intrebarea lui stephen hawking

7/28/2019 Intrebarea Lui Stephen Hawking

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Intrebarea lui STEPHEN HOWKING:

- Cum poate rasa umana sa supravietueasca in urmatorii o suta de ani ?

Eu nu stiu raspunsul. Iata de ce eu mi-am pus intrebarea, pentru ca oameni sa se

gandeasca la aceasta si pentru a fi constienti de noile pericolele pe careacum le infruntam. Inaintea anului 1940 amenintarea principala la

supravietuirea noastra putea sa vina de la ciocnirea cu un asteroid.

Astfel de ciocniri au cauzat extinctiile in masa din trecut, una dintre ultimele a

avut loc acum 70 de milione de ani in urma, astfel ca probabilitatea prin care

noi vom avea nevoie de serviciile de Bruce Willis in urmatorii o suta de

ani, este foarte mica. Un pericol mult mai apropiat, este razboiul nuclear.

America si Rusia, detin fiecare mai multi vectori decat este suficient

pentru a ucide pe oricine de pe Pamant, de cateva ori, si acesta

este acum adevarat si pentru China. Lumea este primejdios de aproape de

anihilarea nucleara, existand mult mai mult decat o ocazie in ultimii 50

ani. Odata cu sfarsitul Razboiului Rece, amenintarea a devenit mai putinacuta, dar nu a disparut de tot. Exista un stoc de arme nucleare, suficient

de mare ca sa ne ucida pe toti si poate fi folosit accidental de o Tara

care poate sa apese butonul rosu, convinsa ca a fost vorba de un atac.

Exista acum un nou potential pericol in tarile mici si instabile, prin

obtinerea de arme nucleare. Astfel, rachetele nucleare cu raza mica pot

cauza milioane de morti, dar ele nu ameninta supravietuirea intregii rase

umane, cu exceptia ca ele sa fie scanteia unui conflict intre marile

puteril.

Aceste pericole, ca ciocnirea cu un asteroid si razboiul nuclear, pot fi acum

asociate cu o multime de alte amenintari la supravietuirea noastra.

Schimbarea climei se petrece intr-un ritm progresiv, nemaiintalnit vreodata.

In timp ce noi speram sa o stabilizam si poate sa o inversam, reducand

emisiile de CO2, pericolul este ca daca clima se schimba prea mult, va

atinge punctul in care ridicarea temperaturii devine autointretinuta.

Topirea ghetii din Arctica si Antarctica reduce cantitatea de energie solara

care este reflectata in spatiu si astfel temperatura creste si mai mult.

Cresterea de temperatura duce la eliberarea unei mari cantitatiile de CO2,

care se va stoca in ocean, care va spori si mai mult efectul de sera. Sa

speram ca nu vom sfarsi si noi ca Venus, planeta noastra sora, cu o

temperatura de 250 grade Centigrade, si ploii de acid sulfuric.

Exista si alte pericole, ca de exemplu eliberarea accidentala sau

intentionata unor noi virusi produsi prin inginerie genetica. De fiecare

data, cu cat sporim puterile noastre tehnologice, adaugam noi cai si

posibilitatii ca lucrurile sa mearga in mod gresit si dezastruos. Rasa

umana se infrunta tot mai mult cu un viitor periculos. Exista o gluma

bolnava, care spune ca motivul pentru care noi nu suntem vizitati de

extraterestrii este ca atunci cand o civilizatie ajunge la stadiul sau de

dezvoltare, ea devine instabila, si se distruge pe ea insasi.

De fapt, eu cred sa exista alte motive de ce noi nu am vazut extraterestrii,

dar povestirea arata cat de periculoasa este situatia. Pe termen lung,

supravietuirea rasei umane va fi mai sigura daca ne raspandim in spatiu si

dupa aceea pe alte stele. Acesta nu se va intampla insa pentru cel putin o

suta de ani, asa ca trebuie sa fim foarte atenti. Probabil, noi trebuie sasperam la acea inginerie genetica care ne va face mai intelepti si mai putin

agresivi. -----------------------------------------------------------

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF MINE

Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the deathof Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during

the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. Whenhe was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of

London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to UniversityCollege, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics,although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was notavailable at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years andnot very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in NaturalScience.

Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama,

although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. Aftergaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial

Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and TheoreticalPhysics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend HenryLucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was firstheld by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1669 by Isaac Newton.

Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. WithRoger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied

space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in blackholes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with

Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was thatblack holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation andeventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe hasno edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way theuniverse began was completely determined by the laws of science.

His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R

Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has three popular bookspublished; his best seller A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universesand Other Essays and most recently in 2001, The Universe in a Nutshell. Thereare .pdf and .ps versions of his full publication list.

Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982,and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of manyawards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member ofthe US National Academy of Sciences.

Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and onegrandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensiveprogramme of travel and public lectures.

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http://www.hawking.org.uk/info/pub.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/info/pub.html


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Public Lectures

Professor Hawking has given many lectures to the general public. Many of these

past lectures have been released in his 1993 book, 'Black Holes and BabyUniverses, and other essays'. Here are some of the more recent public lectures.

Included with these lectures is a Glossary of some of the terms used.

Physics Colloquiums

These lectures assume a level of Physics which is of at least University Degree

level.

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Professor Hawking has given many lectures to the general public. Many of thesepast lectures have been released in his 1993 book, 'Black Holes and BabyUniverses, and other essays'. Below are some of the more recent public lectures.Included with these lectures is a Glossary of some of the terms used.

To view the pdf files you will need to download the free Adobe Acrobat Reader.

To view the postscript files (.ps) you will need Ghostscript and Ghostview.

If you have any problems with Ghostview, please refer to the Ghostview website.

We now have the lectures available in formats suitable for Palm Pilots (see

bottom of page). You will need to download the free Microsoft Readeror Palm

Readersoftware to view these files.

The Beginning of Time

"In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, andwhether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universehas not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago.This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it isnow taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an

end."

This lecture is available inpdf format.

The Nature of Space and Time

Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose gave a series of 3 lectures each at the IsaacNewton Institute in Cambridge. The full series is available in a book of the samename. Here we have compiled Stephen's contribution to the series, as well as thefinal debate .

This is available for download as pdf format or 4 postscript files or (penrose1.ps

penrose2.pspenrose3.pspenrose4.ps).

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http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/public.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/physics.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.htmlhttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/AFPL/get650.htmhttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/index.htmlhttp://www.microsoft.com/reader/downloads/pc.asphttp://www.palmdigitalmedia.com/product/reader/browse/freehttp://www.palmdigitalmedia.com/product/reader/browse/freehttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/bot.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/bot.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/time.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose1.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose2.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose3.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose4.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/public.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/physics.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.htmlhttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/AFPL/get650.htmhttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/index.htmlhttp://www.microsoft.com/reader/downloads/pc.asphttp://www.palmdigitalmedia.com/product/reader/browse/freehttp://www.palmdigitalmedia.com/product/reader/browse/freehttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/bot.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/bot.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/time.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose1.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose2.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose3.pshttp://www.hawking.org.uk/ps/penrose4.ps


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Space and Time Warps

"In science fiction, space and time warps are a commonplace. They are used forrapid journeys around the galaxy, or for travel through time. But today's science

fiction, is often tomorrow's science fact. So what are the chances for space andtime war ps."


Does God Play Dice

"This lecture is about whether we can predict the future, or whether it is arbitraryand random. In ancient times, the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary.Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen withoutwarning or apparen t reason. Primitive people attributed such naturalphenomena, to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capriciousand whimsical way. There was no way to predict what they would do, and the

only hope was to win favour by gifts or actions." ;


Life in the Universe

"In this talk, I would like to speculate a little, on the development of life in the

universe, and in particular, the development of intelligent life. I shall take this toinclude the human race, even though much of its behaviour through out history,has been pretty stupid, and not calculated to aid the survival of the species."


You can download these lectures in a format suitable for Palm Pilots:

Lectures (Microsoft Reader)

Lectures (Palm Reader)

physics colloquiums

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http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/warps.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/warp.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/dice.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/dice.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/life.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/life.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/palm/SWHLectures.lithttp://www.hawking.org.uk/palm/SWHLectures.pdbhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/physics.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/warps.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/warp.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/dice.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/dice.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/life.htmlhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/life.pdfhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/palm/SWHLectures.lithttp://www.hawking.org.uk/palm/SWHLectures.pdbhttp://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/physics.html

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