Introductionto

Anatomy

(a)

The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, thought the heart, not the brain, was the location of intelligence and thought.

The word "brain" appears on an ancient paper-like document (a "papyrus") called the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. 1700 BC

Avicenna’s Canon remains the primary source of reference for almost 500 years.

Avicenna (980-1037): …. higher mental functions are stored in the ventricles.

شيخ الرئيس ابوعلي حسين بن عبدالله بن حسن بن علي بن م ( معروف به ابن سينا دركتاب تشريح 908 ـ 1037سينا )

الوجود)تشريح االعضاء، حقايق انسانيه ( به بحث در مورد تشريح سيستم عصبي پرداخته ، در كتاب قانون ، سه فصل در باب

وي بيماريهاي مزاجها و در دو فصل دربارة اخالط آورده استرواني را با بيماريهاي بدن و امور جنسي مرتبط مي دانسته و

مركز اعمال رواني را در مغز و نخاع معرفي كرده است . در كتاب دوم قانون به شرح بيماريهاي اعصاب ، مغز و سر

را براي ناميدن مغز ( Encephalon) پرداخته و واژة انسفالون ابداع كرد . در اين فصل تمامي اعضاء را به خوبي تشريح كرده و

پيدايش آنها را در ارتباط با لزوم هر يك توضيح داده است . وي در اين كتاب براي اولين بار دربارة عصب سه قلو شرح داده و بيماريهاي عصبي از جمله ، صرع ، مرگ كاذب ، فلج ، سردرد ، هذيان ، بيماريهاي ماليخوليايي و درمان آنها را بطور مشروح

مطرح كرده است .

Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and

Latin Branches of anatomy

Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy

Cytology Histology

Developmental anatomy Embryology

Comparative anatomy Scale uses metric system

Structural organization from simplest to most complex

Chemical Cellular Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and

function Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing

specific function Organ system – group of organs acting together

to perform specific function Human organism

Levels of Organization:

Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale)

Organ systems

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Branches of anatomyGross anatomyMicroscopic anatomy

Cytology Histology

Developmental anatomy Embryology

Comparative anatomy

Gross Anatomy The anatomical position (see

right) Directional and regional terms

Medial v. lateral Proximal v. distal Cephalad v. caudad Interior v. superior Superficial v. deep Ipsilateral v. contralateral Flexion v. extension Ulnar deviation v. radial deviation Dorsiflexion v. plantar flexion Eversion v. inversion Medial rotation v. lateral rotation Abduction v. adduction Supination v. pronation Protraction v. retraction Elevation v. depression Rotation

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane

(also called XS – cross section)

(also called coronal)

Body Planes, Sections and Lines

Sagittal- any longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts

Mid-sagittal or median plane- divides the body into equal right and left halves

Coronal- longitudinal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

Mid-coronal- divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

Horizontal or axial plane- transverse plane passing through the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane; divides into superior and inferior portions

Sectional Anatomy

3 sectional planes: transverse ( or cross) section

frontal (or coronal) section

sagittal section (mid- and para-)

Body cavities and membranes Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs)

divided into two main cavities Thoracic cavity

2 lateral pleural cavities Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa):

Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ

Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints

Body Cavities

Serosa

1.) parietal or visceral

2.) pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal*

Naming of serous membranes (serosa) :

Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavityVisceral serosa covers the visceral organ

*The 2nd adjective can become a noun: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

Pericardial: heartPleural: lungsPeritoneal: abdominal

In the clinic: Abdomino-pelvic Regions