INTRODUCTION

• Malaria is weidly known human disease.• Caused by infection with pathogenic

protozoan parasite of blood, the Plasmodium.

• female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium from person to person

• Serving as carrier host• Drives certain proteins from human blood,

important in egg formation.

• Distribution :-cosmopolitan parasite, wide-spread in tropical and temperate countries.

• Habitat :- Endoparasite, found in blood of man, also found in alimentary canal and salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes.

• Habits :- Intracellular parasite.

LIFE CYCLE

ASEXUAL CYCLE AND SCHIZOGONY IN MAN

• Life cycle of plasmodium in man consist of two phase:

1. Exoerythrocytic or hepatic schizogony

2. Erythrocyctic schizogony

EXOERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY

• Inoculation or Infection.

• Structure of sporozoites.

• Liver schizogony.

1. Pre- erythrocytic phase.

2. Exo- erythrocytic phase.

3. Pre-patent and incubation periods.

ERYTHROCYTIC SHIZOGONY

• Includes following stages

1. Trophozoite stage.

2. Signet ring stage.

3. Amoeboid stage.

4. Schizoint.

5. Formation of gametocytes

SEXUAL CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM IN MOSQUITO

• Development of gametocyte in the mosquito stomach involve two important events.

1. Sexual cycle

2. sporogony

• Sexual cycle

a. Gametogenesis :-

Formation of male gametes

Formation of female gametes

b. Fertilization:- cone of reception is formed.

Male gamete penetrates the female gamete through this cone. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygotic nucleus or synkaryon. Zygotes formed in stomach of mosquito about 9 or 10 days after the blood meal.

c. Ookinete :-zygote start elongating and undergoes changes and becomes 15-20 micro meter and 3micro meter thick, worm like motile organism called vermicule or ookinete. Becomes enclose in cyst. Encysted zygote is called oocyst.

SPOROGONY

• Oocyst undergoes asexual multiplication known as sporogony.

• Nucleus divides by mitosis, forming about 10,000 daughter nuclei, within 2-3 days.

• Spindle shaped body is formed called sporozoites.

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