intracrine metabolism of testicular androgens by castration-recurrent prostate cancer – are there...
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Intracrine Metabolism of Testicular Androgens by Castration-Recurrent
Prostate Cancer – Are There Opportunities for Novel Treatments?
James L. Mohler, MDAssociate Director and Senior Vice President for Translational Research
Chair, Department of UrologyProfessor of Oncology
Roswell Park Cancer InstituteProfessor, Department of Urology
University at Buffalo, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York
• Chemotherapy Simplified
• Docetaxel 1st line regimen• No best second line regimen
• Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®)
• Asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic
• ECOG 0-1
2010 NCCN Guidelines Update
Castration-Recurrent CaP
New Theories for Prostate Cancer (CaP) Recurrence
• Androgen Receptor (AR) responds to castration with molecular and biochemical alterations that cause hypersensitivity to low levels of ligand
• CaP responds to castration by synthesizing DHT from weaker androgens and/or cholesterol
AR Hypersensitized• AR 10,000 times more sensitive in
androgen-independent than androgen-sensitive CaP cell lines
• AR coactivators change from SRC-1 to TIF-2 in cell lines, xenografts, and clinical specimens
• AR phosphorylated by SRC or Ack1 tyrosine kinases
Gregory CW, et al. Cancer Res. 2001;61(7):2892-2898.Agoulnik IU, et al. Cancer Res. 2006;66(21):10594-10602.Guo Z, et al. Cancer Cell. 2006;10(4):309-319.Mahajan NP, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(20):8438-8443.
LNCaP cells (2 X 106 cells/injection) stably expressing caAck or vector control were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of castrated nude mice.
Activated Ack1 Promotes Androgen-Independent Growth of LNCaP Xenografts
Mahajan NP, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(20):8438-8443.
New Theories for CaP Recurrence
• AR responds to castration with molecular and biochemical alterations that cause hypersensitivity to low levels of ligand
• CaP responds to castration by synthesizing DHT from weaker androgens and/or cholesterol
Tissue Androgen Levels using RIA in Benign Prostate (n = 32; gray)
vsCastration-Recurrent CaP (n = 23;
white)
Mohler JL, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(2):440-448.
LC-MS/MS of DHT and T in Benign Prostate Tissue
DHTMW 291
TMW 289
Titus MA, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 ;11(13):4653-4657.
Benign Prostate (n = 18) Castration-Recurrent CaP (n = 18)
T (nM) DHT (nM) ADT T (nM) DHT (nM)
3.4 23.6 LHRH+flu 1.6 0.0 0 14.5 orch 3.7 0.0 1.2 16.8 orch+flu 13.6 4.9 1.8 11.3 LHRH 1.2 4.6 2.5 12 LHRH+flu 1.7 0.0 2.9 20.5 orch 3.8 7.8 13.0 17.1 LHRH 5.4 3.9 1.2 13.2 orch 8.6 6.7 2.9 9.8 1° hypogonad 9.8 2.8 1.4 14.3 flu 11.4 1.2 1.6 11.2 orch 1.1 0.0
2.0 6.5 orch 2.5 0.4 2.7 10.7 LHRHDES 7.2 1.3 2.8 13.7 Lupron 0.0 0.0 2.8 13.7 orch 1.6 0.7 3.2 20.3 orch 6.7 5.2 3.3 38.3 DESorch 9.1 1.5 3.9 12.4 fluDES 1.1 0.0
Mass Spec 2.8 13.7 3.8 1.3 RIA 3.2 8.1 2.8 1.5
Titus MA, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 ;11(13):4653-4657.
Testicular Androgen Levels in Castration-Recurrent CaP
Mass Spec RIA Titus 2005 Mohler 2004
T DHT T DHT AS-BP (n=18) 2.75 13.7 AS-BP (n=30) 3.26 8.13 CR-CaP (n=18) 3.75 1.25 CR-CaP (n=15) 2.78 1.45
Montgomery 2008 Geller 1979 T DHT T DHT AS-BP (n=6) 0.04 1.92 AS-BP (n=17) - 17.6 AS-CaP (n=4) 0.23 2.75 CaP orch ± DES (n=9) - 4.47 CR-Met CaP (n=8) 0.74 0.25 CaP DES 1 mg (n=6) - 12.4
Labrie 1989 T DHT human CaP (n=?) - 18.6 orch (n=5, 2-12m) - 9.29
orch+fl (n=4, 2m) - ND Titus MA, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(13):4653-4657.
Montgomery RB, et al. Cancer Res. 2008;68(11):4447-4454.Mohler JL, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(2):440-448.Geller J, et al. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1979;33:103-111.Labrie F, et al. Br J Urol. 1989;63(6):634-638.
Intracrine Metabolism of Testicular Androgens
• DHT from weak adrenal androgens
• DHT from cholesterol
Increased Levels of Enzymes that Make Testosterone
Stanbrough M, et al. Cancer Res. 2006;66(5):2815-2825.
Intracrine Metabolism of Testicular Androgens
• DHT from weak adrenal androgens
• DHT from cholesterol
Testicular Androgen Production from Cholesterol
• LuCap xenografts and clinical specimens show up-regulation of key enzymes required for metabolism of progesterone to adrenal androgens and then testosterone (Montgomery, Cancer Res, 2008)
• LNCaP cells up-regulate enzymes required for cholesterol influx, synthesis, and metabolism to produce DHT by “back door” metabolism (Leon, Prostate, 2010)
Montgomery RB, et al. Cancer Res. 2008;68(11):4447-4454.Leon CG, et al. Prostate. 2010;70(4):390-400.
Testicular Androgen Production from Cholesterol
• 14C-cholesterol appears as 14C-DHT in LNCaP cells thru up-regulation of StAR, the rate-limiting enzyme in steroid synthesis (Locke, Prostate, 2010)
• DHT synthesis persists in spite of CYP17A1 (ketoconazole) and 5α-reductase-2 (finasteride) inhibition in A-I LNCaP cells and C-R LNCaP xenografts (Locke, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2009)
Locke JA, et al. Prostate. 2010;70(3):239-251.Locke JA, et al. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009;115(3-5):126-136.
New Treatment Paradigm for Castration-Recurrent CaP
• Prevent synthesis of tissue androgens• Enhance degradation of tissue androgens• Inactivate or destroy AR• Destroy prostate vasculature• Prevent ligand-independent AR activation
Origin of Tissue DHT in Castration-Recurrent CaP
Barriers to UnderstandingAndrogen Metabolism
Mohler JL, Wilson EW, unpublished.
Adrenal androgen pathway
Cholesterol pathway
Backdoor pathway
Modified from Locke JA, et al. Cancer Res. 2008; 68(15):6407-6415.
Pathways to DHT Synthesis
Intact pathway
A. AbirateroneB. TAK-700C. VN124-1D. MDV3100 E. All of the above
What exciting new drugs are in clinical trials that:1) block the metabolism of adrenal androgens
into testicular androgens, or 2) block the affect of testicular androgens (better
anti-androgen)?
A. AbirateroneB. TAK-700C. VN124-1D. MDV3100 E. All of the above
What exciting new drugs are in clinical trials that:1) block the metabolism of adrenal androgens
into testicular androgens, or 2) block the affect of testicular androgens (better
anti-androgen)?
CYP21 Inhibition• Abiraterone
– Attard, J Clin Oncol, 2008– Cougar/Johnson & Johnson
• TAK-700– Millenium/Takeda
• VN124-1– Handratta, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2004– Vasaitis, Mol Cancer Ther, 2008– Tokai Pharmaceuticals
Attard G, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(28):4563-4571.Handratta VD, et al. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;92(3):155-165.Vasaitis T, et al. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7(8):2348-2357.
Phase II Study of Dutasteride in Prostate Cancer Recurrent During
Androgen Deprivation Therapy• 25 evaluable men with asymptomatic castration-recurrent
CaP (mean age 70, PSA 62, GS 8, and 15 M1b)• Safety
– Grade 3 or higher adverse events using NCI criteria in 8 men– All judged unrelated to treatment
• Responses– 14 progressed– 9 stable (3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 9, 9 mo)– 2 partial response [PSA decline > 50%] (5, 11 mo)
Shah SK, et al. J Urol. 2009;181(2):621-626.
Gene NCBI Blast search revealed a gene located
at 4q12 spanning3.1 kb with possible AP-1 sites
Protein Widely distributed protein (318 aa) with
homology to Type 1 (20%) and Type 2 (25%) isozymes
5α-Reductase Type 3
5α-Reductase Type 3
AS-CaPAS-BP CR-CaP
qRT-PCR
IHC
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
AS-CaP 0.71 ± 0.55 0.047 ± 0.032
0.69 ± 0.36
CR-CaP 0.26 ± 0.11 0.003 ± 0.006
0.56 ± 0.15
5α-reductase activity shifts from Type 2 in AS-BP →Type 1 in AS-CaP → Type 3 in CR-CaP
Godoy A, Mohler JL, unpublished.
5α-Reductase Type 3NOT inhibited by finasteride or dutasteride
Metabolism of T to DHT (pmol/mg/min)
0
250
500
750
1000
Control 5 nM Dutasteride
CWR22 CWR22R
Titus MA, Mohler JL, unpublished.
5-reductase-3 immunostaining in androgen-stimulated benign prostate (AS-BP), androgen-stimulated high grade intraepithelial
neoplasia (AS-HGPIN), androgen-stimulated CaP (AS-CaP), and
castration-recurrent CaP (CR-CaP) tissue sections
Godoy A, Mohler JL, unpublished.
New Treatment Paradigm for Castration-Recurrent
CaP• Prevent synthesis of tissue androgens• Enhance degradation of tissue androgens• Inactivate or destroy AR• Destroy prostate vasculature• Prevent ligand-independent AR activation
Inactivate AR Using Antiandrogens• Old and relatively ineffective
– Flutamide– Bicalutamide– Nilutamide
• New and perhaps more effective– Small molecule AR antagonist (MDV3100)
• Tran, Science, 2009• Medivation, Inc.
– AR-specific histone deacetylase inhibitors• Vorinostat, panobinostat, romidepsin• ie, Welsbie, Cancer Res, 2009
Tran C, et al. Science. 2009;324(5928):787-790.Welsbie DS, et al. Cancer Res. 2009;69(3):958-966.
∆TR LTR∆U3LTR∆U3
pTK511
LacZ LTR∆U3LTR∆U3
pTK478
∆TR LTR∆U3LTR∆U3
pTK511
∆TR LTR∆U3LTR∆U3 ∆TR LTR∆U3 LTR∆U3LTR∆U3 LTR∆U3
pTK511
LacZ LTR∆U3LTR∆U3
pTK478
LacZ LTR∆U3LTR∆U3 LacZ LTR∆U3 LTR∆U3LTR∆U3 LTR∆U3
pTK478
Lentiviral vectors containing Delta TR (AR dominant negative) or LacZ (control)
“Destroy” AR using AR Dominant
Negatives or si/shRNA
Kafri, Wilson, UNC, Titus, Mohler, RPCI
Median Tumor Volume(to 1st Death)
Kafri, Wilson, UNC, Titus, Mohler, RPCI
Survival
Delta TR + T LacZ + T0
20
40
60
80
100
Day
s
(P = 0.033)
Kafri, Wilson, UNC, Titus, Mohler, RPCI
New Treatment Paradigm for Castration-Recurrent
CaP• Prevent synthesis of tissue androgens• Enhance degradation of tissue androgens• Inactivate or destroy AR• Destroy prostate vasculature• Prevent ligand-independent AR activation
Prostate Endothelial Cells Express Androgen Receptor
Organ-Specific in Clinical Specimens
AS-Benign AS-CaP Kidney
DHT Translocates AR to Nucleus in Primary Cultures of Human ProstateEndothelial Cells
- DHT
+ DHT
AR / vWF
Godoy A, et al. Endocrinology. 2008;149(6):2959-2969.
Human Prostate Endothelial Cellsare Androgen Responsive
Endothelial Apoptosis Peaks on Day 2 after Castration in Human Prostate Xenografts
Control Castration (d2)
CD
34
MVD
Godoy A, et al. Endocrinology. 2008;149(6):2959-2969.
Endothelial Cell AR is Functional andTargetable in vivo
Fluorescent PlateletsAdhere to DamagedEndothelium
Ad-ARE-MMTV
Adenoviral Vectors Administered i.v. Confirm Endothelial Cell Uptake and AR Function
Castration (d2)
Control
CD
34
Godoy A, et al. Endocrinology. 2008;149(6):2959-2969.
ImmunoAnalysisO. Harris Ford, III, MSSwaroop Singh, PhDDiana Mehedint, MDAntony Jeyaraj, PhDDesok Kim, PhD Andrew B. Smitherman, MD
MutationsSheila GreeneOlga Kozyreva, PhDYousef Sharief, PhD
Androgen ReceptorFrank S. French, PhDElizabeth Wilson, PhDPeter Petrusz, PhDSusan J. Maygarden, MDMichael J. Schell, PhD Christopher W. Gregory, PhD
NIEHSKenneth Tomer, PhDFred LihPat StocktonJulie F. FoleyGordon Flake, MD
SupportNCINIADODGSK
Roswell ParkGary J. Smith, PhDAlejandro Godoy, PhDViviana Montecinos, PhD Michael Moser, PhDGregory Wilding, PhDShaozeng Zhang, MD, PhD
Androgen Metabolism Mark Titus, PhDElzbieta Kawinski, PhDCarol WrzosekYun Li
Gene TherapyTal Kafri, MD, PhDBrian Ziethamel