplus.helpserve.com Knowledgebase Downloads Submit questions via web: energyplus.helpserve.com via e-mail: [email protected] Attach input files as needed
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 11 - Weather Converer and Miscellaneous 34
Support Resources (cont’d)
EnergyPlus “Yahoo” Group User-to-user forum Join EnergyPlus-Support Yahoo Group
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/EnergyPlus_Support
Subscribe by sending e-mail [email protected]
Post messages by sending e-mail [email protected]
Part 12 – Residential Application Highlights
October 2012, EnergyPlus v7.2.0Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy.
All material Copyright 2002-2012 U.S. Department of Energy and GARD Analytics, Inc.All rights reserved.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 2
Part 12 Outline
Water SystemsAppliances and Misc. Electric LoadsWindow Shades and BlindsHydronic SystemsRadiant SystemsPhotovoltaics
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 3
Water Systems
DHW/SHW hot water useCold water useWater collection and storage
Rainwater HVAC Condensate Well
Drain water heat recovery
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 4
WaterUse:Equipment
End-use for hot and cold waterCan be used standalone or connected
to a plant loopMix hot and cold waterSensible and latent gains to zone
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 5
WaterUse:Equipment
WaterUse:Equipment,
ZN5 Showers, !- Name
SHOWERS, !- End-Use Subcategory
5E-5, !- Peak Flow Rate {m3/s}
Shower flow sched, !- Flow Rate Fraction Schedule Name
ZN5 SHOWERS Temp Sched, !- Target Temp Schedule Name
ZN5 SHOWERS Hot Supply Temp Sched, !- Hot Water Supply Temp Sched Name
, !- Cold Water Supply Temperature Schedule Name
SPACE5-1, !- Zone Name
ZN5 SHOWERS Sensible Gain Sched; !- Sensible Fraction Schedule Name
ZN5 SHOWERS Latent Gain Sched; !- Latent Fraction Schedule Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 6
WaterUse:Connections
Subsystem to connect water components
Can be used standalone or connected to a plant loop
Connects WaterUser:Equipment to plant loop, to storage, etc.
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 7
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 8
WaterUse:Connections
WaterUse:Connections,
ZN5 SHOWERS, !- Name
ZN5 SHOWERS Water Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name
ZN5 SHOWERS Water Outlet Node, !- Outlet Node Name
, !- Supply Water Storage Tank Name
, !- Reclamation Water Storage Tank Name
, !- Hot Water Supply Temperature Schedule Name
, !- Cold Water Supply Temperature Schedule Name
, !- Drain Water Heat Exchanger Type
, !- Drain Water Heat Exchanger Destination
, !- Drain Water Heat Exchanger U-Factor Times Area {W/K}
ZN5 SHOWERS; !- Water Use Equipment 1 Name
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 9
DHW Plant Loop
Supply pump Zero pump head if driven by mains
pressure (i.e. no electric power for pump)Supply side branch w/ water heater
Mixed or stratified Direct or indirect
Demand side branches WaterUse:Connections
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 10
5ZoneWaterSystems ExampleSupply Side of Plant Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 11
5ZoneWaterSystems ExampleDemand Side of Plant Loop
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 12
Other WaterUse Objects
WaterUse:StorageWaterUse:WellWaterUse:RainCollector
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 13
Appliances and Electric Loads
ElectricEquipmentGasEquipmentElectricEquipment,
SPACE1-1 ElecEq 1, !- Name
SPACE1-1, !- Zone Name
EQUIP-1, !- Schedule Name
EquipmentLevel, !- Design Level Calculation Method
1056, !- Design Level {W}
, !- Watts per Zone Area {W/m2}
, !- Watts per Person {W/person}
0, !- Fraction Latent
0.3, !- Fraction Radiant
0, !- Fraction Lost
Computers; !- End-Use Subcategory
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 14
Exterior Loads
Exterior:LightsExterior:FuelEquipmentExterior:WaterEquipment
Exterior:FuelEquipment,
Gas Grill, !- Name
NaturalGas, !- Fuel Use Type
BBQ Cooking Schedule, !- Schedule Name
12000, !- Design Level {W}
Cooking; !- End-Use Subcategory
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 15
Window Shades and Blinds
Window materials WindowMaterial:Shade WindowMaterial:Blind
Define primary window construction without the shade layer
WindowProperty:ShadingControl Control shade on/off Control blinds on/off and slat angle Interior, exterior, and between glass options
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 16
Window Shading Controls
AlwaysOn AlwaysOff OnIfScheduleAllows OnIfHighSolarOnWindow OnIfHighHorizontalSolar OnIfHighOutdoorAirTemperature OnIfHighZoneAirTemperature OnIfHighZoneCooling OnIfHighGlare MeetDaylightIlluminanceSetpoint
Cont’d . . .
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 17
Window Shading Controls
OnNightIfLowOutdoorTempAndOffDay OnNightIfLowInsideTempAndOffDay OnNightIfHeatingAndOffDay OnNightIfLowOutdoorTempAndOnDayIfCooling OnNightIfHeatingAndOnDayIfCooling OffNightAndOnDayIfCoolingAndHighSolarOnWindow OnNightAndOnDayIfCoolingAndHighSolarOnWindow OnIfHighOutdoorAirTempAndHighSolarOnWindow OnIfHighOutdoorAirTempAndHighHorizontalSolar OnIfHighZoneAirTempAndHighSolarOnWindow OnIfHighZoneAirTempAndHighHorizontalSolar
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 18
Hydronic Systems
Hot water baseboard heat ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:RadiantConvective:
Water ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:Convective:Water
older model – use first one
Hot water plant loopServed by boiler or other heat source
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 19
Radiant Heating and Cooling
Embedded in a zone surface ZoneHVAC:LowTemperatureRadiant:VariableFlow
ZoneHVAC:LowTemperatureRadiant:ConstantFlowAbove types are hydronic – connect to plant loop(s)
ZoneHVAC:LowTemperatureRadiant:Electric
Construction:InternalSource Specifies location of heat source/sink
ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList List equipment Note these types of equipment have no air inlet/exhaust
nodes in the ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections object
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 20
Photovoltaics
ElectricLoadCenter:DistributionElectricLoadCenter:Inverter:SimpleElectricLoadCenter:GeneratorsGenerator:Photovoltaic
PhotovoltaicPerformance:Simple PhotovoltaicPerformance:EquivalentOne-Diode PhotovoltaicPerformance:Sandia
SolarCollector:FlatPlate:PhotovoltaicThermalSee example files GeneratorsWithPV,
ShopWithPVandStorage, ShopWithSimplePVT,
Oct 2012 Introduction to EnergyPlus - Part 12 - Residential Application Highlights 21
Photovoltaics
PV arrays are attached to a surface Building surface for BIPV SurfaceProperty:OtherSideConditionsModel SurfaceProperty:ExteriorNaturalVentedCavity
Shading surface for freestanding Surface defines orientation Normal shading algorithms apply
PV array can be shadedPV array can cast shadows