INTRO TO COMPUTING

Looking Inside Computer

2Computing 2 | Lecture-1

Capabilities• Can Read• Can Write• Can Store• A/L Operations• Automation

ALGORITHM

COMPUTER

ABSTRACTION

PROBLEM

human being

microprocessor

3Computing 2 | Lecture-1

INPUT OUTPUT

Algorithm Sum the integers from 1 to N

sum 0;x 1;while x ≤ N dosum sum + x;X x + 1;end whileprint sum;

Algorithm Sum N numbers in a list (or array) named values

sum 0;index 0;while index < N dosum sum + values[index ];index index + 1;end whileprint sum;

PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATION

•Computing is no more about computers than astronomy about telescope.•Computing is the study of natural and artificial information processes.

•It is predicted that by 2100 about 500(BP) buy enough computing power to compute 1,(25 -0) instruction per second. This power is more than the computing power of the brains of the entire population of the planet. (Dijkstra)

What are computers

Computer is an advanced electronic device

that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instruction.

WHAT IS COMPUTATION

• The act or process of calculating or determining something by mathematical, logical or interactive methods using computers

COMPUTABILITY

• The act or process that measures what can or can not be computed

WHAT IS COMPUTING

• The study of natural and artificial information processes

• Computing is also the study of how to compute

i.e. process of computation

CURRENT FIELDS OF COMPUTING

• Nanocomputing• DNA computing• Artificial Intelligence • Nature-inspired computing• Quantum computing

Artificial Intelligence

• A branch of computing that studies the use of computers to perform computational processes normally associated with human intellect

ALGORITHMS

• A description independent of any programming language of a process that achieve some task. One algorithm may be implemented in many different languages in many different ways in many different programs. And algorithm is run on a computer by translating it into a sequence of computer instructions. These computer instructions are the programs that run on computer.

• Step by step procedure for solving a problem

Algorithms

• What does a computer know how to do?Computers are electronic devices that react to

voltage on wires. At this bottom level, the computer only “Knows” about voltages which, for convince, we interpret as numbers it is the program running on the computer that interprets the number as characters, which can be interpreted in collection such as a web page.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ALOGRITHM

Algorithms should be

• Fastest• Shortest• Least amount of space• Computability - Problem solving• Accurate

PURPOSE OF ALGORITHMS

• To communicate a computation to humans not to computers

TRAVELLING SALESPERSON PERSON PROBLEMS

C

G

E

A

D

BF

120 70

30

110

70

100

4050

70

8090

Is there a route that

takes the salesperson

through every city and

back to the starting city

A at the cost of no more

than 520 £ ?

PROGRAMS

• Description in a programming language of a process that achieve some useful results

Program P(I); Write (I*2); End.

PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATIONS

• Abstraction• Automation

ABSTRACTION

• Right level for thinking about a particular problem• To simply communicate complex ideas • To Logically decompose problems

AUTOMATION

• The technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, as by electronic devices,

• To automate a algorithm