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INTRODUCTION — Bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection that primarily affects the small airways (bronchioles), is a common cause of illness and hospitalization in infants and young children. The microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of bronchiolitis will be presented here. The treatment, outcome, and prevention of bronchiolitis in children; respiratory syncytial virus, and the emergent evaluation of children with acute respiratory distress are discussed separately: ●(See "Bronchiolitis in infants and children: Treatment; outcome; and prevention".) ●(See "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis" and "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Treatment" and "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Prevention".) ●(See "Emergent evaluation and immediate management of acute respiratory distress in children".) DEFINITION — Bronchiolitis is broadly defined as a clinical syndrome that occurs in children <2 years of age and is characterized by upper respiratory symptoms (eg, rhinorrhea) followed by lower respiratory infection with inflammation, which results in wheezing and or crackles (rales). Bronchiolitis typically occurs with primary infection or reinfection with a viral pathogen [1-3]. In young children, the clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis may overlap with recurrent virus-induced wheezing and acute viral-triggered asthma. (See "Virus-induced wheezing and asthma: An overview".) For clinical research, bronchiolitis is typically defined as the first episode of wheezing in a child younger than 12 to 24 months who has physical findings of a viral lower respiratory infection and no other explanation for the wheezing [4,5]. PATHOGENESIS — Bronchiolitis occurs when viruses infect the terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells, causing direct damage and

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INTRODUCTION Bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection that primarily affects the small airways (bronchioles), is a common cause of illness and hospitalization in infants and young children.

The microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of bronchiolitis will be presented here. The treatment, outcome, and prevention of bronchiolitis in children; respiratory syncytial virus, and the emergent evaluation of children with acute respiratory distress are discussed separately:

(See "Bronchiolitis in infants and children: Treatment; outcome; and prevention".)(See "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis" and "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Treatment" and "Respiratory syncytial virus infection: Prevention".)(See "Emergent evaluation and immediate management of acute respiratory distress in children".)DEFINITION Bronchiolitis is broadly defined as a clinical syndrome that occurs in children


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