1

ECN

Introduction (10 min) Experimental Activities (60 min)

• 3.1 Injector geometry assessment Yongjin Jung* (KAIST/Sandi), Peter Hutchins (Infineum/ESRF)

• 3.2 Rate-of-injection Raul Payri* (CMT), Scott Parrish (GM)

• 3.3 Spray Visualization (liquid/vapor penetration & angle) Julien Manin* (SNL), Gilles Bruneaux (IFPEN), Scott Parrish (GM), Luigi Allocca (IM), Josh Lacey (Melbourne)

• 3.4 Drop size measurement (Phase Doppler Interferometry) Scott Parrish* (GM)

Modeling Activities (40 min)• 3.5 Internal flow modeling using ideal geometry

Ron Grover* (GM) • 3.6 Spray modeling

Noah Van Dam* (UW), Tommaso Lucchini (Politecnico di Milano), Sibendu Som (ANL)

Future activities (10 min)

*Discussion Leader

ECN3 – Spray G Preliminary Program

2

ECN

Gasoline Spray (Spray G)Topic 3.2 Rate-of-injection

Raul Payri* (CMT)Scott Parrish (GM)

Spray G – Rate of Injection

3

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate

• Control of command signals with Delphi driver + pulse generator. • Injector body temperature control.

CMT Setup GM Setup

Fuel is accumulated in a big volumeSystem for injector temperature control

4

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

• Methodology• Experimental instruments

– A commercial EVI-IAV system (Bosch method) is used.

– Pressure regulated in the rail.– Additional pressure is

measured in the rail with a Kistler sensor

– Control of command signals of the injector with driver + pulse generator.

• Outputs– Injection rate shape.– Total amount of fuel injected.

5

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004Tiem po [s ]

0

10

20

30

40

Tasa

de

inye

cció

n [g

/s] Ciclos

Media

Mass measured with a gravimetric scale

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004Tiem po [s]

0

10

20

30

P

EV

I [b

ar]

Time [s]

ΔPEV

I [ba

r]

Inje

ction

rate

[g/s

]Mass-flow meter output signal

50 injections

aPA

dtdm EVIt

At: EVI mass flow metera: speed of sound f(p,T)

Time [s]

Inje

ction

rate

[g/s

]

comparison with

Averaged injected mass - EVI

dtaPAdt

dtdmm EVIt

6

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate Shot to shot dispersion on GM injector 28

• Similar results obtained for all injectors in GM or CMT

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time (ms)

Cur

rent

(A)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time (ms)

Inje

ctio

n R

ate

(mg/

ms)

≈ 310 µs ≈ 780 µs

Injector 28, Spray G Conditions – Iso-Octane, 20 MPa, 90C, 680 µs, 6 bar column pressure. Rate Meter: IAV (rate tube method)

7

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18200Bar_6bar_680us_1Hz

GM Injector 16 avg_rate6 Bar, 1 Hz 10.39mg

GM Injector 16 avg_rate6 Bar, 20 Hz. 10.95mg

GM Injector 28 avg_rate6 Bar, 1 Hz. 10.09mg

CMT injector 26 6Bar, 1Hz 10.1mg

CMT injector 26 6Bar, 10Hz 10.2mg

Time (ms)

Inje

ction

Rat

e (m

g/s)

Nominal point comparison

8

ECN Rail pressure Influence for injector #26

Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

9

ECN Back pressure Influence for injector #26

Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

Small variations in BP affect injection dynamics but barely change the total injected mass. A high BP “smoothes” the opening and closing of the injector.

10

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT) Frequency Influence on injection rate

At 1Hz (red signal) the injector closes sooner for any ET.

11

ECN Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

Frequency Influence CMT vs GM

Injector 16 GM Injector 26 CMT

12

ECN CMT Measurement comparison – Energizing time

Spray G – Injection Rate (CMT)

Mass flow curves at different ET overlap Robust operation

13

ECN Use of Delphi ECU to assure equal electrical signals in all research

participant groups Injector temperature control is important Spray “G” injectors perform very well in terms of shot to shot

dispersion (all units) Similar injected quantities for the different injectors, it will be

possible to adjust slightly the ET to inject 10 mg in all the cases if it is necessary

Known influence of injection pressure or Energizing Time Back pressure affects the dynamics of the injector (specially at 20

bar) Small effect of injection frequency on injection rate

Probably this effect is due to thermal issues in the injector Very difficult to properly measure 1Hz injection frequency with a

gravimetric balance due to the small injected quantity

Spray G – Injection Rate (Conclusions)

14

ECN

CMT will construct a test rig to measure spray momentum for Spray “G” injector

Compare injection rate derived from spray momentum and measured with injection rate

Periodic check of injection rate after extensive campaigns are performed in high pressure and high temperature vessels

Understand differences in injected quantities between different injector samples (when differences are the order of more than 5%)

Determination of a different energizing time for each injector so that exactly 10 mg/st could be injected

Possible generation of a virtual injector “clean signal” so that modelers could use it

Spray G – Injection Rate (Future work)