Chapter 1

Evolutionary

adaptation

Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

Each property emerges from new evolutionary novelties that were not present at simpler levels of organization

Ecosystem dynamics

2 processes Nutrient cycling

One way flow of energy

Energy conversion- one of energy is converted to

another for use in moving,

growing, reproducing…

Form fits function

Analyzing a biological structure gives an idea about its function Ex. Leaf

Knowing the function of something gives an idea about its construction Ex. Bird wing

Prokaryotic cell typically bacteria and archaea no nucleus to enclose DNA no organelles

Eukaryotic cell found in all other living

organisms Nucleus DNA organized

into chromosomes membrane bound organelles

DNA structure and function Controls development and maintenance of entire

organism

Molecular structure of DNA accounts for its ability to store information

Genes control protein production

Feedback mechanisms

Positive feedback-product stimulates an enzyme in the reaction sequence, increasing the rate of production of the product

Negative feedback-accumulation of a final product inhibits an earlier enzyme in the sequence of reaction, slowing down the reaction

Accounts for the unity and diversity of life

Organizing the diversity of life

Grouped based on similarities

Domains, Kingdoms, Phyla, etc.

Domain Bacteria Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes

Multiple kingdoms

Domain Archaea Prokaryotes living in extreme environments

Ex: salty lakes, boiling hot springs

Multiple kingdoms

Domain Eukarya Protists

Multiple kingdoms-Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Unicellular eukaryotes and simple multicellular relatives

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi

Absorbs nutrients from their

surroundings

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular eukaryotes

that carry out

photosynthesis

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular

eukaryotes that

ingest other

organisms

Charles Darwin and Natural Selection

Descent with modification Adaptive radiation of finches on the Galapagos Islands

Discovery Science Describes natural structures and processes as accurately

as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

Types of Data Qualitative-descriptions

Quantitative-measurements

Inductive reasoning Derive generalizations from specific observations

Hypothesis-Based Science Hypothesis-tentative answer to a well framed question

If-Then format

Deductive reasoning-general premise leads to specific results if the premise is true

Must be testable Check validity of the idea

Must be falsifiable Must be some observation or experiment that could

reveal if an idea is not true

Experimental and control groups differ in only one factor

Observations and experimental results must be repeatable

Much broader in scope than a hypothesis

General enough to spin off new specific hypotheses to be tested

Supported by a greater body of evidence than a hypothesis

Cooperation and competition in the scientific culture

Science and technology are associated

Technology often results from scientific discoveries

Scientific discoveries often emerge from the development of new technologies

The microscope led to an understanding of the cellular basis of life

Watson and Crick’s discovery of DNA structure led to technological breakthroughs.