intro cad workbook

7/28/2019 Intro CAD Workbook

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Workbook for

Introduction to Computer-aided Design

by DeeAnna Weed, Ph.D.

[email protected]

Northeast Iowa Community College

Hwy. 150 S, PO Box 400

Calmar, Iowa 52132

January 2005


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DeeAnna Weed Introduction to CAD


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Contents

Getting Started.................................................................................................................................1

Basic Concepts.................................................................................................................................3

Selecting Entities.............................................................................................................................4

Zoom and Pan..................................................................................................................................5

Demo or Student Versions of AutoCad...........................................................................................6

Recommended Reference Texts......................................................................................................6

Coloring book Picture......................................................................................................................7

Font Sampler....................................................................................................................................9

Plotting...........................................................................................................................................11

Geometric Terms...........................................................................................................................12

Coordinate Systems.......................................................................................................................13Doodles..........................................................................................................................................14

Family Tree....................................................................................................................................19

Trimming.......................................................................................................................................23

Object Snap....................................................................................................................................25

Construction Geometry..................................................................................................................28

Dimensioning.................................................................................................................................29

Yoke...............................................................................................................................................31

Doohickey......................................................................................................................................34

Finishing Schedule, Extra Credit...................................................................................................37

Adjustment Plate, Extra Credit......................................................................................................39

Scaling a Regular Drawing............................................................................................................41

Line type Scale...............................................................................................................................43

Mini Airplane Part.........................................................................................................................44

Dimension Style.............................................................................................................................48

Dimensioned Mini Airplane Part...................................................................................................50

Drawing Template.........................................................................................................................52

Scaling a Layout Drawing.............................................................................................................56

Orthographic and Isometric Projections........................................................................................59

Machine Part..................................................................................................................................61

Geneva Cam...................................................................................................................................67

Blocks............................................................................................................................................71



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External References (Xrefs)...........................................................................................................75

Craftsman-style Floor Plan............................................................................................................77

A Comfortable and Convenient Housefor the Suburbs or the Country.......................................................................................................81

Questions about Blocks & External References............................................................................83

Drilled Bar.....................................................................................................................................84

Highway Signs...............................................................................................................................86

Candle Box, Extra Credit...............................................................................................................87

Flyer, Extra Credit.........................................................................................................................89

Hatching.........................................................................................................................................90

Section views.................................................................................................................................92

Machine Part Cross Section...........................................................................................................94

Bearing...........................................................................................................................................96

Collar and Base Plate.....................................................................................................................99

Shaft Support Assembly..............................................................................................................101

House Exterior.............................................................................................................................103

Isometric Gadgets........................................................................................................................104

Machine Bolt, Extra Credit..........................................................................................................106

Three Dimensional Surfaces........................................................................................................107

Final Portfolio..............................................................................................................................113



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Getting StartedTips for success with AutoCad

Draw accurately do not draw by eye. Give yourself enough time to complete assignments soyou arent tempted to cut corners.

Accurately estimate any dimensions not given in a lab assignment. Use a ruler if possible tomake a reasonably accurate estimate. If you cant use a ruler, use your best judgment.

Always, always draw objects full size in AutoCad! Only plotting is done to scale in AutoCad.

Draw all objects in MODEL SPACE. Never draw objects in a LAYOUT. A layout sheet is onlyused to create a pretty picture for plotting. You will use layout sheets later in this class.

Default settings

What is a default? It is the choice or setting that AutoCad assumes will be used, unless youspecifically tell it otherwise. It is wise to change some of the default settings before you first startto use AutoCad, so your work will be easier in the long run.

Program defaults

Choose TOOLS: OPTIONS...

Change the time between automatic saves.

Click on the tab at the top of the TOOLS: OPTIONS screen that says OPEN ANDSAVE.

Find FILE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. Make sure there is a checkmark in theAUTOMATIC SAVE box. Change the MINTUES BETWEEN SAVES number from thedefault of 120 minutes to something between 10 and 20 minutes

Note: This setting should be the number of minutes of work you can afford to lose

without going crazy if your computer shuts down or the program locks up. Youll tradespeed for safety, so dont go too small I advise against a setting of less than 5 minutes.

Change the way AutoCad starts up.

Click on SYSTEM. Look for the General Options section. Choose Show startup dialogbox.

Choose the correct plotter.

Click on the PLOTTING tab in the TOOLS: OPTIONS window.

Find DEFAULT PLOT SETTINGS FOR NEW DRAWINGS. Make sure the button nextto USE AS DEFAULT OUTPUT DEVICE is darkened. Select the name of the printer or

plotter that you want as the default printer in the adjacent window. In the T&I computerlab, it will be the HP LASERJET 4000 PCI printer.

Find DEFAULT PLOT STYLE BEHAVIOR FOR NEW DRAWINGS. Make sure thebutton next to USE COLOR DEPENDENT PLOT STYLES is darkened. Set theDEFAULT PLOT STYLE TABLE to MONOCHROME.CTB.

OPTIONAL: Change the colors of elements in the AutoCad display.

Click on the DISPLAY tab in the TOOLS: OPTIONS window.

DeeAnna Weed 1 Introduction to CAD


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Click on COLORS... in the WINDOW ELEMENTS section. Change the MODEL TABBACKGROUND to a color you like. Feel free to change the colors for other elements ofthe AutoCad display, if you like.

To reset the colors back to their default values, click on DEFAULT ALL. To reset thecurrently selected element back to its default colors, click DEFAULT ONE ELEMENT.

Click OK to save your changes to the TOOLS: OPTIONS settings.

Turn off ACTIVE ASSISTANCE.

Find the SYSTEM TRAY. It is the group of small icons at the lower right corner of yourdisplay. Find the ACTIVE ASSISTANCE icon in the System Tray it looks like ayellow question mark (?) with a red cursor symbol next to it.

Right click on this icon. Choose SETTINGS.

Click to remove the check mark next to Show on start. Click OK to save this change.

Right click the ACTIVE ASSISTANCE icon once more. Choose EXIT.Toolbar defaults

Click on VIEW: TOOLBARS... A list of toolbars will appear. For now, make sure there are Xs

in the boxes next to these toolbars:

DRAW MODIFY LAYERS

PROPERTIES OBJECT SNAP ZOOM

STANDARD

As you become more familiar with AutoCad, you can change which toolbars are displayed to suitthe way you work. But for now, please leave these toolbars displayed.

Experiment with docking and undocking toolbars by dragging the toolbars around on thescreen. Note that you can accidentally hide one toolbar underneath another check for this if atoolbar mysteriously disappears.

Experiment with turning toolbars off by clicking on the close window box located at the upperright corner of undocked toolbars.

Also experiment with docking and undocking the COMMAND LINE toolbar at the bottom ofthe AutoCad screen. Note that this toolbar cannot be turned off and on.

Experiment further by right clicking on the double bars at one end of any docked toolbar or onthe colored top bar of any undocked toolbar. What can you do with the shortcut menu thatappears?

Drawing defaults

Until you know more about these features, make sure the SNAP, GRID, ORTHO, POLAR,

OSNAP, OTRACK, and LWT buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad screen are popped out(meaning these features are turned off).

Make sure the MODEL button is turned on (popped in).

Note the tabs at the bottom left of the AutoCad drawing you should see MODEL, LAYOUT 1and possibly LAYOUT 2. You can click on a tab to make that view of your drawing active. Fornow, make sure you are ALWAYS working with the MODEL tab active. Do NOT work in theLAYOUT views at this time.



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Basic ConceptsCursor

The symbol on the computer display that moves when you move the mouse. The cursorchanges depending on what it is pointing to. Sometimes it looks like an arrow, whichmeans you can choose something on a menu or click on a button. When you are working

with text, the cursor sometimes looks like an I beam. This means you can click to putan insertion point in text so you can type. Sometimes the cursor looks like a crosshairs,which means you can select existing entities or draw new objects.

Left mouse button

Click this button to select an entity or start a command. When in doubt, the instruction toclick the mouse button means to press this button.

Right mouse button

Click this button (right-click) to get a short-cut menu. The menu youll see depends onwhat command is active or what the cursor is pointing to. For example, click on a text

block to select it, then right-click to edit the text block. Or point the cursor to the SNAP,POLAR or OSNAP button at the bottom of the AutoCad screen, then right-click tochange the settings.

Command line

The white area at the bottom of the AutoCad screen. Read the command line to figure outwhat to do next when youre not sure how to do a command.

Escape key

Upper left hand corner of the keyboard. Press ESCAPE one or more times to get out of acommand or deselect entities.

Enter keyRight hand side of the keyboard. There are two ENTER keys on an extended keyboard.

Press once to end a command OR to end one part of a command and go to the next part.

Press ENTER again to restart the last command.

Grips

The blue boxes that appear on an entity when you click on it. Move or resize an entity byclicking on a grip so it turns red, then move the mouse. Click the mouse button again tostop.



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Demo or Student Versions of AutoCadStudent purchase

You can purchase a student version of AutoCad or AutoCad LT at a variety of places, includingthe websites listed below. Be sure you know you meet the requirements of being a student beforeyou buy a student version of AutoCad.

If you plan to do two dimensional drawing only, buy AutoCad LT. It only has the 2D drawingcommands included. If you also want to do three dimensional drawing, you need to buy theregular full featured AutoCad program. Students who plan to take Advanced CAD or CADAnimation classes at NICC will need the regular AutoCad program.

Student versions of AutoCad have all the features of the regular professional versions, but theyput a border that says AutoDesk Educational Product around all printouts you make.

Look for the manufacturer AutoDesk when searching these websites for AutoCad software:

http://www.cadcampus.com/

http://www.journeyed.com/

http://www.studica.com/

Free demonstration disk

A no-cost alternative is to order a free demonstration disk of the latest version of AutoCad. Youcan order it online at http://usa.autodesk.com/

When you see the AutoDesk homepage, click on Products, click on AutoCad, click onDemonstration, then click on 30-Day Trial CD. Fill out the form to order the CD.

Note: Unlike some demo software, you will not be able to uninstall, then reinstall the AutoCad

demo program to get another 30 days of use.Note: You will need to save files you create with the demonstration program as AutoCad 2002files. If you do not, you will not be able to open these files at NICC, because the current versionthe school is using is 2002. AutoCad 2002 cannot open files saved as a newer version of theprogram.

Recommended Reference TextsIf you plan to use CAD in the future, you may want to purchase a good reference book. Here aremy recommendations:

AutoCAD and its applications: Basics by T. M. Shumaker and D. A. Madsen. AutoCad 2002version is ISBN 1-56637-900-8. You can buy it new for about $50.

AutoCAD 2002: Tutor for Engineering Graphics by A. J. Kalameja. AutoCad 2002 hardcoverversion is ISBN 0-76683-848-X for about $70. AutoCad 2004 paperback version is ISBN1-40185-082-0 for about $55.

Find an online retailer with a competitive price at Bookfinder.com http://bookfinder.com/



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Coloring book PictureRead: Workbook pages 1 through 6.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, absolute coordinate entry 10 pts.

Task: Get started. First, log on to the network and start AutoCad. Open a new drawing usingStart from Scratch.

Make sure all buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad display are off except for MODEL, whichshould be on. (In other words, the SNAP, GRID, POLAR, ORTHO, OSNAP, and LWT buttonslook like they are popped out.) Make sure the MODEL tab at the bottom of the AutoCaddisplay is selected do not work with a LAYOUT tab selected.

Task: Accurately draw a box in which to put your picture. Do not draw this box by eye.Follow these steps:

Choose DRAW: LINE from the menu at the top of the AutoCad screen. (Alternativemethod: Click on the LINE button on the DRAW toolbar at the side of your screen.)

Look at the bottom of the screen where it says COMMAND. Type in the followinginformation. Watch the information that you type appear on the command line. When you

press the ENTER key, watch the geometry appear on your drawing.

0,0 0,8 10.5,8 10.5,0 C

Note: The 4 pairs of numbers are rectangular coordinates that define the corners of thebox youre making. The letter C tells AutoCad to close the box.



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Task: Draw a simple picture within your box. Make it look like the example above, as best youcan. Try to be neat, but dont worry if your drawing isnt perfect. Use these commands:

Draw: Line Draw: Spline Draw: CircleDraw: Ellipse Draw: Rectangle Draw: PolygonOPTIONAL: Modify: Trim

Hint: To end the SPLINE command, press the ENTER key three times.

Task: Use DRAW: TEXT: MULTILINE TEXT to create a title block at the upper right-handcorner of your drawing. Type the information shown in the sketch on the previous page, exceptsubstitute your real name in place of Your name and todays date in place of Date handed in.

Important: In all assignments, you should always include a title block in the upperright-hand corner. Your name, the lab title, the scale, and the date in EXACTLY thisformat must be on every drawing you hand in, or points will be taken off.

Task: Save your drawing.

Choose FILE: SAVE. At the top of the window that appears, there should be a box thatshows the current location in the computer system to which files will be saved. Click onthe downward pointing triangle to the right of this box to see a list of other locations.

Locate the place to which you want to save your file by scrolling up and down this list.Look for these storage locations: a floppy drive named 3 1/2 Floppy (A:), a portableflash hard drive, a compact disk (CD), or your student username (this is the space onthe school network that you may use). Click on the correct storage location to select it.

Click in the box after FILE NAME:. Type a name that clearly describes the file.

Hint: A filename may be up to 255 characters long. You cannot use the forwardslash (/), backslash (\), greater than sign (>), less than sign (


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Font SamplerRead: Workbook pages 1 through 6.

Assignment: Use multiline text, text editing commands 10 pts.

Task: Log on to the network and start AutoCad. Open a new drawing using Start fromScratch.

Make sure all buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad display are off (in other words, the buttonslook like they are popped out) except for MODEL, which should be on at all times!

Hint: Keep in mind that you can always click these buttons on and off at any time evenin the middle of a command.

Make sure the MODEL tab at the bottom of the AutoCad display is selected do not work with aLAYOUT tab selected.

Task: Create a text block. To do this, choose DRAW: TEXT: MULTILINE TEXT or click onthe button in the DRAW toolbar that has the letter A on it. Move the cursor across the drawingarea and click your mouse twice to create an imaginary rectangle almost as big as the wholedrawing area shown on your computer screen. This is the area of your drawing in which you willbe typing.

After you draw the imaginary rectangle, a new screen will appear. This is the Multiline TextEditor screen. Look on the Text Formatting toolbar above the Editor window for the Fontwindow (it is the one that probably shows Txt in it). Click the downward pointing arrow to theright of this window to see a list of fonts you can choose. Change the font from Txt to Arial.

The window immediately to the right of the Font window is the Font Height window. It probablyshows 0.2000, which means any text you type will be 0.2 inches high. Use your cursor to selectthe number, and type in the number 0.375. This will change the font height to 0.375 inches.

Task: Type in the text block: Move your mouse so the cursor is somewhere in the big empty

box in the lower part of the Text Editor screen. Click the mouse. You should see a blinking |shaped cursor appear in the upper left-hand corner of this box.

Type the complete alphabet in lower case (small letters), the numbers 0 9, and the specialsymbols for diameter, degree, and plus/minus. (Hint: Put your cursor in the typing area and rightclick for a shortcut menu.) If your cursor moves by itself to a new line, ignore what the cursor isdoing just keep typing.

Highlight all of the text you just typed. COPY this text by clicking the right-hand mouse buttonto display a short-cut menu, selecting COPY, then clicking the left-hand mouse button tocomplete the command.

Click at the end of the line of text. Press ENTER to start a new line. Right-click to display the

short-cut menu, then left-click on PASTE. Press ENTER again to start a new line. PASTE again.Repeat the ENTER and PASTE steps until you have a total of SEVEN lines.

Highlight the second line of text and change it to BankGothic LtBT font. Repeat this for lines 3through 7, using CityBlueprint, Stylus BT, Swis 721 BdOul BT, Vineta BT, and Wingdings.

If one of these fonts is not available on your computer, substitute a font of your choice.Each line of text must be a different font.

When you get done, click OK on the Text Formatting toolbar. The Editor screen will close. Yourdrawing will appear with the text you typed. This is the first text block in your drawing.



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Task: Resize the text block: Move the mouse so the tip of your cursor is lying directly on one ofthe characters in your text block. Click the mouse. Four blue squares (called grips) shouldappear at each corner of the imaginary rectangle you drew at the beginning of this lab. The lettersin the text block should also change so they look like they are drawn with dashed lines, not solidlines. This means you have selected the text block.

Did nothing happen? Try again, being more careful to put the cursor directly on a

character before you click, not between characters.

Move your cursor so the tip of it is inside the lower right grip. Click your mouse so the grip turnssolid red. This means you have selected that grip.

Did nothing happen? Try again, being more careful to put the cursor directly in the bluebox. The grip must turn color before you can click your mouse to select the grip.

Move your mouse an inch or two down and to the right to change the location of the grip. Thiswill make the text block wider. Click your mouse to end this action. Check: Did anything happento the appearance of your text?

Need more drawing space to move the cursor? Find the Zoom Out button on the Zoom

toolbar. It looks like a magnifying glass with a minus sign () in it. Click that buttononce, then repeat the previous paragraph.

Want to make your drawing look bigger again? You could use the Zoom In button [itlooks like a magnifying glass with a plus sign (+) in it], but this might make parts of yourdrawing not visible. Dont believe me? Try it, if you like. You wont hurt anything.

When youre done experimenting, click the Zoom Extents toolbar button. This buttonlooks like a magnifying glass with crossed arrows in it. It is at the bottom of the ZOOMtoolbar. Clicking this button will make all of your drawing appear as large as possible.

Click the same grip to make it red. Move the grip up and to the left several inches. This willmake the text block narrower from side to side. Click again to end the action. Check: Did

anything happen to your text?

When youre done experimenting, resize the text block as needed so there is only one line of textfor each font there should be a total of only seven lines in your text block.

Task: Make a second text block above and to the right of your font sampler block. It shouldbe about half the height and width of the first text block. Use Zoom Out if you need moredrawing space to make this text block.

Change Txt to any other font you didnt use in the sampler. Make the font height 0.25 inches.

In this second text block, type your name, press ENTER, type the lab title (Font Sampler) , pressENTER, type the scale (Scale: None) , press ENTER, and type the date. Click OK.

Select this text block by clicking on one of the letters in the block. Resize the text block bydragging the grips, so there are only four lines of text in the block.

Task: Finish up the lab: Save and print (plot) your drawing exactly as you did in the Coloringbook Picture lab. Hand in a plot of your finished AutoCad drawing.



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PlottingBefore you plot (print) any drawing, you must make choices that affect how your plot will look.You already chose a default plotter and plot style table when you set up the program defaults.

You may have to adjust other settings each time you make a new drawing. These settings are inthe FILE: PAGE SETUP... or FILE: PLOT... windows. You can use either selection to do about

the same things. If you just want to change and save your settings without plotting your drawing,pick FILE: PAGE SETUP. Pick FILE: PLOT... if you also want to plot.

Plot device

Click on the tab that says PLOT DEVICE.

Check that the correct printer shows in PLOTTER CONFIGURATION. In the T&I 111 and theMax Clark 104 computer labs, it will be the HP LASERJET 4000 PCI printer.

Check that MONOCHROME.CTB is the PLOT STYLE TABLE.

Plot settings

Click on the PLOT SETTINGS tab.

Paper size should be LETTER 8 1/2 x 11 for all projects in this class. The DRAWINGORIENTATION will usually be LANDSCAPE, although you can certainly choosePORTRAIT as needed.

In PLOT OFFSET, always choose CENTER THE PLOT to put the geometry in themiddle of the page.

The PLOT AREA should almost always be EXTENTS. This means plot all thegeometry Ive drawn.

You may later find WINDOW useful for large or complicated drawings. Thismeans plot only the geometry I choose using a window selection.

For larger drawings in which you have created multiple views of a model, theVIEW selection may be helpful.

The least useful options, in my experience, include DISPLAY. This choice meansplot exactly what is now shown on my computer display and LIMITS whichmeans plot only what lies within the drawing limits Ive defined.

The PLOT SCALE will vary, depending on your project. See the next sections in thishandout for more specifics on how to choose a plot scale.

SCALE TO FIT makes the drawing as large as possible on the paper. Do not usescale to fit or scale to paper for drawings that must be plotted accurately toscale.

When choosing an accurate scale, remember that a scale of 1 inch = 1 drawingunit means that one inch on the paper is equal to 1 inch on the real object.

Drawings of very small objects will have a plot scale in which the first number islarger than the second number. This will cause the object to be plotted larger thanit is in real life.

Large drawings will have a scale in which the second number is bigger than thefirst, so objects will be plotted smaller than they are in real life.

For now, you will plot your drawings using Scaled to Fit or a scale I tell you to use, but lateryou will learn how to choose an accurate plot scale for each of your drawings.



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Coordinate SystemsAbsolute and Relative coordinates

Absolute coordinates tell how far a point is from coordinate location (0,0). To enter an absolutecoordinate, you type the X (East-West) dimension, a comma, then the Y (North-South)dimension. Example: 18.2,56.8

Relative coordinates tell how far a point is from the previous point, wherever that happens to be.To enter a relative coordinate, type the @ symbol, the X dimension, a comma, then the Ydimension. Example: @18.2,56.8

This corner is at absolute

coordinate location 0,0

The center of this circle is 3inches east and 3 inches north

of 0,0. In absolute coordinates,

this would be 3,3.

The center of this circle is

5 inches east and 2.5

inches north of the other

circle center. The

absolute coordinates of

this centerpoint are 8,5.5.

With respect to the big

circle's center, the

relative coordinates of

this location are @5,2.5.

3.0

3.0

8.0

5.0

2.5

5.5

Rectangular and Polar coordinates

Rectangular coordinates locate a point by giving an X (East-West) dimension and a Y (North-South) dimension. These coordinates are what most people use most often

Polar coordinates locate a point by specifying a distance and an angle. To enter a polarcoordinate in AutoCad, you type the distance, a "less than" symbol


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DoodlesRead: Workbook pages 11 through 13.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, snap & grid, object snap, 10 pts.polar tracking, ortho tracking, direct dimension entry,the coordinate display, absolute coordinate entry

Log on to the network and start AutoCad. Open a new drawing using Start from Scratch.

Make sure all buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad display are off (in other words, the buttonslook like they are popped out) except for MODEL, which should be on at all times!

Hint: Keep in mind that you can always click these buttons on and off at any time evenin the middle of a command.

Make sure the MODEL tab at the bottom of the AutoCad display is selected do not work with aLAYOUT tab selected.

Look at Sketch 1 in this handout to see the doodles you will be drawing in this lab.

Accurately draw a rectangle 10.5 wide by 8 tall

You will use SNAP, GRID and the coordinate display. Heres how to do it:Click on the SNAP and GRID buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad display to turn thesefunctions on. What do you see now? Which button causes this change?

Start LINE by clicking on the LINE toolbar button or by choosing DRAW: LINE. Enter thecoordinate 0, 0 for the first endpoint. This will be the lower left corner of the rectangle.

Do not enter another coordinate right now. Just move the cursor around. How does it act?

Click on GRID to turn it off. Now move the cursor. How does it act now? Click on GRIDto turn it back on. Click on SNAP to turn it off. Move the cursor around. How does thecursor act with SNAP off?

Make sure both SNAP and GRID are on before you go to the next activity.

Look now at the lower left corner of the AutoCad display. See the coordinates and how theychange as you move the cursor? Use this coordinate display to finish the rectangle.

Move the cursor to the right (east). Make the coordinates equal to 10.5000, 0.0000, 0.0000.When they do, click to end the first side of the rectangle.

Move the cursor up (north) to 10.5000, 8.0000, 0.0000. Click to end the second side.

Move the cursor left (west) to 0.0000, 8.0000, 0.0000. Click to end the third side.

Type the letter C to close (finish) the rectangle.

Accurately draw a second rectangle using ORTHO and Direct Distance Entry

This rectangle will be 0.5 inches smaller all around than the first. This means this second

rectangle will be 9.5 inches wide by 7.0 inches tall. Heres how to do it:Click on the ORTHO button at the bottom of the AutoCad display to turn this function on.ORTHO, SNAP and GRID (and MODEL) should all be on at this time.

Start LINE. Use SNAP and GRID to accurately locate the first endpoint of the second rectangle.It should be 0.5 inches to the right and 0.5 inches up from the lower left corner of the firstrectangle. This is the first visible GRID point in the lower left corner.

Click on the SNAP and GRID buttons to turn these functions off.

Move the cursor around the screen. How does the cursor act with ORTHO on?



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Move the cursor to the right (east) a little bit just enough to tell AutoCad which direction youwant to go. Distance is not important. Type the number 9.5 and press the ENTER key.

Move the cursor up (north) a little bit. Type the number 7 and press ENTER.

Move the cursor left (west) a little bit, type 9.5, and press ENTER.

Type the letter C to close the rectangle. Click on ORTHO to turn it off.

Draw a circle using DRAW: CIRCLE: CENTER, RADIUS.Make the center at coordinate location 3, 3. Locate this center point by typing these coordinatesdirectly or by using SNAP and GRID. Make the radius 2 inches. You figure out how to do this!

Draw a square 2 inches on a side.

Its lower left corner should be at coordinate location 7.5, 5. Use SNAP and GRID or useORTHO to draw this square. You figure out how to do this!

Check Sketch 1 to see if your drawing is beginning to look like mine. If your rectangles, circle orsquare are in the wrong places, erase them and try again.

Learn how to set up SNAP and GRID, POLAR, and OBJECT SNAP

Point the cursor at any one of these buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad display. Right-click toget the shortcut menu. Click on SETTINGS. Alternative: Choose TOOLS: DRAFTINGSETTINGS.

Study the DRAFTING SETTINGS window that appears. Note there are three tabs at the top ofthis window: SNAP AND GRID, POLAR TRACKING, and OBJECT SNAP.

Click on the SNAP AND GRID tab. You dont have to do anything to these settings, but knowhow to change them for future use.

You can change the X and Y spacing for SNAP and GRID to meet your needs.

Leave ANGLE and X and Y BASE all set to zero.

Leave SNAP TYPE & STYLE set to GRID SNAP and RECTANGULAR SNAP.

Note: You will use ISOMETRIC SNAP later in the semester.

Click on the POLAR TRACKING tab.

Find the section called POLAR ANGLE SETTINGS. Change the value in theINCREMENT ANGLE box from 90 degrees to 45 degrees.

In the future, if you want an angle that is different than those in the INCREMENTANGLE list, put a check mark in the box next to ADDITIONAL ANGLES, click onNEW and type the angle in the box below.

Leave the POLAR ANGLE MEASUREMENT set to ABSOLUTE.

Leave the OBJECT SNAP TRACKING SETTINGS set to TRACK ORTHOGONALLYONLY.

Click on the OBJECT SNAP tab. You should know what all object snap settings will do.

Put checks in the boxes next to ENDPOINT, MIDPOINT, CENTER, QUADRANT,TANGENT, and INTERSECTION.

Click OK to save your changes and close the DRAFTING SETTINGS window.



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Draw a diamond 2 inches on a side using POLAR and Direct Distance Entry

Click on the POLAR button at the bottom of the AutoCad display to turn this function on. StartLINE. Enter the coordinate 8.5, 4.5 for the first endpoint of the diamond.

Hint: You can use SNAP and the coordinate display to locate this point, but be sure toturn SNAP off before you continue with the next step!

Move the cursor around the screen. How does the cursor act with POLAR on?Move the cursor until the polar angle is 45 (northeast). Type the number 2 and press the

ENTER key.

Move the cursor to polar angle 135 (northwest) , type 2, and press ENTER.

Move the cursor to polar angle 225 (southwest), type 2, and press ENTER.

Type the letter C to close the diamond. Click on POLAR to turn this function off.

Draw circles and lines using OSNAP

Click on the OSNAP button at the bottom of the AutoCad display to turn this function on. Makesure all other buttons are off, except for the MODEL button.

Start LINE and experiment with OSNAP. Hint: Osnap will work only when a command (such asLINE) is in progress.

Move the cursor slowly around the circle. Move the cursor around the square anddiamond. Move it over the rectangles. What symbols appear?

Make an Osnap symbol appear and wait a bit without moving the cursor. A message boxwill appear. Can you figure out which Osnap setting matches with each symbol you see?Can you make the Tangent Osnap symbol appear?

Draw more circles and lines using OSNAP

The LINE command should still be active. Draw a line from the Center of the large circle to thenortheast corner of the square (the Endpoint Osnap symbol will appear when you move thecursor to the corner).

Hint: Its smart to wait until an Osnap symbol appears before you click to make aselection. If you work too fast, AutoCad may not select what you expect it to.

Press ENTER to end the LINE command.

Start LINE again. Draw a second line from the Center of the large circle to the southeast cornerof the square. Press ENTER to end the LINE command.

Start LINE. Draw a line from the lower right corner of the inner rectangle to the lower (south)Quadrant of the circle. End LINE.

Start LINE. Draw a line from the same corner to the right (east) quadrant of the circle. EndLINE.

Start LINE. Draw a line from the Midpoint of one side of the diamond to the Midpoint of theopposite side. End LINE.

Start LINE. Draw a similar diagonal line between the Midpoints of the other two sides of thediamond. End LINE.

Choose DRAW: CIRCLE: CENTER, RADIUS. Draw a 0.5 inch radius circle with its center atthe upper (north) Quadrant of the circle.

Choose DRAW: CIRCLE: CENTER, RADIUS. Draw eight circles, each having a 0.1 inchradius. The center of each should where the square and diamond Intersect.



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Hint: Once you have done the first circle, press the ENTER key to quickly restart theCIRCLE: CENTER, RADIUS command to draw the remaining circles.

Draw more lines using the Tangent Osnap setting

Start LINE. Move the cursor over one of the circles. Can you make the Tangent symbol appear?If your experience is like mine, the Tangent Osnap pick will not appear, even though it isturned on.

Press the TAB key when you see any Osnap symbol for the circle. The symbol should change tothe next Osnap pick for the circle. Press TAB as many times as needed until you see theTangent symbol. What does the Tangent symbol look like?

Hints for using OSNAP and SNAP in the future:

Do not have SNAP and OSNAP turned on at the same time.Turn on only the Osnap settings that you really need.Use the TAB key to rotate through the Osnap picks.

Draw a line from the upper left corner of the inner rectangle to a Tangent point on the left side ofthe large circle. What does the Tangent Osnap setting do to help you draw?

Draw more lines using Tangent OsnapDraw a line from a Tangent point on the northeast quarter of the 0.5 inch circle to the same upperleft corner.

Note: You may see the message box saying Deferred Tangent when you draw this line.Thats okay. AutoCad is just telling you that it doesnt quite know where the correcttangent point is at that moment. Pick the second endpoint and AutoCad will then figureout where the line should go.

Your drawing at this point should look similar to Sketch 1.

Sketch 1



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Use OSNAP and grips to change existing geometry. Heres how to do this:

Click on the line that goes from the center of the large circle to the northeast corner of the square.The blue grips should appear. Click on the upper right grip to make it turn red. Use Osnap tomove the endpoint of this line to the northwest corner of the square.

Click on the line that goes from the center of the large circle to the southeast corner of the

square, so the grips appear. Use Osnap to move the upper-right endpoint of this line to thesouthwest corner of the square.

Finish your drawing

Put your name, the lab title (Doodles), the scale (None), and the date in a text block in the middleright of the drawing. Use DRAW: MULTILINE TEXT to do this. Make the font in this textblock ARIAL.

Your finished drawing should now look like Sketch 2.

Sketch 2

Name: Your name

Lab: Doodles

Scale: None

Date: Today's date

Save, print and hand in your drawing

Use a floppy disk, a writeable CD, a ZIP disk, or your storage space on the NICC network. Seethe Coloring book Picture lab for more information if you are not sure how to do this.

CAUTION: You should always save your computer files to at least two places. Iguarantee you will eventually lose or damage a disk during the semester.

Print (plot) your drawing exactly as you did in the Coloring book Picture lab.

Hand in a plot of your finished AutoCad drawing.



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Family TreeRead: Workbook pages 11 through 13.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, multiline text, 10 pts.multiline text editor, layers, snap and grid, leader

Sketch your family tree by hand on a sheet of notebook paper. You will hand this in later!

First, put boxes at the top of your drawing for your grandparents and boxes in the middlefor your parents. Near the bottom of your drawing, draw boxes for yourself, your brothersand sisters, and all spouses. If you have half-siblings, step-parents or -grandparents, oradopted members of your family, you can add them to your family tree.

Optional: Add a fourth row of boxes for the children in your immediate family.

Connect the boxes with straight lines and arrows as needed to show family relationships.Put the correct name in each box.

Bernard

Edward

Weed

Goldie

Gladys

McNees

Teddy

Pepples

Viola

Disbroe

JosephBernard

Weed

VirginiaJoyce

Pepples

DeeAnnaJo Weed

Joseph

Charles

Weed

Randall JayWeed

Charles

Ray Kelly

Cindy

Schultz

LoriPeterson

Name: DeeAnna Weed

Lab: Family TreeScale: None

Date: 01/14/01


Open the Layer Manager (go to FORMAT: LAYERS...). Alternative: Click on the Layerstoolbar button on the Object Properties toolbar. This button looks like a stack of white paper.

Create 3 new layers: one named TEXT, one named BOXES and a third named LINES.

For the BOXES layer, set the line thickness to 1.0 mm and the color to red.

For the LINES layer, change the line thickness to 0.4 mm and the color to blue.

Leave the line thickness and color for the TEXT layer set to the default values. (Youwont be drawing lines on this layer, so you dont need to worry about the line thickness.)

Click OK at the bottom of the Layer Manager window. CAUTION: Do not click theCLOSE WINDOW box at the upper right of the window if you do, youll lose all thechanges youve made.



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Click on the text block youve just created. Small blue boxes appear at each corner of therectangle. These are called grips. Make the text block smaller by dragging on the grips.What happens?

Use the Layer Selection window to make the BOXES layer active. Turn SNAP and GRID on byclicking on the SNAP and GRID buttons at the bottom of the AutoCad display. Dots shouldappear in the AutoCad drawing window.

Draw a rectangle around the name using DRAW: RECTANGLE.

A red rectangle should appear when youre done. If the box is NOT red, you are notdrawing on the BOXES layer or the BOXES layer is not set to RED. You need to fix this!

If the rectangle is not quite the right size, click on it until you see small blue gripsappear. Resize the box by dragging on the grips.

Turn SNAP off and use MODIFY: MOVE to move the text block by eye until it appearscentered inside the box. Turn SNAP back on.

Caution: Dont move the box with SNAP off move the text block instead. If you movethe box with SNAP off, you will have trouble later when you draw the arrows, because

the moved box will not line up with the SNAP spots.

Note: This is one of the FEW times that its OK to do something by eye.

When youre happy with the way this first name and its box looks, use MODIFY: COPY tomake enough copies of the box and text block to create the rough design of your family tree.

Locate your boxes at least 1 inch apart, or you will have trouble later with the arrows.

Be sure to use SNAP to accurately and quickly locate each of these copies dont movethem by eye.

Use MODIFY: MOVE if needed to rearrange the geometry to make an attractive design.

Dont worry that all the text blocks show the same name right now. Youll fix that soon.Look at the copied boxes and text blocks. Figure out if all of these entities are on thecurrently active layer that is, on the BOXES layer. (Hint: Are they all the BOXEScolor?) What happens when you copy things that are created on different layers?

Click on a text block that you need to change. Then choose MODIFY: OBJECT: TEXT: EDIT toopen the MULTILINE TEXT EDITOR. Alternative: Click on the text block you want to change.Click the right-hand mouse button. Point the cursor at MTEXT EDIT and click the left-hand(regular) mouse button to open the MULTILINE TEXT EDITOR.

Change the name as needed. Click OK.

Repeat this process to change the names in the rest of the text blocks.

Make the LINES layer active, and make sure SNAP is on.

Choose DIMENSION: LEADER. Now change the default settings for LEADER to make iteasier for you to use this command to quickly draw plain arrows.

Look at the COMMAND LINE at the bottom of the AutoCad display. It should saySpecify first leader point, or [Settings] :



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Note: The first part of this message tells you what the default choice is (what AutoCadassumes youll probably want to do). The second part of the message gives you otheroptions; in this case, the only option you can choose is settings.

Type the letter of the option you want to choose. In this case, type the letter s forSETTINGS. The LEADER SETTINGS window should appear.

Click the ANNOTATION tab at the top of the window. Look for the section calledANNOTATION TYPE. AutoCad assumes that leaders (arrows) should have anannotation (text message) next to the arrow, but in this lab you dont want to do this. Soclick the radio button circle next to NONE. A black dot should appear in the circle.Click OK.

Now accurately connect the boxes with arrows (AutoCad calls them Leaders) usingDIMENSION: LEADER and SNAP.

All of your arrows should be BLUE. If they are not, you are not drawing on the LINESlayer or the LINES layer is not set to BLUE. You need to fix this!

If an arrow isnt in quite the right place or quite the right length, click on the arrow until

the blue grips appear. Click and drag on the grips as needed to resize the arrow.Hint 1: The first place you click will be where the arrowhead will be located.

Hint 2: Press ENTER as many times as necessary to end an arrow.

Hint 3: If there is no command currently active, you can press ENTER to repeat the lastcommand. Try this to restart the LEADER command to draw a new arrow.

Hint 4: If your leader line is shorter than the arrowhead is long, AutoCad will not displaythe arrowhead. You must make the leader longer to fix this problem. If needed, useMODIFY: MOVE to spread your boxes apart to make room for the longer leaders.

Put your name, the lab title (Family Tree), the scale (No scale), and the date in a text block at the

upper right-hand corner. Use DRAW: MULTILINE TEXT to do this.Your finished AutoCad drawing should be neat and well organized. Boxes should be spacedneatly across the page. Names should be easy to read. Arrowheads should be nicely sized largeenough to be easy to see, but not so big they look awkward. If necessary, change the text size orarrowhead size.

Save your drawing. Plot the drawing using the following settings: extents, landscape, centered onpage, scaled to fit, monochrome plot style.

Hand in a plot of your AutoCad drawing and your hand-drawn sketch.



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TrimmingTRIM is an important but confusing feature in AutoCad. You will become good at using thecommand after a little practice.

To get started, think about what you do when you use a ruler and Exacto knife to accurately cut apiece of paper into two parts:

1. Put a ruler on the paper next to a line along whichyou want to cut.

2. Draw the knife along the boundary line.

3. Throw the part of the paper away that you nolonger want to use.

The TRIM command works about the same way.

Start the TRIM command by choosing MODIFY: TRIM or by clicking on the TRIM tool buttonin the MODIFY toolbar.

Look at the Command line. It should say:

Select cutting edges . . .

Select objects:

Explanation: Choose objects that will be the rulers you will use to control your cuts.AutoCad calls these objects cutting edges when using the Trim command.

Click on the pieces of geometry that you want to use for your cutting edges.

Note: Cutting edges can be lines, arcs, circles or other geometry. You can also choose

more than one cutting edge at a time, if you need to.When you are done picking cutting edges, press ENTER to go to the next step.

I have picked these

lines to be my

straightedges:



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Look at the Command line. It should now say:

Select object to trim orshift-select to extend [Project/Edge/Undo]:

Explanation: You need to choose the objects you want to cut.

Click on an object you want to trim. Keep in mind that the object must have a cutting edge

overlapping it in order for you to be able to trim the object.Be sure to click on the part of the object that you want to throw away, not the part thatyou want to keep.

Dont click right where objects intersect AutoCad might misunderstand and trim anobject you dont want trimmed.

Hint: If you make a mistake, you can fix it without stopping the TRIM command. If youwant to undo the last trim operation, type the letter U and press ENTER.

Click until you have trimmed all the objects you need to trim using the existing cutting edges.

When you are done trimming objects, press ENTER to end the command.

I clicked here on the

line to remove the

middle

I clicked here on the

circle to remove the

eastern part

Extend

The EXTEND command is closely related to the TRIM command. Trim shortens an object to aspecific boundary. Extend lengthens an object to a specific boundary. Try it!

Start the EXTEND command by choosing MODIFY: EXTEND or by clicking on the EXTENDtool button in the MODIFY toolbar.

You can also use the Extend command while in a Trim operation

Hold down the SHIFT key and select one or more objects to extend.



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Object SnapObject snap (OSNAP) is a powerful tool to help you draw accurately. There are two ways to turnon OSNAP settings. You have already learned one way, which is to turn on OSNAP settings inthe DRAFTING SETTINGS window. OSNAP settings turned on this way are called runningsnaps.

The other way is to temporarily turn on an OSNAP setting using the OSNAP toolbar. This iscalled a single-point snap.

Running snaps

Choose TOOLS: DRAFTING SETTINGS.

Alternative: Right-click on the OSNAP button at the bottom of the computer screen, thenchoose SETTINGS from the list that appears.

Click to put a check mark in the boxes next to OSNAP settings you want to turn on. Clickto remove check marks for any OSNAP settings you want to turn off. Click OK.

To use these running snaps, turn on the OSNAP button at the bottom of the computer screen

turned on, then start a command to draw, copy, or move geometry.

As you work, you will see various icons appear whenever you point the cursor at geometry inyour drawing that has the kinds of snap points you have turned on. For instance, a center snapwill appear only for geometry that has centers: circles, arcs, and ellipses. An intersection snapwill appear only where objects cross over each other.

Sometimes more than one running snap is active for a particular piece of geometry. To see allactive OSNAP settings for that geometry, press the TAB key when an OSNAP icon is visible.

For example, suppose you have the CENTER, QUADRANT and TANGENT runningsnaps on. You will probably only see the CENTER snap appear when you point thecursor at a circle. To see the TANGENT and QUADRANT snaps for the circle, press theTAB key several times.

Single-point snaps

You must first have the OBJECT SNAP toolbar displayed to use single-point snaps.

Choose VIEW: TOOLBARS. Click to put an X in the box next to OBJECT SNAP.

Or point the cursor at the gray bars at the end of any visible toolbar. Right click. Click onthe OBJECT SNAP toolbar in the list that appears.

To use a single-point snap, turn on the OSNAP button at the bottom of the computer screenturned on, then start a command to draw, copy, or move geometry.

Click on a button on the OSNAP toolbar. The icon for that OSNAP setting will appear wheneveryou point the cursor at geometry that has that kind of snap point. If you change your mind, justclick another toolbar button to use that OSNAP setting instead.

Note: None of the running snaps will work as long as any single-point snap is active.

After you choose a point using the single-point snap setting, that snap will no longer work. Youmust either click another button on the OSNAP toolbar or use a running snap.



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Object snap settings

Here are the OSNAP buttons you can choose on the OSNAP toolbar. The list describes eachbutton starting with the top (or left-hand) button on the toolbar.

Temporary Track Point (TTP): Creates a temporary snap point that is offset vertically orhorizontally from a reference point. To use TTP, choose a point using a running OSNAP setting.

Click. Move the cursor to show AutoCad which vertical or horizontal direction you want to goaway from the selected point. Type a distance. Press ENTER. The actual endpoint of thegeometry you want to draw will start at this new location. TTP is only found on the OSNAPtoolbar. It is not available in DRAFTING SETTINGS.

Snap From: Creates a temporary snap point that is offset any direction from a reference point.To use Snap From, choose a point using a running OSNAP setting. Click. Type in a relativecoordinate (@X,Y). Press ENTER. The actual endpoint of the geometry you want to draw willstart at this new location. Snap From is only found on the OSNAP toolbar. It is not available inDRAFTING SETTINGS.

Endpoint: Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc or a line.

Midpoint: Snaps to the midpoint (middle) of an arc or a line.

Intersection: Snaps to the intersection of objects, such as arcs, circles, ellipses, elliptical arcs,lines, multilines, polylines, rays, splines, or construction lines (xlines).

Apparent Intersect: Snaps to an apparent intersection: the place where objects, such as arcs,circles, ellipses, elliptical arcs, lines, multilines, polylines, rays, splines, or construction lines(xlines), would intersect if they were lengthened.

Extension: Snaps to the imaginary extension of an arc or line. To use Extension, pause over theendpoint of a line or arc until small plus sign (+) appears. Move the cursor away from theendpoint to show AutoCad which direction you want to go away from the end point you selected.Type in a distance to tell AutoCad how far the extension should go. Press Enter. Your newgeometry will start at that point.

Center: Snaps to the center of an arc, circle, or ellipse.

Quadrant: Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc or a circle. The quadrant points of a circle are the

0, 90, 180, 270 points.

Tangent: Snaps to the tangent of an arc or a circle.

Perpendicular: Creates a line or arc that is perpendicular to an existing arc, circle, ellipse,elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, solid, spline, or construction line. The line or arc willstart at a point you choose and end at the existing geometry. To use Perpendicular, choose apoint at which the new line or arc will start. Choose the existing geometry that the new geometry

will be perpendicular to.

Parallel: Creates a line starting at a specific point that is parallel to an existing line. To useParallel, choose a point at which the new line will start. Move the cursor to the existing line.Wait until a small parallel line symbol appears. Move the cursor parallel to the existing line toshow AutoCad which direction the new line should run. Type in a distance to tell AutoCad howlong the new line should be. Press Enter.



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Object snap settings continued

Insert: Snaps to the insertion point of text, a block, a shape, or an attribute.

Node: Snaps to a point object drawn with any command in the DRAW: POINT menu.

Nearest: Snaps to the nearest point of an arc, a circle, a line, or a point.

None: Turns off Object Snap mode so none of the running snap settings will work. This is thesame as turning off the OSNAP button at the bottom of the computer screen, selecting geometry,then turning the OSNAP button back on.

Object Snap Settings: Sets running object snap modes. This is the same as choosing TOOLS:DRAFTING SETTINGS.



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Construction GeometrySometimes you must draw more geometry than just thegeometry required to describe the objects you want to create.This secondary geometry is called construction geometry. Youwill need to draw construction geometry in many of the lab

exercises you will do from now on.The sketches at right show an object that would be difficult todraw without using construction geometry.

A 1 diameter drilled hole is located on a circular plate 7 indiameter. The center of the hole is 2.5 inches from the center ofthe plate. It is placed 60 counter-clockwise from the centerlineof a slot cut into the edge of the plate.

The first sketch shows the object with its drilled hole and slot but it is impossible to tell from this sketch exactly where thedrilled hole is located. We need more information, so lets add

construction geometry based on the information given above.The second sketch shows the center of the part, the 2.5 radiuscircle and the 60 line. This geometry is imaginary youwould not really see it on the real object, so it is drawn using acenter line type, not a continuous line type. Theconstruction geometry line width is also thin so it does notvisually compete with the object geometry.

The last sketch shows the finished object, its constructiongeometry, and all dimensions needed to completely describethe object. The construction geometry was not deleted after

the drilled hole is drawn. Instead, it was left visible and wasfully dimensioned to help fully describe how the object iscreated.

Not all construction geometry used to draw an object needs toappear on the finished drawing, however. Show only show theconstruction geometry that is needed to adequately andcompletely dimension an object.

Construction geometry serves two purposes:

To accurately construct an object

To fully describe an object on a finished drawing

Some construction geometry is needed only in the drawingprocess and should not be visible in the finished drawing.Other construction geometry serves both purposes and shouldbe left visible and dimensioned in the final drawing.



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DimensioningDefinitions

Dimension text: Value of the dimension. The letter R in front of a dimension means

radius. The symbol in front of a dimension means diameter. The values 2.36,

5.50, 3.00, 2.00, and 1.00 in the drawings below are examples of dimension text.

Dimension arrow: Arrow that extends from the dimension text to an extension line. Thearrows on either side of the 2.36 dimension in the sketches below are dimension arrows.

Extension line: Line that extends from an object to a dimension arrow.

Leader: Arrow that extends from a circle, ellipse or arc to its dimension text. In the drawings

below, the arrow from the large circle to 2.00 is a leader.

Linear dimension: Straight-line measurement of the vertical (north-south) or horizontal (east-west) distance between any two points. The 5.50 dimension below is a linear dimension.

Aligned dimension: Straight-line measurement of the distance between any two points. The2.36 dimension below is an aligned dimension.

Diameter dimension: Distance from one side of a circle to the other side through the center.Diameter dimensions have the symbol in front.

Radius dimension: Distance from the center of a circle or arc to its edge. Radius dimensionshave the letter R in front.

Angular dimension: The angle between the endpoints of an arc, the angle of a segment of acircle, or the angle between two lines. Usually an angular dimension is followed by the

symbol for degrees ().

Dimension commands

Select all dimension commands from the DIMENSION menu at the top of your AutoCaddisplay. If you prefer, you can use the DIMENSION toolbar instead.

Rules of thumb

Do not crowd dimensions too closely together so they become hard to read.

Make dimension text large enough to read easily, but small enough so the object you aredimensioning is not crowded or overwhelmed. See Dimension Style on page 48 to learn how toresize dimension text and the other features of your dimensions.

Do not put a dimension on top of other geometry or other entities. See the examples below:

Bad: Better:



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Rules of thumb, continued

Do not cross dimensions:

Bad: Better:

If possible, place dimensions outside the object:

Bad: Better:

If you must place some dimensions inside the object, keep them to a minimum:

Bad: Better:

Use OSNAP to align dimension text for neatness:

Bad: Better:



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Sketch 1.

Next, draw the arc. Do this in two steps.

Draw an accurate, complete circle using CIRCLE: CENTER, RADIUS. Use OSNAP toselect the intersection of the two lines to be the circles center.

Use MODIFY: BREAK to change the circle into an arc similar to the one shown in thedrawing below. Be sure to turn off OSNAP before using BREAK. You may have to trythe BREAK command several times before you get the hang of using it correctly.

Hint: You can easily fix any problems made by using BREAK. Choose EDIT: UNDO orclick the UNDO button (looks like a curving arrow pointing to the left) on the Standardtoolbar. Do this as many times as needed. Check out the REDO command as well.

Sketch 2.



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Make the OBJECT layer active: Click on the down triangle to the right of the Layer Selectionwindow. Use your mouse to select the OBJECT layer. Click once. The OBJECT layer is nowactive, which means that everything you now draw will be on the OBJECT layer.

Drawing the Yoke on the OBJECT layer. Use OSNAP and DRAW: CIRCLE: CENTER,DIAMETER and DRAW: CIRCLE: TAN, TAN, RADIUS to draw a total of nine (yes, 9!)circles. Finish the Yoke by using MODIFY: TRIM to change three of the circles into arcs.

All dimensions you will need to draw the Yoke are shown in Sketch 2.

Make the TEXT layer active: Click on the down triangle to the right of the Layer Selectionwindow. Use your mouse to select the TEXT layer. Click once.

Use DIMENSION: DIAMETER and DIMENSION: RADIUS to create all dimensions shown inSketch 3. These dimensions should all be on the TEXT layer.

Only the construction geometry shown below should be in your finished drawing. If you haveother construction geometry, put it on a separate layer and freeze or turn off that layer.

Put your name, the lab title (Yoke), the scale (1 inch = 1 inch), and the date in a text block at theupper right-hand corner.

Your finished drawing should look similar to Sketch 3.

Save your drawing. Plot the drawing using the following settings: extents, landscape, centered onpage, 1:1 scale, monochrome plot style.

Hand in a copy of your finished drawing.

Sketch 3.



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DoohickeyRead: Workbook pages 23 through 30.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, layers, dimensioning, 10 pts.object snap, break, accurate plot scaling


Create three new layers: OBJECT, CONSTR, and TEXT.

For the OBJECT layer, set the line thickness to 0.6 mm and the color to red. Leave theline type set to DEFAULT, which is a continuous (solid) line.

For the CONSTR layer, change the line type to CENTER2 and the color to blue. Leavethe line thickness set to DEFAULT.

Dont change the line thickness, line type and color for the TEXT layer. (You wont bedrawing lines on this layer, so you dont need to worry about the line thickness or linetype.) Click OK.

Draw the object shown in Sketch 1 using the techniques discussed in Chapter 3 of the text. Yourconstruction geometry should be on the CONSTR layer. Your object geometry should be on theOBJECT layer. All text and dimensions should be on the TEXT layer.


Sketch 1.


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First, draw the construction geometry on the CONSTR layer, then draw the small circles on theOBJECT layer at the intersections of the construction geometry (Sketch 2).

Sketch 2

Draw tangent circles and a tangent line to define the outer boundary of the object (Sketch 3).Yes, I agree: the radius of the biggest circle is not explicitly given on the drawing. There isenough information provided for you to figure it out!

Sketch 3



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TRIM the circles into arcs. Use MODIFY: OFFSET to make a copy of the arcs and line insidethe outer boundary (Sketch 4). Create the fillets between the R1.25 circles and the offset arcs.Fillet between the inner line on the lefthand side of the part and the R1.25 circles. Trim the threeR1.25 circles as needed to finish the object.

Sketch 4

Create dimensions on the TEXT layer as shown on Sketch 1.

Do not create the note Fillet (6 total in this object).

The note at the lower left of the sketch is a MULTILINE TEXT block.

Each 0.75 dimension is perpendicular (90) to the pair of arcs or pair of lines the

dimension relates to. You will need to create accurate construction geometry to help youcreate these dimensions. Do not create these dimensions by eye.

Note 1: A radius line is any line drawn from the center of an arc long enough so ittouches or crosses over the arc. A radius line is, by defninition, perpendicular to the arc.

Note 2: If you create a line segment that is parallel to a line by using COPY or OFFSET,

the line segment is parallel to the line. If you rotate that line segment by exactly 90, the

rotated line segment is perpendicular to the line.

Only the construction geometry shown on Sketch 1 should be in your finished drawing. If you

have other construction geometry, create a new layer, put the extra construction geometry on thenew layer, then freeze or turn off the layer so the geometry on that layer is not visible.

Put your name, the lab title (Doohickey), the scale (1 inch = 2 inch), and the date in a text blockat the upper right-hand corner.

Save your drawing. Plot the drawing using the following settings: extents, landscape, centered onpage, 1:2 scale, monochrome plot style. Hand in a copy of your finished drawing.



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Finishing Schedule, Extra CreditRead: Workbook pages 23 through 30.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, snap and Extra credit 10 pts.grid, multiline text, move, donut. Optional:array, multiple copy, stretch


Make sure the MODEL tab at the bottom of the AutoCad display is selected do not work with aLAYOUT tab selected. Turn on GRID. Leave SNAP off for now.

Create the text in four and onlyfour! text blocks

Theres a reason why I suggest that youdo the text first you will end up doing alot more work if you draw the lines first.Trust me Ive done it both ways!

Use Arial, Country Blueprint, Garamond,or Times New Roman font. The fontshown here is Country Blueprint.

Type the vertical column of text (Entry,etc.) in one text block. Press the ENTERkey after each room name.

Type the horizontal column of text (Vinyl,etc.) in another. Press the ENTER keyafter each word. Experiment to find outhow you rotate the text.

Type the title in a third text block. Typethe headings under the title in the fourthtext block. Press the space bar on yourkeyboard to put about 6 spaces betweeneach heading. Dont worry about the exactnumber of spaces right now.

Format the vertical column (Entry)

Click on the text block to select it. Right click to display a shortcut menu. Choose MTEXTEDIT. When the text editor appears, use the cursor to select the entire column of text. Change thesize of the text bigger or smaller or change the line spacing from Single to 1.5 or Double. Your

goal is to make each line of text fit within the 0.5 inch grid that is displayed on your screen. Youwill have to experiment to see what works best.

Format the horizontal column (Vinyl)

Make the text size and other formatting for the horizontal column (Vinyl, etc.) exactly the sameas for the vertical column.

Move the text blocks around to form the basic shape of the table

Use MODIFY: MOVE to adjust the location of the vertical and horizontal text blocks. Your goal



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is to locate each word in the space between lines of GRID dots. When you move these textblocks, SNAP should be off and GRID should be on.

Alternative to using MODIFY:MOVE: Click on a text block. Right-click to display ashort-cut menu. Click on MOVE.

Locate the column headings in the space between GRID dots immediately above the words in thehorizontal text block. Locate the title in the space above the column headings.

Create the table

Turn SNAP on now. Draw the lines of the table. If needed, accurately lengthen or shorten linesusing the grips and SNAP. Use SNAP and the grips to move lines as needed.

Optional: Try MODIFY: ARRAY to draw some of the lines in the table.

Optional: If you need to make a group of lines longer or shorter, you can use MODIFY:STRETCH to resize all the lines at one time.

Click on the text block of column headings to select it. Right click to display a shortcut menu.Choose MTEXT EDIT. Add spaces as needed between words in this text block so each word is

centered in its box.Make the dots

Use DRAW: DONUT and SNAP to make the dots.

To make it easy to put the donuts in the middle of each box, set the SNAP X SPACING andSNAP Y SPACING to half the length of the box sides. (Example: If each box is 0.5 inch tall and0.5 inch wide, change both SNAP SPACING values to 0.25 inch.)

To make dots, set the interior diameter of the donut to 0 (zero). You choose the outer diameter ofthe dots.

Finish the drawing

Your finished table should be attractive, easy to read, and accurately drawn. I will take points offif words are not centered from side to side and top to bottom in their boxes or if the lines of thetable are not drawn accurately.

Put your name, the lab title (Finishing Schedule), the scale (None), and the date in a text block atthe upper right-hand corner of your drawing.

Save your drawing. Plot the drawing using the following settings: extents, landscape, centered onpage, scaled to fit, monochrome plot style.

Hand in a plot of your finished AutoCad drawing.



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Adjustment Plate, Extra CreditRead: Workbook pages 23 through 30.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, layers, Extra credit 10 pts.dimensioning, object snap, accurate plotscaling


Create 3 new layers: one named TEXT, one named CONSTR and a third named OBJECT.

For the OBJECT layer, set the line thickness to 0.6 mm and the color to red. Leave theline type set to CONTINUOUS, which is a solid line.


Leave the line thickness, line type, and color for the TEXT layer set to the default values.(You wont be drawing lines on this layer, so you dont need to worry about the linethickness or line type.)

Draw the object shown below using the techniques discussed in Chapter 3 of the textbook. Yourconstruction geometry should be on the CONSTR layer and your object geometry should be onthe OBJECT layer.

Hint 1: There are NO straight lines in this drawing. Where one curve stops, another starts.

Hint 2: The word typical means there is at least one other place in this drawing wherethis dimension is used, but the dimension has not been shown. Typical is oftenabbreviated to TYP on a drawing.

Hint 3: The common center point of the R3.25, R4.75, and R6.00 dimensions is not at theend of a curve. It is 3 inches directly above the 1.5 diameter circle.

Create all dimensions as shown on the drawing above. The dimensions should be on the TEXTlayer. Make these exceptions:



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Do not add the word typical.

Do not show the extra line from the R3.25, R4.75, and R6.00 dimensions to theircommon center point.

Do not show the X at the center point of the R3.25, R4.75, and R6.00 dimensions.

Only the construction geometry shown in the drawing above should be in your finished drawing.

If you have other construction geometry, put it on a separate layer and freeze or turn off thatlayer.

Put your name, the lab title (Adjustment Plate), the scale (1 inch = 2 inch), and the date in a textblock at the upper right-hand corner.

Save your drawing. Plot the drawing using the following settings: extents, landscape, centered onpage, 1:2 scale, monochrome plot style. Hand in a copy of your finished drawing.



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Scaling a Regular DrawingScaling is the process of resizing measurements so the drawing of an object will fit on a sheetof paper. People who draft (draw) by hand must usually scale a real-life object well beforethey put pencil to paper. For instance, a house 50 feet long may be drawn only 5 inches long.

In AutoCad, the paper you draw on is infinitely huge, so always draw objects full size. Dont

worry about scale until you get ready to plot (print) a drawing. The scale you chose for plottingwill depend on the size of paper used for plotting and the kind of plot that should be made.

Scaled-to-fit drawings

If you want to make a quick plot of a drawing or if you have a drawing whose size on the page isnot important, use SCALED TO FIT for your plot scale. This selection tells AutoCad to calculatethe scale that will plot the objects youve drawn as large as possible on the page. Finishedengineering and technical drawings are seldom plotted using scaled to fit.

Accurately scaled drawings

Many drawings are plotted using a specific standard scale, however. Examples of standard scalesare 1 inch = 10 inches or 1 inch = 5 feet. If a drawing is scaled using a standard scale, the scale

should be given somewhere on the finished drawing. A person can then measure a drawing witha ruler and quickly translate the ruler measurements into accurate real world dimensions.

The DeeAnna approved scales you should use for plotting drawings in this class are listedbelow. If you see Architectural only after a scale, use it ONLY when your dimensions are inArchitectural units of feet and inches. The other scales are for use with all other unit formats.

DeeAnna approved plot scales

Scales used for very small objects:

Scale for objects drawn full size:

Scales used for very large objects:

1 = 0.01 (100 = 1)1 = 0.1 (10 = 1)1 = 0.125 (8 = 1)1 = 0.25 (4 = 1)1 = 0.5 (2 = 1)

1 = 11 = 21 = 31 = 41 = 81 = 101 = 12 (1 = 1, architectural units only)1 = 201 = 24 (1 = 2, architectural units only)1 = 301 = 401 = 48 (1 = 4, architectural units only)1 = 50

1 = 601 = 72 (1 = 6, architectural units only)1 = 801 = 96 (1 = 8, architectural units only)1 = 1001 = 120 (1 = 10, architectural units only)1 = 2001 = 240 (1 = 20, architectural units only)



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What do these scales mean? Here are some examples to help you understand:

An object just a little smaller than the page its plotted on usually will be drawn full scale.The drawing shows the object full size.

Example: Scale: 1 = 1 means 1 inch on the drawing is equal to 1 inch on thereal object.

If the object is larger than the page its drawn on, the drawing of the object must be

smaller than the real-life object.

Example: Scale: 1 = 10 means 1 drawing inch is equal to 10 real inches.

If the object is much smaller than the page its drawn on, the drawing of the object maybe larger than the real-life object.

Example: Scale: 1 = 0.25 means 1 drawing inch is equal to 0.25 real inches.

Note: A scale of 4 = 1 means the same thing as a scale of 1 = 0.25, buttraditionally the first number is usually a 1.

Some objects, such as house plans, are drawn and dimensioned using architectural units.For these drawings the drawing scale should be stated in mixed units of feet and inchesrather than in inches and inches as in the previous examples.

For example, Scale: 1 = 48 was the scale factor chosen when setting up a plot ofan architectural drawing. On the drawing, however, this scale was stated as Scale:1 = 4 rather than 1 = 48.

Both ways of stating the scale mean the same thing, but the mixed way is easierfor architects, home owners, and trades people to understand, since they measurerooms and buildings in feet and inches, not just inches.

AutoCad does not understand mixed units, so you must always enter the scaleusing the same units for the first and second numbers when scaling drawings.

Finding a standard scale

Obviously, there are many standard scales to choose from. The best choice for a particulardrawing is the scale that allows your drawing to be plotted as large as possible on the page, yetstill be accurate. Since this scale is likely to be close to the scaled to fit value calculated byAutoCad, you can use this quick method to find the best standard scale for your drawing:

When you are ready to plot your finished drawing, choose FILE: PAGE SETUP or FILE:PLOT... and select the PLOT SETTINGS tab.

Choose the correct plot area. This should be EXTENTS if you want to plot all the objectsyou have drawn. If you want to plot only part of the objects you have drawn, you shouldchoose WINDOW and select the region you want to be plotted.

Choose SCALED TO FIT for the PLOT SCALE. Check the numbers showing in theCUSTOM windows. This is the scale that AutoCad will use for a scaled-to-fit plot. The

first number is typically a 1, and the second number will (usually) be a decimalnumber, such as 0.147 or 50.436.

Round the second number up to the next larger value that corresponds to a scale in the listofDeeAnna approved plot scales on page 41. Type that number in the second box.

Make all other changes needed to the PLOT SETTINGS and PLOT DEVICE tabs. ClickOK or PLOT.



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Line type ScaleYou can change the size of the dashes and dots in a line type such as HIDDEN or CENTER, sothe line type is scaled appropriately for your drawing. A lines type with dashes and dots that aretoo coarse or too fine can be distracting or can even appear as a solid line.

There is no formal rule for scaling linotypes. You must use your own judgment and the

preferences of your employer.

To change the line type scale, choose FORMAT: LINETYPE. Click on SHOW DETAILS. In thesection that appears at the bottom of the screen, you should see:

Global Scale Factor: The scale factor that is applied to all line types. If you make this numberbigger, your line types will become coarser. If you make the number smaller, the line types willbecome finer. This change will apply to all line types used in your drawing.

Rule of thumb: Try at first a global scale that corresponds to the scale of your drawing.For instance, if your drawing is scaled 1 inch = 60 inches, try 60 for the line type scale. Ifyour drawing is scaled 2 inches = 1 inch (or 1 inch = 0.5 inch), type 0.5 for the line typescale.

Current Object Scale: Sets line type scale for all future work you do in your drawing. If youchange only the current object scale, the scale for geometry that has already been created will notchange. The scale for all new geometry will change. It will be equal to the global scalemultiplied by the current object scale.

Example: The Global Scale is 10. You change the Current Object Scale from 1 to 2. Allfuture objects will be drawn using an overall line type scale of 10 times 2 = 20.

Rule of thumb: Leave the Current Object Scale set to 1 unless you have a Very GoodReason to change it!

Use Paper Space Units for Scaling: If the box is checked, the line types of objects created

in paper space and in model space are scaled identically. If the box is not checked, you can setone line type scale factor for objects in paper space and another line type scale factor for objectsin model space. The default is for this feature to be on (have a checkmark in the box).

Rule of thumb: Remove the checkmark for most drawings. That way, you can set theGlobal Scale Factor once when you first begin working in Model Space and will not haveto worry about the line type scale later when you create a finished layout drawing.

Put a check in this box only when working with a layout drawing that has multipleviewports with different scale factors and all line types must be drawn to exactly thesame scale in the finished layout.

The best approach for most drawings

Uncheck USE PAPER SPACE UNITS FOR SCALING.

Leave the CURRENT OBJECT SCALE set to 1.

Change the GLOBAL SCALE FACTOR so it is similar to the scale of your drawing. Usea big scale factor for large objects; small scale factor for little objects.



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Mini Airplane PartRead: Workbook pages 23 through 30and pages 39 through 43.

Assignment: Use basic drawing commands, fillet, mirror, offset, copy 10 pts.scaled line types, layers, object snap, accurate plot scaling


Open the Layer Manager (go to FORMAT: LAYERS...). Alternative: Click on the Layerstoolbar button on the Object Properties toolbar. This button looks like a stack of white paper.

Create 3 new layers: OBJECT, CONSTR, and TEXT.

For the OBJECT layer, set the line thickness to 0.6 mm and the color to red. Leave theline type set to DEFAULT, which is a continuous (solid) line.


Dont change the line thickness, line type or color for the TEXT layer.

Click OK at the bottom of the Layer Manager window.

Note: You will not see the different thicknesses of the lines on your display at this time.The different line thicknesses only show in a plot preview or a plot of the drawing.

Change the default text style by going to FORMAT: TEXT STYLE

intro cad workbook

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