INTRODUCTION

Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the

country under the Department of Science & Technology, is the OLDEST

SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVT OF INDIA. It was set up in 1767

and has evolved rich traditions over the years. In its assigned role as the nation's

Principal Mapping Agency, Survey of India bears a special responsibility to ensure

that the country's domain is explored and mapped suitably, provide base maps for

expeditious and integrated development and ensure that all resources contribute

with their full measure to the progress, prosperity and security of our country now

and for generations to come.

The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th Century.

Forerunners of army of the East India Company and Surveyors had an onerous task

of exploring the unknown. Bit by bit the tapestry of Indian terrain was completed

by the painstaking efforts of a distinguished line of Surveyors such as Mr.

Lambton and Sir George Everest. It is a tribute to the foresight of such Surveyors

that at the time of independence the country inherited a survey network built on

scientific principles. The great Trigonometric series spanning the country from

North to South East to West are some of the best geodetic control series available

in the world. The scientific principles of surveying have since been augmented by

the latest technology to meet the multidisciplinary requirement of data from

planners and scientists.

Organized into only 5 Directorates in 1950, mainly to look after the mapping

needs of Defense Forces in North West and North East, the Department has now

grown into 22 Directorates spread in approx. all parts (states) of the country to

provide the basic map coverage required for the development of the country. Its

technology, latest in the world, has been oriented to meet the needs of defense

forces, planners and scientists in the field of geo-sciences, land and resource

management.

Its expert advice is being utilized by various Ministries and undertakings of

Government of India in many sensitive areas including settlement of International

borders, State boundaries and in assisting planned development of hitherto under

developed areas.

Faced with the requirement of digital topographical data, the department has

created three Digital Centers during late eighties to generate Digital Topographical

Data Base for the entire country for use in various planning processes and creation

of geographic information system. Its specialized Directorates such as Geodetic

and Research Branch, and Indian Institute of Surveying & Mapping (erstwhile

Survey Training Institute) have been further strengthened to meet the growing

requirement of user community. The department is also assisting in many scientific

programs of the Nation related to the field of geo-physics, remote sensing and

digital data transfers.

HISTORY

The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th Century. The East

India Company appointed James Rennell to survey the Bengal Presidency in 1767.

Lord Clive appointed him as Surveyor General. Colin Mackenzie was appointed

Surveyor General of Madras Presidency in 1810 but these posts were abolished in

1815 and Mackenzie was made the first Surveyor General of India.

"First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by W. Mather in

1793-96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col.

Alexander Read. The present Dharmapuri district, Krishnagiri district and North

Arcot in western Tamil Nadu were then called Baramahal.

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William Lambton (1753-1823) started The Great Trigonometrical

Survey (1802–1852).The Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1852) was started

by British surveyor Col. William Lambtonon 10 April 1802 from St. Thomas

Mount in Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. 36 inch huge half ton

weight Theodolite was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line.

This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General Lt.

William Lambton George Everest

For this reason most measurements had to be conducted during and

immediately after the monsoon when the atmosphere was clearest, just the time

when mosquitoes and leeches were at their most rampant.In 1820, Lieutenant (later

Sir) George Everest became one of Lambton’s assistants on the Survey. Lambton

was died in the year of January 1823 at Hinganghat state of Maharashtra.

After Lambton’s death, Everest took over as Surveyor General of India. In

turn, when Everest retired in 1843, Andrew Waugh took over the helm.

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In March 1856, Waugh, Surveyor General of India reported in a letter

the measurements for Peak XV (a mountain found during the survey) as:

Helping workers for India survey at 1802-1852

Latitude N Longitude E of Greenwich Height above sea level

27o

8659’16.7’’ o

29,002 feet 58’5.9’’

The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India was completed by 1870.

The measurements were accepted and conveyed to the geographical world.

Waugh himself later wrote: "...here is a mountain most probably the highest in the

world without any local name that I can discover...", so he proposed "...to

perpetuate the memory of that illustrious master of geographical

research...Everest." Waugh suggested that it be named after Sir George Everest but

many others wanted a local name such as Chamolungma (Tibetan) or Devadhanga

(Nepali). Hot debate raged.

Everest himself kept silent, although as Surveyor General he had always

insisted that local names for landmarks be used. Eventually the name ‘Mount

Everest’ was endorsed in London by the Secretary of State for India and the Royal

Geographical Society; the rest is history.

The procedure for forming Triangulation by William Lambton:

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(i) The line AB whose distance is known, is taken as the base line

(ii) The angle of C is observed using Theodolite from A and B. Then,

trigonometrically, the angles of ABC and BCA and distances of BC and CA are

calculated. Thus, Triangle No. 1 is established with angles and distances.

(iii) As the distance from C and A is established, CA is taken as the base line. The

angle of D is observed using Theodolite from A and C. Then, trigonometrically,

the angles of ACD and CAD and distance of AD and CD are calculated. Thus,

Triangle No. 2 is established with angle and distance.

(iv) CD is taken as base line and same procedure is followed. Thus, a web of

triangles is formed. This procedure has been continued throughout the Great Arc.

In 1857 Captain Preistley, who since 1853 had been making a field to field

survey in South Arcot was appointed the first Superintendent of these Madras

Surveys. Large waste and hilly tracts were to be covered with topographical survey

on the 4 - inch scale whilst culturable lands were surveyed on scales from 10 to 16

inches to a mile. It was estimated that there would be just over 60, 000 square

miles for large scale revenue survey and about 80, 000 for small scale

topographical survey.Start was made in 1857 with only two parties; taking one

Taluk in South Arcot and another in Trichnopoly. From 1858 survey was extended

and the establishment steadily increased, whilst a lithographic press was installed

at Madras for printing taluk and village maps.

In 1859, Preistley had a staff of three military officers Hessey, Prutt and

Crewe and six civilians Leggalt, Dunnsford, Beaumont, Cardoza, Puckle and

Wright. Neither the Madras nor the Bombay revenue surveys ever came under the

administration of the Surveyor General of India.

SURVEYOR GENERALS

S.No Name of surveyor General From To Surveyor General of Bengal

1. Maj.JamesRannell 1767 1777 2. Thomas Call 1777 1786 3. Malc wood 1786 1788 4. Capt.Alexanderkyd 1788 1794 5. Lt.Roberthydecolebrooke 1794 1808 6. Maj.Gen john Garstin 1808 1813 7. Charles Crawford 1813 1815

Surveyor General of Bombay 1. Lt.Gen Charles Reynolds 1796 1807 2. Moirier Williams 1807 1815

Surveyor General of Madras 1. Col.Colin Mackenzie 1810 1815

Surveyor General of India 1. Col.Colin Mackenzie 1815 1821 2. Maj.Gen.John Anthony Hodyson 1821 1823 3. Col.Valentine Blacker 1823 1826 4. Maj.Gen John Hodyson 1826 1829 5. Henry Walpole 1829 1830 6. Sir George Everest 1830 1843 7. Maj.Gen Andrew Scott Waugh 1843 1861 8. Brig Edwald Oliver Wheeler 1941 1946 9. Brig George Frederick Heaney 1946 1951 10. Brig Gambhir Singh 1956 1961

11. Dr.SwarnaSubbaRao 2010 2015

12. Shri.Rajendra Mani Tripathi 2015 2016

13. Dr.SwarnaSubbaRao 2016 2017

14. Maj.Generalr.p.Srivastara 30/06/2017 30/09/2017

15. Maj.GeneralGirish Kumar 30/09/2017 Till Date

PRINTING OF POSTAGE STAMPS IN INDIA SGO OFFICE, CALCUTTA

1854-55:

In 1854 Govt. asked the Survey of India if stamps could be printed on the

presses that were then installed at the Surveyor General’s Office.On 22nd

First printing of stamps was of 1 lac and a half number in one day, by

keeping double working hours at the press.

February

it was decided to take this job up. The design of the postage stamp with the

Queen’s head was prepared by head draftsman Mariano Smith of Survey of

India.Proper engraving of the design on the copper plate was made by Sri

Namiruddin and from this plate transfers were obtained.

The envelope is a reproduction of one of the posted to alexander wyatt at

mymensingh in feb 1856.

Surveyor RadhanathSikdar, (a mathematician) who is the first Indian

measured height of Mount Everest in 1852, with a height of 29,002 feet.

RadhanathSikdar

Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037 feet. This is regarded as

the beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the founding of

one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world. In 2004 Government

of India remembered Nain singh and Radhanathsikder as postage stamps who

helped to survey india 1800”s.

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Lieutenant-Colonel woodthorperemarks onthe beauty of south sylhet

(Assam). The following graphic description from his pen is worth quoting:-

“At four o’clock in the afternoon I am standing on a cleared hill just above a large

tea garden. The air is beautifully soft and balmy, and looking to the east I see

below me the gentle undulations and flat ground under tea cultivations, the rich

dark green bushes standing out in bold contrast on the red-brown soil. Among the

bushes the busy coolies are at work, the women adding brightness to the scene with

their brilliant coloured robes. In the midst of the cultivation on the banks of a clear

stream, in a small, well-kept enclosure with a pretty tank, stands the manager’s

bungalow, large commodious house, with white-washed walls and lofty thatched

roof, slightly hidden by tall plaintain trees. Rose bushes and other shrubs

flourished in the garden, in which from my elevated standpoint. I can see that the

useful is not overlooked in the culture of the beautiful, as testified by a corner

where many tempting looking vegetables are growing. With the orange glow the

afternoon sun upon it, the bungalow with its garden, looks, as indeed I find it, a

very haven of rest, comfort, and hospitality. I hear voices behind the bungalow

near some large, neat tea-houses, and, looking, I see an excellent tennis court,

where an exciting context is being carried on between the young planters of this

and neighbouring garden. Beyond, the view due south is closed by the virgin forest

of dark trees and feathery bamboos, the greater portion of which will soon, by the

enterprise of the planters and the extension of the tea gardens, disappear. To the

south-west and west the cyewanders over the plains of South Sylhet,founded on the

south by the jungle-clad hills of Tipperah, purple now and indistinct. The flat green

fields, above which, as the sun sinks, soft mist wreaths float, are broken up by

frequent clumps of mighty bamboos or fine old banian trees, amid whose dark

recesses a few glimpses of reddish roofs and the light blue smoke curling upwards

denote the presence of villages. Beyond these to the west and north lie open

expanses of what at this season is dry or at the worst, only damp ground, but which

a few of the March and April storms will speedily convert into swamps, and even

lakes. A thin dark line appearing here and there marks the course of a river, its

waters now very low and hidden by the high banks, above which the masts of the

country boats and the smoke from the funnel of a steamer, just about to anchor for

the night, are visible. Far away to the north beyond the plain, the trees, the villages,

and the station of Sylhet itself, rises the long, level outline of the Khasia hills,

faintly glowing in the sunset. A hum of voices ascends from the villages below,

cows wend their way homewards through the deepening gloom, and as the sun

sinks in the brown obscurity of the distant horizon, I shut up my theodolite, and

running down the hillside, soon find myself at the bungalow, where a hearty

welcome and excellent dinner await me.”

ADMINISTRATION

The Survey of India, headquartered at Dehra Dun, has 18 civil engineering

divisions ranging from the prediction of tides to aerial survey. It has 23 Geo-spatial

Data Centers spread across India, each catering to the respective administrative

area.Surveyors are the back bone of Survey of India.

The important Civil Engineering posts and Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering posts in Survey of India Service, divided between

SIS (Civil) and SIS (EC & TE), are as follows in the increasing order of

seniority: Draftsman, Plane Tabler, Survey Assistant, Surveyor, Officer

Surveyor, Deputy Superintending Surveyor, Superintending

Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor (Non-Functional Second Grade)/Deputy

Director, Director/Deputy Surveyor General, Additional Surveyor

General, Surveyor General.

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DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Advisor to Government:Survey of India acts as adviser to the Government of

India on all cartography of India related matters, such as geodesy,

photogrammetry, mapping and map reproduction.

Geo names: Survey of India is responsible for the naming convention and

spellings of names of geographical features of India.

Certification and publication: Scrutiny and certification of external boundaries of

India and Coastline on maps published by the other agencies including private

publishers. Publish the tide tables (one year in advance) and maps of India.

Surveys:geodetic datum, geodetic control network, tophographical control,

geophysical surveys, cadastral surveying, geologic maps, aeronautical charts

within india, such as for forsests, army cantonments, large scale cities,guide maps,

developmental or conservation projects, etc.

National borders: Demarcation of external boundaries of India as well as advice

on the demarcation of inter-state boundaries.

Oceanic tidal prediction: Undertake prediction of tides at 44 ports including 14

foreign ports.

Research and development: In the area of photogrammetry, cartography,

geodesy, topographical surveys and indigenisation of technology.

Training: Training of officers and staff of Survey of India, other Central and State

Government department and trainees from Foreign Countries.

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OTHER ACTIVITIES

• All Geodetic Control (Horizontal and Vertical) and Geodetic and geophysical

Surveys.

• Mapping and Production of Geographical maps and Aeronautical Charts.

• Surveys for Developmental Projects.

• Survey and Mapping of special purpose maps.

• Spelling of Geographical names.

• Demarcation of the External Boundaries of the Republic of India, their

depiction on maps published in the country and also advice on the demarcation

of inter-state boundaries.

• Research and Development in Digital Mapping and creation of Digital

Topographical Data Base on 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 scale, Printing,

Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Topographical Surveys and Indigenisation.

• Prediction of tides at 44 ports including 14 foreign ports and publication of Tide

Table one year in advance to support navigational activities.

• Scrutiny and Certification of external boundaries & coastline on maps

published by the other agencies including private publishers.

• Provision and maintenance of geodetic plan and height control network and

provision and maintenance of gravimetric and geomagnetic control network.

• Provision of topographical cover in surveying and mapping for the entire

country to meet the national requirements, including those of defence forces.

• Collection of tidal data along the coast line and islands and Tidal predictions for

44 ports in the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal including

ports in Myanmar, Iran, Sri Lanka and Sultanate of Oman in the interest of

good Neighborly relations.

• Compilation/ mapping and production of geographical maps e. g. Railway Map,

Road Map, Political Map, Physical Map etc.

• Preparation of the International Map of the World (IMW) series and the World

Aeronautical Charts (WAC) series as a commitment to the International Civil

Aviation Organization (ICAO).

• Surveys for development projects, e.g., power and irrigation, mineral

exploration, urban and rural development etc.

• Surveying and mapping of forest areas, large cities and preparation of guide

maps of cities/ towns/ places of interest.

• Surveying and mapping of Cantonments, surveying and mapping for

aeronautical maps/ charts for the IAF.

• Introduction of modern technology in the related fields and indigenization of

equipment as an aid to import substitution. This includes development of

instruments/ materials indigenously to increase self-reliance and reduce the

drain on the foreign exchange reserves.

• Co-ordination and control in providing aerial photographic cover for the whole

country.

• Collaboration with training organizations, educational institutions and scientific

bodies on specific projects to promote research and developmental activities.

• Representation at various international and national conferences to promote the

growth of surveying and cartography and to introduce the state-of-the-art

technology for optimum results.

• Support to Third World countries e.g., Nigeria, Afghanistan, Kenya, Iraq,

Nepal, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Bhutan, Myanmar and Mauritius etc.

by providing technical know-how and expertise in various disciplines of

surveying and survey education.

RECENT EVENTS

PROGRAMS

• Survey of India maintains a series of tidal observatories located all along Indian

Coast and Islands. Aftermath Tsunami of 26th December 2004, Survey of India

has contributed immensely in establishing Tsunami Early Warning System.

• Under the project “Modernization and Expansion of Indian Tide - Gauge

Network”. It was decided to equip all its tidal observatories along East and West

coast of India with State of the Art digital tide gauges and Dual frequency GPS

receivers co-located with Real Time Data transmission facilities through

dedicated V-SAT network.

• The Survey of India has launched new web portal called

Nakshe(http://www.Soinakshe.Uk.gov.in/ website from 18th

250 YEARS CELEBRATION SURVEY OF INDIA

The Survey of India, now headquartered in Dehradun, has done great silent

service in the last 250 years by being the official map maker for India and keeping

records of the exact international borders of the country. On its 250th (in April 10

2017) birthday, Swarna Subba Rao, the Surveyor General of India, proclaimed at

the Geospatial World Forum.

THREE HISTORIC SURVEY INSTRUMENTS BEING SENT FROM

DEHRADUN TO LONDON MUSEUM

August 2017)to

make open series maps (1:50000) available to Indians for free using get by

Aadhaar number.

The historical survey equipment that measured the height of Mount Everest

for the first time will travel to London from Dehradun to be at display at British

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Museum.An exhibition titled ‘India’s Achievements’ will be held at British

Museum in the month of September 2007. These instruments will be brought back

to India once the exhibition ends.

1. The Great Theodolite

: This survey instrument weighs half a ton and requires

12 workers to move it from one place to another. Apart from determining the

height of Everest, this Theodolite also played a major role in the pioneering

Trigonometric Survey of India (1818-1921).

The Great Theodolite

2. Ramsden 100-foot chain: Invented by the British mathematician and surveyor

Jesse Ramsden, the 100-foot chain was first brought to India by General William

Lambton from England. The chain weighs 20 kilograms and had 40 steel bars 2.5

feet in length fitted with double hinged joints to allow for easy folding and

portability.

Ramsden 100-foot chain

3. Colby Compensation Bar:

Built by Thomas Fredrick Colby, this compensation

bar was used by Sir George Everest after rejecting Ramsden chain for surveying.

Two bars, each ten feet long - made of iron and brass – are joined at the center but

allowed to expand and contract freely depending on changes in temperature.

Colby Compensation Bar

NATIONAL MAP POLICY-2005

PREAMBLE

All socio-Economic developmental activities, conservation of natural resources,

planning for disaster mitigation and infrastructure development require high

quality spatial data. The advancements in digital technologies have now made it

possible to use diverse spatial data base in an integrated manner. The

responsibility for producing, maintaining and disseminating the topographic map

data base of the whole country, which is the foundation of all spatial data vests

with the Survey of India (SOI).Recently, SOI has been mandated to take a

leadership rolein liberalizing access of spatial data touser groups without

jeopardizing national security. Toper form this role, the policy on dissemination of

map sands and spatial data needs to be clearly stated.

OBJECTIVES

• To provide, maintain and allow access and make available the National

Topographic Database (NTDB) of the SOI conforming to national standards.

• To promote the use of geospatial knowledge and intelligence through

partnerships and other mechanisms by all sections of the society and work

towards a knowledge-based society.

TWO SERIES OF MAPS

To ensure that in the furtherance of this policy, national security objectives

are fully safeguarded, it has been decided that there will be two series of maps

namely

(a) Defence Series Maps (DSMs)-These will be the topographical maps (on

Everest/WGS-84 Datum and Polyconic/UTM Projection) on various scales (with

heights, contours and full content without dilution of accuracy). These will

mainly cater for defence and national security requirements. This series of maps

(in analogue or digital forms) for the entire country will be classified, as

appropriate, and the guidelines regarding their use will be formulated by the

Ministry of Defence.

(b) Open Series Maps (OSMs) – OSMs will be brought out exclusively by SOI,

primarily for supporting development activities in the country. OSMs shall bear

different map sheet numbers and will be in UTM Projection on WGS-84 datum.

Each of these OSMs (in both hard copy and digital form) will become

“Unrestricted” after obtaining a one-time clearance of the Ministry of Defence.

The SOI will issue from time to time detailed guidelines regarding all aspects

of the OSMs like procedure for access by user agencies, further

dissemination/sharing of OSMs amongst user agencies with or without value

additions, ways and means of protecting business and commercial interests of SOI

in the data and other incidental matters. Users will be allowed to publish maps on

hard copy and web with or without GIS database. However, if the international

boundary is depicted on the map, certification by SOI will be necessary.

In addition, the SOI is currently preparing City Maps. These City Maps will

be on large scales in WGS-84 datum and in public domain. The contents of such

maps will be decided by the SOI in consultation with Ministry of Defence.

NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHICAL DATA BASE (NTDB)

SOI will continue to create, develop and maintain the National Topographical Data

Base (NTDB) in analogue and digital forms consisting of following data sets:

(a) National Spatial Reference Frame,

(b) National Digital Elevation Model,

(c) National Topographical Template,

(d) Administrative Boundaries, and

(e) Toponomy (place names).

Both the DSMs and OSMs will be derived from the NTDB.

MAP DISSEMINATION AND USAGE

• Open Series Maps of scales larger than 1:1 million either in analogue or digital

formats can be disseminated by SOI by sale or through an agreement to any agency

for specific end use. This transaction will be registered in the Registration

database with details of the receiving agency, end use etc.

• Through the agreement, SOI will allow a user to add value to the maps obtained

(either in analogue or digital formats) and prepare his own value-added maps.

• The user should be able to share these maps with others – the information of all

such sharing will also require to be logged in the Map Transaction Registry.

CONCLUSION

“The Land is the only thing in the world

Worth working for, worth fighting for,

Worth dying for, because it is the only thing that last”…

Cartography has a 2000 year written history from the time of plato in the

western world. In the east in India there is a reference to maps and diagrams even

deriving from the days of Mahabharata circa 3100 BC.

The total concept that forms the corner stone of survey philosophy even to

this day stems from the concept of boundaries of kingdoms, cities, villages

orterritories. Cartography has been undergoing a revolution in technology

Kondratieff- Long wave cycle theory in economic said says technological

revolutions occurs every 50 to 60 years once. But in 21st

On 27 December 2017- the Draftsman training ofTiruppur– visited the764

century it is more

intensive. The Revolution happened in order of using survey chain, cross staff and

theodolites. Now it became digital technology using satellites (GPS method),laser

image, detection and ranging and aerial survey in 3 dimensioning.

In a current situation every feet of land values increased day by day. As

same as population growth. But area of land should not be increased. Now days the

height of Everest will reduced, it was shrinking of top peaks due to Globalization.

At the same time Sea level will increased in the world as well as area of land will

be decreased. So the priority of land was most important one for common man in

every day.

th

LATTITUDE

GT

Station in AlaguMalai Tiruppur South(Tk), Tiruppur (Dt).

LONGTITUDE Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec 11 0 45.38 77 26 20.09 Of the G.T.Station is rechecked by using mobile application of the Compass

we surprised that the difference only in 4 seconds.