intra-european cooperation - european...

Intra-European Cooperation

of the ERA Countries

compared to

InternationalCollaboration

Research and Innovation

EUR 26117 EN

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDirectorate-General for Research and InnovationDirectorate C — Research and InnovationUnit C.6 — Economic analysis and indicators

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Contact: Carmen Marcus, Matthieu Delescluse and Pierre Vigier (Head of unit)

European CommissionB-1049 Brussels

EUR 26117 EN

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation2013

Intra-European Cooperation Compared to

International Collaboration of the ERA Countries

Authors of the study

David Campbell, Guillaume Roberge, Stephanie Haustein and Éric Archambault Science Metrix Inc, Canada

This report is part of the study Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators carried out by Science Metrix-Canada under the coordination and guidance of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Directorate Research and Innovation, Economic analysis and indicators Unit.

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Analytical Report 2.3.6 Final Report

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Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. iii Tables................................................................................................................................................... vii Figures ................................................................................................................................................... x Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. xi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Collaboration Patterns of ERA Countries and Comparables ...................................................... 3

2.1 Country Level ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Scopus ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 FP7 Thematic Priorities ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Health .................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries.................................................................................................... 12 2.1.5 Biotechnology .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.6 Information and Communication Technologies ....................................................................... 17 2.1.7 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies .......................................................................................... 19 2.1.8 Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) ..................................................................................... 21 2.1.9 New Production Technologies ..................................................................................................... 24 2.1.10 Construction and Construction Technologies ........................................................................... 26 2.1.11 Energy ............................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.12 Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences) .................................................. 30 2.1.13 Aeronautics/Space .......................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.14 Automobiles ..................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1.15 Other Transport Technologies ..................................................................................................... 36 2.1.16 Socio-Economic Science ................................................................................................................ 38 2.1.17 Humanities ........................................................................................................................................ 41 2.1.18 Security .............................................................................................................................................. 43

2.2 Integration of European Countries within and outside the ERA .............................................................. 45 2.2.1 Comparative Analysis of the International Collaboration Rates of European

Countries within and outside the ERA ....................................................................................... 47 2.2.2 Comparative Analysis of the Integration Level of European Countries within and

outside the ERA .............................................................................................................................. 50 3 Analysis of the Effect of Collaboration on the Scientific Impact of ERA Countries and

Comparables .............................................................................................................................. 60 3.1 Country Level ...................................................................................................................................................... 61

3.1.1 Scopus ............................................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.2 FP7 Thematic Priorities ................................................................................................................. 64 3.1.3 Health ................................................................................................................................................ 65 3.1.4 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries.................................................................................................... 68 3.1.5 Biotechnology .................................................................................................................................. 70 3.1.6 Information and Communication Technologies ....................................................................... 72 3.1.7 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies .......................................................................................... 74 3.1.8 Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) ..................................................................................... 76 3.1.9 New Production Technologies ..................................................................................................... 78 3.1.10 Construction and Construction Technologies ........................................................................... 80 3.1.11 Energy ............................................................................................................................................... 82 3.1.12 Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences) .................................................. 84 3.1.13 Aeronautics/Space .......................................................................................................................... 86 3.1.14 Automobiles ..................................................................................................................................... 88 3.1.15 Other Transport Technologies ..................................................................................................... 90 3.1.16 Socio-Economic Sciences .............................................................................................................. 92 3.1.17 Humanities ........................................................................................................................................ 94 3.1.18 Security .............................................................................................................................................. 96

3.2 EU27 Level (Aggregated) .................................................................................................................................. 98 4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 101

4.1 Collaboration Patterns of ERA Countries and Comparables ................................................................... 101 4.1.1 Country Level ................................................................................................................................. 101 4.1.2 Integration of European Countries within and outside the ERA ........................................ 103

4.2 Analysis of the Effect of Collaboration on the Scientific Impact of ERA Countries and


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Table of Contents Comparables ...................................................................................................................................................... 106 4.2.1 Country Level ................................................................................................................................. 106 4.2.2 EU27 Level (Aggregated)............................................................................................................. 107

5 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 109 5.1 Bibliometric Indicators..................................................................................................................................... 109 5.2 Collaboration networks .................................................................................................................................... 112 5.3 Methods for Matching Scientific Subfields to FP7 Thematic Priorities .................................................. 113 5.4 Limitations of bibliometrics in the social sciences and humanities ......................................................... 116

Appendix A—Collaboration Maps ...................................................................................................... 117 Appendix B—Matrices of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries............................ 135


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Executive Summary

Background

Science-Metrix has been selected as the provider of bibliometric indicators for the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Research & Innovation (DG Research), starting in September 2010 and extending to September 2014. This work involves the collection, analysis and updating of bibliometric data that will be integrated into the European Commission’s evidence-based monitoring of progress towards the objectives set forth in the Lisbon Framework and the post-Lisbon Strategy for the European Research Area (ERA). The bibliometric component of this monitoring system is part of a package of six complementary studies reporting on the dynamics of research activities along the whole route of knowledge, from R&D investments to publications, patents and licensing.

The analyses provided by Science-Metrix to the European Commission focus on the scientific performance—including impact and collaboration patterns—of countries, regions and research performers (such as universities, public research institutes and companies), with an emphasis on Europe. It also provides a deeper analysis of the linkages between R&D inputs and outputs from an econometric perspective aiming to expand the knowledge base on the factors driving the scientific productivity (i.e., the efficiency with which research inputs are converted into research outputs) of nations.

The statistics produced by Science-Metrix are based on a series of indicators designed to take into account national and sector specificities, as well as allow for a comprehensive analysis of the evolution, interconnectivity, performance and impact of national research and innovation systems in Europe. They also provide an overall view on Europe’s strengths and weaknesses in knowledge production across fields and subfields of science. In measuring progress towards past and current objectives, this information supports the coherent development of research policies for the ERA.

The present report

Within the FP7, a strong emphasis has been placed on sponsoring collaborative research within Europe (and beyond) as a way to increase Europe’s competitiveness within the global knowledge based economy. In particular, the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 are foreseen to foster the achievement of complex research challenges requiring pan-European efforts, to improve research excellence in Europe, as well as to reduce the fragmentation of the European research landscape, thereby contributing to the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA)—an open space for knowledge and growth.

To support the monitoring of collaborative research and its effect under FP7, the current report first provides in depth analyses of the collaboration patterns of European countries (i.e., those included within the ERA; Israel is also covered), as well as of a selected set of international comparables within and outside of the ERA (Section 2.1). It also investigates whether the integration of European countries has progressed since the start of FP7 both within and outside of the ERA as well as attempts to determine whether the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 appear to have triggered an increased integration of European countries by comparing the magnitude of changes both within and outside of the ERA (Section 2.2).

Subsequently, the report characterises the effect of scientific partnerships on scientific excellence by comparing the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications for European countries and a selected set of international comparables (Section 3.1). It then provides insights


iv

into whether the intensification of cross border cooperation within Europe promoted under the FP7 can be expected to increase the excellence of European research by comparing the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications at the aggregate level for EU27 countries. This analysis also sheds light on which types of partnerships are likely to be most beneficial to scientific excellence (Section 3.2).

The report ends with a brief conclusion (Section 4) and a methods section for reference (Section 5). Below are the key findings by section of the report.

Collaboration Patterns of ERA Countries and Comparables (Section 2.1)

This section summarises key findings regarding the collaboration patterns of ERA countries, as well as a selected set of international comparables in the sciences in general.

EU27 countries as well as EFTA countries tend to collaborate more frequently internationally compared to the non-ERA countries (e.g., US, Russia, Brazil and Asian countries) selected for this study in the sciences in general, as well as in many of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities.

In fact, EU27 and EFTA countries generally have lower fractions of exclusively domestic collaborations (i.e., single country co-publications) than these comparables.

It might be hypothesised that smaller countries (e.g., Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Iceland) often have smaller single country co-publication rates due to the scarcity of collaboration opportunities at the national level and, as a result, of the need to tap into foreign expertise not available on a national scale. This hypothesis appears consistent with the observation that these countries often have larger international co-publication rates. In other words, larger countries, given their internal capabilities to perform research, would not need to rely on the expertise of foreign partners as heavily as smaller ones; they would tend to be self-sufficient.

Based on the collaboration index, which is a measure of the propensity of a country to collaborate internationally by adjusting for differences in country size, EU27 countries generally appear to collaborate more internationally than expected, with the exception of most Eastern European countries (i.e., Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic and Estonia), as well as Greece, for which international co-publications were not as important as expected.

EU candidate countries, Asian countries, Brazil and Russia had less international co-publications than expected.

The vast majority of EU27 countries exhibited higher co-publication rates exclusively within the EU27 compared to collaborations with exclusively non-EU27 countries in the sciences in general, as well as in most FP7 thematic priorities.

In fact, very few EU27 countries, namely the UK, France, Germany and Sweden, presented a recurring preference towards collaborating with countries exclusively outside of the EU27.

For most countries, the proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only is similar to the proportion of co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 countries, with the exceptions of the UK, Sweden, France and Germany, which present a notably higher proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only.

Among EU candidate states, only Croatia presented a collaboration rate exclusively with EU27 countries that was above the collaboration rate with, exclusively, non-EU27 countries.

Turkey, on the other hand, rarely collaborated with EU27 countries. The opposite situation was detected for EFTA countries, all of which had high collaboration

rates exclusively with EU27 countries. The collaboration rates of Asian countries with EU27 member states only was quite small

compared to their collaboration rates with non-EU27 countries only (two to ten times less, depending on the country).

In terms of growth, whereas the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author publications and single country co-publications declined for most countries, international co-publications are on the rise almost everywhere; in fact, research is becoming more and more


v

integrated at the international level, in the sciences in general as well as in FP7 thematic priorities.

In some thematic priorities, specific countries departed from the general patterns described above (refer to Section 4 for a summary of these cases).

Integration of European Countries within and outside the ERA (Section 2.2)

To investigate whether the integration of European countries (i.e., those included in the ERA) progressed since the start of the FP7 (i.e., 2007) within and outside of the ERA, as well as to assess whether the cooperation actions implemented under the FP7 appear to have triggered an increased integration of European countries, five indicators measuring various aspects of international cooperation in research were computed for the FP7 (i.e., 2008–2011) and preceding (i.e., 2004–2007) periods in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities. The main findings are as follows:

The signal indicative of a significant increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA was repeatedly observed (i.e., for more than half of the indicators) in the following areas: Environment (including Climate Change), Total FP7 thematic priorities, Scopus, Health, Biotechnology, New Production Technologies, Humanities, ICT, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) and Other Transport Technologies.

Outside of the ERA, the areas are as follows (those in italic are not among the common ones within the ERA): ICT, Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), New Production Technologies, Environment (including Climate Change), total FP7 thematic priorities, Scopus, Health and Humanities.

In general, the results show that the set of areas in which an increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA was observed matches that observed outside of the ERA.

Of all thematic priorities, only in Environment was there a significant increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA for all five indicators. Additionally, the magnitude of increase in the integration of European countries was significantly greater within the ERA than outside of it for the highest number of indicators in this thematic priority. Given the conservative nature of this analysis, this finding points to an effect other than one simply resulting from increased globalisation in scientific research (i.e., one possibly resulting from FP7 actions or those of its predecessors).

In the other thematic priorities, the magnitude of the increase within the ERA is not significantly more pronounced than the increase outside of the ERA as might have been expected given the emphasis put on cross-border partnerships within Europe under the FP7, as well as the European policies promoting it. However, given the conservative nature of this analysis (see Conclusion, Section 4), this finding should not be interpreted to mean that the FP7 has not had an effect on reinforcing the level of integration of countries within the European community in these areas; instead, it should be considered a failure of the analysis to demonstrate such an effect.

Furthermore, it should be noted that the data analysed here do not take account of all of the mechanisms implemented by the European Commission to integrate European countries towards the realisation of the ERA. Also, it should be noted that the FP7 does not only promote collaborative research within Europe, but also outside of it. These results are discussed further in the Conclusion (Section 4).

Analysis of the Effect of Collaboration on the Scientific Impact of ERA Countries and Comparables—Country Level (Section 3.1) Based on the total number of publications per country, the impact scores were highest for a

recurring list of countries among those analysed in most thematic priorities, namely Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland and Israel.

Overall, EU27 as well as EFTA countries generally perform strongly irrespective of the area, scoring above the world level in impact.


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Exceptions to this include most Eastern European countries, which were generally less cited than other EU27 countries.

The same applies to Asian countries and EU candidate states. The above patterns in the ranking of countries relative to one another were similar,

irrespective of the type of publications/co-publications. For most countries, the scientific impact was highest when their publications were the result

of international cooperation compared to no or exclusively domestic collaborations. Not surprisingly, the countries listed above as having a higher overall scientific impact based on all publications are also among those countries with the highest international collaboration rates.

In comparing the impact of international co-publications involving a given country and foreign partner(s) from EU27 countries only with those involving a given country and foreign partner(s) from non-EU27 countries only, greater variability exists across countries and research areas; some of them performed better when cooperating outside of the EU27, whereas other performed best when cooperating within the EU27.

Although leading countries were generally the same irrespective of the thematic priority, other countries emerged in specific research areas, highlighting some of their particular strengths (refer to Section 4 for a summary of these cases).

Analysis of the Effect of Collaboration on the Scientific Impact of ERA Countries and Comparables— EU27 Level (Aggregated, Section 3.2) The results for the EU27 as a whole (i.e., when countries are aggregated) indicate that

international co-publications have more impact than domestic co-publications and that the latter have more impact than single author publications irrespective of the thematic priority, although there were a few exceptions (see below).

Single author publications in New Production Technologies, Aeronautics/Space and Other Transport Technologies present a higher than usual scientific impact.

The scientific impact of domestic co-publications was higher in Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, Materials (excluding Nanosciences), Construction and Construction Technologies, Energy, Aeronautics/Space, Other Transport Technologies, Humanities, and Security.

To some extent, the higher citation scores of single author publications and domestic co-publications in these areas may be explained by their peculiarities, such as the geographic reach of the specific challenges addressed by European research in these areas. Indeed, local problems often result in social and political priorities that influence the orientation of national research efforts. For example, agricultural challenges faced by nations are often very specific to a given geographical region (e.g., endemic diseases).

The impact of international co-publications is consistently well above the world level, whereas that of domestic only co-publications is generally near (i.e., slightly above or below) the world level and that of single author publications is systematically below the world level.

Thus, the chances of a publication being cited appear to increase as the number of countries (and likely authors) on that publication increases.

Based on an analysis of various types of international collaboration, the results suggest that the excellence of European research will likely benefit from an intensification of transnational cooperation within Europe, even if it is restricted to this zone, but that the most beneficial types of international collaboration are those that involve partners beyond European borders and as many partners as possible.

The various mechanisms behind the increased scientific impact of papers resulting from partnerships are discussed in Section 4.


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Tables Table I Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Scopus

(2000–2011) ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Table II Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in all FP7

thematic priorities (2000–2011) ................................................................................................................... 9 Table III Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Health

(2000–2011) ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Table IV Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Food,

Agriculture and Fisheries (2000–2011) ..................................................................................................... 14 Table V Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in

Biotechnology (2000–2011) ........................................................................................................................ 16 Table VI Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Information

and Communication Technologies (2000–2011) .................................................................................... 19 Table VII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Nanosciences

and Nanotechnologies (2000–2011) ......................................................................................................... 21 Table VIII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Materials

(excluding Nanotechnologies; 2000–2011) .............................................................................................. 23 Table IX Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in New

Production Technologies (2000–2011) ..................................................................................................... 25 Table X Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Construction

and Construction Technologies (2000–2011) ......................................................................................... 27 Table XI Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Energy

(2000–2011) ................................................................................................................................................... 29 Table XII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Environment

(including Climate Change & Earth Sciences; 2000–2011) ................................................................... 31 Table XIII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Aeronautics

(or Space; 2000–2011) ................................................................................................................................. 33 Table XIV Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Automobiles

(2000–2011) ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Table XV Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Other

Transport Technologies (2000–2011) ....................................................................................................... 37 Table XVI Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Socio-

Economic Sciences (2000–2011) ............................................................................................................... 39 Table XVII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Humanities

(2000–2011) ................................................................................................................................................... 42 Table XVIII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Security

(2000–2011) ................................................................................................................................................... 45 Table XIX Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the international

collaboration rate of ERA countries within and outside the ERA, by FP7 thematic priority ........ 48 Table XX Average international collaboration rate of ERA countries within and outside the ERA, by

FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ................................................................................. 49 Table XXI Assessment of the level of integration of the ERA based on an analysis of changes in

countries' eigenvector centrality (EC) within the ERA network between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011, by FP7 thematic priority ........................................................................................................ 51

Table XXII Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the average number of collaborating countries within and outside the ERA per paper for ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority .............................................................................................................................. 53

Table XXIII Average across ERA countries of the average number of collaborating countries within and outside the ERA per paper, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ......................... 54

Table XXIV Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the average number of foreign co-authors within and outside the ERA per paper for ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority ................................................................................................................................... 55


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Tables Table XXV Average across ERA countries of the average number of foreign co-authors within and

outside the ERA per paper, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ......................... 56 Table XXVI Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the average

collaboration affinity of ERA countries with ERA and non-ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority ............................................................................................................................................................ 58

Table XXVII Average collaboration affinity of ERA countries with ERA and non-ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ......................................................................................... 59

Table XXVIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Scopus (2000–2008) ..................................................................................................................................... 62

Table XXIX Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in FP7 Thematic Priorities (2000–2008) ....................................................................................................... 65

Table XXX Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Health (2000–2008) ...................................................................................................................................... 67

Table XXXI Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2000–2008) ......................................................................................... 69

Table XXXII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Biotechnology (2000–2008) ........................................................................................................................ 71

Table XXXIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Information and Communication Technologies (2000–2008) ............................................................. 73

Table XXXIV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (2000–2008) ................................................................................ 75

Table XXXV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) (2000–2008) ........................................................................... 77

Table XXXVI Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in New Production Technologies (2000–2008) ........................................................................................... 79

Table XXXVII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Construction and Construction Technologies (2000–2008) ................................................................. 81

Table XXXVIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Energy (2000–2008) ..................................................................................................................................... 83

Table XXXIX Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences) (2000–2008) ........................................ 85

Table XL Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Aeronautics (or Space; 2000–2008) ........................................................................................................... 87

Table XLI Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Automobiles (2000–2008) ........................................................................................................................... 89

Table XLII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Other Transport Technologies (2000–2008) ........................................................................................... 91

Table XLIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Socio-Economic Science (2000–2008) ..................................................................................................... 93

Table XLIV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Humanities (2000–2008) ............................................................................................................................. 95

Table XLV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Security (2000–2008) .................................................................................................................................... 97

Table XLVI Scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications at aggregate level for EU27 countries, by FP7 thematic priority (2000–2008) ........................................................................ 99

Table XLVII The matching scheme between FP7 priorities and the S&T classification ...................................... 115 Table XLVIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Scopus (2004–

2007 vs. 2008–2011) .................................................................................................................................. 135 Table XLIX Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in FP7 Thematic

Priorities (grouped; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) .................................................................................... 136


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Tables Table L Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Health (2004–

2007 vs. 2008–2011)................................................................................................................................... 137 Table LI Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Food, Agriculture

and Fisheries (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ............................................................................................. 138 Table LII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Biotechnology

(2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ...................................................................................................................... 139 Table LIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Information and

Communication Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ............................................................... 140 Table LIV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Nanosciences

and Nanotechnologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ............................................................................. 141 Table LV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Materials

(excluding Nanotechnologies; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ................................................................. 142 Table LVI Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in New Production

Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ............................................................................................. 143 Table LVII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Construction and

Construction Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) .................................................................... 144 Table LVIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Energy (2004–

2007 vs. 2008–2011) .................................................................................................................................. 145 Table LIX Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Environment

(including Climate Change & Earth Sciences; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ...................................... 146 Table LX Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Aeronautics (or

Space; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ........................................................................................................... 147 Table LXI Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Automobiles

(2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ...................................................................................................................... 148 Table LXII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Other Transport

Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ............................................................................................. 149 Table LXIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Socio-Economic

Sciences (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ...................................................................................................... 150 Table LXIV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Humanities

(2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011) ...................................................................................................................... 151 Table LXV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Security (2004–

2007 vs. 2008–2011) .................................................................................................................................. 152


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Figures Figure 1 Collaboration network of ERA countries overall in Scopus, 2004–2007 ............................................... 117 Figure 2 Collaboration network of ERA countries overall in Scopus, 2008–2011 ............................................... 117 Figure 3 Collaboration network of ERA countries in FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped), 2004–2007 ........... 118 Figure 4 Collaboration network of ERA countries in FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped), 2008–2011 ........... 118 Figure 5 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Health, 2004–2007 ............................................................. 119 Figure 6 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Health, 2008–2011 ............................................................. 119 Figure 7 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 2004–2006 ................ 120 Figure 8 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 2008–2011 ................ 120 Figure 9 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Biotechnology, 2004–2007 ............................................... 121 Figure 10 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Biotechnology, 2008–2011 ............................................... 121 Figure 11 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Information and Communication Technologies,

2004–2007 .......................................................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 12 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Information and Communication Technologies,

2008–2011 .......................................................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 13 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, 2004–2007 ....... 123 Figure 14 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, 2008–2011 ....... 123 Figure 15 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), 2004–2007 .. 124 Figure 16 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), 2008–2011 .. 124 Figure 17 Collaboration network of ERA countries in New Production Technologies, 2004–2007 .................. 125 Figure 18 Collaboration network of ERA countries in New Production Technologies, 2008–2011 .................. 125 Figure 19 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Construction and Construction Technologies,

2004–2007 .......................................................................................................................................................... 126 Figure 20 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Construction and Construction Technologies,

2008–2011 .......................................................................................................................................................... 126 Figure 21 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Energy, 2004–2007 ............................................................ 127 Figure 22 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Energy, 2008–2011 ............................................................ 127 Figure 23 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth

Sciences), 2004–2007 ........................................................................................................................................ 128 Figure 24 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth

Sciences), 2008–2011 ........................................................................................................................................ 128 Figure 25 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Aeronautics (or Space), 2004–2007 ................................ 129 Figure 26 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Aeronautics (or Space), 2008–2011 ................................ 129 Figure 27 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Automobiles, 2004–2007 .................................................. 130 Figure 28 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Automobiles, 2008–2011 .................................................. 130 Figure 29 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Other Transport Technologies, 2004–2007 .................. 131 Figure 30 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Other Transport Technologies, 2008–2011 .................. 131 Figure 31 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Socio-Economic Sciences, 2004–2007 ........................... 132 Figure 32 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Socio-Economic Sciences, 2008–2011 ........................... 132 Figure 33 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Humanities, 2004–2007 .................................................... 133 Figure 34 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Humanities, 2008–2011 .................................................... 133 Figure 35 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Security, 2004–2007 ........................................................... 134 Figure 36 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Security, 2008–2011 ........................................................... 134


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Acronyms

CI

DG Research

Collaboration Index

Research Directorate-General

EFTA European Free Trade Association

ERA European Research Area

ERACP

EU

Co-Publications with EU27, EFTA or candidate countries

European Union

EU27 The 27 member countries of the European Union

EU27CP

FP7

Co-Publications with EU27 member states

Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development (2007 to 2013)

FULL Full Counting

ICP

NUTS2

International Co-Publications

Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (Level 2)

R&D Research and Development

RFP Request for Proposal

RPO Non-university Research Performing Organisations

RTD Research and Technological Development

S&T Science and Technology

SAP

SCCP

SSH

Single Author Publications

Single Country Co-Publications

Social Sciences and Humanities

STC Science, Technology and Competitiveness

STI Science, Technology and Innovation


1

1 INTRODUCTION

This report is part of a suite of six bibliometric reports aimed to support the European Commission’s evidence-based monitoring of progress towards the objectives set forth in the Lisbon framework and the post-Lisbon Strategy for the European Research Area (ERA), in particular the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7). The suite of reports provides a descriptive analysis of the scientific performance and collaboration patterns of countries, NUTS2 regions, universities, Research Performing Organisations (RPOs) and companies, with an emphasis on Europe.1 It also provides a deeper analysis of the linkages between R&D inputs and outputs from an econometric perspective aiming to expand the knowledge base on the factors driving the scientific productivity (i.e., the efficiency with which research inputs are converted into research outputs) of nations.2

For the FP7, which runs for a period of seven years from 2007 to 2013, emphasis is being placed on promoting collaborative research within Europe (and beyond) as a way to increase Europe’s competitiveness within the global knowledge-based economy.3 For instance, by fostering the sharing of complementary national strengths across European countries, the FP7 is expected to reduce redundancy within Europe. This is expected to contribute to Europe’s competitiveness, in the same way that the specialisation of labour is a recognised mechanism for increasing labour productivity. In particular, a strong focus is being placed on creating European added-value by sponsoring research projects whose participants are located in different European countries, as well as by offering fellowships that encourage the mobility of skilled workers across national borders. Altogether, these actions are envisioned to foster the achievement of complex research challenges requiring pan-European efforts, to improve research excellence in Europe and reduce the fragmentation of the European research landscape, thereby contributing to the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA)—an open space for knowledge and growth.4

1 Delivered output at this time: Campbell, D., Lefebvre, C., Picard-Aitken, M., Côté, G., Ventimiglia, A., Roberge, G., and Archambault, É. (2013). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles (Analytical Report 2.3.1). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 192 pages.

Labrosse, I., Ventimiglia, A., Campbell, D., Haustein, S., and Archambault, É. (2013). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Scientific Output and Collaboration of European Universities (Analytical Report 2.3.3). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 145 pages.

Roberge, G., Campbell, D., H. Beauchesne, O., Ventimiglia, A., Picard-Aitken, M., Haustein, S., and Archambault, É. (2013). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Scientific Output and Collaboration of European RPOs (Analytical Report 2.3.4). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 115 pages.

2 Delivered outputs at this time: Campbell, D., Caruso, J., and Archambault, É. (2012). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Cross-Cutting Analysis of Scientific Output vs. Other STI Indicators (Analytical Report 2.3.2). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 67 pages.

Campbell, D., Caruso, J., and Archambault, É. (2012). Cross-Cutting Analysis of Scientific Output versus Other STI Indicators. Conference Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators (STI), 5-8 September2012, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

3 For a brief introduction to FP7 see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/what-is_en.html, accessed January 13, 2013.

4 For reference see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.htm, accessed January 13, 2013.


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To support the monitoring of collaborative research and its effect under FP7, the current report provides in-depth analyses of the collaboration patterns of European countries (i.e., those included within the ERA; Israel is also covered) as well as of a selected set of international comparables both within and outside of the ERA (Section 2). For instance, Section 2.1 provides a detailed description of the collaboration patterns of these countries in the sciences in general (Scopus overall), in FP7 thematic priorities (aggregated) and in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities for the 2000–2011 period. Subsequently, Section 2.2 investigates whether the integration of European countries has progressed since the start of FP7 both within and outside of the ERA. It also attempts to determine whether the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 appear to have triggered an increased integration of European countries by comparing the magnitude of changes both within and outside of the ERA. Although an increase in integration that is stronger within the ERA than outside of the ERA could not be directly attributable to the FP7, it would indicate that increasing collaboration within the ERA is not simply the result of increased integration due to overall globalisation in scientific research.

In order to assess the effect of scientific partnerships on scientific excellence, Section 3.1 presents the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications for each European country, as well as for each of the selected international comparables in the sciences in general (Scopus overall), in FP7 thematic priorities (aggregated) and in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities for the 2000–2008 period (the scientific impact of documents published after 2008 was not computed due to incomplete citation windows; see Section 5 for more details). Finally, Section 3.2 provides insight into whether the intensification of cross-border cooperation within Europe that was promoted under FP7 can be expected to increase the excellence of European research by comparing the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications at the aggregate level for EU27 countries. This analysis also identifies the types of partnerships that are likely to be most beneficial to scientific excellence.

Section 4 concludes the report and Section 5 provides a comprehensive overview of the methods used in this study. Note that aside from those presented in this report and its companion Excel data book, additional data and maps were produced as part of the project; the goal of the present report is to synthesize the information of relevance to the Commission’s officials in performing their duty (presenting all of the collected information may have overwhelmed the reader).


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2 COLLABORATION PATTERNS OF ERA COUNTRIES AND COMPARABLES

The following indicators were used in characterising the collaboration patterns of European countries (i.e., the 35 countries of the ERA, including Israel) and a selected set of international comparables (i.e., Brazil, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russia and the United States) over the 2000–2011 period:

Pubs (FULL): The total number of publications. CI: The collaboration index is a scale-adjusted measure of the propensity of a country to co-

publish its papers with international partners. It is calculated by taking the ratio of a country’s observed number of international co-publications over its expected number of international co-publications given the size of its scientific output. When the CI is above one, a country collaborates more with international partners than expected given the size of its production. When it is below one, the opposite is true.

SAP: The total number of single author publications per country. SCCP: The total number of domestic only (i.e., single country) co-publications. ICP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and at

least one author from another country. ERACP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one author in the

given country and at least one author from the EU27, EFTA or candidate countries (although Israel is part of the ERA, it is not included here).

EU27CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and one or more EU27 only authors.

Non-EU27CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and one or more non-EU27 only authors.

EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country, at least one author from an EU27 country and at least one author from a non-EU27 country.

Full counting was used in computing the number of publications and co-publications (see Section 5 for more details on these indicators). The SAP, SCCP, ICP, ERACP, EU27CP, Non-EU27CP, and EU27 & Non-EU27 CP were analysed as collaboration rates (i.e., expressed as percentages of Pubs [FULL]). For all indicators, growth was measured in terms of the percentage of increase or decrease in the collaboration rate between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 by simply taking the ratio of the average of rates in the latest period over the average in the former period to obtain growth indices (GI); the percentage of increase/decrease is obtained by substracting one from the GI and multiplying by 100.

In Section 2.1, these indicators are presented for each of the 42 countries (i.e., 35 ERA countries, plus 7 international comparables) in the sciences in general (Scopus overall), in FP7 thematic priorities (grouped) and in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities. Note that countries with less than 30 papers over the period considered in a given thematic priority were not presented. In Section 2.2, collaboration data for the 35 European countries are analysed with a view to assessing whether their integration has increased since the start of FP7 both within and outside of the ERA.


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2.1 COUNTRY LEVEL

2.1.1 Scopus

Collaboration patterns vary greatly among the 42 selected countries in the sciences in general as well as within the EU (i.e., in Scopus, Table I). For instance, the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author publications range from a low of 6.8% (Portugal) to a high of 19.9% (Malta) in the EU27. Malta’s level is about the same as that observed for the US (16.1%) and Russia (17.2%). Interestingly, all of the selected Asian countries as well as Brazil present scores on par with or lower than that of Portugal, indicating that they are less likely to produce publications that are authored by only one researcher. Overall, single author publications are becoming less important over time, with only a few countries presenting positive growth for this indicator (see the GIs of Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Macedonia and Turkey).

Single country co-publications (SCCP) are highly important for Asian countries and Brazil, all of which present rates at about 70% or higher. In comparison, Spain has the highest SCCP rate among EU27 members with a score of 55.4%. This is to be expected considering the low single author publication (SAP) and international co-publication (ICP, see below) rates of these countries; indeed, these three indicators (SAP, SCCP and ICP) add up to 100% of a country’s publications (after the exclusion of publications for which the co-publication category could not be determined), and a strong score for one of these indicators must be offset by the remaining indicators. Generally, it can be observed that smaller countries exhibit lower SCCP rates, likely as a result of less diversified expertise and opportunities for collaboration at the national level (Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Iceland, etc.), whereas larger countries tend to have higher SCCP rates given that they are less reliant on external resources.

The propensity of EU27 members to collaborate with international partners, as measured using the collaboration index (CI), ranges from 0.70 (Lithuania) to 1.37 (Belgium). Western European countries from what could be called the ‘traditional’ Europe (i.e., Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK) tend to have more international co-publications than expected, whereas Eastern European countries, many from the ex-USSR or under its influence (i.e., Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Romania, Poland and the Czech Republic), tend to collaborate less than expected at the international level. However, these countries still exhibit higher CIs than the selected Asian comparables (China, India, Japan and Republic of Korea), which occupy most of the last positions for this indicator, ahead only of candidate countries like Croatia (0.59) and Turkey (0.43). By contrast, all of the EFTA countries have more international co-publications than expected, with Switzerland ranking 1st among the 42 selected countries with a CI of 1.55.

In terms of growth for the CI, Liechtenstein is the only country with a notable increase with a GI of 1.15, whereas many countries did in fact see their CI decrease by important margins, with the largest decreases observed for Latvia (0.70), Lithuania (0.82), Malta (0.84), Romania (0.67) and Macedonia (0.79). The CIs are highly correlated with the international collaboration rates of countries because of the nature of both indicators (both measure international co-publications); for instance, Poland has the smallest international collaboration rate (28.9%) and one of the smallest CI (0.80) among EU27 members, whereas many countries with high collaboration rates also exhibit high international collaboration rates. Again, Asian countries rank at the bottom according to the international collaboration rate, with the exception of the Republic of Korea


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which, while still presenting a low rate of 24.6%, performs similarly to the US (24.2%), Brazil (24.3%) and Croatia (25.8%). However, this level is well below that of all EU27 members.

Regarding international co-publications at the EU27 level, most countries from the EU27 published a greater share of their publications exclusively with other EU27 countries than exclusively with non-EU27 countries. The only exceptions are Germany and the UK, which have higher collaboration rates with non-EU27 countries. Interestingly, all candidates and EFTA countries, with the exception of Iceland, present increases in terms of their co-publication rates with exclusively EU27 countries. Asian countries do not collaborate frequently with EU27 members, having EU27CP rates ranging between 2.1% and 4.5%. For comparison, this rate for the US stands at 8.7%, about the same as Brazil (8.6%), but lower than Russia (13.4%). Finally, it appears that co-publications involving at least one partner from EU27 countries and at least one other from non-EU27 countries are on the rise (in percentage of total publications); only three (i.e., Latvia, Malta and Romania) out of the selected 42 countries presented a decrease for this indicator. Globally, all types of collaboration are on the rise, with the percentage of single author publications being on a downward trend.


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Table I Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Scopus (2000–2011)

Note: The CI is the ratio of the number of observed international co-publications over that expected given the size

of the scientific production (Pubs [FULL]) of the given country. The various categories of publications and co-publications (i.e., SAP = single author publications; SCCP = single country co-publications; ICP = international co-publications; ERACP = co-publications with EU27, EFTA or candidate countries (excluding Israel); EU27CP = co-publications with EU27 member states only; Non-EU27CP = co-publications with non-EU27 member states only; EU27 & Non-EU27 CP = co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 states) are presented as percentages of all papers published during the 2000–2011 period (Pubs [FULL]). Trends are shown for the 2004–2011 period only. Growth Indices (GI) are simply the ratio of the average of scores in 2008 –2011 over the average in 2004 –2007. Unclassified co-publications are not presented so that the total across co-publication categories does not add up to 100% of the total number of publications (i.e., Pubs [FULL]).

Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Country Score GI % GI % GI % GI % GI % GI Trend % GI Trend % GIEU27

Austria 152,044 1.29 1.05 10.9 0.87 37.4 0.93 49.8 1.10 39.0 1.12 24.1 1.05 13.3 1.03 12.4 1.26Belgium 214,750 1.37 1.04 9.2 0.84 38.4 0.92 50.7 1.09 38.3 1.10 24.4 1.05 13.8 1.05 12.5 1.20Bulgaria 32,026 1.04 0.92 13.2 1.03 38.0 1.11 47.2 0.95 37.9 0.96 26.0 0.92 11.1 0.93 10.2 1.05Cyprus 7,710 1.18 1.03 14.5 0.85 22.7 1.08 61.9 1.00 46.9 1.12 29.1 1.03 17.5 0.80 15.3 1.25Czech Republic 123,768 0.90 0.95 14.5 0.93 48.4 1.02 35.5 0.98 27.2 1.00 17.9 0.93 9.3 0.96 8.3 1.13Denmark 147,256 1.28 1.04 10.7 0.86 37.7 0.95 49.3 1.08 35.6 1.09 19.9 1.04 16.5 1.07 13.0 1.17Estonia 14,106 0.94 1.00 12.6 0.96 40.6 1.03 45.9 0.99 38.5 0.98 26.0 0.90 8.5 1.03 11.4 1.18Finland 137,354 1.10 1.07 10.1 0.89 45.8 0.92 42.6 1.12 30.6 1.13 18.1 1.07 13.7 1.09 10.9 1.25France 912,699 1.29 1.03 13.1 0.89 44.3 0.95 41.0 1.09 24.7 1.08 14.4 1.03 18.1 1.10 8.4 1.19Germany 1,235,480 1.30 1.02 12.6 0.82 45.2 0.99 40.0 1.08 24.7 1.13 13.8 1.08 18.0 1.03 8.2 1.20Greece 135,329 0.90 1.05 8.3 0.93 54.9 0.95 35.2 1.09 25.6 1.12 17.2 1.07 10.6 1.03 7.3 1.23Hungary 82,169 1.06 0.95 15.4 1.14 40.0 0.96 43.2 0.99 31.7 1.04 20.5 0.96 12.8 0.91 9.8 1.17Ireland 77,649 1.12 1.04 10.7 0.89 41.7 0.96 46.0 1.07 32.8 1.07 21.8 0.99 14.1 1.08 10.1 1.25Italy 685,013 1.08 1.04 8.2 0.96 54.3 0.95 35.5 1.09 24.3 1.12 14.8 1.08 12.8 1.04 8.0 1.20Latvia 6,878 0.83 0.70 11.6 1.19 43.0 1.47 44.6 0.69 35.5 0.70 23.1 0.67 10.1 0.74 11.4 0.69Lithuania 19,443 0.70 0.82 16.0 1.05 49.9 1.13 33.4 0.82 26.3 0.82 18.4 0.75 8.2 0.82 6.7 1.01Luxembourg 4,839 1.29 1.05 10.0 0.84 18.2 1.06 71.1 1.01 64.8 0.99 46.8 0.93 8.2 1.12 16.0 1.22Malta 1,821 0.77 0.84 19.9 1.02 32.6 1.36 46.5 0.81 42.8 0.83 29.7 0.82 4.6 0.55 12.1 0.90Netherlands 387,620 1.30 1.03 9.1 0.83 43.6 0.95 45.3 1.08 32.4 1.10 19.8 1.04 14.5 1.05 11.0 1.20Poland 261,242 0.80 0.90 16.8 1.03 52.3 1.02 28.9 0.94 20.0 0.98 12.8 0.92 9.6 0.87 6.5 1.09Portugal 104,384 1.13 0.99 6.8 0.93 46.5 1.01 45.4 1.00 33.0 0.98 23.0 0.95 13.3 1.05 9.1 1.06Romania 69,601 0.82 0.67 15.1 1.12 49.4 1.34 34.2 0.65 26.8 0.64 19.2 0.63 8.7 0.70 6.3 0.66Slovakia 41,136 0.97 0.96 14.2 0.85 42.0 1.07 42.6 0.99 35.5 1.01 24.8 0.98 8.1 0.88 9.7 1.10Slovenia 37,755 0.83 1.04 14.7 0.94 47.0 0.97 37.3 1.06 28.8 1.08 16.2 1.04 12.2 1.03 8.9 1.14Spain 550,098 1.04 1.07 7.7 0.97 55.4 0.93 35.1 1.12 23.1 1.13 15.1 1.07 12.8 1.10 7.2 1.24Sweden 264,863 1.30 1.06 11.6 0.83 39.8 0.91 47.1 1.12 32.3 1.15 18.0 1.08 17.7 1.08 11.3 1.24United Kingdom 1,308,444 1.27 1.05 17.3 0.90 42.2 0.93 38.9 1.12 21.4 1.15 12.5 1.10 19.0 1.09 7.4 1.26

CandidatesCroatia 42,732 0.59 1.04 15.4 0.98 56.3 0.99 25.8 1.05 19.1 1.03 12.4 1.00 7.7 1.05 5.7 1.15Macedonia 4,152 0.94 0.79 10.9 1.09 36.2 1.33 51.8 0.84 30.4 1.24 16.6 1.31 27.4 0.58 7.9 1.18Turkey 237,697 0.43 1.01 11.3 1.10 71.1 0.98 15.7 1.04 7.5 1.11 5.0 1.05 8.6 0.98 2.1 1.30

EFTAIceland 7,879 1.25 1.07 10.5 0.95 22.9 0.78 65.2 1.08 49.8 1.04 25.3 0.96 19.4 1.13 20.5 1.19Liechtenstein 586 1.10 1.15 8.5 0.30 16.9 0.65 73.9 1.23 67.9 1.30 32.6 1.31 25.1 0.71 16.2 2.94Norway 115,552 1.18 1.05 12.6 0.89 39.0 0.94 46.5 1.08 33.2 1.07 21.3 1.06 14.3 1.09 10.9 1.12Switzerland 279,662 1.55 1.03 10.1 0.81 32.7 0.92 55.6 1.08 41.2 1.10 27.1 1.06 14.9 1.05 13.6 1.16

ERAIsrael 161,609 1.03 1.02 12.9 0.96 46.0 0.94 39.1 1.08 18.5 1.16 9.8 1.11 21.7 1.02 7.5 1.23

AsiaChina 2,528,134 0.47 0.99 5.1 1.04 80.2 1.00 13.5 1.00 4.0 1.00 2.7 0.97 9.6 1.01 1.1 1.02India 528,095 0.50 0.92 7.7 0.84 73.7 1.04 16.9 0.94 7.0 0.93 4.5 0.87 10.3 0.96 2.1 1.01Japan 1,282,630 0.65 1.01 7.6 1.03 69.9 0.97 19.9 1.09 7.0 1.12 4.0 1.06 13.3 1.08 2.6 1.22Rep. of Korea 450,969 0.71 0.96 5.0 0.94 69.2 1.01 24.6 0.99 4.8 1.07 2.1 1.01 20.1 0.97 2.4 1.11

OthersBrazil 354,708 0.69 0.88 5.8 0.96 66.0 1.04 24.3 0.90 12.8 0.93 8.6 0.90 12.0 0.86 3.8 1.00Russia 400,273 0.87 0.84 17.2 1.03 51.4 1.10 29.8 0.90 20.3 0.91 13.4 0.87 10.2 0.88 6.2 0.98United States 4,947,133 0.91 1.06 16.1 0.87 57.0 0.99 24.2 1.14 12.6 1.09 8.7 1.04 12.5 1.19 3.0 1.27

EU27CP Non-EU27CPEU27 &

Non-EU27 CPPubs(FULL)

CI SAP SCCP ICP ERACP


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2.1.2 FP7 Thematic Priorities

Collaboration patterns when all FP7 thematic priorities are combined (Table II) provide a similar picture as when Scopus is considered as a whole. Likewise, the proportion of publications signed by a single researcher again range from a low of about 7% for Portugal to a high of about 20% for Malta in the EU27. Outside of the EU27, those rates are again lowest for Asian countries (e.g., the Republic of Korea and China) and Brazil. Single author publications are on a downward trend for most countries, with the exception of Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Macedonia and Turkey. Domestic collaborations (i.e. SCCP) are still highly important for Asian countries, all of which have SCCP rates above 70%.

Among EU27 members, the CI, which compares actual numbers of international co-publications with those expected when taking account of the size of a country’s scientific production, ranges from 0.62 (Lithuania) to 1.38 (Belgium). Hence, in contrast to the results when the entirety of Scopus is considered, the propensity of EU27 members to collaborate internationally shows a similar level of variation. That is, Western European countries tend to show higher CIs, whereas Eastern European countries tend to collaborate less internationally than would be expected given the size of their production. Of the remaining countries among those selected, only EFTA states, which are part of the ERA, collaborate more internationally than would be expected from the size of their publication output; for example, Liechtenstein has 12% more international co-publications than expected, Norway has 24% more, Iceland has 34% more and Switzerland has 60% more. Candidate countries collaborate with international partners much less than expected. In particular, Turkey (0.41) has the lowest CI among the 42 selected countries. Asian countries (0.51 to 0.73), Brazil (0.68), Russia (0.75) and the United States (0.93) collaborate less internationally than expected in the FP7 thematic priorities, whereas Israel collaborates on an international scale as much as could be expected given the size of its output.

Liechtenstein is the only country with notable growth in its propensity to collaborate internationally, increasing its CI by 15% from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011. The CI decreased for many countries, with the strongest decreases observed for Romania (GI of 0.65), Latvia (0.72) and Macedonia (0.75). As CIs and international collaboration rates are highly correlated due to the nature of both indicators, they both provide a similar picture. Compared to Scopus as a whole, international collaboration rates are slightly lower in the FP7 thematic priorities. Among EU27 members, Poland (ICP rate = 21.8%), Lithuania (28.2%) and the Czech Republic (28.5%) have the lowest international collaboration rates. Luxembourg has the highest rate by far: 70% of its publications in FP7 thematic priorities are co-published with at least one foreign partner. This rate is only matched by Liechtenstein, an EFTA country, which has an ICP rate of 71.9% and the highest GI (1.27). Again, Asian countries fall at the bottom of the international collaboration ranking, with China having the lowest rate among the 42 selected countries (ICP = 13.1%). Although the Republic of Korea still shows a low rate at 23.0%, it performs better than the US (21.7%), Brazil (21.6%) and Croatia (20.1%). However, this score is well below that of most EU27 members.

With the exception of the UK, France and Germany, all EU27 member states produce a greater share of their papers exclusively with other member states than exclusively with non-member states. Cyprus (EU27CP = 28.8%) and Malta (27.2%) publish the largest shares of their output with at least one other EU27 country, and Poland (10.0%) is the least connected to other member states. Germany (GI = 1.14), Italy (1.14) and the UK (1.13) show the highest increases in the share of their production produced through international collaborations exclusively with


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EU27 partners, whereas the strongest decreases were observed for Romania (0.60) and Latvia (0.66). Interestingly, all candidates and EFTA countries, with the exception of Iceland, present positive growth in their co-publication rates exclusively with EU27 countries, and collaboration rates are especially high among EFTA states. Turkey co-published only 4.2% of its output exclusively with EU27 partners. Asian countries do not collaborate frequently with EU27 members, with rates ranging between 1.8% (Korea) and 3.4% (India) only. In comparison, this rate for the US stands at 7.7% and at 15.8% for Russia. Collaborations involving at least one partner from EU27 and another from non-EU27 countries are on the rise, as all countries with the exception of Romania, Latvia, Malta, Lithuania, Russia and Brazil show GIs above one.

In sum, the results show that international collaborations are becoming more and more important in the FP7 thematic priorities but are slightly less pronounced than in Scopus as a whole. This difference can largely be explained by the inclusion of particle physics and high energy physics in Scopus, which are not covered under the FP7 thematic priorities. Indeed, the size of teams is known to vary greatly across scientific disciplines. For example, it varied from one to two authors in most subfields of the social sciences and humanities (SSH) and in mathematics to about 14 authors in nuclear & particle physics in 2011 (computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus, data not shown). As a result, international co-publications are more frequent in this area.


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Table II Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in all FP7 thematic priorities (2000–2011)

Note: See note Table I. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

2.1.3 Health

As shown in Table III, single author publications (SAP) in the EU27 in the Health thematic priority range from a low of 3.1% for Latvia to a high of 15.9% for Malta. Malta and Hungary are the only countries that experienced strong growth in terms of single author publications, with respective GIs of 1.32 and 1.22. Most countries experienced strong decreases. Liechtenstein is particularly notable here, with a GI of 0.07, which represents a drop of 93%. However, note that it has a very


Austria 107,569 1.30 1.06 11.7 0.85 40.1 0.91 45.8 1.14 36.1 1.17 22.4 1.11 12.2 1.03 11.1 1.32Belgium 150,988 1.38 1.03 10.4 0.82 40.8 0.93 46.7 1.10 35.7 1.12 22.8 1.07 12.4 1.06 11.4 1.23Bulgaria 16,013 0.92 0.99 14.3 0.92 42.7 1.05 40.3 1.05 32.8 1.09 23.6 1.00 9.1 0.95 7.7 1.35Cyprus 5,189 1.16 1.00 16.1 0.90 24.8 1.06 57.9 0.99 41.8 1.12 28.8 1.04 18.8 0.82 10.3 1.26Czech Republic 77,820 0.78 0.97 16.7 0.91 52.7 1.00 28.5 1.03 21.7 1.06 14.9 0.99 7.6 0.98 6.0 1.19Denmark 110,363 1.30 1.02 11.2 0.89 40.1 0.95 45.8 1.09 33.1 1.10 18.5 1.05 15.4 1.08 11.9 1.19Estonia 9,022 0.97 0.99 13.0 0.99 41.0 1.02 45.1 0.99 38.6 0.97 26.3 0.90 7.8 1.12 11.0 1.13Finland 100,537 1.10 1.05 10.7 0.89 48.4 0.93 39.2 1.13 27.8 1.15 16.7 1.09 13.0 1.09 9.6 1.25France 598,502 1.22 1.03 15.0 0.90 47.6 0.95 35.2 1.13 20.5 1.14 12.0 1.08 16.4 1.11 6.8 1.26Germany 816,294 1.25 1.03 14.0 0.81 48.4 0.97 34.6 1.13 21.7 1.19 12.3 1.14 15.7 1.06 6.6 1.29Greece 99,057 0.88 1.04 7.9 0.94 58.8 0.95 31.3 1.11 22.3 1.14 15.4 1.09 10.0 1.04 5.9 1.28Hungary 49,870 1.00 0.97 16.8 1.15 42.9 0.92 38.5 1.03 27.6 1.10 18.2 1.01 12.1 0.94 8.2 1.25Ireland 56,697 1.12 1.04 11.8 0.87 44.0 0.95 42.4 1.09 30.1 1.09 20.4 1.03 13.2 1.09 8.7 1.25Italy 462,763 1.04 1.05 7.7 0.96 58.9 0.93 30.8 1.14 20.6 1.18 12.8 1.14 11.6 1.08 6.4 1.25Latvia 3,528 0.81 0.72 13.7 1.16 42.5 1.48 42.7 0.70 35.5 0.70 23.1 0.66 8.6 0.70 11.0 0.78Lithuania 11,945 0.62 0.82 17.9 1.19 53.1 1.04 28.2 0.83 22.8 0.84 16.0 0.79 6.5 0.80 5.8 0.98Luxembourg 3,819 1.36 1.04 10.5 0.80 18.7 1.05 70.0 1.02 64.3 0.99 46.2 0.93 7.8 1.23 16.0 1.24Malta 1,433 0.78 0.86 22.1 0.91 32.3 1.38 44.8 0.84 41.5 0.84 27.2 0.81 4.0 0.78 13.5 0.91Netherlands 295,610 1.33 1.03 9.3 0.81 46.5 0.94 41.7 1.11 29.5 1.13 18.4 1.07 13.7 1.07 9.5 1.25Poland 151,288 0.65 0.93 16.7 1.01 58.8 0.99 21.8 1.00 14.9 1.06 10.0 0.98 7.5 0.90 4.3 1.24Portugal 65,816 1.11 0.99 6.9 0.88 50.0 1.00 41.3 1.03 29.5 1.01 21.2 0.97 12.7 1.07 7.5 1.13Romania 31,694 0.76 0.65 15.8 1.05 51.7 1.36 30.7 0.63 24.1 0.63 17.7 0.60 7.7 0.65 5.3 0.72Slovakia 25,784 0.84 0.98 16.7 0.82 46.8 1.04 34.8 1.04 29.1 1.06 21.3 1.08 6.7 0.92 6.7 1.02Slovenia 24,881 0.75 1.04 16.6 0.92 51.0 0.97 31.2 1.08 24.4 1.09 14.7 1.04 10.6 1.08 6.0 1.20Spain 371,526 0.95 1.08 8.4 0.96 60.0 0.93 29.1 1.16 18.6 1.18 12.3 1.13 11.3 1.14 5.6 1.29Sweden 195,617 1.33 1.05 12.0 0.83 42.4 0.90 43.7 1.14 30.1 1.18 16.9 1.11 16.6 1.10 10.2 1.27United Kingdom 976,359 1.30 1.04 18.8 0.90 43.9 0.92 35.3 1.14 18.9 1.19 11.3 1.13 17.9 1.10 6.1 1.31



ERAIsrael 113,342 1.00 1.02 12.8 0.96 49.8 0.93 34.8 1.11 15.4 1.19 8.2 1.14 20.4 1.05 6.1 1.27

AsiaChina 1,620,092 0.51 0.96 5.0 1.06 80.2 1.00 13.1 1.00 3.6 1.01 2.6 0.96 9.7 1.00 0.9 1.09India 320,513 0.48 0.95 8.1 0.84 74.8 1.03 14.8 0.99 5.3 1.03 3.4 0.94 9.8 0.99 1.6 1.18Japan 841,660 0.65 0.99 7.2 1.04 71.1 0.97 18.2 1.11 5.5 1.14 3.2 1.07 13.0 1.09 2.0 1.27Rep. of Korea 295,238 0.73 0.94 4.5 0.94 70.9 1.01 23.0 0.99 3.6 1.15 1.8 1.05 19.7 0.97 1.6 1.27






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small output over the 12-year period considered (171 papers). As is the case when the whole of Scopus is considered, Asian countries have low SAP rates, with scores below 6.5%.

Smaller countries (e.g., Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Iceland) often have smaller single country co-publication (SCCP) rates, which may be due to the scarcity of collaboration opportunities at the national level and, as a result, of the need to tap into foreign expertise not available on a national scale. This hypothesis appears consistent with the observation that these countries often have larger international co-publication (ICP) rates. This again holds true in Health. For example, Iceland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Latvia have the smallest SCCP rates among the 42 selected countries, whereas Asian countries, Brazil, Russia and the US have some of the largest rates.

As was observed for SAP rates, single country co-publication (SCCP) rates are also slightly decreasing for most members of the EU27. Notable exceptions to this trend including Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania, all of which experienced an increase in their SCCP rate. This is again consistent with the above hypothesis explaining the higher SCCP rates of smaller countries; indeed, as smaller countries develop their own expertise, they would be expected to become less reliant on foreign partners, thereby increasing their SCCP rates at the expense of their ICP rates. This is exactly what is observed for these countries, which rank 1st (Romania), 2nd (Malta), 3rd (Latvia) and 6th (Lithuania) in terms of the growth of their scientific production in Health.5

Collaboration at the international level in Health research is stable or rising for nearly all countries, with the exception of the four aforementioned EU27 countries as well as Macedonia, the Republic of Korea and Russia, all of which experienced a decrease. The ICP rate varies widely among the selected countries, going from a low of 9.7% for Turkey (which mostly produced SCCP) to a high of 74.9% for Liechtenstein. Overall, the ICP rate in Health matches the same pattern reflected in the CI, with Western European countries collaborating more than expected at the international level, whereas Eastern European countries cooperate less. Among EU27 members, Belgium (IC = 1.42) and Sweden (1.40) rank at the top, whereas Poland (0.60) ranks at the bottom, on par with Asian countries (between 0.45 and 0.66) and Brazil (0.66). Among selected countries, Switzerland ranks 1st with 65% more international collaborations than expected, far ahead of any other country (Belgium is 2nd at 1.42). Again, Asian countries have relatively few international co-publications, with ICP rates between 14% and 21%, slightly lower than those of the US (21.8%) and Russia (26.4%) and on par with or lower than Brazil, at roughly 21%. Besides country size (i.e., larger countries often have smaller ICP rates), this indicator is impacted by other social factors such as geographical proximity, official working language and national mentality towards foreigners, which may also influence the propensity of researchers to partner with international peers in different parts of the world. For instance, such factors might partially explain the smaller CI and ICP rates observed for Asian countries, which are among the smallest in the current selection of countries. Nevertheless, China experienced one of the largest increases in CI (GI of 1.06) and ICP (1.15) in Health, which is indicative of an improvement in the level of integration at the international level.

5 Data not shown, refer to: Campbell, D., Lefebvre, C., Picard-Aitken, M., Côté, G., Ventimiglia, A., Roberge, G., and Archambault, É. (2013). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles (Analytical Report 2.3.1). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 192 pages.


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Whereas EU27 members usually exhibit higher collaboration rates with exclusively other EU27 members than non-EU27 members, three states instead collaborate more with non-EU27 countries: Germany, France and the UK. These countries have the largest outputs in Health research and thus have a very large number of international co-publications; given their sheer size, collaboration opportunities within the EU27 are probably a limiting factor in their cases. Luxembourg has the highest share of its papers co-authored exclusively with foreign EU27 partners (43.3%), whereas Poland (8.5%) and Spain (9.9%) have the lowest rates among EU27 members. Most EU27 members have seen their rates increasing over time, having a positive GI for this indicator. Among candidates, Macedonia has the highest rate at 12.6%, whereas Turkey rarely collaborates with EU27 members (3.0%), being on the same level as Asian countries. On the other hand, EFTA countries frequently collaborate with EU27 members, with rates between 21% and 26%.

Among EU27 members, the UK (16.8%), Cyprus (16.5%) and Sweden (16.0%) have the highest collaboration rates with exclusively non-EU27 partners. Within the ERA, they are surpassed only by Macedonia (20.1%), Liechtenstein (25.1%) and Israel (18.7%).

Finally, regarding co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 foreign partners, Liechtenstein (24.6%), Iceland (24.4%) and Latvia (20.6%) lead among the selected countries. These co-publications are on the rise for all countries and sometimes the increase is important (GI as high as 2.50 for Liechtenstein). Only Romania (0.93) and Latvia (0.94) are not following this trend.


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Table III Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Health (2000–2011)


2.1.4 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

The proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author publications (SAP) in the EU27 in the Food, Agriculture and Fisheries thematic priority range from a low of 1.9% for Spain to a high of 15.2% for Bulgaria (Table IV). Strong growth in terms of SAP rate was observed for only six member states: the Czech Republic (1.18), Greece (1.20), Slovenia (1.26), Lithuania (1.49), Estonia (1.64) and Romania (1.75). Most other EU27 countries instead experienced strong


Austria 63,127 1.30 1.08 9.3 0.84 42.6 0.85 45.0 1.19 35.9 1.22 21.0 1.12 11.5 1.08 12.5 1.42Belgium 88,825 1.42 1.04 7.7 0.68 42.4 0.91 47.1 1.14 37.1 1.15 22.2 1.08 11.5 1.09 13.4 1.28Bulgaria 7,614 0.78 1.11 13.3 0.97 47.0 0.97 34.9 1.22 29.3 1.25 19.6 1.10 6.6 1.09 8.7 1.60Cyprus 1,368 1.25 1.01 7.7 0.83 22.1 0.92 68.5 1.02 55.5 1.12 36.1 0.96 16.5 0.87 15.9 1.42Czech Republic 40,789 0.72 1.03 13.4 0.88 57.1 0.94 26.3 1.14 20.1 1.18 12.7 1.05 6.9 1.05 6.7 1.41Denmark 68,615 1.30 1.00 7.4 0.72 43.6 0.98 44.7 1.10 33.3 1.10 17.4 1.04 13.9 1.08 13.4 1.20Estonia 3,553 1.18 0.97 4.5 0.70 36.5 0.99 57.6 1.02 51.1 1.01 32.9 0.96 7.7 1.09 17.0 1.13Finland 51,447 1.22 1.01 4.5 0.83 49.8 0.91 43.4 1.12 31.8 1.15 17.8 1.05 13.2 1.04 12.4 1.32France 332,647 1.10 1.01 14.3 0.87 51.4 0.96 31.3 1.14 19.8 1.17 10.6 1.09 13.3 1.08 7.4 1.34Germany 486,179 1.21 1.02 11.3 0.82 52.0 0.94 32.9 1.15 21.4 1.21 11.4 1.14 14.4 1.07 7.1 1.35Greece 50,881 0.87 1.04 4.5 0.89 61.9 0.94 30.8 1.14 21.8 1.18 13.9 1.10 9.7 1.03 7.2 1.36Hungary 27,325 1.08 0.97 10.3 1.22 46.4 0.89 41.3 1.07 29.1 1.13 18.0 1.02 13.3 0.97 10.0 1.32Ireland 29,707 1.16 1.00 7.1 0.79 46.4 0.97 43.8 1.07 31.3 1.10 20.0 1.00 13.3 1.01 10.5 1.31Italy 287,181 1.01 1.06 5.3 0.88 62.1 0.92 29.1 1.18 19.5 1.21 11.1 1.15 10.9 1.13 7.2 1.32Latvia 1,224 1.10 0.74 3.1 0.71 34.9 1.92 61.1 0.75 53.8 0.75 31.4 0.60 9.2 0.89 20.6 0.94Lithuania 3,280 1.01 0.82 4.6 1.06 44.5 1.23 50.2 0.84 42.5 0.86 26.6 0.75 9.9 0.69 13.7 1.20Luxembourg 1,615 1.36 1.04 7.1 0.71 19.1 0.88 72.9 1.06 67.7 1.04 43.3 0.95 8.0 1.10 21.5 1.31Malta 772 0.80 0.81 15.9 1.32 36.1 1.23 46.6 0.79 43.4 0.81 26.6 0.69 3.5 0.57 16.6 1.05Netherlands 183,319 1.32 1.03 5.4 0.67 51.2 0.92 40.2 1.13 29.0 1.15 17.0 1.06 12.7 1.09 10.6 1.30Poland 82,061 0.60 1.00 9.3 0.96 66.5 0.95 20.0 1.11 14.1 1.20 8.5 1.06 6.4 0.94 5.1 1.45Portugal 25,861 1.14 0.95 5.1 0.69 47.7 1.03 44.1 1.00 32.5 0.99 20.6 0.96 12.5 1.06 10.9 1.02Romania 8,488 0.79 0.81 7.9 0.65 53.4 1.26 34.9 0.81 29.2 0.83 18.6 0.78 6.6 0.73 9.7 0.93Slovakia 12,681 0.81 0.98 10.9 0.86 52.4 0.97 34.1 1.07 28.3 1.10 19.4 1.10 6.5 0.92 8.1 1.12Slovenia 9,392 0.79 1.04 10.8 0.91 52.9 0.94 34.6 1.10 27.7 1.13 15.4 1.03 9.9 1.03 9.2 1.33Spain 205,094 0.86 1.09 6.9 0.86 63.6 0.93 25.9 1.21 16.9 1.24 9.9 1.17 9.6 1.15 6.4 1.37Sweden 119,422 1.40 1.03 8.3 0.82 44.2 0.88 44.9 1.15 31.9 1.19 17.2 1.12 16.0 1.08 11.7 1.28United Kingdom 558,339 1.32 1.02 13.2 0.80 49.3 0.93 35.0 1.16 19.6 1.22 11.2 1.14 16.8 1.10 7.0 1.35



ERAIsrael 66,677 0.98 1.04 7.2 0.88 55.6 0.91 33.7 1.17 15.9 1.25 7.9 1.13 18.7 1.11 7.1 1.39

AsiaChina 414,867 0.63 1.06 2.6 0.68 76.1 0.97 17.5 1.15 4.8 1.11 2.9 1.01 12.9 1.17 1.7 1.25India 132,014 0.45 0.95 6.2 0.88 77.0 1.01 14.1 1.02 5.3 1.02 2.9 0.88 9.2 1.02 2.0 1.24Japan 468,596 0.61 0.92 5.6 1.06 74.6 0.97 16.7 1.05 5.5 1.08 3.0 1.01 11.5 1.04 2.2 1.19Rep. of Korea 114,587 0.66 0.86 2.6 1.01 74.2 1.03 21.2 0.90 3.9 1.03 1.5 0.88 17.5 0.88 2.2 1.15






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decreases. The highest rate among selected countries is observed for Russia (20.5%), which scores well above any other country.

National collaboration rates, as measured by single country co-publications (SCCP) as a percentage of a country’s papers, are slightly decreasing for most EU27 members, with Romania and Latvia being notable for their high GI (respectively 2.94 and 2.81). Smaller countries again present lower SCCP rates (e.g., Cyprus at 19.4% and Luxembourg at 8.2%), whereas larger rates are observed for larger countries (e.g., Asian countries ranging between 65% and 82%, the US at 63.5%, Brazil at 77.3%). However, these trends are not immutable rules, as the EU27’s larger countries, such as the UK (40.9%), Germany (48.6%) and France (46.9%), score well below many of the smaller countries, such as the Czech Republic (65.6%), Estonia (56.2%) and Greece (64.5%). This pattern is not observed in the sciences in general (when using Scopus as a whole) and appears to be specific to this thematic priority. Given the nature of this research topic, which is of high importance for every country and highly dependent on local problematics (e.g., presence of seas and oceans for fisheries, types of lands and climate for agriculture, crop and livestock diseases), it can be hypothesised that national collaborations might be of greater importance than international collaborations for some countries, particularly those facing unique challenges not encountered in many countries.

Collaborations at the international level in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries research are not increasing as strongly among selected countries as they are in the sciences in general, with many countries in fact presenting GIs that are clearly below one (e.g., the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovenia). The ICP rate varies widely within this study’s selection, going from a low of 8% for India to a high of 88% for Macedonia. Within the selection, CIs above one are observed for only the EU27 and candidate and EFTA countries. Regarding the CI, scientific collaboration in the Food, Agriculture and Fisheries thematic priority follows the same pattern observed in Scopus overall, with Western Europe countries collaborating more than expected and Eastern Europe countries less than expected at the international level. However, this geographical cut-off is not as clear as was observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus overall), with Western European countries such as Finland (0.88) and Spain (0.99) presenting a CI below 1.00. Among EU 27 members, the UK (1.53) and the Netherlands (1.45) rank the highest in CI, whereas Poland (0.45) ranks last. The UK is also 1st among all 42 selected countries. Asian countries again collaborate less internationally than most of the selected countries, but by a smaller margin than in the sciences in general, with the Republic of Korea (30.6%) collaborating more than the US (23.4%), Russia (27.0%) and even some EU27 countries (i.e., the Czech Republic, Greece, Lithuania and Poland). Interestingly, many countries experienced strong growth for their CI, particularly Cyprus (1.54), Italy (1.28) and Spain (1.24) and the US (1.21).

While EU27 members show a strong preference toward collaborating within the EU27, four EU27 countries (i.e. France, Germany, Sweden and the UK)—which are, once again, leaders in output in this thematic priority—have higher collaboration rates with exclusively non-EU27 countries (Non-EU27CP) than with exclusively EU27 (EU27CP) states. Cyprus (50.5%) has the highest percentage of co-publications exclusively with foreign EU27 partners, whereas Poland (8.9%), the Czech Republic (12.0%) and Germany (12.8%) have the lowest rates among EU27 members. Most EU27 members have seen an increase in their EU27CP rates with a positive GI for this indicator, particularly in the case of Cyprus (1.48) and Finland (1.32). Among candidate countries, Croatia has the highest rate at 16.1%, but Macedonia is quickly catching up with a


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score of 13.5% and strong GI standing at 3.17. Turkey on the other hand rarely collaborates with EU27 members (4.7%). EFTA countries present rates similar to those of EU27 members, with rates between 17% and 50%.

Table IV Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2000–2011)


The UK (23.9%), France (21.0%) and the Netherlands (20.5%) have the highest collaboration rates exclusively with non-EU27 partners. Among the selected countries, Macedonia and Iceland have the highest rates at, respectively, 63.2% and 29.9%. Finally, international co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 partners are rising for many countries, with GIs as high as 1.77 (in the case of Cyprus) among EU27 members.


Austria 4,177 1.27 1.19 7.4 0.62 39.1 0.88 50.4 1.17 38.6 1.13 25.8 1.14 16.1 1.17 8.5 1.22Belgium 8,254 1.27 1.10 4.4 0.59 48.6 0.96 45.9 1.09 29.8 1.06 21.2 0.98 17.2 1.15 7.5 1.31Bulgaria 886 0.65 0.97 15.2 1.01 52.1 1.05 31.7 0.93 26.3 0.94 19.2 0.96 8.5 0.74 4.1 1.39Cyprus 103 1.05 1.54 11.7 0.47 19.4 0.45 68.9 1.45 59.2 1.63 50.5 1.48 12.6 1.25 5.8 1.77Czech Republic 6,719 0.50 0.95 13.8 1.18 65.6 0.99 18.6 0.86 15.1 0.85 12.0 0.81 4.3 0.96 2.3 0.99Denmark 7,197 1.22 1.11 6.5 0.62 47.8 0.95 45.0 1.10 30.7 1.09 19.7 1.07 17.6 1.10 7.7 1.19Estonia 548 0.72 0.87 6.2 1.64 56.2 1.11 37.2 0.79 34.5 0.79 25.2 0.74 5.3 1.17 6.8 0.77Finland 6,611 0.88 1.20 8.2 0.55 57.5 0.96 32.9 1.22 23.0 1.27 14.5 1.32 12.9 1.08 5.6 1.33France 22,227 1.27 1.19 11.3 0.83 46.9 0.90 40.3 1.16 21.1 1.17 14.1 1.10 21.0 1.16 5.2 1.31Germany 27,035 1.20 1.16 11.5 0.71 48.6 0.96 36.7 1.14 21.2 1.15 12.8 1.08 19.1 1.14 4.8 1.31Greece 4,321 0.75 1.13 5.0 1.20 64.5 0.94 29.5 1.12 23.1 1.13 18.4 1.12 7.8 0.99 3.4 1.61Hungary 3,168 0.76 1.18 12.0 0.52 52.0 0.97 31.3 1.19 24.1 1.26 18.2 1.20 8.8 1.20 4.4 1.12Ireland 4,498 1.04 1.08 6.2 0.77 52.4 0.99 40.7 1.05 29.2 1.04 21.2 1.05 12.9 1.06 6.6 1.03Italy 16,473 0.93 1.28 3.3 0.69 64.3 0.92 30.7 1.23 21.5 1.19 15.2 1.16 10.9 1.30 4.6 1.29Latvia 121 0.82 0.56 4.1 n.c. 43.0 2.81 52.9 0.56 50.4 0.58 38.8 0.70 4.1 0.34 9.9 0.34Lithuania 867 0.54 0.54 6.5 1.49 64.2 1.29 26.6 0.48 24.0 0.52 21.2 0.47 3.3 0.43 2.1 0.80Luxembourg 61 1.16 0.94 9.8 n.c. 8.2 n.c. 80.3 n.c. 65.6 n.c. 44.3 n.c. 18.0 n.c. 18.0 n.c.Netherlands 10,297 1.45 1.08 7.1 0.78 40.8 0.95 50.7 1.07 31.7 1.14 21.3 1.04 20.5 1.00 8.9 1.32Poland 12,112 0.45 0.93 14.3 0.90 68.7 1.05 15.5 0.89 11.2 0.93 8.9 0.93 5.0 0.81 1.6 0.91Portugal 4,345 1.11 1.06 2.4 0.52 52.8 1.02 43.8 1.01 33.2 0.96 27.2 0.92 11.6 1.10 5.0 1.43Romania 495 0.78 0.50 8.9 1.75 48.1 2.94 41.4 0.46 32.7 0.40 24.2 0.42 10.5 0.76 6.7 0.31Slovakia 2,087 0.73 0.96 9.3 1.03 57.5 1.03 31.9 0.95 29.1 0.94 24.6 0.97 4.2 0.78 3.1 1.04Slovenia 1,443 0.73 0.84 8.4 1.26 56.8 1.16 33.3 0.73 28.5 0.71 15.0 0.68 13.4 0.89 4.8 0.52Spain 23,387 0.99 1.24 1.9 0.72 66.1 0.94 31.2 1.16 18.2 1.14 13.9 1.08 13.7 1.21 3.5 1.33Sweden 8,073 1.25 1.15 8.5 0.60 45.6 0.92 45.2 1.16 29.6 1.27 18.7 1.16 20.0 1.10 6.4 1.34United Kingdom 27,990 1.53 1.11 11.5 0.81 40.9 0.94 46.5 1.09 25.3 1.17 15.9 1.11 23.9 1.00 6.8 1.36

CandidatesCroatia 2,281 0.57 1.14 5.3 0.54 66.3 1.01 24.6 1.04 19.9 0.98 16.1 0.94 6.1 1.24 2.4 1.27Macedonia 133 1.38 0.71 1.5 n.c. 9.8 4.14 88.0 0.89 32.3 4.49 13.5 3.17 63.2 0.23 11.3 13.92Turkey 14,011 0.37 0.91 9.6 0.80 77.0 1.05 12.4 0.87 5.6 1.03 4.7 1.03 6.9 0.78 0.8 0.97

EFTAIceland 582 1.29 0.98 7.4 0.58 25.9 1.10 66.5 1.02 51.5 1.00 17.7 1.02 29.9 1.27 18.9 0.70Norway 6,218 1.22 1.17 6.8 0.51 46.4 0.93 45.9 1.16 31.7 1.17 22.5 1.15 15.9 1.17 7.5 1.15Switzerland 6,738 1.34 1.16 6.0 0.87 40.8 0.85 49.7 1.14 37.1 1.16 28.9 1.13 13.1 1.11 7.8 1.23

ERAIsrael 2,912 0.97 0.98 6.5 1.06 51.8 1.01 40.4 0.98 17.9 1.12 9.4 1.07 24.2 0.91 6.8 1.14


OthersBrazil 34,678 0.47 0.79 1.2 0.71 77.3 1.09 13.9 0.65 5.7 0.70 4.4 0.69 8.4 0.62 1.2 0.70Russia 3,485 0.67 0.84 20.5 1.03 52.1 1.09 27.0 0.84 16.0 0.80 11.6 0.81 12.2 0.95 3.2 0.60United States 125,974 0.94 1.21 11.1 0.78 63.5 0.98 23.4 1.17 8.7 1.09 5.5 1.07 15.9 1.19 2.0 1.25





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2.1.5 Biotechnology

In Biotechnology, the proportion of single author publications in the total output of EU27 countries ranges from a low of 1.1% for Portugal to a high of 10.3% for Poland (Table V). Poland ranks first among selected countries in this regard. Whereas single author publications in Biotechnology are declining all around the world, six EU27 countries do not follow this trend and show positive GIs, namely Hungary (1.37), Portugal (1.47), Poland (1.52), Greece (1.76), Slovenia (2.52) and Slovakia (5.49).

Single country co-publications, or exclusively domestic collaborations, are decreasing for most member states as well. Still, Romania (2.93), Estonia (1.31), Hungary (1.23) and Bulgaria (1.19) show particularly high GIs for this indicator. Among them, Romania and Bulgaria stand out for having had an increase in their respective proportion of single country co-publications, which are already high at 68.3% and 63.3%, respectively; they are the 1st and 3rd highest proportions among EU27 countries. However, within the overall selection of countries, these scores are near to or below those observed for Asian countries (between 76% and 83%), Turkey (75.6%), Brazil (73.1%), Russia (68.3%) and the US (61.5%). Again, this shows that single country co-publications are less frequent among EU27 members compared to other countries. As previously observed in other areas, smaller countries tend to present lower proportions of single country co-publications (e.g., Cyprus and Luxembourg), while larger shares are usually observed for larger countries. However, larger countries at EU27 level do not always follow this trend.

The propensity to collaborate at the international level, as measured with the collaboration index (CI), is on the rise or stable for nearly all 42 countries, with the exceptions of Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Slovakia. Nevertheless, in the case of Hungary, Portugal and Slovakia, more international collaborations have occurred than expected given the size of their output in this area (i.e., CIs greater than one). International collaboration rates vary considerably among the selected countries, going from a low of 11.7% for India to a high of 80.4% for Cyprus. The highest CIs within this study’s selection are observed for the UK (1.57) and Switzerland (1.53), but many other EU27 countries present strong CIs (e.g., Austria, Denmark, France, Netherlands and Sweden). The US presents a CI above one in this thematic priority with a score of 1.11, one of its highest CIs within FP7 thematic priorities. Among EU27 members, Romania (0.56) and Latvia (0.60) rank at the bottom for this indicator, joined by only six other countries with less international collaboration than expected. Asian countries collaborate less internationally than other countries in this study’s selection, as do candidate countries. In contrast, EFTA countries collaborate more than expected with other countries. Whereas the GI of the CI varies greatly at the country level within the EU27, clear patterns can be identified for other categories. For instance, most candidate countries have experienced a decline in their CIs between the 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 periods. All EFTA countries exhibited slight positive GIs, and most of the remaining countries had positive GIs, which indicates that these countries are progressively becoming more integrated internationally in Biotechnology research considering that this trend was not observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I). However, there is still a long way to go before these countries reach the same level of integration as that observed for many EU27 members.


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Table V Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Biotechnology (2000–2011)


EU27 members tend to collaborate more with countries that are located within the EU rather than outside of it. Indeed, the proportion of co-publications with foreign EU27 partner(s) only is generally greater than that of co-publications with foreign non-EU27 partner(s) only among member states. It varied from 15.3% (France) to 45.1% (Cyprus). This is not surprising, as collaboration networks are often characterized by a strong clustering of entities by geographic location, highlighting the importance of isolation by distance in the structuring of such networks. In fact, only France, Germany, Poland, Sweden and the UK have their share of international co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only greater than their share of international co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only.


Austria 1,407 1.46 1.14 5.0 0.89 38.2 0.76 56.1 1.19 45.1 1.16 30.6 1.04 13.1 1.34 12.4 1.49Belgium 1,960 1.30 1.00 4.1 0.43 47.5 1.01 48.1 1.06 32.8 1.08 21.7 0.97 16.3 1.07 10.1 1.24Bulgaria 967 0.68 0.78 8.4 0.60 63.3 1.19 27.2 0.81 21.9 0.84 19.4 0.84 5.9 0.83 1.9 0.48Cyprus 51 1.38 1.08 7.8 n.c. 11.8 0.65 80.4 0.99 64.7 1.25 45.1 1.08 19.6 0.68 15.7 1.45Czech Republic 661 1.25 0.96 4.7 0.68 42.1 1.03 52.6 1.02 39.5 1.09 30.3 1.18 14.2 0.79 8.2 1.00Denmark 1,673 1.44 1.10 5.2 0.61 40.1 0.85 54.3 1.17 37.2 1.18 23.9 0.92 19.1 1.14 11.2 2.06Estonia 104 0.88 0.73 2.9 n.c. 48.1 1.31 47.1 0.76 43.3 0.70 31.7 0.81 3.8 2.42 11.5 0.44Finland 1,383 1.22 0.98 4.2 0.67 48.2 0.98 46.9 1.04 31.7 1.10 21.5 1.05 17.3 0.97 8.1 1.19France 7,169 1.42 1.07 8.0 0.74 46.1 0.91 44.8 1.16 24.7 1.12 15.3 1.00 22.3 1.17 7.2 1.53Germany 10,642 1.48 1.10 6.1 0.61 48.8 0.88 44.4 1.19 26.7 1.29 15.8 1.24 20.8 1.05 7.8 1.52Greece 1,062 0.85 0.95 3.6 1.76 62.0 0.96 33.8 0.99 25.9 0.95 20.2 0.88 9.1 1.31 4.5 1.08Hungary 531 1.34 0.82 4.9 1.37 36.9 1.23 57.6 0.86 36.3 1.10 28.4 0.90 22.2 0.55 7.0 2.31Ireland 942 1.16 1.12 4.9 0.37 46.7 0.94 47.2 1.14 32.5 1.08 21.5 0.99 16.2 1.12 9.4 1.73Italy 4,779 1.23 1.01 3.2 0.80 55.5 0.95 40.9 1.08 25.6 1.20 17.3 1.19 17.1 0.91 6.4 1.35Latvia 82 0.60 1.42 1.2 n.c. 64.6 0.65 32.9 1.57 29.3 1.25 25.6 1.00 3.7 n.c. 3.7 n.c.Lithuania 146 0.96 1.07 4.1 0.71 47.3 1.02 48.6 1.01 42.5 1.11 38.4 0.96 8.2 0.76 2.1 n.c.Luxembourg 41 1.18 1.70 2.4 n.c. 26.8 0.41 70.7 1.77 63.4 1.62 43.9 2.98 12.2 0.32 14.6 n.c.Netherlands 3,296 1.46 1.06 4.2 0.71 44.4 0.86 50.6 1.13 35.7 1.25 24.7 1.20 16.7 0.92 9.3 1.43Poland 1,479 0.75 0.82 10.3 1.52 60.7 1.04 28.5 0.82 15.8 0.79 11.1 0.78 13.0 0.89 4.4 0.77Portugal 1,789 1.16 0.92 1.1 1.47 55.1 1.04 43.4 0.95 31.4 0.92 25.6 0.81 12.5 1.03 5.3 1.68Romania 533 0.56 0.35 6.8 0.71 68.3 2.93 24.4 0.28 18.6 0.33 15.2 0.35 6.4 0.17 2.8 0.26Slovakia 255 1.10 0.88 3.9 5.49 43.5 1.05 52.2 0.91 41.6 1.02 31.8 1.03 12.9 0.73 7.5 0.80Slovenia 344 0.85 1.08 2.9 2.52 57.0 0.85 39.2 1.15 27.6 0.99 17.7 0.75 15.4 1.77 6.1 1.57Spain 5,470 1.17 1.14 2.0 0.79 59.2 0.88 38.2 1.21 23.5 1.29 17.2 1.21 15.4 1.11 5.6 1.60Sweden 2,812 1.46 1.00 5.0 1.05 42.7 0.86 51.4 1.09 30.5 1.18 20.1 1.11 22.7 0.93 8.7 1.54United Kingdom 11,169 1.57 1.12 9.1 0.58 43.3 0.83 46.7 1.24 25.3 1.33 16.0 1.23 23.2 1.14 7.5 1.64

CandidatesCroatia 282 0.72 0.76 1.8 n.c. 63.1 1.12 34.0 0.77 29.4 0.67 22.0 0.61 7.4 0.86 4.6 1.64Turkey 2,990 0.40 0.93 9.6 1.11 75.6 0.99 14.0 0.94 6.4 1.11 4.7 1.03 8.2 0.84 1.1 1.78

EFTAIceland 57 1.13 1.04 1.8 n.c. 33.3 0.73 64.9 1.10 31.6 1.01 19.3 0.58 33.3 1.20 12.3 2.11Norway 761 1.22 1.08 6.0 1.00 43.1 0.83 50.2 1.15 31.7 1.62 20.1 1.47 19.6 0.73 10.5 1.99Switzerland 2,406 1.53 1.14 7.0 0.58 37.4 0.73 55.1 1.26 40.1 1.25 27.3 1.18 15.4 1.26 12.4 1.44

ERAIsrael 1,732 1.21 1.05 5.5 0.92 48.6 0.87 45.0 1.14 17.8 1.48 10.2 1.55 29.2 0.98 5.6 1.49







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Among member states, the UK (23.2%), Sweden (22.7%) and France (22.3%) have the highest international collaboration rates with non-EU27 partner(s) only. Among the 42 selected countries, Iceland has the highest proportion of international co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only, at 33.3%. Outside the EU27, strong increases in the proportion of international co-publications with EU27 co-authors only were observed for Israel (1.55), Norway (1.47) and Brazil. The proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only are quickly increasing for the US (1.38), Japan (1.31), India (1.31), Russia (1.16) and the Republic of Korea (1.14). In these cases, slight increases or decreases were observed for the proportion of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, which, together with their actual collaborations rates, might indicate a preference towards collaborating with countries outside of the EU27. Among EU27 countries, Estonia and Slovenia present by far the highest increases in terms of the proportion of international co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only, with respective GIs of 2.42 and 1.77.

As is also observed in Scopus, co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries are on the rise for most of the selected countries, with the exception of a block of countries from Eastern Europe including Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, as well as China. Among EU27 countries, the proportion of these co-publications in their total publications are in the single digit range, with a few countries such as Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia and Luxembourg scoring above 10%.

2.1.6 Information and Communication Technologies

In Information and Communication Technologies, the share of a country’s papers published by a single author range from a low of 4.3% for Spain to a high of 39.6% for Lithuania. Other notable EU27 member states in single author publications include Poland (26.8%) and Latvia (29.7%). These proportions are largely above those of any the remaining countries in this study’s selection with the exception of Russia which stands at 26.2%. The proportion of single author publications are declining all around the world, with only a few exceptions among the selected countries: Lithuania (GI of 2.87), Luxembourg (1.63), China (1.43), Malta (1.23), Russia (1.11), Cyprus (1.10) and Hungary (1.06). Lithuania really stands out for single author publications, combining the highest share and GI for this indicator.

Single country co-publications are also decreasing for most EU27 members, with the exceptions of Romania (GI of 1.48) and Slovakia (1.48). In terms of the proportion of a country’s scientific output resulting from single country co-publications, Spain (62.7%) and Greece (61.9%) achieve the highest scores within the EU27, whereas Luxembourg has the lowest score at 27.6%. Within the overall selection of countries, these scores are all below those observed for Asian countries (between 74% and 82%), Croatia (70.3%) and Brazil (67.8%).

Collaborations at the international level in Information and Communication Technologies are on the rise or stable for most of the 42 selected countries. As in other thematic priorities, Lithuania is notable due to the sharp decrease in its international collaboration rate (GI of 0.62). With an international collaboration rate of 16.4% for the overall period of the study, Lithuania scores just above Latvia (14.9%) and China (10.4%). As always, there is a substantial variation in the international collaboration rate of countries, which ranged from a low of 10.4% for China to a high of 81.8% for Liechtenstein. The highest CI scores within the selection are observed for Iceland (1.68), Switzerland (1.67) and Luxembourg (1.56), but other countries also present strong CI scores. EFTA countries present some of the highest CIs in this thematic priority, indicating a high propensity to collaborate internationally given the size of their output. Also, the


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US presents a CI above 1.00 in this thematic priority with a score of 1.11, above its CI of 0.91 in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I). Among EU27 members, Latvia (0.35) and Lithuania (0.43) rank at the bottom for this indicator, joined by only eight other EU27countries below 1.00, but also candidate countries, Asian countries, Brazil and Russia.

EU27 members tend to collaborate more with countries that are located within the EU rather than outside of it, with their proportions of co-publications with foreign EU27 partner(s) only generally greater than their proportions of co-publications with foreign non-EU27 partner(s) only. Among member states, the former indicator varied from 5.8% (Latvia) to 47.0% (Luxembourg). Only France, Germany, Latvia and the UK have larger shares of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only than with EU27 countries only. In the case of Latvia, the difference is not pronounced, with its proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only being only slightly greater at 6.7% compared to 5.8%. However, the strong increase of its share of co-publications with EU27 countries only (GI of 4.73) compared to the decrease in its share of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only (0.50) might indicate that a shift is occurring for this country. Looking outside of the EU27, all of the other countries (i.e. candidates, EFTA, Asian countries, others) except for China and India increased their shares of EU27 co-publications.

Within the EU27, Cyprus (21.5%), the UK (20.7%) and France (20.4%) have the highest international collaboration rates exclusively with non-EU27 partners. Among selected countries, Iceland has the highest proportion in this regard, at 31.3%. Outside of the EU27, an increase in the proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 partners only was observed for most countries with only a few exceptions (e.g., India, China and Russia). The proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only increased importantly for Liechtenstein (3.39), Luxembourg (2.01) and Estonia (1.51).

Similar to what is observed for Scopus as a whole (Table I), co-publications involving EU27 and non-EU27 countries are on the rise for most selected countries, with the exception of a few Eastern European countries, India, Iceland and Russia. Among EU27 countries, the proportion of these co-publications in a country’s total output are in the single digit range for all members, the highest score being observed for Luxembourg (9.1%) and the lowest for Lithuania (1.6%), a country that overall appears to focus primarily on single author publications in this thematic priority. Within the entire selection of countries, Liechtenstein (18.2%) and Iceland (11.4%) rank 1st and 2nd with respect to this indicator.


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Table VI Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Information and Communication Technologies (2000–2011)


2.1.7 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies

The proportion of a country’s papers in the Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies thematic priority published by only one author range from a low of 0% (Slovakia and Luxembourg) to a high of 14.3% for Estonia (Table VII). Single author publications are declining worldwide with only a few countries experiencing an increase in their share of this publication type within their total output. These countries include Brazil (2.7% and a GI of 3.82), Russia (5.8% and a GI of 1.42), Poland (8.4% and a GI of 1.40) and Greece (4.9% and a GI of 2.29). Considering the size of its output,


Austria 12,919 1.25 1.04 13.0 0.72 47.2 1.02 38.8 1.08 30.5 1.12 22.7 1.10 10.5 0.93 5.5 1.39Belgium 12,623 1.34 1.08 7.6 0.90 49.1 0.91 42.2 1.13 30.9 1.14 22.5 1.10 13.7 1.05 6.1 1.49Bulgaria 1,803 1.08 0.87 19.9 0.79 38.0 1.31 41.1 0.85 29.6 0.90 23.6 0.93 12.9 0.74 4.6 0.77Cyprus 1,198 1.39 0.98 8.4 1.10 34.2 1.01 56.3 0.96 37.0 0.93 27.6 0.83 21.5 1.04 7.2 1.41Czech Republic 8,225 0.85 0.94 20.8 0.83 51.0 1.10 27.6 0.94 19.7 1.02 14.9 1.00 9.0 0.88 3.7 0.90Denmark 6,930 1.46 1.16 15.4 0.72 34.8 0.88 48.9 1.20 33.6 1.21 24.4 1.18 17.9 1.16 6.6 1.41Estonia 665 0.81 1.01 19.7 0.69 44.5 1.26 34.6 0.97 27.5 0.92 19.5 0.70 8.3 1.51 6.8 1.57Finland 13,461 1.00 1.21 14.5 0.74 53.2 0.92 30.9 1.31 18.6 1.34 13.7 1.33 13.5 1.30 3.7 1.31France 61,919 1.41 1.12 9.1 0.73 52.4 0.93 37.4 1.19 18.8 1.17 13.2 1.16 20.4 1.20 3.9 1.27Germany 74,779 1.26 0.98 13.3 0.68 53.1 1.06 32.7 1.05 19.6 1.13 13.8 1.13 15.0 0.95 3.9 1.14Greece 15,811 0.97 1.09 6.9 0.83 61.9 0.95 29.9 1.16 20.1 1.30 15.5 1.26 11.1 0.99 3.2 1.41Hungary 5,159 1.15 1.00 17.9 1.06 42.0 0.92 39.0 1.08 25.7 1.13 20.1 1.05 14.2 0.99 4.6 1.56Ireland 7,426 1.16 1.15 9.2 0.77 51.5 0.89 38.4 1.24 26.1 1.16 19.9 1.12 13.4 1.45 5.1 1.23Italy 47,771 1.17 1.07 7.7 0.82 59.3 0.95 31.8 1.15 20.4 1.24 15.3 1.20 12.9 1.04 3.7 1.36Latvia 538 0.35 0.92 29.7 0.76 54.8 1.20 14.9 0.81 9.3 1.13 5.8 4.73 6.7 0.50 2.4 0.31Lithuania 1,369 0.43 0.66 39.6 2.87 43.2 0.58 16.4 0.62 12.8 0.73 10.7 0.74 4.0 0.36 1.6 0.82Luxembourg 972 1.56 1.01 7.5 1.63 27.6 1.05 64.3 0.92 57.5 0.83 47.0 0.78 8.2 2.01 9.1 1.31Malta 176 0.61 1.11 15.3 1.23 54.0 1.09 30.7 0.82 27.8 0.73 21.6 0.67 6.3 0.96 2.8 n.c.Netherlands 23,006 1.42 1.04 10.3 0.71 46.9 0.99 41.6 1.09 29.5 1.13 22.0 1.07 13.8 1.07 5.8 1.22Poland 13,396 0.83 0.91 26.8 0.88 46.9 1.12 25.2 0.96 15.0 0.98 11.7 0.96 10.6 0.94 2.9 1.01Portugal 10,103 1.00 1.10 7.2 0.71 59.4 0.98 32.2 1.13 22.1 1.06 18.0 1.03 10.8 1.25 3.4 1.27Romania 6,245 0.81 0.70 15.1 0.61 56.7 1.48 26.8 0.67 20.4 0.66 16.4 0.66 7.2 0.71 3.2 0.63Slovakia 2,478 0.97 0.81 19.4 0.61 44.6 1.48 35.5 0.79 29.2 0.89 22.9 0.93 7.3 0.55 5.4 0.65Slovenia 3,247 0.80 1.11 14.4 0.77 55.5 0.97 29.3 1.19 20.7 1.20 14.7 1.21 10.9 1.16 3.7 1.18Spain 41,333 1.14 1.12 4.3 0.76 62.7 0.93 31.8 1.19 19.3 1.26 14.7 1.22 13.5 1.10 3.6 1.41Sweden 14,207 1.33 1.11 12.8 0.74 45.1 0.93 41.1 1.18 25.4 1.24 18.1 1.19 18.0 1.12 5.0 1.36United Kingdom 74,205 1.48 1.12 12.8 0.73 47.7 0.92 38.3 1.22 19.0 1.25 13.7 1.17 20.7 1.21 3.9 1.49

CandidatesCroatia 2,143 0.51 1.15 9.1 0.62 70.3 1.00 19.3 1.29 14.5 1.22 10.4 1.26 6.5 1.32 2.4 1.40Macedonia 593 0.84 0.73 8.8 0.56 54.8 1.35 35.6 0.76 24.1 0.86 13.0 1.24 18.5 0.59 4.0 0.43Turkey 11,813 0.72 1.02 12.8 0.87 63.6 1.01 22.4 1.02 8.5 1.24 5.9 1.29 14.6 0.91 1.9 1.11

EFTAIceland 562 1.68 1.00 10.9 0.96 16.5 1.23 72.4 0.97 43.1 0.92 29.7 1.05 31.3 0.92 11.4 0.90Liechtenstein 44 1.45 1.37 9.1 0.03 9.1 n.c. 81.8 1.95 75.0 1.74 40.9 1.57 22.7 3.39 18.2 1.67Norway 7,159 1.38 1.21 13.6 0.71 39.4 0.87 46.1 1.25 28.3 1.26 21.1 1.23 18.7 1.20 6.3 1.46Switzerland 15,851 1.67 1.06 9.0 0.73 39.1 0.91 51.0 1.13 34.0 1.16 26.4 1.16 17.8 1.09 6.8 1.15

ERAIsrael 14,070 1.33 1.06 11.3 0.90 46.0 0.92 41.3 1.13 14.8 1.24 8.9 1.29 28.0 1.07 4.4 1.17







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China’s percentage of single author publications is really low in this thematic priority, standing at only 1.3%, on par with the Republic of Korea, but well below that of other large countries such as the US (4.8%), Russia (5.8%) and even Brazil (2.7%).

The proportion of single country co-publications are also decreasing for most of the 42 selected countries, whereas notable increases can be observed for Estonia (GI of 1.24), Latvia (1.33), Lithuania (1.15), Romania (1.65) and Turkey (1.18). In terms of the proportions of domestic collaborations, Italy (49.4%) and Romania (47.7%) achieved the highest scores within the EU27, whereas Luxembourg has the lowest score at 6.3%. Among the countries presented in this study, Asian countries are, as usual, at the top with respect to this indicator, having scores above 70%, closely followed by the US (66.1%) and Brazil (62.4%).

The international collaboration rates were on the rise or stable in this thematic priority for most of the selected countries. In addition, they are above those observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I) for many countries. Among EU27 countries, these collaboration rates ranged from a low of 45.0% for Italy (counterbalanced by its proportions of single country co-publications, the highest among EU27 countries) to a high of 93.8% for Luxembourg. Although Russia generally collaborates far less internationally than most EU27 countries, with a rate of 54.1% in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (compared to 29.8% in Scopus, see Table I), it is on par with many EU27 countries. This reflects Russia’s CI, which stands at 1.21, firmly above the expectation score of one, but also far ahead of its CI in Scopus (0.87, Table I). Other than Russia, no country outside of the EU27, candidate countries and EFTA score above one for the CI. The highest CIs are achieved by Croatia (1.43), Luxembourg (1.39) and Belgium (1.36).

EU27 members tend to collaborate more within the EU27 than outside of it, as revealed by their proportions of co-publications with foreign EU27 partner(s) only, which are generally greater than their proportions of co-publications with foreign non-EU27 partner(s) only. Among member states, the former indicator varied from 16.4% (UK) to 75.0% (Luxembourg). As can be observed in other thematic priorities, Germany, the UK, Sweden and Finland are the only EU27 members that co-publish a greater share of their total outputs with partners from outside of the EU than with partners inside of it. Among EU27 member states, the strongest growth in the proportion of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only was observed for Slovenia, with a GI of 1.45. Looking outside of the EU27, most countries increased their share of strictly EU27 co-publications, with the exception of Brazil, India, Norway and Turkey. The Republic of Korea is notable for its GI of 1.82, almost doubling its share of strictly EU27 co-publications between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011. For the entire period of 2000–2011, its score stands at 2.6%, a relatively low score compared to other countries, particularly in Asia, where countries co-publish between 4% and 7% of their outputs with a partner from the EU.

Germany (24.8%), the UK (23.5%) and Sweden (22.2%) have the highest shares of strictly non-EU27 co-publications among EU27 countries. In terms of growth, large increases were observed for Slovakia (6.11) and Estonia (3.29) for this indicator, but these countries still have a long way to go before reaching the level of other EU27 countries.

The proportion of a country’s output resulting from co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries increased for most of the 42 selected countries, with the exception of Belgium, Norway, Israel, India and Brazil. Among EU27 countries, these shares are in the single digit range for most members. Latvia is an exception, having the highest share among selected countries at 16.7%.


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Table VII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (2000–2011)


2.1.8 Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies)

The proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author publications in the Materials thematic priority (excluding Nanotechnologies) range from a low of 1.8% for Spain to a high of 15.5% for Poland in the EU27 (Table VIII). Poland, slightly ahead of Croatia at 15.0%, obtained the highest share of single-authored papers within the whole selection of countries. Overall, most countries experienced strong decreases for this indicator, with notable exceptions for Cyprus, which has a GI of 4.92, but also Macedonia (3.47), Latvia (1.38), Slovenia (1.20), Russia (1.20), Japan (1.19) and China (1.33). China’s growth is particularly strong considering that the GI of its proportion of single author publications stands at 1.04 in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I). However, China’s share of single author publications in the Materials thematic priority is lower than in Scopus (3.7% compared to 5.1%, Table I).


Austria 722 1.29 1.04 2.1 0.68 34.8 0.86 62.2 1.11 49.6 1.29 35.9 1.25 14.1 0.76 12.2 1.27Belgium 1,239 1.36 0.96 2.3 0.92 34.4 0.94 63.0 1.04 46.8 0.95 32.6 0.98 17.8 1.24 12.7 0.93Bulgaria 142 1.07 1.25 5.6 0.38 34.5 0.75 59.9 1.25 49.3 1.25 38.0 1.16 13.4 0.81 8.5 2.80Cyprus 39 0.90 0.64 2.6 n.c. 41.0 n.c. 56.4 n.c. 46.2 n.c. 35.9 n.c. 12.8 n.c. 7.7 n.c.Czech Republic 509 1.20 1.02 4.1 1.05 36.0 0.94 59.7 1.04 42.0 1.05 30.8 0.99 19.3 0.99 9.6 1.28Denmark 712 1.13 1.15 2.9 0.97 41.4 0.75 55.1 1.22 39.6 1.09 25.8 1.02 19.8 1.46 9.4 1.41Estonia 56 0.86 1.42 14.3 0.13 33.9 1.24 51.8 1.43 44.6 1.24 32.1 1.12 7.1 3.29 12.5 1.44Finland 593 1.01 1.19 4.9 0.47 44.9 0.79 49.4 1.32 30.5 1.10 19.9 0.96 21.1 1.55 8.4 1.81France 5,119 1.29 0.91 2.5 0.84 43.5 0.98 53.1 1.01 33.7 1.02 22.9 0.97 21.6 1.02 8.7 1.12Germany 8,214 1.29 1.01 3.5 0.85 44.9 0.87 50.9 1.13 29.4 1.20 17.8 1.12 24.8 1.07 8.3 1.35Greece 612 1.13 1.22 4.9 2.29 38.4 0.64 55.2 1.31 41.2 1.30 31.0 1.27 15.4 1.39 8.8 1.29Hungary 282 1.14 0.89 2.5 1.02 37.6 0.96 59.9 1.02 44.0 1.10 30.9 1.05 17.4 0.79 11.7 1.35Ireland 728 1.09 1.00 2.7 0.61 43.7 0.90 52.7 1.10 37.5 0.95 26.2 0.91 16.5 1.45 10.0 1.19Italy 3,189 1.05 0.98 4.5 0.62 49.4 0.97 45.0 1.07 32.4 0.98 22.4 0.86 14.3 1.40 8.3 1.22Latvia 30 1.05 0.71 3.3 n.c. 30.0 1.33 66.7 0.92 53.3 0.51 36.7 0.30 13.3 n.c. 16.7 1.67Lithuania 79 0.84 0.86 5.1 0.95 44.3 1.15 49.4 0.98 34.2 0.98 25.3 0.67 16.5 1.47 7.6 2.25Netherlands 2,101 1.20 1.02 2.9 0.87 43.4 0.88 53.1 1.13 39.3 1.20 26.7 1.15 16.6 0.98 9.8 1.34Poland 916 1.11 0.93 8.4 1.40 38.0 0.85 52.9 1.05 36.6 1.10 27.9 0.93 17.2 1.03 7.8 1.65Portugal 627 1.09 1.11 0.8 2.25 44.8 0.82 53.9 1.14 38.0 1.01 27.0 0.85 16.6 1.71 10.4 1.43Romania 537 0.97 0.59 3.4 1.97 47.1 1.65 47.7 0.70 36.3 0.68 30.0 0.59 12.3 0.73 5.4 1.43Slovakia 89 1.12 1.27 0.0 n.c. 34.8 0.58 65.2 1.33 58.4 1.13 49.4 1.04 6.7 6.11 9.0 2.04Slovenia 199 0.92 1.48 5.0 0.32 44.7 0.73 49.2 1.56 34.2 1.64 22.1 1.45 19.6 1.18 7.5 3.80Spain 2,952 1.21 1.00 2.0 0.83 45.2 0.92 52.2 1.07 37.1 1.04 26.9 0.96 16.7 1.09 8.6 1.47Sweden 1,394 1.19 1.12 2.6 0.68 42.1 0.80 54.4 1.21 34.6 1.14 21.6 1.02 22.2 1.15 10.6 1.95United Kingdom 6,301 1.17 1.11 5.7 0.73 46.2 0.80 47.3 1.26 25.3 1.26 16.4 1.25 23.5 1.26 7.4 1.30

CandidatesCroatia 32 1.43 1.03 9.4 n.c. 3.1 n.c. 87.5 n.c. 81.3 n.c. 62.5 n.c. 9.4 n.c. 15.6 n.c.Turkey 481 0.87 0.88 7.5 0.62 47.0 1.18 43.9 0.89 22.9 1.24 15.6 0.97 23.5 0.79 4.8 1.30

EFTANorway 268 1.16 1.04 1.5 n.c. 36.9 0.86 61.6 1.06 39.6 0.88 30.2 0.86 23.9 1.61 7.5 0.72Switzerland 2,127 1.30 1.07 3.5 1.02 38.4 0.77 57.5 1.17 40.8 1.21 30.9 1.14 17.3 1.12 9.4 1.39

ERAIsrael 938 0.80 0.86 4.7 1.00 56.6 1.04 37.8 0.93 18.2 1.01 12.0 1.35 21.0 0.90 4.8 0.43







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Contrary to what is observed in most thematic priorities, the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single country co-publications, i.e. domestic collaborations, are not decreasing evenly across the EU27. In fact, eleven EU27 member states exhibit a positive GI for this indicator. The proportion of single country co-publications ranged from 8.4% for Luxembourg to a high of 63.4% for Lithuania, with most countries scoring between 35% and 60%. Interestingly, this range is similar to that observed for candidate countries but different from that for EFTA countries. In the latter group, countries published between 18% and 50% of their outputs as single country co-publications. Note that countries in this group have some of the smallest production levels in this area; Iceland and Liechtenstein are two of the three smallest countries in terms of output in Materials research. All selected Asian countries score above 70% for this indicator, with China presenting the highest score among all selected countries at 87.5%. It appears that China’s research, while always resulting heavily from strictly national collaborations as revealed by its proportion of single country co-publications in the sciences in general (80%, Table I), is even more centered on the efforts of strictly national teams in Materials research.

The international collaboration rates are on the rise in Materials research for all countries within this study’s selection, except for the usual group of Eastern European countries (i.e., Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania), Iceland, China, Brazil and Russia for which they are decreasing. The international collaboration rate is highest for Luxembourg (74.8%), Liechtenstein (74.4%) and Iceland (71.4%). Overall, France achieved the highest CI at 1.63, slightly ahead of Belgium (1.59). Notable growth can be observed for Estonia (GI of 1.59), which might take the country above the level of expectation if this trend continues, and also for Luxembourg (1.46), Liechtenstein (1.27) and Japan (1.24). As with the international collaboration rate, the CI of Iceland and the Czech Republic, both of which exceeded expectation at 1.23, have been decreasing with GIs of 0.74 and 0.85, respectively. Only four EU27 countries scored noticeably below one for this indicator, namely Estonia (0.93), Latvia (0.80), Lithuania (0.66) and Romania (0.83). For the purpose of comparison, all EU27 candidates, Asian countries, Brazil and Russia collaborated less internationally than expected. EFTA countries, Israel and the US were the only other countries scoring above one.

EU27 members tend to collaborate more with countries that are located within the EU than outside of it with their proportions of co-publications with foreign EU27 partner(s) only being generally greater than their proportions of co-publications with foreign non-EU27 partner(s) only. Only Denmark, Germany, France, Sweden and the UK have larger shares of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only than with EU27 countries only. Luxembourg (53.8%) has the highest share of co-publications with EU27 members only, whereas Germany (13.0%) and the UK (14.0%) have the lowest. Many EU27 members have increased their collaboration rates strictly with EU27 countries between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 (i.e., positive GIs), whereas some did not (i.e., Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Slovenia). Among candidates, Macedonia has the highest rate at 28.9%, and Turkey is the only candidate with fewer strictly EU27 co-publications than strictly non-EU27 co-publications. In fact, its proportion of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only is even smaller than it is for India, Japan and the Republic of Korea.

France (24.2%), the UK (24.1%) and Denmark (24.0%) have the highest proportions of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only within the entire selection of countries covered in this study. As can be observed for most thematic priorities, this type of co-publication is on the rise


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for most countries, as are most types of international collaborations, because of the overall globalisation in scientific research.

Luxembourg (19.3%) and Cyprus (15.1%) lead among selected countries regarding the proportion of a country’s output resulting from co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries. For most countries, these co-publications are on the rise, relative to the total output of a country, but are not as prominent as in Scopus overall, where the proportions of this type of co-publication are generally higher.

Table VIII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies; 2000–2011)



Austria 4,481 1.46 0.98 7.9 0.62 39.1 1.06 51.7 1.03 41.8 1.03 32.6 1.00 12.0 1.06 7.1 1.12Belgium 5,494 1.59 0.97 4.1 0.67 39.8 0.99 55.3 1.03 40.0 1.18 30.0 1.20 16.5 0.76 8.8 1.08Bulgaria 1,295 1.24 0.89 6.6 0.48 41.6 1.17 50.7 0.98 43.0 0.98 36.5 0.93 9.7 0.97 4.6 1.56Cyprus 159 1.22 1.29 5.0 4.92 31.4 0.47 63.5 1.30 47.2 1.64 32.1 1.50 16.4 0.74 15.1 1.98Czech Republic 5,515 1.23 0.85 8.8 0.90 48.0 1.13 42.6 0.89 32.2 0.88 25.2 0.86 11.6 0.95 5.8 0.89Denmark 1,901 1.34 0.95 10.6 1.04 36.3 0.97 52.8 1.01 30.8 1.02 21.1 0.94 24.0 1.09 7.7 0.93Estonia 303 0.93 1.59 12.2 0.71 42.6 0.74 45.2 1.49 36.0 1.58 25.1 1.35 10.2 1.44 9.9 1.99Finland 2,842 1.03 1.10 10.5 0.69 50.3 0.94 38.5 1.16 26.5 1.02 19.8 1.00 13.6 1.40 5.0 1.24France 27,502 1.63 0.96 3.6 0.74 48.6 1.00 47.0 1.02 24.4 0.92 17.8 0.88 24.2 1.11 5.0 1.11Germany 46,053 1.33 1.08 12.1 0.50 47.3 1.07 35.8 1.19 18.9 1.22 13.0 1.19 18.8 1.17 4.1 1.29Greece 3,243 1.24 1.04 6.4 0.64 47.1 0.98 45.8 1.08 32.1 1.07 24.1 1.05 14.7 1.17 7.0 1.02Hungary 2,572 1.03 1.08 14.6 0.81 45.1 0.89 39.2 1.21 29.4 1.29 21.3 1.05 11.4 1.21 6.5 1.87Ireland 1,247 1.12 1.02 3.5 0.75 49.6 0.97 46.4 1.05 31.5 1.12 24.5 1.34 16.1 0.85 5.8 0.79Italy 12,886 1.15 0.97 5.5 0.79 57.8 1.01 36.0 1.02 23.6 1.02 18.2 1.03 13.9 1.02 3.9 0.99Latvia 540 0.80 0.61 8.3 1.38 53.5 1.33 36.7 0.67 28.9 0.63 23.7 0.59 8.5 0.89 4.4 0.71Lithuania 846 0.66 0.74 7.7 0.58 63.4 1.28 28.6 0.74 20.0 0.58 17.4 0.63 8.9 1.39 2.4 0.31Luxembourg 119 1.47 1.46 10.1 0.35 8.4 2.09 80.7 1.59 74.8 1.55 53.8 1.44 7.6 3.34 19.3 1.72Netherlands 7,143 1.44 1.08 5.6 0.86 45.1 0.85 48.3 1.16 34.3 1.18 25.8 1.17 15.6 1.08 6.9 1.29Poland 10,589 0.99 0.82 15.5 0.94 51.7 1.10 32.0 0.89 21.1 0.89 16.4 0.86 11.5 0.93 4.1 0.91Portugal 4,913 1.26 1.02 2.6 0.77 52.7 0.94 44.3 1.08 27.3 1.00 21.5 0.92 17.9 1.21 4.9 1.35Romania 4,165 0.83 0.75 8.6 0.74 60.8 1.19 29.8 0.77 23.4 0.76 18.5 0.77 8.4 0.76 3.0 0.78Slovakia 2,734 1.10 0.97 12.2 0.64 45.4 1.10 41.5 1.01 33.9 0.99 27.8 1.01 9.5 1.01 4.2 1.03Slovenia 2,218 0.96 1.07 8.3 1.20 54.1 0.89 36.9 1.12 28.9 1.06 18.8 0.95 13.9 1.25 4.2 1.58Spain 13,211 1.28 1.01 1.8 0.66 56.9 0.96 40.4 1.07 25.2 1.09 20.2 1.04 15.8 1.08 4.4 1.20Sweden 5,854 1.25 1.04 7.3 0.57 49.1 0.97 43.1 1.12 26.9 1.13 18.6 1.04 18.7 1.11 5.8 1.46United Kingdom 24,793 1.48 1.04 9.5 0.70 47.1 0.94 42.8 1.13 20.4 1.08 14.0 1.04 24.1 1.15 4.8 1.26


EFTAIceland 70 1.23 0.74 10.0 n.c. 18.6 2.04 71.4 0.75 52.9 0.88 41.4 1.16 21.4 0.57 8.6 0.11Liechtenstein 82 1.30 1.27 4.9 0.00 18.3 0.36 74.4 1.37 69.5 1.44 40.2 1.21 23.2 1.11 11.0 2.80Norway 1,856 1.10 0.95 5.9 0.75 49.7 1.03 43.6 1.01 30.2 0.93 22.5 0.83 14.3 1.27 6.8 1.18Switzerland 5,208 1.50 1.09 9.7 0.47 37.3 0.95 52.1 1.17 37.6 1.15 29.2 1.14 15.0 1.20 7.8 1.20

ERAIsrael 2,398 1.05 0.92 8.1 0.71 51.2 1.04 39.9 1.01 19.5 0.99 12.9 0.90 21.3 1.02 5.7 1.36







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2.1.9 New Production Technologies

As shown in Table IX, the share of a country’s papers published by a single author in the New Production Technologies thematic priority ranged from a low of 5.2% for Spain to a high of 35.2% for Poland within the EU27. In fact, Poland is second only to Russia (38.8%) among the 42 selected countries. Bulgaria is the only EU27country that experienced significant growth in this regard, with a GI of 2.11. Outside of the EU27, the only countries with a GI above one are Croatia (2.31), Macedonia (1.39) and China (1.08). Alternatively, most of the selected countries experienced strong decreases, with the smallest GIs being observed for Latvia (0.11), Iceland (0.27), Estonia (0.30) and Ireland (0.32). As always, Asian countries have some of the lowest proportions of single author publications.

Within the EU27, the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single country co-publications tend to experience slight variations (i.e., increases or decreases) between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 contrary to the small increases for most other countries in the study’s selection. The most important variations include those of Cyprus (GI of 2.40), Latvia (1.80) and Luxembourg (0.35). The highest proportion of single country co-publications within the EU27 was observed for Slovenia (65.4%), whereas the lowest share was observed for Luxembourg (5.6%). The selected Asian countries present scores above 70% for this indicator, excluding Japan, which stands at 64.5%, slightly behind Brazil at 67.4%. China has the highest score among the selected countries (81.3%).

The international collaboration rate in this thematic priority is following the same trend as that observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I); it is increasing for most countries, with the exception of Bulgaria, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania within the EU27 and Croatia, China, India, the Republic of Korea and Brazil outside of the EU. Among these exceptions, only Bulgaria, Cyprus and Germany collaborate more than expected based on the size of their output in this research area with CIs above one. The international collaboration rate varies widely within the study’s selection, going from a low of 11.3% for China to a high of 79.2% for Luxembourg. Within the EU27, the international collaboration rate of most countries range from 30% to 50%. Overall, scientific collaboration in the New Production Technologies thematic priority follows the same pattern observed in Scopus (Table I) according to the CI, with Western European countries collaborating more than expected at the international level while Eastern European countries collaborate less. Exceptions to this rule include Bulgaria (1.23) and Finland (0.80). The highest CIs within the selection are those of Luxembourg (1.70), Cyprus (1.64), the UK (1.50) and Macedonia (1.50). As is the case for most thematic priorities, Asian countries rank at the bottom, both in terms of their international collaboration rates and their CIs. Nevertheless, Japan appears to be increasing its propensity to collaborate on an international scale, presenting positive GIs for both indicators.

Contrary to what is observed for most FP7 thematic priorities, the EU27 does not exhibit an overwhelming preference towards collaborating with other EU27 members, as ten of them have greater proportions of co-publications with foreign non-EU27 partner(s) only than with foreign EU27 partner(s) only. These countries are Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK. This suggests that the EU27 collaboration network in New Production Technologies is not as integrated as it is in other thematic priorities. Nevertheless, most EU27 members, including many of those listed above, have seen their proportions of co-publications with exclusively EU27 partner(s) increase over time, with GIs above one for this indicator. Within the EU27, Luxembourg (69.4%) and Bulgaria (28.6%) have the highest shares


25

for this indicator, whereas the highest scores outside the EU27 were observed Liechtenstein (44.4%) and Iceland (32.4%), two EFTA countries.

Among EU member states, Cyprus (44.8%), Latvia (33.3%), the UK (25.8%) and France (23.4%) have the highest rates of co-publication with non-EU27 partner(s) only, whereas Macedonia (52.8%) and Israel (27.1%) score highest among the non-EU27 countries selected in this study.

Table IX Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in New Production Technologies (2000–2011)


Finally, the proportion of a country’s papers resulting from co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries is very low for all of the selected countries; Cyprus (12.3%) is the only selected country above 10%, with most countries scoring below 5%. Nevertheless, strong growth


Austria 1,853 1.21 1.00 12.8 0.66 42.8 1.09 42.7 1.08 30.5 1.17 24.6 1.25 14.0 0.88 4.1 0.95Belgium 2,572 1.47 0.94 7.2 0.68 42.3 1.06 49.9 1.01 35.7 0.99 27.6 1.06 15.8 0.97 6.5 0.87Bulgaria 269 1.23 0.93 19.3 2.11 27.9 0.65 52.8 0.99 41.6 0.97 28.6 0.93 14.9 1.14 9.3 0.97Cyprus 277 1.64 0.79 8.7 0.82 19.1 2.40 71.5 0.84 27.8 1.27 14.4 1.01 44.8 0.69 12.3 1.41Czech Republic 1,137 0.83 0.92 15.0 0.99 54.2 1.00 30.4 1.01 24.4 0.99 20.5 0.89 6.5 1.14 3.4 1.59Denmark 1,225 1.20 0.99 12.4 0.57 42.6 1.09 43.9 1.05 27.2 1.07 19.4 0.94 19.8 1.06 4.7 1.78Estonia 159 0.77 1.33 13.8 0.30 49.1 1.20 34.6 1.26 23.3 1.16 22.0 1.05 11.3 1.61 1.3 n.c.Finland 1,484 0.80 1.22 13.2 0.93 57.1 0.90 28.4 1.31 16.7 1.38 13.2 1.27 12.5 1.25 2.7 1.77France 15,250 1.37 1.07 8.4 0.79 52.5 0.92 38.2 1.16 16.0 1.13 11.7 1.05 23.4 1.19 3.0 1.33Germany 14,141 1.07 0.90 13.9 0.68 53.3 1.22 29.9 0.97 16.1 0.97 11.6 0.90 15.5 1.00 2.8 1.15Greece 2,339 0.81 0.98 10.4 0.80 60.8 1.01 27.6 1.07 18.1 1.24 14.4 1.21 10.2 0.83 3.0 1.28Hungary 1,261 0.89 0.84 20.9 0.98 45.9 1.08 32.8 0.90 21.3 1.25 17.2 1.13 12.4 0.55 3.2 1.70Ireland 780 1.23 1.18 11.2 0.32 41.0 0.88 46.4 1.43 26.8 1.42 18.7 1.12 21.7 1.60 6.0 1.95Italy 11,022 1.08 0.99 8.7 0.84 59.2 0.99 31.1 1.08 17.5 1.18 13.3 1.12 14.8 1.01 3.0 1.31Latvia 42 0.89 0.99 21.4 0.11 31.0 1.80 47.6 1.26 16.7 6.11 14.3 5.26 33.3 0.84 0.0 n.c.Lithuania 92 0.40 3.39 22.8 0.87 57.6 0.70 19.6 4.14 15.2 3.72 14.1 3.72 4.3 n.c. 1.1 n.c.Luxembourg 72 1.70 1.00 15.3 0.67 5.6 0.35 79.2 1.14 76.4 1.08 69.4 0.98 2.8 n.c. 6.9 4.55Netherlands 4,931 1.37 1.02 9.2 0.65 46.7 0.98 43.3 1.10 27.4 1.02 20.1 0.96 18.5 1.17 4.6 1.49Poland 3,145 0.72 0.86 35.2 0.89 41.5 1.13 23.1 0.97 15.4 1.04 12.3 0.94 8.0 0.87 2.8 1.54Portugal 2,487 1.09 1.07 6.2 0.82 55.5 0.95 37.2 1.13 22.7 1.08 19.2 1.09 15.0 1.17 3.0 1.19Romania 1,334 0.90 0.85 17.5 1.02 48.7 1.16 32.7 0.84 24.8 0.68 21.4 0.67 8.5 1.80 2.8 0.57Slovakia 316 0.90 1.11 16.5 0.55 44.6 1.00 38.6 1.26 32.0 1.21 22.8 0.93 9.5 1.38 6.3 4.51Slovenia 1,207 0.70 1.09 8.3 0.61 65.4 0.98 25.8 1.15 17.9 1.10 10.9 1.08 13.3 1.17 1.6 1.51Spain 7,128 1.07 1.07 5.2 0.70 61.0 0.95 32.5 1.16 17.8 1.06 13.9 0.94 15.4 1.36 3.2 1.46Sweden 3,315 1.16 1.07 13.7 0.70 47.6 0.95 38.2 1.17 22.3 1.26 15.1 1.10 19.2 1.18 3.9 1.47United Kingdom 14,515 1.50 1.11 12.2 0.61 45.0 0.89 41.8 1.25 17.6 1.16 12.8 1.16 25.8 1.29 3.2 1.29


EFTAIceland 74 1.29 1.14 10.8 0.27 18.9 1.10 63.5 1.49 35.1 0.67 32.4 0.81 29.7 2.14 1.4 n.c.Norway 1,276 1.32 1.10 10.4 0.66 40.3 0.93 48.0 1.14 31.0 1.08 24.9 1.03 17.8 1.26 5.3 1.38Switzerland 2,299 1.42 1.02 8.1 0.64 41.9 0.99 48.8 1.10 31.1 1.13 24.6 1.11 18.7 1.04 5.5 1.27

ERAIsrael 2,266 1.21 1.02 17.6 0.58 40.3 1.08 41.3 1.12 15.8 1.35 10.5 1.32 27.1 1.02 3.7 1.36







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was observed for this indicator, in particular for Luxembourg (GI of 4.55), Slovakia (4.51) and Ireland (1.95). This shows that collaborations involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries are becoming more important in New Production Technologies. The only decreases were observed for Macedonia (0.51) and Romania (0.57). This proportion was rather stable for Austria (0.95), Belgium (0.87), Bulgaria (0.97), the Republic of Korea (0.97) and Brazil (0.99).

2.1.10 Construction and Construction Technologies

The proportions of EU27 countries’ single author co-publications in Construction and Construction Technologies (Table X) are much more important than in Scopus overall (Table I)–the score of most member states in this research area is twice as high as it is in Scopus. The scores ranged from a low of 6.1% for Luxembourg to a high of 56.3% for Lithuania. However, as is observed for Scopus overall, this type of publication has been decreasing for most countries, with only Greece (GI of 1.11), Slovakia (1.25), Austria (1.26), Lithuania (1.39), Hungary (1.51) and Russia (1.53) experiencing notable increases. As usual, Asian countries have lower single author publication rates than many of the selected countries, with scores below 14.0%, but they are still higher than their proportions in Scopus overall.

Contrary to what is observed in the sciences in general, as well as in other thematic priorities, the proportion of single country co-publications is not decreasing for EU27 member states. Instead, it is increasing for a majority of countries. The largest increases are those of Romania (GI of 2.61) and Bulgaria (1.72). With an overall rate of 64.3% of its publications being the result of exclusively national collaborations, Romania has the highest share of single country co-publications among non-Asian countries in this study’s selection.

The international collaboration rates in Construction and Construction Technologies are on the rise for a majority of selected countries, but some EU27 members experienced important decreases: Romania (GI of 0.41), Hungary (0.53), Lithuania (0.61), Ireland (0.80) and Portugal (0.81). All of these countries collaborate less than expected internationally in this research area according to the CI. Overall, the international collaboration rate varies significantly within this study’s selection, going from a low of 9.6% for Lithuania to a high of 81.8% for Luxembourg. Among EU27 members, Luxembourg (1.88) and Denmark (1.47) rank at the top for the CI, whereas Lithuania (0.28) ranks at the bottom. When considering all of the 42 selected countries, Luxembourg is still first with a CI of 1.59, ahead of Switzerland. Interestingly, Asian countries score on a par with or ahead of other selected countries, with China (0.78) and India (0.83) not far from the level of expectation and much ahead of their scores in Scopus (0.47 and 0.50, respectively; Table I). Japan (1.02) collaborates as much as expected, and the Republic of Korea collaborates more than expected (1.32). The case of the Republic of Korea is highly interesting because only four EU27 countries score higher for this thematic priority, an unseen situation in most thematic priorities. Also important is the fact that China’s GI for this indicator is well above one (1.26), which indicates that it is quickly integrating itself into the international community.

Whereas EU27 members generally show a strong preference toward collaborating with other EU27 members, five member states instead collaborate more with non-EU27 countries, namely Finland, France, Germany, Spain and the UK. On the contrary, Estonia and Luxembourg publish almost exclusively in collaboration with EU27 countries in this area. Luxembourg (72.7%) has the highest share of co-publications with EU27 members only, whereas Lithuania (4.8%) and the UK 6.9%) have the lowest shares among EU27 members. Among candidates, Turkey rarely collaborates exclusively with EU27 members (3.1%). The proportion of co-publications with EU27


27

partner(s) only are in the low range for EFTA countries (around 20%). Interestingly, strong growth was observed for this indicator for China (GI of 1.52) and India (1.39).

Table X Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Construction and Construction Technologies (2000–2011)


Regarding the proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only, France (17.0%) and Denmark (15.7%) have the highest scores within the EU27. The highest score overall in this study’s selection is observed for the Republic of Korea (28.8%) and Israel (19.4%).

The proportions of co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries, as opposed to what can be observed in Scopus (Table I), are generally declining for a majority of selected countries. It appears that these kinds of international collaborations are not popular in the Construction and Construction Technologies thematic priority, as the proportions are lower than in Scopus as well as in most FP7 thematic priorities. The largest increases for this indicator were


Austria 591 1.31 0.98 24.7 1.26 34.0 0.86 38.7 1.07 26.6 1.32 20.8 1.38 13.7 0.71 4.2 1.28Belgium 1,242 1.33 1.05 15.0 0.59 47.8 1.06 36.0 1.17 28.8 1.13 20.1 1.20 9.5 1.43 6.4 0.85Bulgaria 63 0.89 0.80 38.1 0.48 25.4 1.72 34.9 1.08 27.0 0.80 15.9 0.38 9.5 2.56 9.5 1.56Cyprus 73 1.21 1.13 17.8 0.58 31.5 1.17 50.7 1.10 41.1 1.34 27.4 2.59 12.3 0.45 11.0 0.68Czech Republic 393 0.73 0.87 18.6 0.97 56.2 1.04 23.4 0.91 19.1 0.88 14.2 1.12 5.1 1.11 4.1 0.43Denmark 1,025 1.47 0.98 24.8 0.80 33.7 0.97 40.7 1.14 28.3 1.25 18.7 0.98 15.7 1.24 6.2 1.45Estonia 87 0.85 0.73 23.0 0.53 44.8 1.31 32.2 0.96 29.9 1.06 28.7 0.98 2.3 0.00 1.1 n.c.Finland 1,225 0.73 0.86 24.7 0.76 53.1 1.09 19.8 1.07 11.2 1.13 8.6 0.95 9.1 1.01 2.2 2.28France 3,639 1.33 0.95 14.5 0.71 52.7 1.06 30.8 1.08 15.3 0.96 10.9 0.99 17.0 1.20 2.9 0.84Germany 5,726 0.90 1.10 34.7 0.78 42.1 1.10 19.4 1.28 11.8 1.29 8.3 1.26 9.2 1.29 1.9 1.28Greece 1,005 0.83 0.83 18.5 1.11 56.7 0.99 23.6 0.98 15.6 0.75 12.4 0.78 8.7 1.87 2.5 0.47Hungary 295 0.95 0.51 46.1 1.51 21.0 1.18 31.9 0.53 23.1 0.54 18.0 0.53 9.8 0.46 4.1 0.75Ireland 426 1.00 0.73 27.9 0.79 39.9 1.40 31.5 0.80 23.7 0.75 18.3 0.84 8.7 0.89 4.5 0.53Italy 3,158 1.09 0.93 16.8 0.80 55.9 1.05 25.6 1.06 16.1 1.12 11.9 1.10 11.4 1.13 2.3 0.68Lithuania 270 0.28 0.60 56.3 1.39 33.3 0.69 9.6 0.61 5.2 1.12 4.8 1.38 4.8 0.21 0.0 n.c.Luxembourg 33 1.88 0.84 6.1 n.c. 6.1 n.c. 84.8 n.c. 81.8 n.c. 72.7 n.c. 3.0 n.c. 9.1 n.c.Netherlands 3,087 1.26 0.98 24.5 0.71 44.9 1.16 29.5 1.07 18.4 1.01 13.7 1.02 12.6 1.17 3.2 0.91Poland 1,353 0.42 1.28 38.1 0.96 43.5 1.08 11.5 1.41 8.4 1.49 7.2 1.47 3.0 1.15 1.2 1.66Portugal 872 0.91 0.79 11.5 0.87 60.8 1.16 25.9 0.81 17.1 0.88 14.1 0.96 9.4 0.66 2.4 0.66Romania 286 0.71 0.49 10.1 0.35 64.3 2.61 24.1 0.41 19.6 0.48 15.0 0.40 7.0 0.47 2.1 0.26Slovakia 160 0.84 1.21 43.1 1.25 25.6 0.58 31.3 1.14 24.4 1.23 18.8 1.38 6.9 0.85 5.6 0.88Slovenia 238 0.61 0.83 23.5 0.65 54.2 1.27 21.4 0.88 17.2 0.85 13.4 0.91 4.6 1.01 3.4 0.64Spain 2,869 0.98 0.98 14.4 0.86 60.4 1.03 23.8 1.07 13.0 0.88 10.6 0.98 11.4 1.38 1.8 0.44Sweden 1,763 1.00 1.03 30.3 0.80 43.0 1.04 25.9 1.19 18.0 1.05 12.3 0.94 10.4 1.42 3.2 1.84United Kingdom 12,077 1.17 1.03 35.2 0.96 40.5 0.94 22.7 1.20 9.2 1.12 6.9 1.06 14.4 1.27 1.5 1.13

CandidatesCroatia 118 0.56 1.30 16.1 0.33 59.3 1.24 22.0 1.09 19.5 1.62 17.8 2.98 2.5 0.00 1.7 0.18Turkey 2,799 0.51 1.35 22.9 1.07 63.4 0.91 12.4 1.59 4.2 1.85 3.1 1.57 8.3 1.52 1.0 2.67

EFTANorway 591 1.13 1.32 31.1 0.80 35.5 0.77 32.1 1.72 25.5 1.89 21.2 1.59 7.6 1.47 3.4 5.82Switzerland 1,176 1.59 1.02 16.2 1.06 38.9 0.87 43.5 1.12 29.4 1.14 22.8 1.05 14.5 1.10 6.2 1.46

ERAIsrael 852 0.99 0.89 26.4 0.87 44.6 0.98 27.5 1.13 8.7 0.94 5.4 1.07 19.4 1.21 2.7 0.78


OthersBrazil 1,304 0.93 0.94 13.2 0.76 58.1 0.98 25.0 1.06 14.6 0.92 11.9 0.90 10.6 1.28 2.5 1.08Russia 321 1.13 0.55 22.1 1.53 35.2 1.11 38.0 0.63 20.2 0.82 16.5 0.88 18.1 0.46 3.4 0.45United States 32,648 1.01 1.03 24.6 0.81 55.6 1.06 17.2 1.17 6.3 1.10 4.5 1.00 11.8 1.24 0.9 1.19





28

observed for Norway (GI of 5.82), India (3.10), Turkey (2.67) and Finland (2.28), whereas the largest proportions are those of Cyprus (11.0%) and Bulgaria (9.5%).

2.1.11 Energy

The proportion of a country’s publications resulting from single author co-publications in the EU27 in the Energy thematic priority ranged from a low of 3.1% for Latvia to a high of 26.7% for Luxembourg (Table XI). Overall, the proportion of single-authored publications is decreasing around the world, with only a few countries among the selection experiencing notable increases according to the GI: Ireland (1.14), Greece (1.20), Poland (1.50) and Romania (1.35). Alternatively, most countries experienced strong decreases, the largest one being observed for Sweden (GI of 0.22).

Single country co-publications were mostly stable or increased slightly in terms of publication shares within this selection of countries, which is different than what is observed in Scopus overall and in most FP7 thematic priorities. The largest increases are observed for Cyprus (GI of 2.18), Romania (1.89) and Iceland (1.72), and the only countries with notable decreases are Slovenia (0.92), Bulgaria (0.94) and Ireland (0.95). Overall, the largest scores for this indicator are those of Asian countries (72% to 85%) and Brazil (66.8%), whereas the scores of EU27 countries ranged from 15.7% (Cyprus) to 72.2% (Lithuania).

International co-publications are on the rise in Energy research in terms of publication shares for most of the 42 selected countries. In fact, within the EU27, only five countries present a GI below one for this indicator: Czech Republic (0.91), Poland (0.76), Portugal (0.82), Romania (0.45) and Slovakia (0.94). However, all EU27 candidate states present a GI below 0.85 for this indicator. On the other hand, many countries that do not usually exhibit increases in their international collaboration rates have GIs above one in this area, such as Brazil (1.14), Japan (1.08), India (1.17) and China (1.12). The international collaboration rate varies widely in this study’s selection, going from a low of 7.2% for China to a high of 62.4% for Cyprus. The lowest rate among EU27 members is that of Lithuania (21.6%). Among EU27 members, Germany (1.62) and Belgium (1.57) rank at the top in terms of CI, whereas Lithuania (0.55) ranks at the bottom. Within the complete selection of countries, Switzerland ranks 1st, with a CI of 1.64.

As was mentioned in previous sections, EU27 members show a strong preference towards collaborating with each other, as revealed by their proportion of co-publications strictly with EU27 partner(s), which is greater than that strictly with non-EU27 partner(s). However, Germany, France, Sweden and the UK show the opposite trend. Malta (60.9%) has the highest share of co-publications strictly with EU27 members, whereas Lithuania (12.4%) and the UK (12.8%) have the lowest among EU27 members. Most EU27 members have seen an increase in the share of their publication output resulting exclusively from international co-authorship between EU27 partners with a GI above one, the largest being that of Luxembourg (3.13). Among candidate states, Macedonia has the highest rate at 25.0%, whereas Turkey rarely collaborates exclusively with EU27 members, with a score (4.2%) only slightly above those of Asian countries. Outside of the EU27, the strongest GI for this indicator was observed for the Republic of Korea (1.24) and Norway (1.21). In the case of the Republic of Korea, its actual score is low for the overall period (1.9%), but this GI nevertheless indicates that collaborations with EU27 countries are becoming more important for the country. This is confirmed by the declining trend of the Republic of Korea’s co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only, which stands at 20.3%, but is associated with a GI of 0.82.


29

Table XI Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Energy (2000–2011)


Regarding this latter indicator, the UK (24.9%) and Cyprus (22.5%) have the highest rates among EU27 members, being only surpassed by Macedonia (22.7%) within the complete selection of countries. Strong growth for the share of this type of co-publication is observed for Latvia (1.93), Ireland (1.85), Sweden (1.46) and Slovenia (1.37).

Finally, regarding co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries, Iceland (19.2%), Latvia (12.6%) and Slovakia (11.1%) lead among selected countries. For this indicator, Asian countries appear to present higher increases than many EU27 countries, which depart from the analyses performed in this study.


Austria 2,004 1.51 1.06 10.1 0.65 35.2 1.08 53.3 1.06 38.3 1.03 25.2 1.01 17.4 1.12 10.7 1.10Belgium 3,380 1.57 1.07 7.7 0.63 37.6 1.04 52.3 1.05 39.8 1.03 28.6 1.07 13.6 1.10 10.1 0.95Bulgaria 789 1.38 1.04 8.1 1.07 37.4 0.94 54.0 1.06 42.7 1.04 32.8 1.01 14.1 1.09 7.1 1.22Cyprus 178 1.38 1.17 21.9 0.22 15.7 2.18 62.4 1.35 43.3 1.43 32.0 2.06 22.5 0.84 7.9 1.39Czech Republic 1,261 1.22 0.90 6.9 0.87 46.2 1.17 45.3 0.91 36.0 0.90 24.3 1.07 11.7 0.94 9.4 0.54Denmark 2,441 1.31 1.05 10.7 0.59 42.2 1.11 45.2 1.04 29.7 0.99 20.0 1.14 18.4 1.07 6.8 0.76Estonia 628 0.67 1.24 9.6 0.49 63.4 1.01 26.8 1.17 23.4 1.21 19.9 1.35 3.8 1.01 3.0 0.56Finland 2,271 1.13 1.18 16.9 0.58 42.3 1.02 39.6 1.20 31.9 1.26 22.7 1.28 9.5 1.15 7.4 1.07France 15,895 1.53 1.08 6.7 0.69 47.8 1.00 43.5 1.09 24.8 1.11 16.2 1.13 20.5 1.08 6.8 1.03Germany 18,365 1.62 1.00 9.5 0.71 43.2 1.10 45.2 1.02 27.5 1.10 17.6 1.16 20.4 0.90 7.2 1.02Greece 2,843 0.81 1.13 8.3 1.20 62.1 0.99 27.6 1.11 20.0 1.15 14.5 1.12 9.3 1.07 3.8 1.19Hungary 1,050 1.15 1.08 9.7 0.57 45.5 1.09 43.6 1.08 34.6 1.20 22.2 1.51 12.0 0.82 9.4 0.75Ireland 1,022 1.21 1.15 4.1 1.14 48.5 0.95 45.5 1.09 29.1 0.86 21.6 0.73 17.3 1.85 6.6 1.28Italy 10,117 1.15 1.07 6.4 0.98 57.1 1.00 34.2 1.07 22.8 1.10 15.8 1.15 12.9 0.99 5.6 1.01Latvia 191 1.16 1.20 3.1 0.41 37.7 1.24 52.9 1.14 47.6 0.99 32.5 0.94 7.9 1.93 12.6 1.26Lithuania 783 0.55 1.06 5.6 0.68 72.2 1.02 21.6 1.02 16.6 1.06 12.4 1.07 5.7 1.03 3.4 0.89Luxembourg 60 0.97 2.15 26.7 0.19 23.3 0.97 50.0 2.28 46.7 2.18 36.7 3.13 5.0 n.c. 8.3 0.44Netherlands 5,093 1.43 1.03 9.7 0.77 41.8 1.08 45.5 1.03 31.7 1.06 21.9 1.09 15.7 0.95 7.9 1.03Poland 3,560 0.97 0.77 17.8 1.50 49.0 1.08 32.2 0.76 23.0 0.81 17.7 0.83 10.1 0.65 4.5 0.78Portugal 2,120 1.26 0.85 3.8 0.94 48.9 1.34 44.3 0.82 29.1 0.85 20.9 0.87 16.7 0.72 6.7 0.90Romania 1,720 0.87 0.50 12.7 1.35 54.4 1.89 31.4 0.45 24.5 0.45 19.8 0.48 8.3 0.39 3.4 0.49Slovakia 369 1.29 0.95 5.7 0.38 37.7 1.39 54.7 0.94 47.7 0.97 34.1 1.03 9.5 0.53 11.1 1.09Slovenia 862 0.88 1.22 9.6 1.01 55.6 0.92 33.5 1.16 28.2 1.11 19.1 1.24 10.0 1.37 4.4 0.66Spain 8,918 1.23 1.05 3.7 1.01 58.1 1.01 37.2 1.01 24.3 0.97 17.7 1.03 14.1 1.02 5.4 0.93Sweden 6,109 1.13 1.35 23.8 0.22 39.5 1.30 35.3 1.41 22.1 1.38 14.5 1.30 15.4 1.46 5.4 1.55United Kingdom 19,007 1.54 1.03 12.4 0.74 42.1 1.11 42.6 1.04 19.6 1.02 12.8 1.03 24.9 1.04 5.0 1.04

CandidatesCroatia 744 0.67 0.83 16.7 1.42 54.6 1.17 26.2 0.81 19.0 0.79 14.1 0.93 8.9 0.83 3.2 0.43Macedonia 128 1.12 0.74 13.3 1.97 32.0 1.35 51.6 0.79 32.0 0.79 25.0 1.12 22.7 0.83 3.9 0.00Turkey 5,069 0.45 0.91 23.5 1.07 61.6 1.02 14.2 0.85 5.3 0.82 4.2 0.69 9.2 0.89 0.7 1.26


ERAIsrael 1,296 1.03 0.91 8.8 0.91 52.0 1.07 37.7 0.96 18.7 0.81 13.4 0.91 20.6 1.19 3.6 0.38







30

2.1.12 Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences)

In the Environment thematic priority, the proportion of a country’s production resulting from single-authored publications range from a low of 4.2% for Luxembourg to a high of 25.0% for Latvia among EU27 member states. Only four EU27countries experienced growth for this indicator, namely Malta (1.17), Romania (1.21), Latvia (1.29) and Luxembourg (2.39). Alternatively, most countries experienced strong decreases, particularly Cyprus (0.56), Slovakia (0.56) and Ireland (0.58). Outside of the EU27, three selected countries show GIs above 1.00 for this indicator: Russia (1.03), Macedonia (1.04) and the Republic of Korea (1.12).

Within the EU27, the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single country co-publications is also slightly decreasing for a majority of members. A notable exception here is Romania, which more than tripled its proportion of single country co-publications (GI of 3.38) for a global share over the entire study period of 46.9%, one of the strongest within the EU27. Overall, this indicator ranges from a low of 10.9% for Luxembourg to a high of 65.1% for Lithuania. Asian countries are at the top among the selection of countries for this indicator, with China (73.4%) and India (70.4%) achieving the highest scores. Interestingly, this is not the case for the Republic of Korea (51.9%) and Japan (52%), which score on par with the highest scoring EU27 members and below the US (55.6%).

The international collaboration rate of countries in Environment are on the rise or stable for all entities in this study’s selection, with the exception of Bulgaria, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Romania, Israel, Brazil and Russia. The international collaboration rate varies widely within this study’s selection, going from a low of 17.5% for India to a high of 84.9% for Luxembourg. Scientific collaborations at the international level in Environment are more important than in Scopus overall for most countries, indicating a higher propensity to collaborate internationally in this research area. Among EU27 members, France (1.38), the UK (1.34), Austria (1.33) and the Netherlands (1.33) rank at the top for the CI, whereas Lithuania (0.48) ranks at the bottom, on a par with India (0.40). Among all selected countries, Switzerland ranks 1st with a score of 1.42. Japan and the Republic of Korea stand out for this indicator, both with a score of 0.93, much higher than their respective scores in Scopus and almost on a par with expectations given the size of their output.

Whereas EU27 members show a strong preference towards collaborating with other EU27 members, four EU27 countries instead collaborate more with non-EU27 countries: Germany, France, Sweden and the UK. Luxembourg (53.0%) has the highest share of co-publications strictly with EU27 members, whereas Poland (11.7%) has the lowest among EU27 members. Most EU27 members have seen this rate increase over time, the strongest GIs being observed for Lithuania (1.61) and Malta (1.44). However, some countries have seen their share of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only decrease over time, particularly Romania (0.40). Among candidates, Macedonia has the highest rate at 26.3%, about the same level as most EFTA countries.


31

Table XII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences; 2000–2011)


France (27.6%) and the UK (26.4%) have the highest rates of co-publications strictly with non-EU27 partner(s) among EU27 members, being only surpassed by Japan (28.0%) and the Republic of Korea (36.7%) within the entire selection of countries. As collaborations are increasing overall, these collaborations are also on the rise for most countries, the highest GI for this indicator being that of Iceland (1.67).

Finally, regarding co-publications involving EU27 and non-EU27 countries, Malta (31.0%), Luxembourg (24.9%), Iceland (22.9%), Austria (21.4%) and Liechtenstein (21.4%) lead among selected countries. The proportion of these co-publications is on the rise for all countries,


Austria 6,953 1.33 1.03 8.2 0.80 26.0 0.92 64.8 1.07 50.3 1.11 24.8 0.99 18.6 0.98 21.4 1.25Belgium 8,328 1.30 1.03 4.9 0.70 32.6 0.89 62.2 1.08 46.9 1.11 26.9 1.05 16.5 0.98 18.7 1.20Bulgaria 1,019 1.14 0.88 9.3 0.67 25.0 1.35 65.4 0.94 55.2 1.00 33.2 0.85 13.7 0.76 18.4 1.29Cyprus 281 1.14 1.11 7.1 0.56 18.9 1.02 74.0 1.05 64.8 1.06 40.2 1.07 14.2 1.31 19.6 0.89Czech Republic 5,441 0.91 1.02 12.1 0.61 42.1 1.05 45.4 1.06 35.5 1.12 22.3 1.04 11.1 0.95 12.0 1.22Denmark 8,070 1.28 0.99 7.7 0.95 30.5 0.94 61.4 1.03 44.4 1.09 21.6 0.92 20.9 0.95 19.0 1.26Estonia 1,297 0.89 1.10 8.2 0.65 41.4 0.91 50.2 1.13 40.9 1.10 25.8 0.86 11.3 1.33 13.1 1.74Finland 8,276 1.07 1.09 8.3 0.70 39.8 0.86 51.3 1.15 38.5 1.18 20.2 1.08 15.2 1.11 15.9 1.28France 42,090 1.38 1.03 6.2 0.80 35.8 0.93 57.3 1.07 32.8 1.12 16.0 1.04 27.6 1.01 13.7 1.24Germany 52,496 1.31 1.05 10.8 0.75 35.1 0.93 53.5 1.09 33.4 1.13 15.4 1.04 24.4 1.07 13.6 1.17Greece 6,122 0.83 1.01 7.9 0.88 50.8 0.97 40.8 1.06 30.9 1.04 19.9 0.99 11.6 1.08 9.4 1.16Hungary 3,219 0.84 0.99 18.4 0.73 37.3 1.09 43.3 1.06 35.6 1.05 20.9 0.93 9.8 1.16 12.6 1.22Ireland 2,475 1.19 1.05 9.3 0.58 27.0 0.96 63.1 1.08 50.7 1.15 30.5 1.07 13.9 0.93 18.7 1.23Italy 27,557 1.00 1.00 5.9 0.83 50.1 0.99 43.3 1.03 30.4 1.08 17.8 1.02 15.2 0.95 10.3 1.17Latvia 248 0.66 0.67 25.0 1.29 31.5 1.47 43.1 0.67 33.9 0.79 20.2 1.12 10.1 0.36 12.9 0.57Lithuania 913 0.48 1.24 15.4 0.65 56.1 0.98 28.0 1.33 23.3 1.40 14.0 1.61 5.6 1.16 8.4 1.10Luxembourg 285 1.32 0.94 4.2 2.39 10.9 1.30 84.9 0.94 80.4 0.98 53.0 0.89 7.0 0.41 24.9 1.31Malta 90 0.93 0.81 10.0 1.17 22.2 1.46 66.7 0.91 63.3 0.92 31.1 1.44 4.4 0.34 31.1 0.69Netherlands 17,702 1.33 1.04 8.3 0.67 31.8 0.93 59.3 1.08 41.9 1.09 23.4 1.03 19.8 1.07 16.1 1.18Poland 9,635 0.58 0.83 24.6 0.92 47.9 1.13 27.0 0.87 18.6 0.93 11.7 0.91 9.4 0.81 5.9 0.88Portugal 5,117 1.00 1.11 4.5 0.91 45.0 0.88 50.1 1.13 39.4 1.16 27.6 1.02 11.5 1.08 11.0 1.54Romania 2,046 0.79 0.44 9.6 1.21 46.9 3.38 43.1 0.43 36.7 0.41 24.8 0.40 8.0 0.52 10.3 0.46Slovakia 2,012 0.80 1.11 17.6 0.56 38.5 0.98 43.5 1.17 36.3 1.19 24.3 1.22 8.3 1.22 11.0 1.06Slovenia 1,521 0.68 1.12 18.2 0.64 43.1 1.03 37.9 1.20 30.4 1.19 17.7 1.18 11.4 1.28 8.9 1.13Spain 22,630 1.01 1.11 4.9 0.67 50.2 0.92 44.4 1.15 30.5 1.16 19.7 1.11 15.3 1.12 9.4 1.25Sweden 13,465 1.24 1.09 11.0 0.66 31.7 0.85 56.8 1.16 40.7 1.15 18.7 0.96 20.5 1.24 17.6 1.28United Kingdom 58,978 1.34 1.07 11.4 0.75 34.4 0.89 53.6 1.12 30.4 1.15 14.8 1.09 26.4 1.07 12.5 1.27



ERAIsrael 4,504 0.98 0.91 9.4 0.85 40.5 1.09 49.6 0.97 25.1 1.04 12.1 0.98 26.3 0.92 11.2 1.07







32

sometimes by a large margin (GI as high as 2.01 for Macedonia), with only Romania (0.46), Latvia (0.57), Malta (0.69), Poland (0.88), Cyprus (0.89) and Russia (0.99) not following this trend.

2.1.13 Aeronautics/Space

As shown in Table XIII, the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author co-publications in the EU27 in the Aeronautics thematic priority (or Space since both areas were matched to the same scientific fields/subfields) range from a low of 6.2% for Belgium to a high of 29.6% for Hungary. Overall, only four EU27 countries experienced growth for this indicator: Lithuania (1.11), Greece (1.32), Austria (1.92) and Bulgaria (2.00). Alternatively, most countries showed strong decreases, particularly Ireland (0.18), Spain (0.38) and Portugal (0.40). Outside of the EU27, three selected countries present a GI above one for this indicator: Norway (1.03), India (1.10) and Russia (1.23).

Contrary to what can be observed for the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I), the proportion of single country co-publications in this thematic priority have been increasing for most of the selected countries. In fact, exclusively national co-publication rates decreased only for Denmark (0.47), Finland (0.67) and Bulgaria (0.87). The strongest growth for this indicator was detected for Ireland (2.46) and Switzerland (2.12). Overall, the scores within the EU27 ranged from a low of 14.5% for Ireland to a high of 66.7% for Lithuania. Among all selected countries, China ranks far ahead of any other country, with 91.0% of its publications being the result of exclusively national collaborations.

Collaborations at the international level in Aeronautics are not rising as strongly as they are in the sciences in general for most of the selected countries, as only seven countries present GIs above one for their international collaboration rate. Among them, the strongest growths were observed for Denmark (1.35), Ireland (1.30) and Finland (1.18). The international collaboration rate greatly varies between countries, going from a low of 4.9% for China, which mostly collaborates nationally as noted, to a high of 75.8% for Slovakia. Among EU27 members, the Netherlands (1.60) and Denmark (1.53) score highest in terms of CI, whereas Lithuania (0.30) and Slovenia (0.48) rank at the bottom. Among all selected countries, Switzerland (1.60) and Norway (1.57) rank 1st and 2nd, whereas China achieves by far the lowest CI with a score of 0.17. Japan and the Republic of Korea stand out for this indicator with respective scores of 0.93 and 1.02, much higher than their respective scores in Scopus and above or almost on par with expectations considering the size of their output. The US is well below the expectation level, with a CI of 0.62 in this research area.

As opposed to the trend in the sciences in general, EU27 members tend to have higher proportions of co-publications strictly with non-EU27 partner(s) than strictly with EU27 partner(s). Belgium (31%) has the highest proportion of co-publications exclusively with EU27 members and Romania (8.0%) has the lowest. The strongest growth with respect to this indicator among EU27 members is observed for Finland (2.17) and Ireland (1.61). Among all selected countries, the Republic of Korea achieved a GI of 7.37. However, it has a small proportion of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only (1.5%). Thus, even though the Republic of Korea is quickly increasing its involvement with EU27 members, the resulting output remains small relative to the country’s total output. Turkey also greatly increased its proportion of EU27 co-publications, as revealed by its GI of 2.88, its share for the 2000–2011 period standing at 6.5%.


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Table XIII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Aeronautics (or Space; 2000–2011)


Among EU27 members, Portugal (34.7%) and Denmark (29.6%) have the highest proportions of co-publications strictly with non-EU27 partners, being only surpassed by Norway (38.5%), the Republic of Korea (34.2%) and Israel (30.5%) within the entire selection of countries. Bulgaria (GI of 1.10), Ireland (1.13), Austria (1.15) and Denmark (2.28) were the only four countries showing growth for this indicator.

Finally, regarding co-publications involving EU27 and non-EU27 countries, Slovakia (25.8%) leads among selected countries. These types of co-publications are decreasing, as are most types of co-publications in Aeronautics. The most notable exceptions include Slovakia (2.00), Brazil (1.61), the Czech Republic (1.55) and Romania (1.50).

2.1.14 Automobiles

The proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author co-publications in the EU27 in the Automobiles thematic priority range from a low of 0.7% for Portugal to a high of 32.3% for Hungary, which is also the highest score within the complete selection of countries (Table XIV).


Austria 507 1.49 0.93 13.6 1.92 22.3 1.21 63.3 0.78 43.2 0.66 24.1 0.59 20.3 1.15 18.9 0.74Belgium 533 1.49 1.09 6.2 0.82 29.3 1.32 63.0 0.90 47.8 1.00 31.0 1.35 15.6 0.59 16.5 0.56Bulgaria 187 0.89 0.99 9.1 2.00 49.2 0.87 41.7 1.05 23.5 0.96 13.9 0.79 18.7 1.10 9.1 1.41Czech Republic 223 1.10 0.98 16.6 0.48 34.5 1.74 48.4 0.91 30.0 1.11 16.6 0.83 18.8 0.64 13.0 1.55Denmark 250 1.53 1.69 6.4 0.46 22.0 0.47 68.8 1.35 42.0 1.08 22.8 0.85 29.6 2.28 16.4 1.19Finland 257 1.24 1.11 19.5 0.93 21.8 0.67 56.0 1.18 35.4 1.37 15.6 2.17 21.0 0.96 19.5 0.80France 3,748 1.28 1.27 11.9 0.71 39.9 1.13 45.0 1.00 27.9 0.99 17.9 1.02 17.9 1.00 9.2 0.97Germany 4,795 1.36 1.19 11.8 0.70 40.2 1.22 46.3 0.92 27.0 0.93 16.7 0.99 20.8 0.94 8.7 0.79Greece 267 1.12 0.93 10.5 1.32 38.6 1.26 50.2 0.82 31.8 0.90 18.7 1.00 19.9 0.79 11.6 0.59Hungary 152 0.95 0.85 29.6 0.87 25.0 1.64 45.4 0.81 30.9 0.88 13.2 0.93 15.1 0.77 17.1 0.71Ireland 131 1.37 1.31 20.6 0.18 14.5 2.46 63.4 1.30 40.5 1.42 23.7 1.61 22.9 1.13 16.8 1.24Italy 3,248 1.17 1.11 9.8 0.90 45.9 1.14 41.9 0.87 25.0 0.99 15.8 1.16 17.5 0.74 8.6 0.70Lithuania 50 0.30 1.20 24.0 1.11 54.0 1.02 16.0 1.09 14.0 0.85 12.0 0.49 4.0 n.c. 0.0 n.c.Netherlands 2,604 1.60 1.11 12.8 0.96 27.3 1.32 57.5 0.88 42.4 0.93 29.8 0.96 16.0 0.80 11.8 0.81Poland 447 1.03 0.83 25.5 0.91 31.8 1.40 40.9 0.78 26.2 0.77 13.9 0.70 14.8 0.79 12.3 0.87Portugal 236 1.46 1.11 11.9 0.40 19.9 1.25 66.5 1.10 31.8 1.24 19.1 1.39 34.7 0.98 12.7 1.03Romania 125 0.75 0.48 22.4 0.57 37.6 1.88 36.8 0.63 13.6 0.89 8.0 0.42 24.8 0.54 4.0 1.50Slovakia 66 1.49 0.89 9.1 0.90 13.6 2.10 75.8 0.79 53.0 1.26 22.7 0.92 27.3 0.17 25.8 2.00Slovenia 38 0.48 3.04 15.8 n.c. 55.3 n.c. 26.3 n.c. 13.2 n.c. 10.5 n.c. 13.2 n.c. 2.6 n.c.Spain 1,181 1.19 1.06 10.6 0.38 40.6 1.59 46.7 0.83 31.4 0.81 22.4 0.77 15.7 0.90 8.6 0.83Sweden 791 1.30 0.96 16.4 0.73 29.6 1.41 51.5 0.86 31.9 0.92 15.5 1.02 21.7 0.80 14.2 0.80United Kingdom 5,092 1.22 1.06 15.6 0.77 40.4 1.31 41.1 0.82 17.9 0.94 10.8 1.15 23.7 0.75 6.5 0.65

CandidatesTurkey 554 0.80 1.17 13.7 0.83 52.9 1.04 31.9 1.05 9.4 1.65 6.5 2.88 22.7 0.84 2.7 0.78

EFTANorway 286 1.57 0.71 11.2 1.03 19.9 1.48 67.1 0.85 28.7 1.51 12.6 1.66 38.5 0.47 16.1 1.37Switzerland 387 1.60 0.94 5.9 0.41 22.5 2.12 69.8 0.84 57.6 0.97 34.4 0.99 12.1 0.38 23.3 0.94

ERAIsrael 750 1.08 0.73 17.1 0.81 38.5 1.43 40.9 0.66 10.5 0.97 4.9 1.86 30.5 0.57 5.5 0.45


OthersBrazil 758 0.95 0.90 11.6 0.68 48.2 1.38 38.4 0.76 13.2 1.49 7.4 1.78 25.9 0.48 5.1 1.61Russia 2,996 1.13 0.90 14.5 1.23 43.6 1.34 40.4 0.68 23.5 0.75 15.1 0.76 17.2 0.59 8.1 0.79United States 47,449 0.62 0.96 16.9 0.99 58.7 1.24 16.8 0.67 8.6 0.72 6.5 0.70 8.6 0.62 1.6 0.92





34

With GIs of 5.78, 3.04 and 2.69, respectively, Romania, Greece and Italy experienced high growth with respect to their proportions of single author publications. All other EU27 states decreased their shares of single-authored publications from the first (2004–2007) to the second (2008–2011) periods analysed. Except for Brazil, which showed a slight increase of 4%, all non-EU countries have GIs below 1, Israel and Norway being the countries with the strongest decreases of 80% and 66%, respectively. As always, Asian countries have low proportions of single author publications, although that of China (3.0%) is not the lowest.

The propensity to collaborate internationally, as measured with the CI, follow the trend observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I) in this thematic priority, increasing for most selected countries with the exception of Romania and Hungary within the EU27 and Russia and India outside of the EU. All of these countries collaborate less than expected based on the size of their output in this research area, as is evident by their CIs below one. Hungary and Romania have the lowest CIs within the EU27, producing 51% and 44% fewer papers through international partnerships than expected. Japan, Poland and Israel show similarly low CIs of 0.52, 0.57 and 0.59, respectively. Austria (CI=1.43) and the US (1.31) collaborate much more than expected internationally in the Automobiles thematic priority.

The international collaboration rate varies within this study’s selection, going from a low of 11.6% for Japan to a high of 47.9% for Austria. Hungary (16.1%) has the lowest international collaboration rate within the EU. As is the case for most thematic priorities, Asian countries rank at the bottom, both in terms of their international collaboration rates and CIs, although China and India have higher international collaboration rates in the Automobiles research area than in Scopus as a whole. Except for India, Asian countries seem to increase their international involvement, as reflected in the GI of their international collaboration rates, which is well above one. In fact, all Asian countries increased their collaboration with exclusively EU member states by at least one third from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011, and their GIs are even higher if, besides EU27 partner(s), at least one other international partner is involved.

As observed for most FP7 thematic priorities and Scopus overall, EU27 member states collaborate more with each other than with countries outside of the EU, except for the UK, where the situation is completely reversed, and for France, Finland and Sweden, where co-publication rates with strictly non-EU27 states is slightly higher. Contrary to most thematic priorities, Germany focuses on collaborations within the EU in the Automobiles research area.

Among non-EU countries, only Switzerland has a preference towards collaborating with EU27 members having a greater proportion of co-publications strictly with EU27 partner(s) than with non-EU27 partner(s), whereas the other countries collaborate more with non-EU27 countries. Whereas Asian countries and Brazil increased their propensity to collaborate with the EU over time, Turkey, Norway and Switzerland decreased it. Within the EU27, Austria (35.6%) and the Czech Republic (34.3%) have the highest proportions of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, whereas the highest score outside of the EU is that of Switzerland (30.8%).


35

Table XIV Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Automobiles (2000–2011)


For EU member states, the proportion of co-publications strictly with non-EU27 partner(s) is generally lower than in other thematic priorities. The UK (16.7%) and Ireland (16.2%) have the highest rates. Outside of the EU27, the rate is highest for candidate states Turkey (20.8%) and Norway (20.3%).

The rate of co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries are, in general, very low. With 8.3% of its output published in collaboration with partners from and outside of the EU27, Norway has the highest collaboration rate and the third highest GI (4.64). Within the EU, Austria (6.2%) collaborates most frequently with EU members and other countries at the same time. Of its 223 publications in the Automobiles thematic priority, Hungary publishes none together with EU27 and non-EU countries. The Republic of Korea (GI of 7.15) and Japan (4.93) show astonishing growth for this indicator, but also have a very low EU27 & Non-EU27 co-publication rates to begin with. Within the EU27, strong growth can be observed for Greece (GI=2.79), the Netherlands (2.58), Belgium (2.49), Spain (2.27) and Austria (2.08), all of which have more than doubled their shares of co-publications with both EU and non-EU partners. The value decreases from the first to the second periods analysed for Denmark (0.69), Germany (0.69), France (0.82) and the UK (0.93).


Austria 194 1.43 0.87 4.6 0.94 44.8 0.97 47.9 1.11 44.3 1.02 35.6 0.86 6.2 7.22 6.2 2.08Belgium 166 1.12 1.47 7.2 0.50 53.6 0.69 37.3 1.86 24.1 3.17 18.7 3.47 13.3 0.77 5.4 2.49Czech Republic 35 0.95 1.77 11.4 0.00 42.9 0.38 42.9 8.43 37.1 7.58 34.3 11.37 5.7 11.00 2.9 0.00Denmark 251 1.04 1.11 4.0 0.45 60.2 0.82 33.5 1.34 23.1 1.54 19.5 1.78 10.4 0.94 3.6 0.69Finland 497 1.18 0.99 8.0 0.47 57.1 0.83 33.0 1.38 18.3 1.58 14.5 1.58 14.7 1.14 3.8 1.57France 925 1.15 0.89 4.6 0.69 64.6 0.95 29.4 1.17 15.9 1.03 12.4 1.12 14.6 1.27 2.4 0.82Germany 1,848 1.10 0.87 11.7 0.64 60.5 1.07 24.9 1.14 17.0 1.11 13.5 1.27 9.4 1.10 2.1 0.69Greece 222 1.00 0.93 6.8 3.04 58.6 0.75 32.4 1.09 20.7 0.75 16.7 0.60 11.7 2.20 4.1 2.79Hungary 223 0.49 0.75 32.3 0.35 49.8 1.87 16.1 0.65 13.5 0.60 13.5 0.60 2.7 2.68 0.0 n.c.Ireland 74 0.92 1.49 2.7 0.00 60.8 0.81 36.5 1.37 21.6 0.56 17.6 0.34 16.2 3.52 2.7 n.c.Italy 854 0.95 0.93 8.2 2.69 66.0 0.80 24.4 1.27 16.2 1.66 13.5 1.66 9.1 0.82 1.8 1.39Netherlands 198 1.09 1.16 9.1 0.51 52.5 0.89 35.4 1.46 26.3 1.70 22.7 1.50 10.1 1.26 2.5 2.58Poland 121 0.57 2.35 23.1 0.77 54.5 0.81 20.7 2.32 18.2 3.68 16.5 4.17 2.5 0.00 1.7 1.71Portugal 153 0.60 1.00 0.7 0.00 76.5 0.98 20.9 1.19 13.7 1.88 12.4 1.96 7.2 0.45 1.3 1.33Romania 51 0.56 0.20 11.8 5.78 60.8 2.25 23.5 0.25 17.6 0.08 11.8 0.09 9.8 0.43 2.0 0.00Spain 590 0.91 1.02 1.4 0.00 72.0 0.94 25.3 1.28 18.8 1.29 16.6 1.26 6.8 1.21 1.9 2.27Sweden 648 1.17 0.95 13.7 0.49 53.4 1.04 31.3 1.26 17.3 1.41 13.3 1.28 14.4 1.10 3.7 1.87United Kingdom 1,817 1.22 1.06 5.5 0.54 65.4 0.92 27.6 1.34 12.0 0.91 9.0 0.85 16.7 1.86 1.9 0.93

CandidatesTurkey 144 1.02 0.86 10.4 0.93 53.5 0.90 36.1 1.14 16.7 0.93 14.6 0.91 20.8 1.29 0.7 n.c.

EFTANorway 133 1.15 0.93 8.3 0.34 50.4 1.08 41.4 1.09 21.1 0.94 12.8 0.46 20.3 1.29 8.3 4.64Switzerland 107 1.18 0.74 13.1 0.70 43.0 1.04 43.9 1.05 35.5 1.10 30.8 0.91 10.3 1.01 2.8 n.c.

ERAIsrael 43 0.59 2.83 16.3 0.20 53.5 0.59 25.6 3.30 7.0 n.c. 7.0 n.c. 18.6 2.60 0.0 n.c.

AsiaChina 3,915 0.90 1.02 3.0 0.60 77.2 0.99 18.0 1.25 6.1 1.68 4.9 1.53 12.1 1.11 1.0 1.94India 218 0.81 0.87 7.3 0.58 61.9 1.22 26.1 0.95 10.6 1.38 8.3 1.56 16.1 0.68 1.8 2.41Japan 2,094 0.52 1.17 6.8 0.45 80.4 0.95 11.6 1.71 4.5 1.48 3.9 1.45 7.2 1.74 0.5 4.93Rep. of Korea 2,389 0.72 0.91 4.7 0.71 78.5 0.97 15.6 1.24 2.3 1.69 1.8 1.36 13.4 1.18 0.3 7.15

OthersBrazil 172 0.90 0.96 9.3 1.04 57.6 0.85 30.8 1.14 16.9 2.00 14.0 1.61 15.1 0.69 1.7 n.c.Russia 47 0.69 0.89 19.1 0.45 44.7 2.23 29.8 0.67 10.6 0.67 6.4 0.00 19.1 0.67 4.3 n.c.United States 4,419 1.31 0.90 10.0 0.58 63.5 0.93 25.3 1.29 8.8 1.14 6.7 0.98 17.3 1.40 1.2 1.65





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2.1.15 Other Transport Technologies

Among EU27 members, the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author publications in Other Transport Technologies (Table XV) ranged from a low of 7.4% for Portugal to a high of 38.4% for Hungary. Outside of the EU27, the proportions are generally lower, with China (SAP of 5.1%), the Republic of Korea (6.7%), Brazil (6.7%) and Iceland (7.3%) having the lowest share of single-author publications and Russia (22.6%) and Turkey (22.1%) the highest. Overall, shares of SAP are strongly decreasing. Luxembourg reduced its proportion of SAP from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 by an astonishing 92% (GI of 0.08). Within the EU27, only Latvia (1.32), Hungary (1.23) and Poland (1.13) increased their shares of documents not resulting from a scientific collaboration. Outside the EU, only Japan (1.05) showed a slight growth for this indicator.

The proportion of a country’s output resulting from single country co-publications, or national collaborations, is slightly higher in Other Transport Technologies than it usually is in other areas as well as in Scopus as a whole. Strong increases can be observed for Cyprus (GI of 5.66), Slovakia (1.67), Latvia (1.49) and Romania (1.30). Growth is positive but less pronounced for 12 other member states, whereas the scores decreased for the remaining nine member states from the first to the second periods, although these decreases were not pronounced. Italy (SCCP of 59.8%) collaborates the most frequently, in proportion to its total output, exclusively on a national level, and Luxembourg collaborates the least (11.3%). All other countries published at least one-fifth of their output only with collaboration partners from their own country. Among candidate states, Croatia focuses on exclusively national collaboration (68.1%) and, as usual, the share of single country co-publications is highest for China (87.5%).

On the international level, collaboration rates vary from 11.8% for Lithuania to 77.5% for Luxembourg within the EU, and from 7% for China to 75.6% for Iceland outside of the EU. Due to the nature of the indicator, the opposite picture emerges than that reflected by SCCP values. The ICP increased most importantly for those with small scores, such as Lithuania (GI of 1.86) and Croatia (1.61) but remains almost on the same low level for China (1.02). Among EU27 member states, the international collaboration rate decreased strongly by more than a quarter from the first to the last period, for Latvia (0.44), Poland (0.67), Slovakia (0.72) and Hungary (0.75); note that these countries also cooperate much less internationally than expected, as revealed by their CIs of 0.50, 0.60, 0.94 and 0.59, respectively. Cyprus also shows negative growth for its ICP but still collaborates 27% more than expected internationally, given the total size of its scientific production. Lithuania has the lowest CI, reflecting that it collaborates 64% less than expected; on the other hand, it shows an increase in its propensity to collaborate internationally, with a high growth from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011. EFTA countries collaborate more than expected internationally, with the exception of Norway. Israel co-publishes 15% less than expected with international partners but increased its CI with a GI of 1.14. As usual, international collaboration is lower in Asia, with the exception of the Republic of Korea, which co-published slightly more internationally than expected. However, its ICP decreased by 16%. The US produced 11% more international co-publications than expected given its size in Other Transport Technologies and further increased its international collaboration rate by 19%.


37

Table XV Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Other Transport Technologies (2000–2011)


Most EU27 countries collaborate more exclusively with other member states than with non-EU27 countries. However, the UK, France and Germany show, as usual, the opposite pattern. Denmark, Italy and Romania are also showing the opposite trend, but to a lesser extent. The GIs of co-publications strictly with EU27 partner(s) vary. Growth is highest for Estonia (GI=2.31) and Lithuania (2.08), whereas Romania (0.65) and Cyprus (0.70) show the strongest decreases. Estonia appears to focus on collaborating exclusively within the EU, as it decreased its proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only by 72% from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 while increasing its international co-publications strictly within the EU by 131%. Latvia reduced its international collaboration rate with partner(s) located exclusively outside of the EU even further (GI=0.08), but it did not increase its international collaboration rate with partner(s) located


Austria 1,523 1.20 0.96 13.3 0.75 45.3 1.10 39.5 1.01 28.2 1.08 21.5 1.14 13.3 0.85 4.8 0.91Belgium 2,120 1.31 1.11 13.3 0.63 44.6 0.96 41.6 1.18 29.6 1.06 23.5 0.99 13.1 1.52 5.0 1.50Bulgaria 239 1.16 0.92 22.6 0.83 26.4 0.99 50.6 1.05 38.5 1.15 31.8 1.22 12.1 0.85 6.7 0.85Cyprus 85 1.27 0.90 11.8 0.77 21.2 5.66 64.7 0.81 37.6 0.77 29.4 0.70 28.2 0.94 7.1 0.93Czech Republic 1,083 0.96 0.91 16.5 0.84 49.3 1.07 33.8 0.99 23.9 1.04 20.6 1.09 10.9 0.87 2.3 0.65Denmark 1,259 1.33 1.22 20.5 0.65 33.4 0.97 45.3 1.26 25.3 1.19 15.8 1.45 24.9 1.31 4.5 0.65Estonia 161 0.72 0.96 15.5 0.78 50.3 1.10 33.5 1.01 23.0 1.60 20.5 2.31 12.4 0.28 0.6 n.c.Finland 996 0.88 1.01 21.6 0.64 47.0 1.09 31.1 1.11 21.4 1.09 13.1 1.16 12.3 1.17 5.7 0.91France 13,096 1.38 1.10 8.6 0.71 56.7 0.94 34.0 1.18 14.5 1.20 10.5 1.13 20.5 1.18 3.0 1.40Germany 12,507 1.25 1.00 15.9 0.66 51.6 1.08 30.7 1.08 16.7 1.10 11.2 1.10 16.6 1.04 2.9 1.28Greece 2,577 0.91 0.93 15.0 0.98 55.5 1.04 28.1 1.00 18.2 0.95 13.6 0.89 11.1 1.13 3.4 1.21Hungary 734 0.59 0.75 38.4 1.23 39.2 0.98 22.1 0.75 15.7 0.85 12.3 0.71 6.8 0.61 3.0 1.63Ireland 1,047 1.26 1.04 9.2 0.46 45.7 1.00 44.3 1.13 27.2 1.11 22.6 1.09 17.4 1.18 4.3 1.15Italy 9,356 1.01 1.11 12.6 0.79 59.8 0.98 26.1 1.17 15.2 1.26 11.6 1.22 12.3 1.07 2.1 1.60Latvia 209 0.50 0.43 21.5 1.32 55.0 1.49 22.5 0.44 18.2 0.61 13.9 1.01 6.2 0.08 2.4 0.33Lithuania 1,819 0.36 1.71 16.9 0.65 70.7 1.02 11.8 1.86 6.9 1.93 5.8 2.08 5.2 1.80 0.9 1.23Luxembourg 80 1.51 1.16 10.0 0.08 11.3 n.c. 77.5 1.08 75.0 1.06 62.5 0.92 3.8 n.c. 11.3 2.89Netherlands 4,147 1.37 1.00 13.3 0.81 46.9 0.99 39.1 1.09 25.1 1.10 19.1 1.06 15.6 1.12 4.4 1.11Poland 4,295 0.60 0.66 35.7 1.13 46.1 1.07 17.2 0.67 9.9 0.77 8.1 0.76 7.8 0.57 1.2 0.80Portugal 2,141 1.10 0.98 7.4 0.71 56.9 1.01 35.0 1.04 22.5 1.00 18.4 0.97 13.4 1.16 3.3 0.97Romania 1,849 1.08 0.79 19.7 0.84 44.0 1.30 35.4 0.80 20.1 0.75 16.0 0.65 17.4 0.94 2.1 1.02Slovakia 243 0.94 0.73 20.2 0.87 38.7 1.67 41.2 0.72 34.6 0.72 29.2 0.75 7.0 0.79 4.9 0.51Slovenia 843 0.78 0.90 12.8 0.58 58.6 1.13 28.4 0.98 21.9 0.97 15.1 0.88 10.6 1.40 2.7 0.58Spain 3,908 1.03 1.07 10.0 0.63 58.0 1.05 30.0 1.14 17.9 1.06 14.7 1.06 12.7 1.17 2.5 1.52Sweden 3,603 1.02 1.06 16.8 0.82 52.4 0.98 30.0 1.14 18.7 1.23 12.8 1.13 13.4 1.13 3.8 1.24United Kingdom 19,291 1.50 1.12 15.8 0.73 48.2 0.94 34.8 1.23 14.1 1.20 10.1 1.16 22.3 1.24 2.4 1.50


EFTAIceland 41 1.47 0.84 7.3 n.c. 17.1 n.c. 75.6 n.c. 29.3 n.c. 24.4 n.c. 46.3 n.c. 4.9 n.c.Norway 2,590 0.97 0.97 13.9 0.92 55.0 1.02 29.9 1.04 17.2 1.06 13.8 1.08 13.2 1.02 2.9 0.94Switzerland 2,357 1.60 0.97 10.3 0.77 38.9 1.00 50.2 1.04 33.0 1.03 27.5 0.97 17.9 1.04 4.8 1.54

ERAIsrael 1,953 0.85 0.93 18.4 0.83 54.0 1.00 26.4 1.14 9.4 1.49 7.4 1.36 17.6 1.01 1.4 2.69







38

exclusively within the EU. This is reflected by a strong decrease in its international collaboration (GI of ICP of 0.44). The highest collaboration rates exclusively with EU27 partner(s) are, among non-member states, those of Switzerland (27.5%) and Iceland (24.4%), whereas growth in this respect is highest for Croatia (1.79) and Israel (1.36).

Luxembourg seems to focus on collaborations involving partners from both the EU and non-EU members. With 11.3% of EU27 & Non-EU27 co-publications and a growth of 189% from the first to the second periods analysed, it represents the country with the highest share and growth of collaborations involving partners from inside and outside of the EU. Outside of the EU, Israel significantly increased the share of its production resulting from partnerships simultaneously with partners from within and outside the EU (GI=2.69). Russia (0.85) and Norway (0.94) are the only two countries outside of the EU that experienced a decrease in this kind of collaboration.

2.1.16 Socio-Economic Science

In the Socio-Economic Sciences (Table XVI), tendencies differ from those in other areas observed. In particular, a general pattern has become evident towards significant reductions in the proportion of a country’s publications resulting from single-authored publications, with simultaneous increases in the proportion of single country co-publications (i.e., national collaboration). However, one should note that the proportion of single-authored publications in the Socio-Economic Sciences are generally extremely high and that the proportion of single country co-publications are, as a result, generally much lower compared to other thematic priorities. This can be explained by the fact that while research questions identified in the natural sciences and engineering (NSE) tend to be universal, research subjects in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) are often more local in orientation/focus, even at the regional level within a country.6 Consequently, NSE researchers are more likely to collaborate, either nationally or internationally, then SSH researchers. Nevertheless, the trends described above for both indicators might lead, in the Socio-Economic Sciences, to a publication behaviour more similar to those in the areas related to the NSE (i.e., a greater openness to scientific collaboration), at least on a national level, if they are maintained in the future. With a quarter of single-authored papers (25.8%), Spain ranks last among EU27 countries, whereas single author publications are highest for Poland (59.6%). Outside the EU, China has the lowest share of single-authored publications with a score of 23.4%, which nevertheless remains much higher than its scores in other thematic priorities. Russia publishes more than half of its publications in the Socio-Economic Sciences without any form of collaboration (SAP=51.4%) and even increases the value by 6% from the first (2004–2007) to the last periods (2008–2011) analysed. The strongest decreases can be observed for Bulgaria (GI of 0.62) and Luxembourg (0.71). In fact, Lithuania is the only EU member state that did not decrease its proportion of single-authored publications.

6 Archambault, É., Vignola-Gagné, É., Côté, G., Larivière, V., and Gingras, Y. (2006). Benchmarking scientific output in the social sciences and humanities: The limits of existing databases. Scientometrics, 68(3): 329-342.


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Table XVI Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Socio-Economic Sciences (2000–2011)


Given the publication behaviour of SSH researchers, it is not surprising that the international collaboration rates of countries are generally lower in the Socio-Economic Sciences than in other thematic priorities. Among EU member states, values range from a low of 11.2% for Lithuania to a high of 56.1% for Luxembourg, and outside of the EU, they range from a low of 14.3% for Croatia to a high of 57.9% for Liechtenstein. Lithuania has the lowest CI, publishing 66% less papers with international partners than expected given the size of its output; in fact, it reduced its international collaboration rate from the first to the last period by 57%. The proportion of international co-publications decreased even more for Romania (GI of 0.30), and its authors also


Austria 4,872 1.31 1.13 36.8 0.75 24.7 1.21 37.0 1.19 28.1 1.36 19.7 1.35 11.4 0.95 5.9 1.21Belgium 8,667 1.55 1.03 31.8 0.83 25.8 1.20 40.1 1.05 31.3 1.05 23.9 1.01 9.8 1.05 6.5 1.21Bulgaria 361 1.03 1.01 41.8 0.62 17.7 3.48 40.2 1.05 27.1 1.08 21.1 0.96 13.9 1.09 5.3 1.47Cyprus 1,137 1.24 0.91 31.8 0.90 25.0 1.36 41.8 0.88 28.5 1.05 20.2 1.12 16.4 0.73 5.2 0.61Czech Republic 3,243 0.53 0.94 51.4 0.78 32.1 1.53 14.9 0.94 10.7 1.06 7.9 0.92 4.7 0.67 2.3 2.17Denmark 5,997 1.22 1.15 42.2 0.94 23.0 0.92 33.7 1.14 23.5 1.18 16.2 1.18 12.4 1.04 5.1 1.26Estonia 624 0.86 1.04 40.1 0.78 31.4 1.64 27.6 0.88 22.6 0.86 18.3 0.76 5.9 1.06 3.4 1.58Finland 7,137 0.92 1.06 36.6 0.88 36.9 1.11 25.0 1.02 16.4 1.00 11.8 1.01 9.6 1.01 3.6 1.12France 26,345 1.05 1.22 48.8 0.85 24.1 1.14 24.0 1.26 13.6 1.30 9.3 1.31 11.5 1.21 3.2 1.31Germany 34,278 1.22 1.23 42.6 0.75 27.4 1.26 27.5 1.28 18.3 1.37 11.7 1.29 11.8 1.20 3.9 1.53Greece 5,283 0.91 1.00 29.3 0.82 43.7 1.18 25.7 0.97 20.0 0.92 16.5 0.91 6.3 1.20 2.9 0.86Hungary 2,247 0.72 0.93 58.3 0.97 19.4 1.34 20.2 0.85 15.8 0.89 11.1 1.02 4.9 0.71 4.1 0.66Ireland 4,483 1.09 1.11 40.6 0.96 27.5 0.97 30.6 1.11 21.8 1.09 17.2 1.06 9.5 1.16 3.9 1.17Italy 14,564 1.23 1.04 36.1 0.80 32.5 1.22 30.2 1.06 21.6 1.08 16.1 1.08 9.6 1.05 4.5 1.00Latvia 199 0.73 0.98 42.7 0.77 29.6 3.58 27.6 0.67 17.1 1.12 12.6 1.27 11.1 0.38 4.0 0.67Lithuania 1,076 0.34 0.54 49.0 1.01 39.0 1.30 11.2 0.43 8.2 0.53 5.1 0.51 3.5 0.21 2.6 0.82Luxembourg 360 1.51 1.12 30.3 0.71 12.5 1.51 56.1 1.12 49.7 1.10 39.2 1.01 7.5 1.58 9.4 1.38Malta 163 0.94 1.17 47.9 0.82 15.3 1.16 36.2 1.20 31.9 1.25 24.5 1.32 4.9 1.13 6.7 0.90Netherlands 20,807 1.44 1.18 27.9 0.83 35.0 0.97 34.9 1.20 22.6 1.29 16.9 1.25 13.3 1.10 4.6 1.33Poland 2,769 0.66 0.93 59.6 0.99 20.9 1.04 19.1 1.00 13.6 1.13 9.8 1.11 5.9 0.79 3.4 1.10Portugal 3,540 1.18 1.06 29.6 0.94 34.9 1.06 34.2 1.00 23.1 0.94 18.2 0.92 11.9 1.18 4.2 0.93Romania 2,048 0.49 0.34 35.4 0.93 48.2 2.69 14.9 0.30 10.5 0.33 8.4 0.40 4.6 0.26 1.9 0.16Slovakia 1,334 0.54 1.19 49.0 0.78 32.8 1.23 17.1 1.20 15.0 1.13 12.1 1.15 3.0 2.08 2.0 0.76Slovenia 2,299 0.48 1.26 48.9 0.81 35.1 1.23 14.8 1.25 10.8 1.31 7.8 1.50 5.9 1.05 1.1 1.03Spain 20,057 0.98 1.04 25.8 0.94 48.8 1.04 24.0 1.00 13.8 0.98 10.8 0.98 10.6 1.01 2.6 1.04Sweden 10,062 1.12 1.14 39.8 0.90 29.6 1.04 29.2 1.13 19.4 1.13 11.8 1.13 12.6 1.13 4.8 1.13United Kingdom 100,372 1.14 1.10 46.6 0.95 28.2 0.99 23.1 1.15 10.7 1.24 7.4 1.21 13.3 1.08 2.4 1.38


EFTAIceland 354 1.27 1.10 35.3 0.98 17.2 1.32 46.9 0.93 33.6 0.94 21.8 0.93 16.9 0.88 8.2 1.10Liechtenstein 38 1.25 0.86 26.3 n.c. 15.8 n.c. 57.9 n.c. 55.3 n.c. 36.8 n.c. 7.9 n.c. 13.2 n.c.Norway 7,019 1.06 1.10 42.7 0.90 27.4 1.09 28.9 1.08 18.9 1.19 14.4 1.24 10.7 0.89 3.7 1.09Switzerland 8,144 1.56 1.13 35.6 0.80 22.0 1.06 40.8 1.19 29.1 1.23 22.9 1.28 12.3 1.06 5.6 1.10

ERAIsrael 8,651 1.06 0.94 37.2 0.95 32.9 1.11 27.6 0.96 9.8 1.06 6.6 0.97 18.1 0.92 2.9 1.20







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collaborate much less internationally than expected given the size of the country’s scientific production (CI of 0.49). In terms of CI, Belgium (1.55), Luxembourg (1.51) and the Netherlands (1.44) lead within the EU27 in this thematic area. Also, Luxembourg (ICP=56.1%), Bulgaria (40.2%) and Belgium (40.1%) publish the largest shares of their output with at least one international partner among EU7 member states. The highest increase in the international collaboration rate of member states between the first and second periods can be observed for Germany (GI of 1.28), France (1.26) and Slovenia (1.25).

Among the non-EU member states, the international collaboration rate in the Socio-Economic Sciences differs from that of other thematic priorities and Scopus in so far that the US (ICP of 12.5%) and Brazil (16.3%) collaborate less and China (23.5%) and the Republic of Korea (44.0%) much more internationally than they usually do. EFTA countries co-publish much less frequently with international partners, and so do the candidate states, with the exception of Turkey (17.4%). As within the EU, the CIs outside of the EU present a mixed picture. Whereas all candidate states (CI from 0.43 to 0.76), Brazil (0.64), India (0.65), the US (0.69) and Japan (0.87) collaborate much less internationally than expected, EFTA states (CI from 1.06 to 1.56), the Republic of Korea (1.58), Israel (1.06) and China (1.02) co-publish more with international partners than expected in this thematic priority. Russia publishes as many papers with international partners as expected given the size of its scientific production. Outside of the EU, growth is highest for Switzerland, which also has a high international collaboration rate (40.8%), and the US, which has the lowest rate (12.5%) among non-EU27 members.

Similar to most thematic priorities, international collaboration strictly with EU27 partner(s) is much higher than with non-EU27 partner(s) among member states, with the predictable exception of the UK, France, Germany and Sweden. While most EU27 countries increased their proportions of international collaboration strictly with other member state(s), this proportion decreased from the first to the last period for eight countries. Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Portugal and, to a lesser extent, Spain seem to focus on increasing international collaborations with partner(s) strictly outside of the EU while they decrease, at the same time, international cooperation strictly within the EU. The highest increase in the proportion of international collaborations with EU27 member(s) only is attained by Slovenia (GI of 1.50), Austria (1.35) and Malta (1.32) in the EU and Switzerland (1.28) and Norway (1.24) outside of the EU.

It is noteworthy that all candidate states decreased their collaborations exclusively with EU member states: Croatia by 35%, Turkey by 32% and Macedonia by 32%. The proportion of international co-publications with non-EU27 countries only decreased as well for candidate states. Macedonia is the only country among candidates that seems to focus on improving collaborations that involve both EU27 and non-EU27 countries (GI of 1.51).

Selected Asian countries strengthen their international collaborations with, exclusively, EU27 partner(s) with the exception of China, which decreased its proportion of such co-publications by 12% from the first to the second periods. Japan (GI of 1.60) and the US (1.43) seem to focus on increasing their propensity to produce papers resulting from cooperation involving partners from both the EU and outside of the EU. Among EU members, the Czech Republic (2.17), Estonia (1.58) and Germany (1.53) seem to foster this kind of collaboration, whereas Romania shows the strongest decrease (0.16). With 9.4% of its publications, Luxembourg has the highest rate of co-publications involving both EU27 & Non-EU27 partners among EU27 countries, and Liechtenstein (13.2%) scores even higher among all selected countries.


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2.1.17 Humanities

As in the Socio-Economic Sciences, the proportion of a country’s scientific output resulting from single-authored publications in the Humanities thematic priority is generally much higher than in the NSE (Table XVII), which reveals the common disciplinary differences discussed above in Section 2.1.16. The lowest share of papers with a single author is obtained by Croatia (SAP of 20.4%), a candidate country. The lowest score in this respect among EU27 member states is observed for Lithuania (34.8%). In the case of China, almost half of its output in this area (46.7%) results from single-authored publications, a much higher score than in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table I). The highest share of single-authored Humanities papers is reached by Slovakia (78.7%), Malta and the US (both 75.4%) and Cyprus (71.4%).

The national collaboration rate is highest for Croatia, which publishes almost two-thirds of its papers exclusively with national partners (SCCP of 64.8%). Poland (SCCP of 35.5%) has the highest share of single country co-publications among EU27 member states. Besides that, Malta (2.9%) and Luxembourg (6.5%) have the lowest national collaboration rates. The selected non-EU countries generally collaborate more on a national level than EU27 countries, although SCCP values are lower in the Humanities than in other thematic priorities and Scopus overall due to the high share of single-authored papers. About half of EU member states show an increase and half a decrease in their proportions of single country co-publications.

Again, as was observed in the socio-economic sciences, international collaboration rates are lower in the Humanities than in most thematic priorities. Of the EU27 states, Luxembourg (ICP of 43.5%) and Bulgaria (43.4%) collaborate most internationally and Slovakia (13.5%), Romania (14.8%) and Poland (16.4%) co-publish the lowest share of their papers with partners from another country. Whereas the Romanian international collaboration rate further decreased by 60% from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 (GI of 0.40), Slovakian authors show a tendency towards more international co-publications (1.82). Growth is even higher for Malta and Latvia, which increased their share of internationally co-authored papers by 261% and 191%, respectively, with a special focus on collaborations within the EU.

The CI value reflects whether countries collaborate more or less internationally compared to what would be expected given the size of their scientific production. Within the EU, 17 member states collaborate less internationally than expected in the Humanities. As with most thematic priorities, all EFTA states co-publish much more internationally than expected, whereas candidate states cooperate much less. Among selected Asian countries, only India (0.68) does not meet expectations in terms of international collaborations. Neither do Israel (0.63), the US (0.64) and Brazil (0.71). Opposite to what is observed in most thematic priorities and the sciences in general, Russia collaborates 15% more than expected on an international scale in the Humanities.


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Table XVII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Humanities (2000–2011)


Whereas EU27 members show a strong preference towards collaborating with other EU27 members, three EU27 countries instead collaborate more with non-EU27 countries. As usual, they include Germany, France and the UK. Sixteen EU27 countries increased their proportions of international collaborations strictly with other EU27 member(s), whereas it decreased for the remaining eleven member states. The drop was especially marked for Romania, with a decrease of 68%, Bulgaria (GI of 0.66) and Hungary (0.66). The GIs for this indicator were highest for Latvia (4.47), Malta (2.06) and Slovakia (1.86), which also reflects their high GIs when considering all types of international collaborations (i.e., ICP). On the other hand, Slovakia increased its proportion of international collaborations exclusively with non-EU27 partner(s) by an


Austria 1,934 1.20 1.13 52.3 1.03 14.0 0.81 32.4 1.12 27.1 1.14 16.9 1.17 8.0 0.95 7.5 1.21Belgium 5,002 0.94 1.04 60.1 0.88 17.4 1.43 21.2 1.04 17.0 1.08 12.4 0.97 4.5 0.90 4.2 1.57Bulgaria 309 1.24 0.82 45.6 1.25 10.0 0.64 43.4 0.87 38.5 1.01 26.5 0.66 7.1 0.53 9.7 2.69Cyprus 175 0.54 1.34 71.4 1.01 6.9 0.50 19.4 1.34 17.1 1.26 12.6 1.13 3.4 3.48 3.4 0.93Czech Republic 2,276 0.62 1.17 63.4 0.96 18.3 1.04 17.0 1.16 14.3 1.11 10.6 0.94 3.3 1.65 3.1 1.68Denmark 2,404 1.29 0.88 51.5 1.16 13.7 0.86 34.3 0.87 28.5 0.91 15.0 0.84 9.2 0.80 10.1 0.97Estonia 789 0.92 0.87 38.5 1.23 32.3 0.91 28.9 0.85 22.7 0.82 17.1 0.71 7.0 1.06 4.8 1.13Finland 1,697 0.83 1.09 58.1 0.94 19.0 1.18 22.2 1.05 16.9 1.00 10.5 1.05 6.0 1.32 5.7 0.86France 18,645 1.08 0.97 64.6 1.04 13.1 0.89 21.1 1.00 14.0 1.03 8.1 0.94 8.5 0.93 4.5 1.24Germany 17,427 1.28 1.04 57.7 1.00 15.7 0.85 25.7 1.11 16.9 1.18 9.8 1.10 10.7 0.99 5.2 1.40Greece 1,416 1.04 1.07 50.1 0.93 20.0 1.00 28.7 1.12 23.2 1.00 15.1 0.82 6.9 1.87 6.7 1.35Hungary 1,548 0.70 0.85 66.5 1.04 13.5 1.28 19.3 0.74 15.2 0.65 10.1 0.66 6.4 1.29 2.8 0.44Ireland 1,494 0.88 0.98 69.3 0.98 7.0 1.41 23.2 0.98 18.3 1.13 13.3 1.21 5.0 0.61 5.0 0.95Italy 7,940 0.95 0.97 53.9 1.14 24.2 0.76 21.1 1.01 16.4 0.99 11.0 0.93 5.9 1.03 4.3 1.22Latvia 57 0.83 3.37 35.1 0.47 26.3 0.72 38.6 2.91 31.6 3.34 15.8 4.47 7.0 1.17 15.8 2.50Lithuania 299 0.85 1.23 34.8 0.69 33.8 1.08 31.1 1.40 28.1 1.45 20.1 1.39 4.7 1.68 6.4 1.25Luxembourg 62 0.99 1.31 50.0 1.02 6.5 0.00 43.5 1.28 40.3 1.18 35.5 1.08 3.2 n.c. 4.8 n.c.Malta 69 0.61 4.42 75.4 0.73 2.9 n.c. 21.7 3.61 20.3 3.27 17.4 2.06 1.4 n.c. 2.9 n.c.Netherlands 6,826 1.15 1.01 55.5 1.00 17.9 0.98 25.5 1.04 20.2 1.07 13.3 1.15 6.3 0.87 6.0 0.99Poland 4,977 0.68 0.98 47.5 0.88 35.5 1.14 16.4 1.05 11.5 1.17 8.0 1.03 5.7 0.88 2.6 1.65Portugal 933 1.27 1.03 42.2 0.99 19.2 0.95 37.9 1.02 31.4 1.01 23.8 0.98 7.3 1.08 6.9 1.13Romania 1,630 0.53 0.43 68.6 1.15 16.2 1.97 14.8 0.40 13.3 0.38 9.4 0.32 1.7 0.62 3.7 0.67Slovakia 882 0.46 1.70 78.7 0.90 7.4 1.03 13.5 1.82 11.9 1.58 9.0 1.86 1.7 9.56 2.8 0.89Slovenia 865 0.61 0.86 63.6 1.11 17.0 0.89 18.8 0.80 15.8 0.94 5.9 1.28 8.7 0.55 4.3 1.02Spain 10,761 0.88 1.10 61.0 0.94 19.0 1.12 19.1 1.13 12.9 1.15 9.4 1.03 6.5 1.13 3.1 1.51Sweden 3,493 1.40 0.95 45.4 1.02 18.6 1.01 35.3 0.96 25.8 0.99 15.2 1.01 12.0 0.91 8.1 0.96United Kingdom 38,029 1.01 1.04 68.8 0.99 12.7 0.94 17.7 1.10 10.0 1.17 5.8 1.10 8.7 1.02 3.2 1.36

CandidatesCroatia 2,739 0.49 0.98 20.4 1.07 64.8 1.00 13.2 0.92 7.6 0.81 6.1 0.81 5.8 1.01 1.3 1.12Turkey 1,974 0.57 1.04 66.1 0.90 17.1 1.46 15.6 1.10 11.1 1.08 7.8 0.88 5.4 1.33 2.4 1.52


ERAIsrael 3,650 0.63 1.14 68.3 0.94 15.9 1.13 14.6 1.19 7.4 1.32 4.3 1.45 7.6 0.99 2.6 1.48







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astonishing 856%. Cyprus (GI of 3.48), Greece (1.87) and Lithuania (1.68) also increased their propensity to co-publish with partners outside of the EU. Interestingly, candidate states Croatia and Turkey decreased their propensity to collaborate exclusively with EU27 partner(s) by 19% and 12%, respectively.

At 19.7%, the collaboration rate with both EU and non-EU countries is highest for Iceland among the 42 selected countries, but it declined by 24% from the first to the second periods analysed. Within the EU, this kind of cooperation is highest for Latvia (15.8%) and further increased by an astonishing 150%. Poland has the lowest EU27 & Non-EU27 co-publication rate but shows efforts to increase them (GI of 1.65), whereas Hungary (0.44) and Romania (0.67) show the strongest decreases in this regard. Outside of the EU, the Republic of Korea (3.47) shows the strongest tendency to increase cooperation with partners from both within and outside of the EU. The opposite is the case for Brazil, which reduced this co-publication rate by 30%.

2.1.18 Security

In the Security thematic priority (Table XVIII), the proportion of a country’s output resulting from single author publications is generally higher than in the sciences in general (i.e., when Scopus as a whole is considered), whereas the international collaboration rate is usually lower. With one-third of its Security papers being signed by only one author, the UK (SAP of 33.6%) has the largest share of single-authored documents, closely followed by Israel (31.1%). Spain (4.3%) and China (4.4%) have the lowest shares of single-authored publications. The highest growth in the proportion of papers published by one author only can be observed for Lithuania (GI of 2.34), whereas Bulgaria’s GI indicates a drop of 61% from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011, showing that Bulgarian authors in Security science increasingly collaborate, especially internationally (GI of ICP of 1.36), but also internationally with non-EU27 countries only (GI of Non-EU27 CP of 2.42). Shares of single-authored publications are generally decreasing but are increasing for six of the 27 EU countries, with especially high GIs for Lithuania (2.34) and Greece (1.41). Compared to Scopus as a whole, the percentage of Security documents published by a single author is especially high for Sweden, Switzerland and Israel which published about two and a half times more single-authored publications in Security than in Scopus as a whole.

The proportion of national collaborations (i.e. single country co-publications) decreased for more than half of EU27 member states but increased strongly for Romania (GI of 2.04), Cyprus (1.72) and Ireland (1.54). The highest share of single country co-publications within the EU can be observed for Lithuania (SCCP of 74.1%) and Spain (66.0%), partly explaining their low shares of single-authored papers. Outside the EU27, national collaboration rates are even higher for China (85.0%), India (75.2%), Brazil (70.3%) and the two candidate countries Croatia (69.1%) and Turkey (67.9%). As described for Scopus as a whole, smaller countries generally exhibit lower national collaboration rates (e.g., Cyprus and Bulgaria) which may be due to the lack of opportunities to collaborate at the national level, but also the need to collaborate with larger countries because of limited resources within their national borders.

The propensity to collaborate internationally increased strongly for Hungary and Slovakia and the propensity to collaborate with countries outside of the EU27 increased strongly for China; these countries increased their shares of internationally co-published papers from the first to the second periods by 135%, 83% and 83%, respectively. Within the EU27, only five members collaborated slightly less internationally in the second than the first periods analysed, and all but three (Cyprus, Ireland, the Netherlands) increased collaboration exclusively with other EU27


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member states. Except for Japan, which collaborated 11% less often exclusively with EU27 countries in the second period analysed, all other countries intensified their collaboration with the EU in Security research. Especially high GIs were observed for Croatia and Israel in this regard (2.18 and 1.94, respectively). Compared to an overall Scopus collaboration rate with the EU of 9.8%, the latter, however, co-publishes much less in Security (4.3%). The US cooperates with the EU in the Security thematic priority at less than half the rate than it usually does in the sciences in general (EU27CP in Scopus = 8.7%, EU27CP in Security = 4.1%).

Germany has the highest ratio of observed-to-expected collaboration at the international level (i.e., CI) in Security. It produces 53% more international co-publications than expected given the size of its scientific production in this area (CI=1.53). Germany also increased its international collaboration rate from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 by 28% and especially intensified its relations with non-EU27 countries. Together with France, the UK, Denmark, Sweden and Italy, it is one of six member states that collaborate less strictly within the EU than strictly outside of it. Whereas this is a common pattern for Germany, France and the UK in the sciences in general as well as in many thematic priorities, it is much more unusual for the other three.

Besides Germany, the propensity to collaborate internationally in Security was much higher than expected for Iceland (CI of 1.41) and the Netherlands (CI=1.38), whereas Lithuania co-published 61%, China 53% and India 51% less internationally than expected. Within the EU, Hungary and Estonia are the most frequently involved, relative to their total output, in collaborations with at least one other EU27 country and another international collaborator from outside the EU.


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Table XVIII Scientific collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Security (2000–2011)


2.2 INTEGRATION OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE ERA

To support the European Commission’s specific needs related to planning for its Eighth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP8), this section focuses on a comparative analysis of trends in the international scientific collaboration of European countries (i.e., those included in the ERA) within and outside of the ERA using statistics measuring various aspects of international cooperation. In particular, this analysis aims to determine whether the integration of European countries has progressed since the start of FP7 (i.e., 2007) both within and outside the ERA, as well as whether the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 appear to have triggered increased integration of European countries by comparing the magnitude of change in their integration within and outside of the ERA.


Austria 305 1.32 0.93 16.1 0.86 34.1 1.01 48.5 1.02 36.4 1.05 23.6 1.01 16.4 0.75 8.5 2.07Belgium 583 1.22 0.98 19.7 0.41 38.3 1.06 41.0 1.34 30.0 1.44 22.5 1.50 13.6 1.09 5.0 1.31Bulgaria 68 1.21 1.04 14.7 0.29 29.4 0.89 55.9 1.36 45.6 1.25 42.6 1.26 11.8 2.42 1.5 0.00Cyprus 48 1.25 1.18 16.7 0.83 22.9 1.72 60.4 0.83 52.1 0.79 43.8 0.70 10.4 0.80 6.3 n.c.Czech Republic 310 0.65 0.92 16.5 0.69 58.1 1.12 23.2 0.99 19.0 0.86 13.5 1.18 5.2 1.64 4.5 0.42Denmark 413 1.33 0.96 21.8 1.17 31.2 0.64 46.0 1.31 29.8 1.18 19.4 1.24 20.6 1.72 6.1 0.64Estonia 40 0.86 1.33 20.0 n.c. 42.5 n.c. 37.5 n.c. 27.5 n.c. 15.0 n.c. 10.0 n.c. 12.5 n.c.Finland 360 0.98 1.10 17.8 0.71 46.7 0.85 34.7 1.38 23.9 1.14 17.5 1.18 12.8 2.28 4.4 0.74France 2,286 1.27 1.09 19.3 0.87 44.4 0.86 35.0 1.38 19.1 1.22 12.0 1.16 17.7 1.65 5.3 1.17Germany 1,809 1.53 1.00 18.2 0.67 37.9 0.92 43.1 1.28 26.0 1.21 16.5 1.26 20.7 1.40 5.9 0.96Greece 1,053 0.91 0.78 9.2 1.41 61.3 1.01 28.3 0.93 19.9 1.09 16.1 1.08 9.3 0.71 2.8 1.05Hungary 104 1.09 1.98 17.3 0.42 32.7 0.37 47.1 2.35 41.3 2.92 23.1 2.71 11.5 2.04 12.5 2.01Ireland 217 1.08 0.65 14.7 0.66 43.8 1.54 41.0 0.74 26.3 0.95 22.1 0.84 16.1 0.58 2.8 1.18Italy 2,668 1.18 0.93 7.6 0.77 59.4 0.98 32.2 1.10 19.8 1.14 13.8 1.07 14.5 1.09 3.9 1.27Lithuania 54 0.39 1.10 9.3 2.34 74.1 0.80 16.7 1.53 13.0 2.04 9.3 12.27 3.7 0.00 3.7 0.00Netherlands 1,053 1.38 0.84 17.9 1.23 37.8 0.93 42.1 1.05 30.1 0.90 21.9 0.97 14.0 1.28 6.2 0.88Poland 433 0.64 0.93 25.9 0.74 52.0 1.12 21.9 1.08 13.6 1.13 10.6 1.16 8.8 1.03 2.5 0.85Portugal 579 1.02 1.14 4.8 1.06 60.1 0.87 34.7 1.24 25.4 1.23 21.4 1.20 10.0 1.09 3.3 2.41Romania 142 1.15 0.81 13.4 0.37 38.0 2.04 47.9 0.81 43.0 0.82 32.4 1.09 10.6 0.48 4.9 0.58Slovakia 60 1.00 1.25 10.0 0.00 43.3 0.91 46.7 1.83 43.3 2.24 40.0 2.46 3.3 0.00 3.3 0.80Slovenia 153 0.60 0.91 14.4 1.30 60.8 0.93 24.8 1.04 20.3 0.89 13.1 1.11 7.2 1.59 4.6 0.42Spain 2,037 1.02 0.97 4.3 0.88 66.0 0.94 29.2 1.15 18.9 1.10 14.2 1.06 11.5 1.25 3.4 1.18Sweden 606 1.02 0.94 29.5 0.63 37.5 1.20 32.3 1.28 21.1 1.20 12.0 1.35 15.2 1.33 5.1 1.05United Kingdom 4,384 1.23 0.93 33.6 0.95 35.0 0.89 29.8 1.20 15.2 1.13 10.3 1.19 16.6 1.28 3.0 0.90


EFTAIceland 52 1.41 1.17 7.7 n.c. 28.8 n.c. 61.5 n.c. 28.8 n.c. 9.6 n.c. 44.2 n.c. 7.7 n.c.Norway 1,053 1.12 1.29 24.5 0.87 38.9 0.80 33.5 1.69 19.5 1.64 13.1 1.36 16.0 1.80 4.4 2.66Switzerland 824 1.26 0.86 26.7 0.71 32.4 1.16 39.7 1.08 26.7 1.16 19.8 1.15 14.6 1.04 5.3 0.95

ERAIsrael 650 0.86 1.15 31.1 0.67 38.6 0.98 27.7 1.55 10.2 2.17 4.3 1.94 20.9 1.67 2.5 0.52


OthersBrazil 696 0.71 0.84 4.9 0.44 70.3 1.13 23.6 0.91 12.9 1.27 10.3 1.25 11.1 0.62 2.2 1.62Russia 549 1.17 1.13 19.9 1.34 39.5 0.64 39.5 1.15 25.7 1.39 16.6 1.61 15.5 0.81 7.5 1.12United States 22,216 0.82 1.06 26.5 0.87 54.5 0.96 16.2 1.39 6.4 1.38 4.1 1.40 11.0 1.38 1.1 1.50





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Note that European countries (i.e., nearly 20% of all countries) accounted for one-third of the world’s scientific production, as measured in Scopus during the 2004–2011 period (based on fractional counting), and that growth in scientific output has been stronger outside than inside the ERA (i.e., respective increases in the number of scientific publications from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 of 32% and 19%). This is due, at least in part, to the presence of sizable countries (e.g., China, India, Brazil, the Republic of Korea) showing strong exponential growth outside of the ERA (see data from report 2.3.1).7 As such, European countries have more collaboration opportunities outside of the ERA than within it, and these opportunities are increasing faster with the latter group. Thus, although it is often easier for individual researchers to collaborate with nearby partners—due to reduced barriers such as the need to travel over long distances, as well as language and/or cultural differences — it is likely that the increase in the integration of European countries would have been stronger outside of the ERA than within it, even if the FP7 played a significant role in fostering the integration of European countries within the ERA. Consequently, as this comparison is highly conservative, an increase in collaboration that is stronger outside of than within the ERA should not be interpreted to mean that the FP7 does not have an effect on reinforcing the level of integration of countries within the European community. Instead, such a finding should be interpreted as a failure of the analysis to demonstrate such an effect. Alternatively, given the conservative nature of this analysis, an increase in collaboration that is stronger within than outside of the ERA, although it cannot be directly attributable to FP7, would suggest that progression towards the integration of countries within the ERA is not simply the result of increased integration due to overall globalisation in scientific research.

As a first step, the analysis measures whether there has been a significant increase in the propensity of authors from European countries to collaborate with foreign partners from within and outside of ERA since the start of FP7. The propensity to collaborate is measured using the percentage of a country’s papers co-authored with at least one foreign author from an ERA country or, alternatively, at least one foreign author from a non-ERA country, by FP7 thematic priority (Section 2.2.1). Two 4-year periods corresponding to the pre-FP7 (i.e., 2004–2007) and FP7 (i.e., 2008–2011) timeframes were compared, including a one-year time lag since the start of FP7 in 2007 allowing for common publication delay. This section also attempts to determine whether the observed increases in the international collaboration rates of European countries were more pronounced within than outside of the ERA.

The international collaboration rates within and outside of the ERA do not, however, account for the underlying structure of the collaboration network, such that it is not the best source of information to assess the integration level of countries within the ERA community. For example, the average percentage of an ERA country’s publications that were co-authored with at least one other ERA country will increase, even if all co-authorships involve the same partner. In other words, it does not consider the diversity of integration into the research area. To appropriately address the issue of whether the level of integration of European countries increased over time within and outside of the ERA since the start of FP7, as well as to determine whether the observed increases were more pronounced within than outside of the ERA, additional statistics

7 Campbell, D., Lefebvre, C., Picard-Aitken, M., Côté, G., Ventimiglia, A., Roberge, G., and Archambault, É. (2013). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles (Analytical Report 2.3.1). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 192 pages.


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taking account of the structure of collaboration networks were considered (Section 2.2.2). These statistics include the eigenvector centrality (only within the ERA), the average number of collaborating countries per paper (both within and outside of the ERA), the average number of foreign co-authors per paper (both within and outside of the ERA) and the scale-adjusted collaboration affinity between country pairs. The latter indicator was used in an attempt to reduce the conservativeness of the analysis towards demonstrating the role of the FP7 in increasing the level of integration of countries in Europe. Indeed, the scale-adjusted collaboration affinity between country pairs should be less sensitive to differences between the absolute amount of collaboration opportunities within and outside of the ERA, as well as to differential growth in such opportunities between the two regions. Again, the pre-FP7 (i.e., 2004–2007) and FP7 (i.e., 2008–2011) periods were compared for each FP7 thematic priority.

2.2.1 Comparative Analysis of the International Collaboration Rates of European Countries within and outside the ERA

To test the hypothesis that the propensity of European countries to co-author scientific papers with other countries within and outside of the ERA has increased since the start of FP7, the international collaboration rates of these countries with partners from within and outside of the ERA were measured at two points in time (i.e., 2008–2011 vs. 2004–2007). The measured collaboration rates were considered to be exact, assuming that the coverage of the scientific literature within Scopus is sufficiently comprehensive and thus representative of each country’s output (note that this is not the case in the SSH; see limitations in Section 4). Consequently, two null hypotheses were tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples in comparing the collaboration rates of countries between the two periods:

H0: The percentages of papers co-authored with at least one foreign partner located within the ERA (i.e., the international collaboration rate with ERA countries) in 2008–2011 were smaller or equal to those in 2004–2007 for European countries.

H0: The percentages of papers co-authored with at least one foreign partner located outside of the ERA (i.e., the international collaboration rate with non-ERA countries) in 2008–2011 were smaller or equal to those in 2004–2007 for European countries.

To further assess whether the observed increases in the international collaboration rates of ERA countries were more pronounced within than outside of the ERA, the following null hypothesis was tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test:

H0: The differences between the two periods in the international collaboration rates with ERA countries were smaller or equal to differences in the international collaboration rates with non-ERA countries for European countries.

The results of the statistical tests are presented in Table XIX. When the Z-value (i.e., [Sum of signed ranks]/Square root[sum of squared ranks]) is positive (green values), differences tend to be greater than zero (i.e., there is generally an increase in the scores of countries), whereas when it is negative (red values), differences tend to be less than zero (i.e., there is generally a decrease in the scores of countries). The greater the absolute value of the Z-score, the greater the departure from zero, be it positive or negative. For the increases to be considered statistically significant, the p-value (one-tailed test) must be smaller than 0.05 (highlighted in blue in the table).

Table XX presents the average collaboration rates across European countries for both periods, as well as the proportion of countries for which there was an increase. Since the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is non-parametric, it does not compare the averages across countries between the two


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periods. Thus, the observed differences in Table XX should not be used in interpreting the results of the tests presented in Table XIX; nevertheless, they can help to nuance the results. For example, there is a significant increase in the international collaboration rates of European countries with non-ERA partners in materials (excluding nanotechnologies; Z = 1.71, p < 0.05), while the average international collaboration rates with non-ERA partners across European countries is the same in both periods (i.e., 18.7%). This discrepancy is due to extreme values in the distribution of collaboration rates across European countries. Looking at the median scores in both periods (data not shown), an increase in collaboration from 17.9% to 19.8% could be observed. Moreover, an increase in co-publication rates was observed for a majority of ERA countries (i.e., 22 out of 35; or 63%); note that ties (i.e. identical ranks) are excluded in computing the sample sizes and percentages in Table XIX and Table XX. Still, among the areas in which a significant difference was observed, it is the area in which the Z score was lowest. Thus, using the averages in Table XX can add meaningful information on the magnitude of the effect.

The increase in the propensity of European countries to co-author scientific papers with other countries within the ERA was nearly systematic across all FP7 thematic priorities; the international collaboration rate with ERA countries increased for more than 50% of European countries (excluding ties) in all but two (i.e. aeronautics and space) of the 17 thematic priorities, as well as when they are aggregated (i.e., total FP7 thematic priorities) and in Scopus as a whole.

Table XIX Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the international collaboration rate of ERA countries within and outside the ERA, by FP7 thematic priority

Note: The results are the same for aeronautics and space, since both thematic priorities were matched to the same

scientific subfield. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the distribution of the scores of ERA countries for three different measures between two periods. When the Z value (i.e., [Sum of signed ranks]/Square root[sum of squared ranks]) is positive (green values), differences tend to be greater than zero (i.e., there is generally an increase in the scores of countries) whereas when it is negative (red values), differences tend to be less than zero (i.e., there is generally a decrease in the scores of countries). The increase is statistically significant when the p-value is smaller than 0.05 (highlighted in blue; one-tailed test).


The size of these increases is rather small in many priorities. For instance, the observed increases were only significant and ranged (in ascending order) from 1.3 to 10.9 percentage points (i.e., the average increases across European countries) for Scopus (whole of science), Information and

FP7 Thematic Priority N Z p -value N Z p -value N Z p -value1.a Health 35 3.07 0.001 35 3.69 0.000 35 1.18 0.1192a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 34 1.39 0.082 34 0.89 0.187 34 0.34 0.3662b. Biotechnology 33 2.38 0.009 33 1.41 0.079 33 0.75 0.2263.a Information and Communication Technologies 35 2.03 0.021 35 2.29 0.011 35 1.29 0.0994a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 32 1.57 0.058 32 2.95 0.002 32 -1.67 0.9534b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 35 1.48 0.069 35 1.71 0.043 35 0.20 0.4224c. New Production Technologies 34 3.00 0.001 34 2.09 0.018 35 0.52 0.3004d. Construction and Construction Technologies 34 1.56 0.060 33 0.71 0.237 34 0.51 0.3045.a Energy 34 1.31 0.095 34 1.03 0.150 34 0.34 0.3666.a Environment (including Climate Change) 35 3.41 0.000 35 2.91 0.002 35 2.19 0.0147a. Aeronautics 33 -0.03 0.511 33 -1.46 0.927 34 2.13 0.0177b. Automobiles 25 3.03 0.001 24 2.07 0.019 26 0.95 0.1707c. Other Transport Technologies 35 1.64 0.051 33 0.09 0.464 35 0.22 0.4128a. Socio-Economic Sciences 35 0.76 0.223 35 -0.02 0.507 35 2.12 0.0178b. Humanities 33 1.79 0.037 33 1.37 0.086 34 0.88 0.1899.a Space 33 -0.03 0.511 33 -1.46 0.927 34 2.13 0.01710. Security 33 3.08 0.001 32 2.51 0.006 34 1.34 0.090

Total FP7 Thematic Priorities 35 2.94 0.002 34 2.69 0.004 33 1.21 0.114

Scopus 34 2.53 0.006 35 2.52 0.006 34 0.30 0.381

Intl. Coll. Rate within ERA (2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Intl. Coll. Rate outside ERA (2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Intl. Coll. Rate(∆ within vs. ∆ outside ERA)

Wilcoxon signed-rank test


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Communication Technologies (ICT), total FP7 thematic priorities, Biotechnology, Humanities, Health, New Production Technologies, Environment (including Climate Change), Security, and Automobiles (Table XIX and Table XX). As one can see in Table XX, the collaboration rate for all of the above increased for at least 68% of European countries. It is in the Environment thematic priority that the Z-score (3.41), which accounts for both the magnitude of the effect as well as the proportion of countries for which an increase was observed, was highest for European countries. The international collaboration rate with ERA countries (44% on average) was also highest for European countries in environmental research.

The general pattern of European countries to collaborate with countries outside of the ERA is similar to co-publications within the ERA insofar that international collaboration rates with non-ERA countries increased for more than 50% of European countries in the same 15 thematic priorities, as well as the aggregated total of FP7 thematic priorities and in Scopus as a whole. Also, 80% of the areas in which the increase was significant for the international collaboration rate with ERA countries show a significant increase in the international collaboration rate with non-ERA countries. These areas include Scopus, total FP7 thematic priorities, ICT, Environment, Health, Security, New Production Technologies, and Automobiles, as well as Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies and Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies). In these cases, the magnitude of the increase ranged from 0 (see above explanation for Materials) to 7.4 percentage points (i.e., the average increases across European countries). The difference in the magnitude of the increases in the collaboration rate of European countries with ERA versus non-ERA countries was significantly larger only in Environment; the other areas in which a significant difference in the ERA versus non-ERA comparison is observed (see third set of columns in Table XIX) are not associated with a significant increase in the collaboration rate at the ERA or non-ERA level.

Table XX Average international collaboration rate of ERA countries within and outside the ERA, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)

Note: This table presents the average collaboration rates across European countries for both periods. Since the

Wilcoxon signed-rank test presented in Table XIX is non-parametric, it does not compare the averages across countries between the two periods (i.e., it is based on the signed-ranks of absolute differences between the two periods). Thus, the observed differences in the current table should not be used in interpreting the results of the tests presented in Table XIX; nevertheless, they can help nuance the results (see above explanation of the Z score).


FP7 Thematic Priority 2004-07 2008-11 % of countries with an increase 2004-07 2008-11 % of countries with

an increase

1.a Health 33.3% 36.0% 85.7% 19.2% 21.6% 82.9%2a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 33.1% 34.1% 61.8% 19.2% 17.1% 61.8%2b. Biotechnology 33.9% 35.9% 72.7% 22.3% 22.4% 60.6%3.a Information and Communication Technologies 25.9% 27.4% 68.6% 15.5% 16.9% 71.4%4a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 42.8% 42.5% 68.8% 21.4% 28.8% 81.3%4b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 33.6% 34.6% 65.7% 18.7% 18.7% 62.9%4c. New Production Technologies 26.3% 29.9% 82.4% 18.4% 21.1% 64.7%4d. Construction and Construction Technologies 21.9% 26.8% 61.8% 14.0% 11.9% 57.6%5.a Energy 32.1% 33.3% 61.8% 17.3% 18.3% 55.9%6.a Environment (including Climate Change) 40.1% 43.9% 82.9% 25.5% 27.2% 80.0%7a. Aeronautics 33.4% 36.9% 39.4% 30.6% 29.1% 27.3%7b. Automobiles 24.8% 35.7% 76.0% 13.8% 18.9% 75.0%7c. Other Transport Technologies 26.8% 27.5% 68.6% 16.9% 16.6% 54.5%8a. Socio-Economic Sciences 22.3% 22.5% 57.1% 13.3% 12.2% 60.0%8b. Humanities 20.8% 23.2% 66.7% 11.1% 11.0% 66.7%9.a Space 33.4% 36.9% 39.4% 30.6% 29.1% 27.3%10. Security 24.6% 31.7% 75.8% 14.3% 16.8% 71.9%

Total FP7 Thematic Priorities 30.7% 32.5% 82.9% 18.0% 19.3% 76.5%

Scopus 33.8% 35.1% 73.5% 20.6% 21.6% 71.4%

Avg. Intl. Coll. Rate within ERA Avg. Intl. Coll. Rate outside ERA


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2.2.2 Comparative Analysis of the Integration Level of European Countries within and outside the ERA

Eigenvector Centrality

The level of integration of countries within a collaboration network is reflected by the number of countries to which they are connected, as well as the intensity of these collaborations (i.e., the strength of the links measured by the number of co-authored publications) and the influence of collaborators (i.e., the importance of these countries based on their connectedness in the network). A highly integrated country operates closer to the core of the network (i.e., it is central and highly important to the network’s structure).

The level of integration of a given country within a collaboration network can be measured using a variety of network statistics (e.g., degree, weighted degree, closeness centrality, ‘betweeness’ centrality or eigenvector centrality). The eigenvector centrality is interesting in that, compared to other centrality measures, it is less sensitive to local patterns in the network and, therefore, less likely to provide misleading information in large networks. In fact, the eigenvector centrality offers a good estimation of both the diversity and intensity of an entity’s (called node in the network) collaborations, since connections to high-scoring nodes (those with many connections to other nodes) contribute more to the score of that entity than equal connections to low-scoring nodes (those with few connections).8

To assess the level of integration of the entire network, the mean (and/or median) of centrality scores can be analysed in addition to various measures of their dispersion (i.e., variance in centrality scores, skewness of centrality scores and Gini coefficient). The dispersion of centrality scores is important in assessing the level of centralisation in the network (i.e., the degree to which centrality is concentrated on a few nodes). It is quite common that centrality is highly concentrated in a network of scientific collaboration, with a few hubs (highly important nodes to the network structure) having high centrality scores and a majority of relatively unimportant nodes to the network structure having low centrality scores. When the centrality of a majority of countries is increased (as revealed by the mean/median centrality score) and the dispersion or concentration of centrality scores is reduced, countries are, on the whole, more integrated and the network is more balanced, with smaller inequalities between nodes.

To assess whether the level of integration of European countries has increased since the start of the FP7, the level of integration of countries within the collaboration network of the ERA was measured using the eigenvector centrality of countries at two points in time (i.e., FP7 period 2008–2011 vs. pre-FP7 period 2004–2007). The collaboration networks showing the centrality of countries in each period are presented per FP7 thematic priority in Appendix A. The following null hypothesis was tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples:

H0: The centrality scores of countries within the ERA network in 2008–2011 were smaller or equal to those in 2004–2007.

A non-parametric test was used, as centrality scores are not normally distributed; they are highly skewed, with a few countries having high centrality and a majority of countries having low

8 Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: a family of measures. The American Journal of Sociology, 92(5):1170-1182.


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centrality. Rejection of the null hypothesis, together with a reduction in the centralisation of the network (i.e., in the dispersion of centrality scores), are indicative of a significant increase in the overall integration level of ERA countries.

Table XXI presents the results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test based on an analysis of scientific collaborations in Scopus, in FP7 thematic priorities (aggregated) and in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities. The test shows a significant increase in the centrality scores of countries overall in Scopus, in FP7 thematic priorities (aggregated) and in two out of 17 thematic priorities (i.e., Health and Environment [including Climate Change]). In fact, 77% of countries increased their centrality (excluding ties) in Scopus, 66% in FP7 thematic priorities (aggregated), 75% in Health and 68% in Environment (including Climate Change). In these cases, the Gini coefficients of centrality scores were smaller in 2008–2011 relative to 2004–2007; however, these differences are negligible at this time.

Table XXI Assessment of the level of integration of the ERA based on an analysis of changes in countries' eigenvector centrality (EC) within the ERA network between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011, by FP7 thematic priority

Note: The results are the same for aeronautics and space, since both thematic priorities were matched to the same

scientific subfield. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the distribution of centrality scores of countries within the ERA network between two periods. When the Z value (i.e., [Sum of signed ranks]/Square root[sum of squared ranks]) is positive (green values), differences tend to be greater than zero (i.e., there is generally an increase in the centrality of countries), whereas when it is negative (red values), differences tend to be less than zero (i.e., there is generally a decrease in the centrality of countries). The increase in centrality is statistically significant when the p-value is smaller than 0.05 (highlighted in blue; one-tailed test).


Altogether, these findings provide preliminary evidence that the integration of ERA countries has improved since the start of FP7 in these areas. However, it should be noted that although the

FP7 Thematic Priority N Z p -value1.a Health 35 1.98 0.0242a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 35 -0.16 0.5632b. Biotechnology 35 0.18 0.4293.a Information and Communication Technologies 35 -0.45 0.6734a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 35 1.20 0.1164b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 35 0.76 0.2244c. New Production Technologies 35 -1.30 0.9034d. Construction and Construction Technologies 35 0.56 0.2875.a Energy 35 -0.64 0.7396.a Environment (including Climate Change) 35 1.76 0.0397a. Aeronautics 35 -0.24 0.5957b. Automobiles 35 0.37 0.3567c. Other Transport Technologies 35 0.47 0.3208a. Socio-Economic Sciences 35 0.48 0.3168b. Humanities 35 1.58 0.0579.a Space 35 -0.24 0.59510. Security 35 0.00 0.500

Total FP7 Thematic Priorities 35 1.94 0.026Scopus 35 2.24 0.012

Wilcoxon signed-rank test(EC2008-11 vs. EC2004-07)


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increase in the centrality scores of countries is significant in these areas, the magnitude of the increases is not strong. This is not surprising, as the time frame over which centrality was analysed only covers the most recent eight years of available data. Furthermore, a stronger reduction in the disparity of centrality scores across countries might be observed when additional years of data become available. It will definitely be interesting to analyse longer time series in the centrality of ERA countries as new data become available. Besides that, the analysis of changes in the eigenvector centrality of countries might be affected by different growth patterns across countries, since it is based on the non-normalised strength of linkages between country pairs (i.e., it does not correct for differences in the production size of countries).

To obtain different perspectives on the integration of European countries, as well as to normalise differences in the production size of countries as much as possible, three additional indicators are considered in the following sub-sections. The first two are the average number of collaborating countries per paper and the average number of foreign co-authors per paper and were hence computed at the level of individual papers and aggregated subsequently at the level of countries. The third indicator is a scale-adjusted (i.e., normalised for differences in the production size of countries) measure of collaboration affinity between country pairs. For all three indicators, the increases in the score of European countries were analysed both within and outside of the ERA and the magnitude of the increases within the ERA were compared to those outside the ERA.

Average Number of Collaborating Countries per Paper

To assess whether the level of integration of European countries has increased since the start of the FP7, the diversity of countries with which they collaborate within and outside of the ERA was measured using the average number of collaborating countries per paper at two points in time (i.e., FP7 period 2008–2011 vs. pre-FP7 period 2004–2007). The two following null hypotheses were tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples:

H0: The average number of ERA collaborating countries per paper in 2008–2011 was smaller or equal to that in 2004–2007 for European countries.

H0: The average number of non-ERA collaborating countries per paper in 2008–2011 was smaller or equal to that in 2004–2007 for European countries.

To further assess whether the observed increases in the diversity of countries with which European countries collaborate were more pronounced within the ERA than outside of the ERA, the following null hypothesis was tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test:

H0: The differences between the two periods in the average number of ERA collaborating countries per paper were smaller or equal to differences in the average number of non-ERA collaborating countries per paper for European countries.

The increase in the average number of non-ERA collaborating countries per paper was nearly systematic across the FP7 thematic priorities for European countries; the Z-score was always positive, and the observed increases in integration outside the ERA were significant in all cases except in Security, Construction and Construction Technologies, and Socio-Economic Sciences (Table XXII). The actual increases are presented in Table XXIII. A similar pattern is observed for the average number of ERA collaborating countries per paper. However, the number of thematic priorities in which the test was not significant is higher (i.e., eight areas in total). More specifically, the integration of European countries within the ERA increased significantly in the following areas (in descending order of the Z score): Health, Humanities, Environment (including Climate Change), total FP7 thematic priorities, Biotechnology, Scopus, Automobiles, New


53

Production Technologies, Other Transport Technologies, ICT, and Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies).

The observed increases in the average number of non-ERA collaborating countries per paper were somewhat more pronounced than for the average number of ERA collaborating countries; 68% of the Z-scores were negative (see third set of columns in Table XXII). Thus, the integration of European countries in terms of the diversity of countries with which they collaborate appears to have progressed to a greater extent outside of the ERA than within it. However, in testing whether integration would be more pronounced outside of the ERA than within the ERA, the only significant scores would occur within the Humanities. Note that in the absence of a very strong effect of FP7 on reinforcing the integration of countries within Europe, the above finding is to be expected, as the number of countries with a sizeable scientific output with which European countries can potentially partner is much larger and increases faster outside of the ERA than within it.

Table XXII Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the average number of collaborating countries within and outside the ERA per paper for ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority

Note: See note Table XIX. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

There is one clear exception to the above conclusion (that the increase in the diversity of countries with which European countries collaborate on individual papers was more pronounced outside of the ERA than it was within the ERA). This exception was in Environment (including Climate Change), where the average number of ERA collaborating countries per paper increased for 88.6% of European countries (average across countries was 0.77 in 2004–2007 and 0.98 in 2008–2011), compared to 79.4% in the case of non-ERA collaborating countries (average across countries was 1.31 in 2004–2007 and 1.33 in 2008–2011) (Table XXIII). Indeed, the Z score for Environment is positive and indicates a significantly greater increase in the average number of ERA versus non-ERA collaborating countries per paper (p < 0.05); the increase was greater with ERA compared to non-ERA collaborating countries for 80% of European countries (data not shown). This indicator therefore points in the same direction as the findings based on the international collaboration rate with ERA versus non-ERA countries, where the observed increase

FP7 Thematic Priority N Z p -value N Z p -value N Z p -value1.a Health 34 4.51 0.000 35 4.22 0.000 35 -0.66 0.7462a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 33 1.13 0.130 34 2.52 0.006 31 -0.37 0.6432b. Biotechnology 31 3.63 0.000 31 3.16 0.001 32 0.58 0.2813.a Information and Communication Technologies 34 2.03 0.021 28 1.89 0.029 34 0.45 0.3254a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 32 1.50 0.067 30 2.88 0.002 32 -0.60 0.7254b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 30 2.02 0.022 35 2.63 0.004 35 1.02 0.1554c. New Production Technologies 33 2.91 0.002 33 2.62 0.004 35 0.75 0.2284d. Construction and Construction Technologies 30 1.59 0.055 31 1.46 0.072 34 -0.80 0.7895.a Energy 31 1.60 0.055 31 2.68 0.004 31 -0.88 0.8116.a Environment (including Climate Change) 35 3.80 0.000 34 2.24 0.013 35 3.83 0.0007a. Aeronautics 33 -0.44 0.669 30 2.12 0.017 34 -1.10 0.8657b. Automobiles 25 2.96 0.002 22 2.61 0.004 27 0.37 0.3557c. Other Transport Technologies 35 2.58 0.005 32 1.99 0.023 33 -0.71 0.7618a. Socio-Economic Sciences 32 0.07 0.474 35 1.51 0.066 34 -0.44 0.6728b. Humanities 34 4.13 0.000 34 3.37 0.000 33 -2.27 0.9889.a Space 33 -0.44 0.669 30 2.12 0.017 34 -1.10 0.86510. Security 32 -1.00 0.841 32 0.31 0.379 33 -1.56 0.941

Total FP7 Thematic Priorities 34 3.80 0.000 35 4.68 0.000 33 -0.88 0.812

Scopus 35 3.43 0.000 35 4.21 0.000 32 -3.93 1.000

Wilcoxon signed-rank testAvg. No. of ERA Coll. Countries per Paper(2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Avg. No. of Non-ERA Coll. Countries per Paper(2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Avg. No. Coll.Countries per Paper

(∆ ERA vs. ∆ Non-ERA)


54

was only significantly larger within the ERA than outside of it in environment. There was also a significant increase in the integration of European countries in terms of centrality within the ERA network in this area.

Table XXIII Average across ERA countries of the average number of collaborating countries within and outside the ERA per paper, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)

Note: This table presents the average across European countries of the average number of collaborating countries

for both periods. Since the Wilcoxon signed-rank test presented in Table XXII is non-parametric, it does not compare the averages across countries between the two periods (i.e., it is based on the signed ranks of absolute differences between the two periods). Thus, the observed differences in the current table should not be used in interpreting the results of the tests presented in Table XXII; nevertheless, they can help nuance the results (see explanation of the Z score in Section 2.2.1).


Average Number of Foreign Co-Authors per Paper

To assess whether the level of integration of European countries has increased since the start of the FP7, the size of international teams on their individual papers was measured using the average number of foreign co-authors within and outside of the ERA per paper at two points in time (i.e., FP7 period 2008–2011 vs. pre-FP7 period 2004–2007). The two following null hypotheses were tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples:

H0: The average number of foreign ERA co-authors per paper in 2008–2011 was smaller or equal to that in 2004–2007 for European countries.

H0: The average number of foreign non-ERA co-authors per paper in 2008–2011 was smaller or equal to that in 2004–2007 for European countries.

To further assess whether the observed increases in the size of international teams involved in the publications of European countries were more pronounced for ERA than non-ERA partners, the following null hypothesis was tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test:

H0: The differences between the two periods in the average number of foreign ERA co-authors per paper were smaller or equal to differences in the average number of foreign non-ERA co-authors per paper for European countries.


an increase

1.a Health 0.78 0.95 94.1% 1.53 1.74 91.4%2a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 0.57 0.59 66.7% 1.18 1.24 76.5%2b. Biotechnology 0.44 0.53 83.9% 1.06 1.17 74.2%3.a Information and Communication Technologies 0.34 0.36 67.6% 1.06 1.12 78.6%4a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 0.61 0.59 65.6% 1.00 1.09 80.0%4b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 0.41 0.44 76.7% 1.06 1.07 77.1%4c. New Production Technologies 0.31 0.37 78.8% 0.97 1.04 72.7%4d. Construction and Construction Technologies 0.30 0.36 66.7% 0.90 0.94 54.8%5.a Energy 0.52 0.55 71.0% 1.08 1.13 80.6%6.a Environment (including Climate Change) 0.77 0.98 88.6% 1.31 1.33 79.4%7a. Aeronautics 0.55 0.56 45.5% 0.99 1.07 73.3%7b. Automobiles 0.32 0.44 76.0% 0.75 0.86 81.8%7c. Other Transport Technologies 0.32 0.35 80.0% 1.03 1.05 68.8%8a. Socio-Economic Sciences 0.36 0.33 56.3% 1.14 1.19 68.6%8b. Humanities 0.33 0.43 88.2% 1.06 1.21 79.4%9.a Space 0.55 0.56 45.5% 0.99 1.07 73.3%10. Security 0.48 0.45 40.6% 0.94 0.97 56.3%

Total FP7 Thematic Priorities 0.59 0.67 88.2% 1.37 1.48 91.4%

Scopus 0.63 0.75 88.6% 1.42 1.73 94.3%

Avg. No. of ERA Coll.Countries per Paper

Avg. No. of Non-ERA Coll.Countries per Paper


55

Here again, the increase for European countries is nearly systematic across the FP7 thematic priorities when one looks at their integration outside of the ERA; the Z score was always positive, and the observed increases were significant in all cases except in Socio-Economic Sciences, Automobiles, and Security (Table XXIV). The actual increases can be seen in Table XXV.9

Table XXIV Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the average number of foreign co-authors within and outside the ERA per paper for ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority


A similar pattern is observed for the average number of foreign ERA co-authors per paper. However, the number of thematic priorities in which the test was not significant is higher (i.e., six areas in total). More specifically, the integration of European countries within the ERA increased significantly in the following areas (in descending order of the Z-score): Scopus, Environment (including Climate Change), Biotechnology, total FP7 thematic priorities, Health, New Production Technologies, Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, Humanities, Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, ICT, Socio-Economic Sciences, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), and Other Transport Technologies.

The observed increases in the average number of foreign non-ERA co-authors per paper were usually more pronounced than those of ERA co-authors per paper; 63% of the Z scores were negative (see third set of columns in Table XXIV). Thus, the integration of European countries in

9 Note that the much larger number of foreign co-authors per paper in Scopus compared to Total FP7 Thematic Priorities in Table XXV is mostly attributable to the fact that nuclear & particle physics is not covered in FP7 Thematic Priorities. Indeed, the size of teams vary greatly across scientific disciplines and ranged, at the world level, from about one to two authors in most subfields of the social sciences and humanities (SSH) and in mathematics to about 14 authors in nuclear & particle physics in 2011 (computed by Science Metrix using Scopus). The much larger size of teams in the latter subfield is explained by the specific requirements for very large and expensive infrastructures (e.g., a particle accelerator, such as the large hadron collider at CERN) of experimental physicists in particle and high-energy physics. The monetary and human capital required to carry out these types of projects (e.g., the ATLAS Experiment at CERN) are such that countries often pool resources in these areas to create international consortia for their achievement.

FP7 Thematic Priority N Z p -value N Z p -value N Z p -value1.a Health 35 4.48 0.000 35 4.65 0.000 35 1.50 0.0672a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 33 3.49 0.000 34 3.38 0.000 34 -0.97 0.8332b. Biotechnology 33 4.72 0.000 33 4.11 0.000 33 -1.49 0.9323.a Information and Communication Technologies 35 2.72 0.003 35 3.24 0.001 34 0.46 0.3224a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 32 3.35 0.000 32 2.84 0.002 32 -0.07 0.5304b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 34 2.44 0.007 35 2.94 0.002 35 -1.18 0.8814c. New Production Technologies 34 3.90 0.000 35 2.27 0.012 35 0.70 0.2434d. Construction and Construction Technologies 33 0.55 0.293 31 1.69 0.046 34 -0.33 0.6315.a Energy 34 0.95 0.171 34 2.33 0.010 34 -0.80 0.7896.a Environment (including Climate Change) 35 4.78 0.000 35 2.38 0.009 35 3.18 0.0017a. Aeronautics 34 -0.13 0.551 32 1.77 0.039 34 -0.45 0.6757b. Automobiles 26 0.55 0.293 23 1.58 0.057 27 -0.25 0.6007c. Other Transport Technologies 34 2.40 0.008 34 3.36 0.000 35 -0.25 0.5978a. Socio-Economic Sciences 35 2.70 0.004 33 0.60 0.275 34 1.82 0.0348b. Humanities 34 3.36 0.000 34 2.07 0.019 34 1.67 0.0489.a Space 34 -0.13 0.551 32 1.77 0.039 34 -0.45 0.67510. Security 34 -2.07 0.981 32 1.62 0.053 34 -2.88 0.998


Scopus 35 5.08 0.000 35 4.95 0.000 35 -2.80 0.997

Wilcoxon signed-rank testAvg. No. of Foreign

ERA Co-Authors(2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Avg. No. of ForeignNon-ERA Co-Authors(2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Avg. No. of ForeignCo-Authors



56

terms of the size of international co-publication teams generally appears to have progressed to a greater extent with non-ERA than ERA co-authors. Though, in testing whether integration would be more pronounced outside of the ERA than within the ERA, none of the scores would be significant, except in Security. As stated above, one might argue that this is to be expected, as the number of potential partners is much larger and growing faster outside of the ERA than within it.

There are three exceptions to the above conclusion that the increase in the size of international teams in terms of number of foreign co-authors involved was more pronounced for European authors with non-ERA than with ERA co-authors. These exceptions include Environment again, as well as the Socio-Economic Sciences and the Humanities. Note that it is in Environment that the signal is strongest. Indeed, the Z score for Environment equals 3.18 with a p-value of 0.001; in this case the increase was greater with ERA compared to non-ERA co-authors for 74% of European countries (data not shown). This indicator points in the same direction as the findings based on the international collaboration rate and the average number of collaborating countries per paper, where the observed increases were only significantly larger within the ERA than outside of it in the Environment thematic priority. The increase in the integration of European countries in terms of centrality within the ERA network was also significant in this area. Given the conservative nature of the analysis, the findings in Environment point to a strong effect on the integration of countries within Europe that could have resulted from the FP7 as well as its predecessors.

Table XXV Average across ERA countries of the average number of foreign co-authors within and outside the ERA per paper, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)

Note: This table presents the average across European countries of the average number of foreign co-authors for

both periods. Since the Wilcoxon signed-rank test presented in Table XXIV is non-parametric, it does not compare the averages across countries between the two periods (i.e., it is based on the signed-ranks of absolute differences between the two periods). Thus, the observed differences in the current table should not be used to interpret the results of the tests presented in Table XXIV; nevertheless, they can help nuance the results (see explanation of the Z score in Section 2.2.1).



an increase



Scopus 6.66 16.74 94.3% 7.13 23.12 88.6%

Avg. No. of ForeignERA Co-Authors

Avg. No. of ForeignNon-ERA Co-Authors


57

Scale-Adjusted Collaboration Affinity between Country Pairs

The scale-adjusted collaboration affinity measures whether a given country (country A) collaborates more (i.e., score above 1) or less (i.e., score below 1) than expected with another country (country B) by calculating the ratio of its observed number of co-publications with country B (based on full counting) over the expected number given the size of the scientific production of country B (i.e., its number of published papers obtained using full counting). This indicator is therefore asymmetric. In the above example, it measures the propensity of the two countries to collaborate together from the perspective of country A; in other words, it measures the affinity of country A to collaborate with country B. The affinity of country B for country A would be obtained similarly by taking the ratio of its observed number of co-publications with country A over the expected number given the size of scientific production of country A (see Section 4 for a comprehensive definition of this indicator).

To assess whether the level of integration of European countries has increased within the ERA and non-ERA communities since the start of FP7, the affinity of countries towards European countries was measured at different points in time (i.e., FP7 period 2008–2011 vs. pre-FP7 period 2004–2007); the scores across partner countries for a given European country were averaged for the ERA and non-ERA groupings. The two following null hypotheses were tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples:

H0: The average collaboration affinity of European [or equivalently ERA] countries with ERA countries from the perspective of the latter group in 2008–2011 was smaller or equal to that in 2004–2007 (affinity scores were averaged across ERA countries for each European country to obtain the average collaboration affinity).

H0: The average collaboration affinity of European [or equivalently ERA] countries with non-ERA countries from the perspective of the latter group in 2008–2011 was smaller or equal to that in 2004–2007 (affinity scores were averaged across non-ERA countries for each European country to obtain the average collaboration affinity).

To further assess whether the observed increases in the average collaboration affinity of European countries was more pronounced with ERA than with non-ERA countries, the following null hypothesis was tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test:

H0: The differences between the two periods in the average collaboration affinity of European countries with ERA countries were smaller or equal to differences in the average collaboration affinity of European countries with non-ERA countries.

The matrices of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries are provided in Appendix B. As shown in these matrices, it was not possible to measure the affinity towards European countries for each ERA country in some thematic areas in which the matrix of the number of co-publications between countries (at the world level) is sparse. Indeed, the regressions at the world level (i.e., all countries with a scientific production in a given area must be included in the regression to adequately measure country pair affinities) that are required to compute this indicator were only estimated when there were valid entries for at least 30 countries, irrespective of whether they are within or outside of the ERA (see Section 5 for further explanation). As a result, the average collaboration affinity of ERA countries towards a given European (or equivalently ERA) country are based on 3 to 34 scores depending on the priority area; in most areas (i.e., all except Aeronautics, Automobiles and Space), this number is above ten and the same set of ERA countries is used in both periods analysed (see tables in Appendix B). For non-ERA countries, this number varied from 2 to 125; in most areas (the exceptions being Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, Construction & Construction Technologies, Aeronautics,


58

Automobiles, Space and Security), this number is above ten, and the same set of non-ERA countries is used in both periods analysed. Because of this limitation, the results should be interpreted with care in Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, Construction & Construction Technologies, Aeronautics/Space, Automobiles and Security.

The increase in the collaboration affinity of European countries with ERA countries, from the perspective of the latter group, was nearly systematic across all FP7 thematic priorities; the average collaboration affinity with ERA countries increased for more than 50% of European countries (excluding ties) in all of the thematic priorities except in Security, as well as when they are aggregated (i.e., total FP7 thematic priorities) (Table XXVII). However, the scale of these increases was small in many thematic priorities.

Table XXVI Comparison of the increase/decrease (from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011) in the average collaboration affinity of ERA countries with ERA and non-ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority


For instance, the observed increases were significant and ranged (in ascending order) from 0.05 to 1 (i.e., the average increases across European countries) for Humanities, Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, Socio-Economic Sciences, Biotechnology, Other Transport Technologies, Environment (including Climate Change), Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) and New Production Technologies (Table XXVI and Table XXVII). In these cases the average collaboration affinity with ERA countries increased for at least 68% of European countries. The Z-score (3.05), which accounts for both the magnitude of the effect as well as the proportion of countries for which an increase was observed, was highest for European countries in the area of Environment, as was the case for the international collaboration rate with ERA countries and the average number of ERA collaborating countries per paper.

The general pattern of increase in the average collaboration affinity of European countries with non-ERA countries, from the perspective of the latter group, is similar to that with ERA countries across the FP7 thematic priorities; the average collaboration affinity with non-ERA countries increased for more than 50% of European countries in all thematic priorities, as well as when they are aggregated (i.e., total FP7 thematic priorities) and in Scopus as a whole. Also, five of the

FP7 Thematic Priority N Z p -value N Z p -value N Z p -value1.a Health 35 1.11 0.134 34 1.10 0.135 34 1.20 0.1162a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 34 1.68 0.046 33 0.98 0.163 34 1.11 0.1332b. Biotechnology 31 2.35 0.009 31 0.83 0.202 30 2.12 0.0173.a Information and Communication Technologies 34 1.50 0.067 33 1.84 0.033 32 -0.64 0.7394a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 28 1.91 0.028 27 2.43 0.008 28 -0.66 0.7454b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 34 2.63 0.004 34 2.28 0.011 33 1.04 0.1504c. New Production Technologies 29 2.39 0.008 28 2.08 0.019 30 1.17 0.1214d. Construction and Construction Technologies 28 1.48 0.069 28 -0.66 0.746 28 1.16 0.1235.a Energy 32 1.10 0.135 32 1.31 0.095 31 -0.71 0.7616.a Environment (including Climate Change) 34 3.05 0.001 34 3.91 0.000 34 0.22 0.4127a. Aeronautics 25 -0.40 0.657 27 0.31 0.377 26 -0.74 0.7727b. Automobiles 18 -0.24 0.595 18 -0.11 0.543 18 -0.15 0.5617c. Other Transport Technologies 32 2.98 0.001 30 0.36 0.359 31 1.44 0.0758a. Socio-Economic Sciences 33 2.72 0.003 33 0.99 0.161 33 1.81 0.0358b. Humanities 30 2.54 0.006 30 2.31 0.010 30 0.41 0.3409.a Space 25 -0.40 0.657 27 0.31 0.377 26 -0.74 0.77210. Security 28 0.36 0.358 27 1.73 0.042 28 -0.59 0.723


Scopus 35 -0.91 0.818 32 1.08 0.141 35 -1.67 0.953

Wilcoxon signed-rank testAvg. Coll. Affinity with ERA

Countries(2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Avg. Coll. Affinity with Non-ERA Countries

(2008-11 vs. 2004-07)

Comparison of Changes in the Avg. Coll. Affinity of Countries



59

nine areas in which the increase was significant for the average collaboration affinity with ERA countries also show a significant increase with non-ERA countries. These areas include Environment, Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, Humanities, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), New Production Technologies as well as ICT and Security. The magnitude of the increases in the average collaboration affinity of European countries with ERA versus non-ERA countries was only significantly larger in Biotechnology and Socio-Economic Sciences.

Table XXVII Average collaboration affinity of ERA countries with ERA and non-ERA countries, by FP7 thematic priority (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)

Note: This table presents the average collaboration affinity of European countries with ERA and non-ERA

countries, from the perspective of each group, for both periods. Since the Wilcoxon signed-rank test presented in Table XXVI is non-parametric, it does not compare the averages across countries between the two periods (i.e., it is based on the signed-ranks of absolute differences between the two periods). Thus, the observed differences in the current table should not be used in interpreting the results of the tests presented in Table XXVI; nevertheless, they can help nuance the results (see explanation of the Z score in Section 2.2.1).


Although Table XXVII shows that almost two-thirds of European countries increased their affinity with ERA (63.6%) and non-ERA countries (61.8%) from the first to the second period for the total of all FP7 Thematic Priorities, these increases should not be overinterpreted. As Table XXVI indicates, these differences are not statistically significant. Indeed, although the average affinity of European countries with ERA and non-ERA countries increased for a majority of them for FP7 overall, the magnitude of the increases were not that large, resulting in moderately positive Z-scores (Table XXVI). The large difference between the percentage of ERA countries with an increased affinity with ERA partners in Scopus (34.3%) compared to FP7 (63.6%) is to a large extent due to the different collaboration patterns of nuclear & particle physics, which is not included in FP7 thematic priorities. As described above (footnote 9, page 55), collaboration patterns in particle physics are unique and influence the affinity values of countries with small publication outputs, such as Cyprus.


an increase



Scopus 2.47 2.53 34.3% 1.14 1.21 59.4%

Avg. Coll. Affinity with ERA Countries Avg. Coll. Affinity with Non-ERA Countries


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3 ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF COLLABORATION ON THE SCIENTIFIC IMPACT OF ERA COUNTRIES AND COMPARABLES

Scientific cooperation is broadly recognised as having a positive effect on the scientific impact of publications.10,11,12 In order to characterise the types of co-publications that are the most beneficial to scientific excellence, the scientific impact—as measured using the Average of Relative Citations (ARC, see Section 5 for a definition of this indicator)—was computed for the following types of publications/co-publications for European countries (i.e., the 35 countries of the ERA including Israel) and a selected set of international comparables (i.e., Brazil, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russia and the United States) over the 2000–2008 period (the scientific impact was not computed after 2008 due to incomplete citation windows, see Section 5 for more details):

Pubs (FULL): The total number of publications. SAP: The total number of single author publications per country. SCCP: The total number of domestic only co-publications (i.e., single country co-

publications). ICP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and at

least one author from another country. ERACP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one author in the

given country and at least one author from EU27, EFTA or candidate countries (although Israel is part of the ERA, it is not included here).

EU27CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and one or more EU27 only author.


EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country, at least one author from EU27 country and at least one author from a non-EU27 country.

In Section 3.1, the scientific impact is presented for these categories of publications/co-publications for each of the 42 selected countries in the sciences in general (Scopus overall), in FP7 thematic priorities (grouped) and in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities separately. In Section 3.2, the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications is analysed at the aggregate level for EU27 countries. This analysis provides insight into whether the intensification of cross-border cooperation within Europe promoted under the FP7 towards the realisation of the ERA can be expected to increase the excellence of European research, as well as on which types of partnerships are most likely to be beneficial.

10 Lee, S. & Bozeman, B. (2005) The Impact of Research Collaboration on Scientific Productivity. Social Studies of Science, 35:673-702.

11 Katz, J.S. & Martin, B.R. (1997) What is Research Collaboration? Research Policy, 26:1-18.

12 Persson, O., Glänzel, W. & Danell, R. (2004). Inflationary Bibliometric Values: The Role of Scientific Collaboration and the Need for Relative Indicators in Evaluative Studies. Scientometrics: 60: 421-432.


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3.1 COUNTRY LEVEL

3.1.1 Scopus

Citation impact varies greatly among countries, as presented in Table XXVIII. Within the EU27, the ARC ranges from a low of 0.69 for Poland to a high of 1.50 for Denmark based on all publications, indicating that all kinds of performance (i.e., low, average and high impact) were observed in this grouping. In comparison, all EU27 candidate states are cited below the world level in Scopus, with Turkey (0.74) scoring highest, whereas all EFTA countries have citation impacts well above the world level, with scores ranging from 1.26 (Liechtenstein) to 1.57 (Iceland). Among the remaining countries in this study’s selection, all Asian countries are cited below the world level, with the Republic of Korea achieving the highest ARC at 0.95, almost on par with world level. Brazil, with an ARC of 0.76, scores at about the same level as China (0.73) and India (0.69). With its papers receiving, on average, about half the number of citations received by the average world paper, Russia has the lowest score among the study’s selection.

Single author publications stand out as being less cited than any type of co-publications. With the exception of Turkey, where the ARC of single-authored papers and of all papers are cited at the same level, papers published without collaboration are always cited less frequently than the corresponding country’s average based on all documents. All countries present an ARC below the world level for this indicator, the strongest performances being those of Denmark (0.88), the Netherlands (0.84) and the UK (0.83). In these cases, single author publications are nearly cited as much as the average world paper. However, these countries have some of the strongest ARCs overall so that, based on all publications, Danish, Dutch and British authors are cited 62%, 63% and 48%, respectively, less frequently when publishing papers without collaboration.

Single country co-publications are cited more frequently than single author publications, but still below the world level for most countries. With an ARC of 1.40, the US ranks first based on this indicator, above Switzerland (1.32), the Netherlands (1.28) and Denmark (1.28). Including the latter two, eight countries rank above the world level within the EU27, namely Sweden (1.21), the UK (1.20), Finland (1.13), Belgium (1.13), Germany (1.06) and Ireland (1.01). All EU27 candidate countries rank below the world level, as do Asian countries, Brazil and Russia. Russia is again last with a score of 0.23 (similar to the ARC of its single author publications), its national collaborations being almost three times less cited than those of China (0.62). Considering that Russia’s impact was greater when all of its publications were pooled, it appears that, like most states, its impact benefited greatly from international cooperation. Finally, all EFTA countries score above the world level for this indicator with the exception of Iceland (0.97), an interesting fact considering that Iceland achieved the highest ARC among selected countries when all publications are considered. This indicates that its high impact is highly dependent on its international co-publications.


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Table XXVIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Scopus (2000–2008)

Note: SAP = single author publications; SCCP = single country co-publications; ICP = international co-

publications; ERACP = co-publications with EU27, EFTA or candidate countries; EU27CP=co-publications with EU27 member states only; Non-EU27CP = co-publications with non-EU27 member states only; EU27 & Non-EU27 CP = co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 states). Cells in green indicate an impact above world level, whereas cells in red indicate an impact below world level. The scientific impact was not computed after 2008 due to incomplete citation windows (see Section 5 for more details).


CountryPubs

(FULL)SAP SCCP ICP ERACP EU27CP Non-EU27CP

EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.22 0.57 0.99 1.59 1.64 1.39 1.40 2.24Belgium 1.37 0.63 1.13 1.74 1.84 1.47 1.49 2.59Bulgaria 0.70 0.36 0.39 1.06 1.13 0.89 0.82 1.82Cyprus 1.13 0.72 0.73 1.39 1.45 1.14 1.24 2.07Czech Republic 0.79 0.38 0.54 1.33 1.40 1.10 1.12 2.10Denmark 1.50 0.88 1.28 1.87 1.99 1.62 1.57 2.68Estonia 1.07 0.58 0.75 1.51 1.59 1.26 1.12 2.45Finland 1.33 0.76 1.13 1.70 1.84 1.50 1.37 2.51France 1.12 0.45 0.96 1.56 1.71 1.41 1.33 2.33Germany 1.19 0.56 1.06 1.62 1.72 1.44 1.48 2.27Greece 1.03 0.64 0.84 1.46 1.48 1.19 1.40 2.22Hungary 0.88 0.42 0.58 1.36 1.43 1.08 1.18 2.27Ireland 1.24 0.78 1.01 1.58 1.66 1.35 1.42 2.40Italy 1.13 0.62 0.89 1.65 1.73 1.40 1.50 2.42Latvia 0.74 0.37 0.35 1.12 1.21 1.02 0.79 1.63Lithuania 0.80 0.48 0.64 1.19 1.24 1.07 0.98 1.83Luxembourg 1.10 0.48 0.69 1.32 1.33 1.17 1.25 1.84Malta 1.00 0.52 0.41 1.58 1.61 1.21 1.30 2.67Netherlands 1.47 0.84 1.28 1.81 1.90 1.58 1.62 2.55Poland 0.69 0.42 0.46 1.29 1.40 1.04 1.04 2.22Portugal 1.10 0.61 0.85 1.45 1.50 1.25 1.30 2.20Romania 0.68 0.43 0.37 1.10 1.10 0.92 1.08 1.69Slovakia 0.67 0.35 0.36 1.10 1.14 0.90 0.91 1.81Slovenia 0.88 0.49 0.69 1.30 1.35 1.13 1.03 2.01Spain 1.07 0.50 0.88 1.57 1.71 1.41 1.33 2.39Sweden 1.38 0.78 1.21 1.72 1.84 1.52 1.46 2.50United Kingdom 1.31 0.83 1.20 1.70 1.83 1.50 1.56 2.44

CandidatesCroatia 0.56 0.22 0.41 1.16 1.28 0.92 0.85 2.16Macedonia 0.56 0.33 0.39 0.73 0.99 0.89 0.51 1.36Turkey 0.74 0.74 0.63 1.28 1.38 1.12 1.19 2.15

EFTAIceland 1.57 0.78 0.97 1.99 2.05 1.40 1.73 3.04Liechtenstein 1.26 0.31 1.25 1.43 1.40 1.22 1.71 1.34Norway 1.30 0.74 1.05 1.73 1.87 1.51 1.40 2.63Switzerland 1.55 0.69 1.32 1.90 1.92 1.65 1.82 2.50

ERAIsrael 1.25 0.83 1.04 1.69 1.86 1.46 1.55 2.45

AsiaChina 0.73 0.61 0.62 1.42 1.59 1.32 1.35 2.31India 0.69 0.40 0.62 1.22 1.39 1.08 1.10 2.06Japan 0.89 0.51 0.81 1.38 1.63 1.29 1.25 2.22Rep. of Korea 0.95 0.63 0.82 1.39 1.87 1.34 1.28 2.40

OthersBrazil 0.76 0.41 0.62 1.28 1.42 1.03 1.13 2.37Russia 0.50 0.25 0.23 1.13 1.23 0.97 0.91 1.86United States 1.37 0.82 1.40 1.69 1.89 1.76 1.48 2.36


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International collaborations are highly cited overall, with only one country scoring below the world level for this indicator (Macedonia, 0.73). With a score of 1.99, the international co-publications of Iceland have the highest impact among those of the selected countries, which confirms their importance to the country’s strong impact when all its papers are considered.

Among the various types of international co-publications analysed, those generally resulting in a stronger impact, with scores above those of all international co-publications in aggregate, include co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 partners (EU27 & Non-EU27 CP) in first place (ARC ranging from 1.34 for Liechtenstein to 3.04 for Iceland) and co-publications involving at least one partner from the ERA (ERACP; here Israel was excluded from the ERA) in second place (ARC ranging from 0.99 for Macedonia to 2.05 for Iceland). Note that these two categories are not mutually exclusive and overlap significantly. For example, a co-publication between France, Germany and the US will count under both categories. Compared to the other two categories of international co-publications examined in Table XXVIII, namely co-publications with EU27 partners only (ARC ranging from 0.89 for Macedonia and Bulgaria to 1.76 for the US) and co-publications with non-EU27 partners only (ARC ranging from 0.51 for Macedonia to 1.82 for Switzerland), they are less restrictive in regards to the locations of the partner. As such, they are more likely, on average, to result from the work of larger teams of researchers, which might explain their greater impact. Indeed, as was already mentioned at the beginning of this section, it is broadly recognised that scientific cooperation has a positive effect on the amount of citations received by research publications, often as a result of author self-citations.13 This could, to some extent, explain the entire spectrum of impact across the various types of publications examined. Indeed, the categories with the smallest number of authors scored lowest and those with the highest number of authors scored highest (from lowest to highest: SAP, SCCP, EU27CP, Non-EU27CP, ICP, ERACP, EU27 & Non-EU27CP).

This is probably not the only factor causing the observed increase in the impact of co-publications relative to single author publications. Another factor that might explain such an increase is that as publications result from the work of researchers from more countries and/or diverse parts of the world, their citation rates increase due to their greater visibility as part of the network of each of their co-authors (i.e., not only through direct self-citations). Indeed, publications involving researchers from many parts of the world have a higher chance of being cited all around the world, rather than only being cited by local researchers. They may very well be cited by the collaborators of their own collaborators, who otherwise would not have cited them if their collaboration networks were unconnected (the farther apart two researchers are, the more likely their collaboration network will be unconnected). Another possibility—and the main rationale behind scientific policies promoting international cooperation—is that researchers, by pooling diverse and complementary sets of expertise, might manage to tackle challenges that they could hardly have addressed on their own. In turn, this would increase the novelty and quality of their research, as well as the influence/impact of their publications.

13 Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T.N. & Bordons, M. (2010) Self-Citations at the Meso and Individual Levels: Effects of Different Calculation Methods. Scientometrics, 82: 517-537.


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3.1.2 FP7 Thematic Priorities

Overall, the trends observed in Scopus and presented in Section 3.1.1 also apply when FP7 Thematic Priorities are treated in aggregate, which is to be expected considering that FP7 Thematic Priorities altogether cover a large fraction of Scopus. Slight differences in impact scores are observed between both groupings when all publications are considered, but discrepancies are generally small. In particular, an analysis of the data reveals that for most EU27 countries, the ARC of international co-publications is greater in FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped) than in Scopus. There is no such trend for single author publications and single country co-publications. This can also be observed for other countries, but to a lesser extent than for EU27 members, for which it is almost systematic. Data for more countries outside the EU27 would, however, be needed to reach any conclusions as to whether or not this tendency is more pronounced within the European Union.


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Table XXIX Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in FP7 Thematic Priorities (2000–2008)

Note: See note Table XXVIII. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

3.1.3 Health

As previously observed for the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus), Iceland, with a score of 1.82, also has the highest ARC in Health research among the selected countries. It is followed by

CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.20 0.51 0.97 1.66 1.73 1.42 1.43 2.50Belgium 1.42 0.60 1.13 1.93 2.05 1.57 1.64 3.05Bulgaria 0.61 0.28 0.35 1.08 1.16 0.90 0.79 2.10Cyprus 1.05 0.77 0.70 1.28 1.28 1.12 1.27 1.80Czech Republic 0.70 0.31 0.48 1.40 1.50 1.14 1.11 2.47Denmark 1.49 0.86 1.24 1.97 2.11 1.65 1.61 3.02Estonia 1.10 0.58 0.76 1.59 1.68 1.29 1.07 2.73Finland 1.35 0.76 1.15 1.80 1.97 1.59 1.42 2.72France 1.08 0.35 0.92 1.67 1.89 1.50 1.39 2.72Germany 1.14 0.48 1.00 1.72 1.81 1.49 1.56 2.57Greece 1.01 0.64 0.82 1.51 1.53 1.21 1.46 2.47Hungary 0.86 0.34 0.55 1.48 1.58 1.17 1.25 2.62Ireland 1.25 0.79 1.01 1.66 1.72 1.42 1.52 2.50Italy 1.11 0.61 0.87 1.79 1.89 1.48 1.61 2.83Latvia 0.91 0.41 0.39 1.47 1.56 1.20 1.07 2.51Lithuania 0.86 0.48 0.71 1.34 1.43 1.11 0.98 2.50Luxembourg 1.11 0.51 0.66 1.34 1.36 1.20 1.31 1.83Malta 1.04 0.55 0.37 1.75 1.77 1.22 1.55 2.97Netherlands 1.46 0.81 1.26 1.90 2.01 1.63 1.67 2.83Poland 0.63 0.39 0.42 1.46 1.62 1.12 1.13 2.98Portugal 1.06 0.56 0.80 1.51 1.56 1.29 1.39 2.38Romania 0.70 0.43 0.36 1.26 1.24 0.99 1.31 2.16Slovakia 0.60 0.32 0.33 1.17 1.22 0.97 0.92 2.07Slovenia 0.80 0.42 0.68 1.27 1.30 1.15 1.00 2.08Spain 1.00 0.41 0.81 1.66 1.87 1.48 1.34 2.81Sweden 1.39 0.76 1.20 1.81 1.95 1.59 1.52 2.74United Kingdom 1.31 0.83 1.20 1.76 1.92 1.56 1.60 2.65


EFTAIceland 1.64 0.85 1.02 2.07 2.12 1.41 1.81 3.13Liechtenstein 1.30 0.34 1.67 1.45 1.42 1.39 1.65 n.c.Norway 1.32 0.74 1.06 1.80 1.96 1.57 1.43 2.86Switzerland 1.54 0.65 1.26 1.98 2.02 1.70 1.89 2.78

ERAIsrael 1.25 0.86 1.03 1.76 1.99 1.55 1.59 2.69




66

Finland (1.49), Denmark (1.48) and the Netherlands (1.48). Single author publications are even less frequently cited, relative to the world, in Health research than in Scopus, ranging from a low of 0.11 for Croatia, Macedonia and Russia to a high of 0.86 for Finland. Single country co-publications are also less cited on average, but some countries nevertheless manage to be highly cited in this respect. Most of these are located in the EU27, with the Netherlands (1.22), Finland (1.19), Denmark (1.17), Sweden (1.16) and the UK (1.16) ranking at the top, just behind the US (1.40).

Regarding international co-publications, only Macedonia ranks below the world level with an ARC of 0.90. Overall, all the indicators linked to international co-publications follow the same patterns as those observed in Scopus, but with ARCs slightly higher for most countries, which indicate that the gap in the impact of international collaborations relative to single author publications and single country co-publications is more pronounced in Health research than in Scopus. Iceland has the highest ARC among selected countries for its international co-publications (2.41), its ERA co-publications (2.52), its co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only (2.05) and its co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners (3.77), but not for its co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, where the US leads with a score of 1.78.


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Table XXX Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Health (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.23 0.38 0.97 1.76 1.82 1.40 1.48 2.74Belgium 1.42 0.47 1.03 2.05 2.18 1.53 1.59 3.40Bulgaria 0.50 0.12 0.23 1.14 1.23 0.74 0.70 2.57Cyprus 0.80 0.29 0.42 1.00 0.99 0.88 1.01 1.32Czech Republic 0.59 0.13 0.35 1.47 1.62 0.99 1.02 3.02Denmark 1.48 0.66 1.17 2.09 2.27 1.63 1.57 3.32Estonia 1.18 0.46 0.62 1.65 1.70 1.19 1.12 2.86Finland 1.49 0.86 1.19 1.94 2.14 1.64 1.47 2.98France 1.00 0.22 0.81 1.76 2.03 1.47 1.33 3.07Germany 1.13 0.35 0.96 1.77 1.89 1.49 1.54 2.80Greece 0.90 0.43 0.65 1.54 1.64 1.14 1.29 2.80Hungary 0.92 0.27 0.52 1.58 1.72 1.12 1.27 2.99Ireland 1.26 0.76 0.94 1.74 1.84 1.42 1.53 2.74Italy 1.07 0.45 0.79 1.90 2.06 1.49 1.60 3.10Latvia 1.21 n.c. 0.39 1.66 1.70 1.19 1.16 2.72Lithuania 0.88 0.16 0.35 1.40 1.47 1.06 1.05 2.50Luxembourg 1.15 0.54 0.74 1.36 1.37 1.19 1.40 1.73Malta 1.24 0.67 0.41 2.10 2.18 1.35 n.c. 3.82Netherlands 1.48 0.58 1.22 2.02 2.14 1.65 1.72 3.07Poland 0.57 0.22 0.32 1.70 1.97 1.11 1.10 3.77Portugal 1.01 0.28 0.62 1.58 1.69 1.23 1.24 2.63Romania 0.71 0.19 0.24 1.48 1.49 0.90 1.39 2.78Slovakia 0.55 0.14 0.26 1.22 1.31 0.90 0.85 2.36Slovenia 0.75 0.29 0.54 1.27 1.32 0.98 0.97 2.19Spain 0.87 0.28 0.63 1.79 2.08 1.44 1.29 3.23Sweden 1.41 0.70 1.16 1.87 2.03 1.58 1.48 2.94United Kingdom 1.31 0.66 1.16 1.83 2.03 1.55 1.62 2.88


EFTAIceland 1.82 0.67 1.06 2.41 2.52 1.41 2.05 3.77Liechtenstein 1.45 n.c. n.c. 1.45 1.32 1.02 n.c. n.c.Norway 1.35 0.51 1.02 1.96 2.12 1.56 1.49 3.30Switzerland 1.46 0.51 1.09 1.95 1.99 1.60 1.82 2.86

ERAIsrael 1.12 0.67 0.87 1.70 2.08 1.47 1.38 2.92




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3.1.4 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

Denmark (1.59) and the Netherlands (1.58) have the highest ARCs for publications in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries research among the selected countries, followed by Switzerland (1.49), Norway (1.49), the UK (1.49) and Latvia (1.49). As is the case in Scopus overall, single author publications are on average not frequently cited in this thematic priority, although some countries managed to reach a score above the world level for this indicator. The most notable cases are Iceland (1.44) and Israel (1.23), whose researchers published highly cited research without collaborating. Also, the impact of single country co-publications is above the world level for a majority of EU27 countries, whereas the general pattern in Scopus indicated the opposite. Leading for this indicator are the Netherlands (1.54), the UK (1.49), Denmark (1.46) and Sweden (1.44).

Macedonia (0.42) is the only country that is cited much less than the world level when collaborating internationally, and three countries rank just below the world level in terms of international co-publications: India (0.97), Bulgaria (0.98) and Japan (0.99). The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Latvia (2.12), Denmark (1.86) and Switzerland (1.78). ERA co-publications are cited slightly more frequently on average than international co-publications. All countries score above the world level for this indicator, and Latvia ranks first (2.02).

Only four countries score below the world level when collaborating exclusively with EU27 author(s): Croatia (0.88), India (0.94), Slovakia (0.97) and Bulgaria (0.99). Scandinavian countries lead for this indicator, with Denmark (1.87) and Finland (1.81) ranking at the top. In terms of co-publications with non-EU27 author(s) only, Ireland (1.66) and Denmark (1.60) rank first and second, respectively, and eight countries rank below the world level (Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, India, Japan and Russia). Finally, the impact of co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 co-authors is highest for Hungary (2.90), Switzerland (2.58) and Slovakia (2.53). Worthy of mention is the fact that Slovakia, despite an overall low impact with an ARC standing at only 0.64, managed to produce highly beneficial partnerships for the country, likely with collaborators producing highly influential research in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries research.


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Table XXXI Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.19 0.72 0.99 1.51 1.58 1.38 1.23 2.44Belgium 1.42 0.53 1.34 1.65 1.76 1.67 1.45 2.04Bulgaria 0.58 0.38 0.40 0.98 1.07 0.99 0.79 n.c.Cyprus 1.12 n.c. n.c. 1.25 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 0.79 0.33 0.74 1.31 1.32 1.18 1.20 2.14Denmark 1.59 1.03 1.46 1.86 1.98 1.87 1.60 2.46Estonia 1.30 n.c. 1.16 1.63 1.64 1.67 n.c. n.c.Finland 1.36 0.81 1.33 1.61 1.80 1.81 1.29 1.92France 1.26 0.37 1.23 1.61 1.88 1.76 1.36 2.25Germany 1.13 0.56 1.04 1.55 1.68 1.58 1.38 2.17Greece 1.11 0.65 1.03 1.39 1.47 1.34 1.29 1.95Hungary 0.71 0.32 0.48 1.39 1.50 1.17 1.13 2.90Ireland 1.45 0.70 1.40 1.68 1.72 1.57 1.66 2.06Italy 1.22 0.70 1.04 1.74 1.86 1.75 1.40 2.48Latvia 1.49 n.c. n.c. 2.12 2.02 n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.72 n.c. 0.41 1.34 1.35 1.23 n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.58 0.80 1.54 1.76 1.94 1.76 1.49 2.42Poland 0.58 0.47 0.48 1.14 1.21 1.06 0.97 2.18Portugal 1.34 0.76 1.21 1.55 1.63 1.53 1.35 2.14Romania 1.14 n.c. 0.38 1.58 1.76 1.12 0.92 n.c.Slovakia 0.64 0.34 0.44 1.14 1.11 0.97 1.10 2.53Slovenia 0.98 0.36 0.84 1.38 1.45 1.55 0.78 2.36Spain 1.41 0.89 1.33 1.67 1.84 1.79 1.45 2.01Sweden 1.47 1.02 1.44 1.61 1.80 1.75 1.31 2.20United Kingdom 1.49 0.90 1.49 1.66 1.86 1.79 1.44 2.14

CandidatesCroatia 0.58 0.20 0.46 1.12 1.16 0.88 0.83 n.c.Macedonia 0.42 n.c. n.c. 0.42 n.c. n.c. 0.34 n.c.Turkey 0.67 0.58 0.62 1.07 1.15 1.16 1.00 1.11

EFTAIceland 1.45 1.44 1.04 1.61 1.72 1.66 1.26 2.04Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.49 1.07 1.40 1.68 1.79 1.77 1.40 1.97Switzerland 1.49 0.77 1.36 1.78 1.87 1.70 1.51 2.58

ERAIsrael 1.33 1.23 1.22 1.49 1.58 1.50 1.46 1.60




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3.1.5 Biotechnology

Switzerland (1.70), Denmark (1.64), Belgium (1.47) and Israel (1.47) have the highest ARCs for publications in Biotechnology research among the selected countries. Single author publications (SAP) are, on average, less frequently cited than the average world paper in this thematic priority as is also the case in Scopus, with only Irish (1.18), Swiss (1.15) and German (1.15) authors being cited above the world level when publishing alone. Single country co-publications (SCCP) are below the world level for half of the countries. Domestic co-publications with the highest citation impact come from Switzerland (1.57), the US (1.55), Denmark (1.43), and Belgium (1.34).

Regarding international co-publications, eight countries rank below the world level, namely Bulgaria (0.49), Croatia (0.66), Brazil (0.85) and to a lesser extent India (0.91), Russia (0.94), Romania (0.95), Slovenia (0.97) and Greece (0.98). The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Ireland (1.98), Denmark (1.91), Israel (1.90) and Switzerland (1.90). Collaborations with ERA countries (excluding Israel) have a slightly higher citation impact than international co-publications overall with the top scores being attained again by Ireland (2.16), Israel (2.09) and Denmark (1.94).

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications—co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—all selected countries are most frequently cited when collaborating with partners from both within and outside the EU27. There is no clear trend as to which of the remaining two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only (e.g., Austria, Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Poland, Portugal and the UK), whereas others show the opposite trend (e.g., Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, Israel and Japan). Ireland (2.36) clearly leads in terms of the impact of its co-publications with EU27 partners only, way ahead of Denmark (1.82) and the US (1.79). In terms of co-publications involving only non-EU27 countries, Switzerland (1.99), the Netherlands (1.82) and Denmark (1.80) rank at the top. Citation impact for co-publications involving partners from both EU27 and non-EU27 countries is highest for Israel (3.28), Japan (3.03), Switzerland (2.84) and the Czech Republic (2.63).


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Table XXXII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Biotechnology (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.26 0.76 1.04 1.50 1.60 1.51 1.04 2.10Belgium 1.47 0.66 1.34 1.71 1.77 1.49 1.59 2.45Bulgaria 0.28 0.09 0.22 0.49 0.52 0.51 0.39 n.c.Cyprus n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 1.11 n.c. 0.80 1.34 1.51 1.24 0.92 2.63Denmark 1.64 0.97 1.43 1.91 1.94 1.82 1.80 2.42Estonia 0.81 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 1.25 0.41 1.14 1.48 1.61 1.30 1.30 2.49France 1.13 0.41 0.98 1.49 1.77 1.54 1.20 2.36Germany 1.43 1.15 1.28 1.68 1.81 1.65 1.53 2.23Greece 0.87 n.c. 0.84 0.98 0.95 0.88 0.99 1.38Hungary 1.11 n.c. 0.88 1.33 1.37 1.28 1.29 n.c.Ireland 1.43 1.18 0.96 1.98 2.16 2.36 1.44 1.92Italy 1.10 0.62 0.89 1.44 1.50 1.22 1.32 2.40Latvia 0.50 n.c. 0.44 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.97 n.c. 0.59 1.37 1.23 1.15 n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.45 0.52 1.24 1.78 1.76 1.51 1.82 2.50Poland 0.67 0.34 0.50 1.14 1.31 1.07 0.93 1.94Portugal 0.98 n.c. 0.92 1.09 1.20 1.17 0.73 1.55Romania 0.59 n.c. 0.30 0.95 1.09 1.11 n.c. n.c.Slovakia 0.84 n.c. 0.65 1.02 1.09 0.95 n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.71 n.c. 0.57 0.97 1.13 1.38 n.c. n.c.Spain 1.18 0.77 1.10 1.36 1.51 1.24 1.10 2.47Sweden 1.42 0.69 1.13 1.77 1.83 1.65 1.68 2.38United Kingdom 1.27 0.59 1.15 1.58 1.75 1.59 1.40 2.19

CandidatesCroatia 0.49 n.c. 0.40 0.66 0.72 0.80 n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 0.90 0.89 0.89 1.01 1.25 1.10 0.84 n.c.

EFTAIceland 1.24 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.30 n.c. 1.02 1.63 1.79 1.55 1.35 2.40Switzerland 1.70 1.15 1.57 1.90 1.85 1.44 1.99 2.84

ERAIsrael 1.47 0.73 1.21 1.90 2.09 1.62 1.77 3.28




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3.1.6 Information and Communication Technologies

Switzerland (1.99), Israel (1.71), the US (1.58) and Belgium (1.50) have the highest ARCs for publications in Information and Communication Technologies research among the selected countries. Noteworthy is the performance of Turkey, an EU27 candidate, which stands out with an overall ARC of 1.17 in this thematic priority, a rare occurrence of a citation impact above the world level for this country; in Scopus, its ARC stands at 0.74. Single-authored documents are, as usual, not frequently cited on average in this thematic priority, with only Turkey (1.20), the Netherlands (1.07), Israel (1.06) and Switzerland (1.04) scoring above the world level for this indicator. Single country co-publications are also below the world level for most countries. Leading for this indicator and scoring above the world level are Switzerland (1.70), the US (1.57), Israel (1.47), Iceland (1.31) the Netherlands (1.23), Belgium (1.20), the UK (1.07), Denmark (1.05) and Italy (1.01).

Regarding international co-publications, only three countries rank below the world level, i.e. Bulgaria (0.70), Macedonia (0.78) and Croatia (0.86). The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Switzerland (2.44), Israel (2.20), the US (1.93), Norway (1.85) and Turkey (1.83). Again, Turkey’s score is much higher in the Information and Communication Technologies thematic priority than its average for international co-publications in Scopus (1.28). As opposed to what is usually observed, co-publications with ERA partner(s) are slightly less cited on average than international co-publications for most of the selected countries.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications—co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the ARC of all selected countries is highest for the latter type with the exception of Poland and Iceland. For the other two categories of co-publications, most countries are most frequently cited when co-publishing exclusively with non-EU27 partners, with only a few countries having higher impact scores when co-publishing exclusively with EU27 partner(s) (e.g., Czech Republic, Spain, the Republic of Korea, the United States). Switzerland (2.21), the United States (2.02), Belgium (1.75) and Israel (1.75) are leading in terms of citation impact when collaborating exclusively with EU27 author(s). Switzerland (2.51), Belgium (2.44), Israel (2.27) and Turkey (1.87) rank at the top in terms of the impact of their co-publications exclusively with non-EU27 authors. Finally, the impact of co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 partners is the highest for Norway (3.63), Switzerland (3.10), Slovenia (2.90) and the US (2.80).


73

Table XXXIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Information and Communication Technologies (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.14 0.72 0.91 1.58 1.65 1.48 1.46 2.33Belgium 1.50 0.83 1.20 2.02 2.12 1.75 2.44 2.04Bulgaria 0.46 0.31 0.28 0.70 0.73 0.58 0.64 1.44Cyprus 0.96 0.61 0.48 1.32 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.33Czech Republic 0.81 0.63 0.58 1.36 1.47 1.52 1.16 1.21Denmark 1.21 0.74 1.05 1.52 1.36 1.26 1.79 1.77Estonia 1.01 0.62 0.67 1.71 1.71 0.78 n.c. n.c.Finland 1.11 0.66 0.98 1.55 1.60 1.32 1.47 2.72France 1.15 0.86 0.90 1.64 1.80 1.59 1.52 2.44Germany 1.13 0.72 0.94 1.61 1.64 1.35 1.68 2.25Greece 1.09 0.67 0.93 1.53 1.35 1.22 1.82 1.97Hungary 0.84 0.54 0.61 1.24 1.33 1.02 1.23 2.38Ireland 1.10 0.65 0.92 1.44 1.38 1.13 1.56 2.40Italy 1.20 0.87 1.01 1.67 1.58 1.43 1.78 2.24Latvia 0.49 0.38 0.26 1.39 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.64 0.44 0.52 1.32 1.41 1.18 0.92 n.c.Luxembourg 0.97 n.c. 0.64 1.15 1.19 1.09 n.c. n.c.Malta 0.72 n.c. 0.34 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.42 1.07 1.23 1.76 1.74 1.52 1.80 2.57Poland 0.77 0.57 0.63 1.28 1.07 0.96 1.57 1.48Portugal 0.86 0.67 0.62 1.36 1.19 1.03 1.74 2.09Romania 0.64 0.66 0.40 1.03 0.97 0.81 1.18 1.93Slovakia 0.71 0.60 0.40 1.10 1.12 1.07 1.00 1.39Slovenia 0.88 0.91 0.67 1.30 1.27 1.01 1.19 2.91Spain 1.02 0.78 0.86 1.40 1.50 1.38 1.29 1.96Sweden 1.17 0.76 0.92 1.64 1.56 1.36 1.73 2.37United Kingdom 1.27 0.82 1.07 1.73 1.68 1.52 1.78 2.28

CandidatesCroatia 0.45 0.22 0.39 0.86 0.98 0.70 0.99 1.19Macedonia 0.46 0.23 0.28 0.78 0.89 1.07 0.58 n.c.Turkey 1.17 1.20 0.94 1.83 1.67 1.61 1.87 2.12

EFTAIceland 1.36 n.c. 1.31 1.45 1.31 1.55 1.54 1.06Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.25 0.70 0.82 1.85 2.01 1.49 1.70 3.63Switzerland 1.99 1.04 1.70 2.44 2.41 2.21 2.51 3.10

ERAIsrael 1.71 1.06 1.47 2.20 2.04 1.75 2.27 2.66




74

3.1.7 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies

In the Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies thematic priority, the Netherlands (1.55), Israel (1.47), the US (1.42), Austria (1.37), Germany (1.35) and Ireland (1.34) have the highest ARCs among the selected countries. Compared to the country’s average ARC in Scopus of 1.33, the low score (0.90) of Finland in this thematic priority stands out. The impact of single author publications could only be computed for a few countries because of the low numbers of publications in this area. With the exception of Spain (1.31) and France (1.19) which score above the world level, papers without collaboration are not frequently cited, as is also the case in Scopus. The ARC of single country co-publications is also below the world level for most countries. Leading for this indicator and scoring above the world level are the Netherlands (1.48), the US (1.45), Israel (1.31), Ireland (1.22), Sweden (1.19), the UK (1.17), Germany (1.17) and Switzerland (1.05).

Regarding the impact of international co-publications, eleven countries rank below the world level, with the lowest score being achieved by Slovakia (0.33) and Bulgaria (0.66). The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Austria (1.76), Israel (1.76), the Netherlands (1.67) and Denmark (1.60). For most countries within this study’s selection, ERA co-publications are slightly more cited than international co-publications generally.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the impact of the latter type is not as strong as it is in Scopus overall, with many countries (e.g., Austria, Israel, China, India and the US) having higher ARC scores for one or two of the other two categories.

No clear trend is evident as to which of these two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impacts when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas others gain the opposite effect. The US (1.81), the Republic of Korea (1.73), Israel (1.67), Denmark (1.61), Austria (1.60) and Germany (1.60) clearly come out on top regarding the impact of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. For co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only, Austria (2.34) ranks at the top, far ahead of other countries. Israel is second at 1.84, ranking above the Netherlands (1.67), Switzerland (1.56) and Germany (1.55). Finally, among the selected countries for which an ARC could be computed, only India scored below the world level (0.74) for the impact of co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 partners. The highest scores for this indicator are observed for the Republic of Korea (2.55), the UK (2.25), Denmark (2.08), the Netherlands (2.07) and Italy (2.01).

The performance of the Republic of Korea is particularly noticeable. Whereas the ARC for all its publications stands at only 0.77, a score well below its score in Scopus (0.95), it exhibits the strongest impact among selected countries when its co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 co-authors are considered. The country’s general ARC score is kept low, mostly due to its single author publications, the impact of which stands at 0.29. Overall, it appears that the Republic of Korea has high scientific impact in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies research when working with international partners (ARC of 1.99), but produces mostly uncited output at the national level, particularly when publications involve only one author.


75

Table XXXIV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.37 n.c. 0.82 1.76 1.51 1.60 2.34 1.39Belgium 1.05 n.c. 0.88 1.18 1.26 1.26 0.96 1.25Bulgaria 0.43 n.c. 0.15 0.66 0.63 0.66 n.c. n.c.Cyprus n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 0.61 n.c. 0.38 0.77 0.99 0.81 0.51 n.c.Denmark 1.29 n.c. 1.00 1.61 1.69 1.61 1.35 2.08Estonia 0.70 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 0.90 n.c. 0.67 1.24 1.28 1.36 1.16 n.c.France 1.09 1.19 0.98 1.21 1.38 1.38 0.96 1.38Germany 1.35 0.93 1.17 1.59 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.72Greece 0.95 n.c. 0.74 1.15 1.14 1.06 1.15 n.c.Hungary 0.70 n.c. 0.58 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.85 n.c.Ireland 1.34 n.c. 1.22 1.49 1.54 1.57 1.19 1.61Italy 0.91 0.75 0.64 1.26 1.38 1.19 0.93 2.01Latvia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.62 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.55 0.89 1.48 1.67 1.67 1.55 1.67 2.07Poland 0.67 0.28 0.36 0.98 1.10 1.07 0.74 1.24Portugal 0.79 n.c. 0.69 0.89 0.83 0.83 1.06 n.c.Romania 0.56 n.c. 0.27 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.61 n.c.Slovakia 0.32 n.c. n.c. 0.33 0.34 n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.82 n.c. 0.54 1.24 1.24 n.c. n.c. n.c.Spain 1.16 1.31 0.96 1.36 1.38 1.35 1.31 1.53Sweden 1.27 n.c. 1.19 1.34 1.41 1.33 1.18 1.80United Kingdom 1.29 0.67 1.17 1.54 1.65 1.43 1.40 2.25

CandidatesCroatia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 0.73 n.c. 0.52 1.01 0.63 0.60 1.29 n.c.

EFTAIceland n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 0.74 n.c. 0.57 0.86 0.86 0.87 n.c. n.c.Switzerland 1.32 0.67 1.05 1.60 1.61 1.58 1.56 1.75

ERAIsrael 1.47 n.c. 1.31 1.76 1.61 1.67 1.84 1.64


OthersBrazil 0.65 n.c. 0.55 0.85 0.93 0.81 0.76 n.c.Russia 0.51 0.32 0.22 0.76 0.88 0.81 0.52 1.16United States 1.42 0.71 1.45 1.55 1.72 1.81 1.42 1.56


76

3.1.8 Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies)

Iceland (3.20), Liechtenstein (1.92), Cyprus (1.76), Denmark (1.75) and Switzerland (1.68) have the highest ARCs for publications in Materials research among the 42 analysed countries. However, it is important to note that scores for the three leading countries are based on relatively low numbers of publications. Results for these (particularly Iceland and Liechtenstein, each of which have less than 100 publications in this area) can be influenced heavily by a few extreme values. As is also the case in Scopus overall and other thematic priorities, single author publications are not frequently cited, with only Ireland (1.33), France (1.29), Portugal (1.15), Denmark (1.01) and Spain (1.00) scoring above or on a par with the world level for this indicator. The ARC of single country co-publications is also below the world level, but only for about half of the selected countries. Leading for this indicator are Cyprus (2.10), Denmark (1.78), Switzerland (1.68), Israel (1.59) and the Netherlands (1.55).

Regarding the citation impact of international co-publications, all selected countries for which a score could be computed have an ARC above world level, with the exception of Croatia (0.73). The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Iceland (3.81), Liechtenstein (2.00), Denmark (1.90), Switzerland (1.90), the Netherlands (1.85), Norway (1.82), Israel (1.76) and Belgium (1.74). ERA co-publications are slightly more frequently cited on average than international co-publications for most countries within the selection.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the latter type is usually associated with higher impact scores among selected countries, the only exceptions being Denmark (higher for co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only), Greece (higher for co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only) and Norway (higher for co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, as well as with non-EU27 partner(s) only). There is no clear trend as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas other show the opposite trend. Denmark (2.10), the Netherlands (1.86), Norway (1.84), the United States (1.77), Belgium (1.72) and Switzerland (1.72) clearly come out on top for the impact of their co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. In terms of co-publications with, exclusively, non-EU27 countries, Switzerland (2.07), Norway (1.86), Israel (1.76), Sweden (1.75), Greece (1.74) and Germany (1.71) score highest, and only four countries scored below the world level, namely Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia and Bulgaria. Finally, all the selected countries for which an ARC could be computed achieved an ARC above the world level for co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 co-authors. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for China (2.67), the US (2.35), Japan (2.24), Belgium (2.28), Switzerland (2.28), the Netherlands (2.17) and Austria (2.15). The presence of two Asian countries (China and Japan) is worthy of mention, as it is rather unusual for them to appear at the top in terms of scientific impact for any category of publications. It appears that Materials research (excluding Nanotechnologies) produces highly cited publications when China and Japan collaborate simultaneously with EU27 and non-EU27 countries.


77

Table XXXV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.34 0.73 1.13 1.64 1.71 1.62 1.43 2.15Belgium 1.56 0.59 1.47 1.74 1.84 1.72 1.49 2.28Bulgaria 0.93 0.33 0.70 1.24 1.29 1.27 0.88 1.77Cyprus 1.76 n.c. 2.10 1.60 1.80 n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 0.92 0.28 0.73 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.30 1.39Denmark 1.75 1.01 1.78 1.90 2.09 2.10 1.66 2.05Estonia 0.77 n.c. 0.42 1.33 1.39 1.39 n.c. n.c.Finland 1.07 0.39 0.89 1.55 1.66 1.58 1.43 1.73France 1.41 1.29 1.34 1.52 1.65 1.57 1.40 1.90Germany 1.15 0.37 1.12 1.69 1.66 1.57 1.71 1.99Greece 1.42 0.93 1.34 1.59 1.55 1.48 1.74 1.67Hungary 0.82 0.36 0.60 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.31 1.35Ireland 1.39 1.33 1.24 1.57 1.63 1.68 1.36 1.68Italy 1.30 0.90 1.19 1.56 1.55 1.49 1.60 1.77Latvia 0.70 0.35 0.43 1.12 1.20 1.20 0.80 n.c.Lithuania 0.61 0.44 0.39 1.16 1.38 1.21 0.46 n.c.Luxembourg 0.75 n.c. n.c. 1.05 1.08 n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.63 0.78 1.55 1.85 1.93 1.86 1.69 2.17Poland 0.81 0.55 0.69 1.13 1.20 1.13 1.03 1.47Portugal 1.07 1.15 0.87 1.33 1.31 1.29 1.34 1.46Romania 0.62 0.38 0.42 1.08 1.06 1.01 1.16 1.28Slovakia 0.70 0.36 0.45 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.25Slovenia 0.90 0.38 0.76 1.28 1.25 1.37 1.09 1.52Spain 1.35 1.00 1.22 1.58 1.66 1.63 1.46 1.81Sweden 1.40 0.65 1.27 1.72 1.72 1.59 1.75 2.10United Kingdom 1.35 0.76 1.30 1.59 1.73 1.69 1.45 1.96

CandidatesCroatia 0.48 0.17 0.48 0.73 0.83 0.73 0.62 n.c.Macedonia 0.76 n.c. 0.63 1.04 1.16 n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 1.00 0.85 0.98 1.20 1.23 1.14 1.18 1.77

EFTAIceland 3.20 n.c. n.c. 3.81 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein 1.92 n.c. n.c. 2.00 2.06 n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.45 0.41 1.27 1.82 1.85 1.84 1.86 1.68Switzerland 1.68 0.90 1.68 1.90 1.85 1.72 2.07 2.28

ERAIsrael 1.57 0.81 1.59 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.76 1.99




78

3.1.9 New Production Technologies

Among the 42 selected countries, Switzerland (2.33), Belgium (2.05), Sweden (1.58), Cyprus (1.54) and Israel (1.53) have the highest ARCs for publications in New Production Technologies. While still not highly cited for most countries, single author publications appear to have higher scientific impact than in most thematic priorities, with twelve countries scoring above world level for this indicator. Leaders for this indicator include Belgium (2.50), Israel (1.56), Slovakia (1.55) and Turkey (1.50). Single country co-publications are also below world level, but for only a little more than half of the selected countries. Switzerland (2.05), Belgium (1.65), Israel (1.46), the United States (1.38), Sweden (1.31) and Turkey (1.31) have the highest citation rates for single country co-publications.

Regarding international co-publications, only six countries for which a score could be computed were cited below world average: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia. The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Switzerland (2.94), Belgium (2.35), Sweden (2.14), Italy (2.10), the UK (1.86), the US (1.84), Norway (1.81) and Ireland (1.80). ERA co-publications are somewhat more frequently cited than international co-publications generally for most of the countries within the study’s selection, Cyprus being a notable exception. The ARC of its ERA co-publications (3.07) is almost twice as large as the ARC of its international co-publications. While this score is based on a relatively low number of publications (less than 75 documents), it nevertheless highlights an interesting fact about Cyprus’ scientific impact.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the latter type is associated with the highest ARC for selected countries, the only exceptions being Austria and Greece (higher for co-publications with non-EU27 partner[s] only), as well as Norway (higher for co-publications with EU27 partner[s] only, as well as with non-EU27 partner[s] only). No clear trend is evident as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas other show the opposite trend. Switzerland (2.92), the US (2.15), Belgium (2.12), Sweden (1.98) and Norway (1.72) lead in terms of the impact of their co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. Belgium (2.40), Greece (2.31), Switzerland (2.26), Italy (2.24), Ireland (2.19) and Sweden (2.14) come out on top in terms of the ARC of their co-publications with, exclusively, non-EU27 countries; only four countries scored below world level for this indicator: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Russia. Finally, the ARC of co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 authors were above the world level for all countries for which a score could be computed in the study’s selection. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for Switzerland (5.40), Japan (4.04), Italy (3.86), China (3.14) and Belgium (3.12). As was the case in Materials research, the presence of China and Japan is quite interesting, as it is uncommon to see them appear at the top for any impact indicator. It appears that New Production Technologies research is also a strength in terms of impact for these Asian countries when they simultaneously co-publish with both EU27 and non-EU27 countries.


79

Table XXXVI Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in New Production Technologies (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 0.96 0.73 0.79 1.23 1.33 1.31 1.11 1.22Belgium 2.05 2.50 1.65 2.35 2.41 2.12 2.40 3.12Bulgaria 0.63 0.35 0.31 0.94 1.00 0.90 n.c. n.c.Cyprus 1.54 n.c. n.c. 1.76 3.07 n.c. 1.08 n.c.Czech Republic 0.78 0.89 0.33 1.45 1.53 1.47 1.10 n.c.Denmark 1.35 1.21 1.15 1.61 1.58 1.48 1.61 2.11Estonia 0.67 n.c. 0.50 1.03 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 0.95 1.10 0.74 1.32 1.29 1.04 1.33 n.c.France 1.25 1.08 1.01 1.66 1.67 1.52 1.68 2.14Germany 1.14 0.72 1.06 1.61 1.74 1.51 1.51 2.54Greece 1.22 0.97 1.06 1.76 1.31 1.18 2.31 2.14Hungary 0.69 0.33 0.41 1.33 1.39 1.38 1.18 n.c.Ireland 1.32 1.46 0.85 1.80 1.49 1.44 2.19 n.c.Italy 1.43 1.05 1.16 2.10 2.09 1.58 2.24 3.86Latvia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 1.07 n.c. 1.23 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Luxembourg 1.38 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.43 1.31 1.28 1.64 1.67 1.58 1.59 2.17Poland 0.78 0.71 0.59 1.21 1.26 1.29 1.12 1.17Portugal 1.09 0.82 0.84 1.59 1.64 1.55 1.50 2.40Romania 0.62 0.49 0.40 0.95 0.84 0.83 1.36 n.c.Slovakia 0.67 1.55 0.20 0.70 0.76 0.48 n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.69 0.40 0.64 0.95 0.98 1.12 0.83 n.c.Spain 1.17 0.84 1.07 1.45 1.44 1.36 1.45 1.92Sweden 1.58 1.21 1.31 2.14 2.08 1.98 2.14 2.87United Kingdom 1.38 0.87 1.16 1.86 1.84 1.57 1.89 2.84

CandidatesCroatia 0.37 0.10 0.23 0.93 1.20 0.51 0.91 n.c.Macedonia 0.46 0.39 n.c. 0.61 0.55 n.c. 0.61 n.c.Turkey 1.45 1.50 1.31 1.63 1.55 1.57 1.60 2.19

EFTAIceland 0.74 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.48 1.32 1.14 1.81 1.71 1.72 2.09 1.33Switzerland 2.33 0.83 2.05 2.94 3.36 2.92 2.26 5.40

ERAIsrael 1.53 1.56 1.46 1.61 1.78 1.67 1.52 2.18




80

3.1.10 Construction and Construction Technologies

When all types of publications are considered, Denmark (2.13), Switzerland (1.46), Sweden (1.40), Hungary (1.39), Israel (1.38) and Belgium (1.37) have the highest ARCs in Construction and Construction Technologies among the 42 selected countries. As usual, single author publications are not frequently cited in this thematic priority, with only four countries scoring above the world level, all of which are from the EU27, i.e. Denmark (1.71), Sweden (1.12), Belgium (1.10) and Greece (1.02). On the other hand, domestic co-publications appear to be more frequently cited than in other thematic priorities, as 18 countries have an ARC above world level. The leaders for this indicator are Lithuania (2.11), Denmark (2.07), Switzerland (1.60), Hungary (1.52) and Israel (1.46).

The scientific impact of international co-publications was below the world level for only three countries for which a score could be computed: Romania, Slovenia and Russia. The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Denmark (2.49), Norway (2.07), Sweden (1.99), Hungary (1.97) and Finland (1.76). Co-publications involving ERA partner(s) are, on average, slightly more cited than international co-publications for a vast majority of countries within this study’s selection. Exceptions to this trend include Austria and Turkey.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—countries systematically scored highest in terms of scientific impact with the latter type. No clear trend has emerged as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas other show the opposite trend. Denmark (2.64), Sweden (2.23), Hungary (2.20) and Norway (2.09) lead in terms of impact when considering co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. Denmark (2.05) again ranks first, followed by Switzerland (1.94), Belgium (1.89), Israel (1.75) and Austria (1.72) when considering co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. Only Russia scored below world level for this indicator. When publishing with co-authors from both EU27 and non-EU27 countries, all the selected countries for which an ARC could be computed achieved an ARC above the world level. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for Denmark (3.09), China (2.80), France (2.26), Belgium (2.25) and the Netherlands (2.21).


81

Table XXXVII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Construction and Construction Technologies (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.18 0.68 1.28 1.51 1.35 1.35 1.72 n.c.Belgium 1.37 1.10 1.34 1.62 1.61 1.31 1.89 2.25Bulgaria 0.72 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Cyprus 0.68 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 0.79 0.38 0.65 1.49 1.55 1.18 n.c. n.c.Denmark 2.13 1.71 2.07 2.49 2.68 2.64 2.05 3.09Estonia 0.91 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 0.90 0.65 0.75 1.76 1.81 1.63 1.67 n.c.France 1.20 0.73 1.21 1.50 1.57 1.42 1.41 2.26Germany 0.68 0.32 0.76 1.36 1.39 1.31 1.26 2.13Greece 1.24 1.02 1.33 1.24 1.34 1.36 0.96 n.c.Hungary 1.39 0.85 1.52 1.97 2.48 2.20 n.c. n.c.Ireland 0.94 0.75 0.85 1.24 1.21 1.15 n.c. n.c.Italy 0.96 0.91 0.82 1.35 1.47 1.39 1.19 1.84Latvia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.97 0.23 2.11 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.20 0.99 1.13 1.59 1.61 1.52 1.50 2.21Poland 0.37 0.20 0.34 1.51 1.47 1.49 n.c. n.c.Portugal 0.99 0.66 1.08 1.05 1.02 0.94 1.11 n.c.Romania 0.42 n.c. 0.23 0.84 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovakia 0.77 0.31 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.78 0.77 0.83 0.71 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Spain 1.14 0.65 1.14 1.50 1.63 1.64 1.31 1.65Sweden 1.40 1.12 1.31 1.99 2.22 2.23 1.48 n.c.United Kingdom 1.22 0.91 1.34 1.60 1.88 1.77 1.45 2.15

CandidatesCroatia 0.50 n.c. 0.36 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 1.03 0.86 1.02 1.57 1.35 1.40 1.68 n.c.

EFTAIceland n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.26 0.95 1.00 2.07 2.45 2.09 n.c. n.c.Switzerland 1.46 0.72 1.60 1.69 1.56 1.45 1.94 2.03

ERAIsrael 1.38 1.00 1.46 1.63 1.58 1.29 1.75 n.c.

AsiaChina 0.88 0.86 0.79 1.49 1.91 1.71 1.33 2.80India 1.13 0.94 1.14 1.29 1.64 1.34 1.28 n.c.Japan 0.74 0.50 0.66 1.15 0.88 0.95 1.20 n.c.Rep. of Korea 1.18 0.92 1.13 1.35 1.70 1.61 1.30 n.c.

OthersBrazil 0.80 0.50 0.80 1.14 1.22 1.20 1.07 n.c.Russia 0.55 0.23 0.70 0.61 0.72 0.75 0.51 n.c.United States 1.13 0.73 1.27 1.41 1.57 1.53 1.33 1.78


82

3.1.11 Energy

A vast majority of selected countries have impact scores above the world level in the thematic priority of Energy when all types of publications are considered, with Cyprus (2.15), Denmark (2.06), Spain (1.86), Switzerland (1.82), Israel (1.79), Portugal (1.70) and Turkey (1.70) having the highest scores. As is also the case in Scopus overall and in most thematic priorities, single author publications are not frequently cited in this thematic priority, although six countries score above the world level in this regard: Cyprus (2.44), Turkey (1.85), Denmark (1.62), Israel (1.23), Greece (1.18) and the Republic of Korea (1.02). On the other hand, single country co-publications appear to be highly cited compared to what is generally observed, with only eleven countries exhibiting ARCs below the world level. The leaders for this indicator are Denmark (2.23), Spain (1.92), Switzerland (1.90), Israel (1.83), and Ireland (1.69).

Regarding international co-publications, all selected countries for which a score could be computed have an ARC above world level. The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for Estonia (2.54), Portugal (2.12), Denmark (2.07), Greece (2.03) and Cyprus (2.01). ERA co-publications are usually as frequently cited as or slightly more frequently cited than international co-publications for a vast majority of countries within the selection, although the international co-publications of some countries present notably stronger impact (e.g., Ireland, Italy and the Republic of Korea).

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—countries systematically scored highest in terms of scientific impact with the latter type, with the exception of the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Italy, India and the Republic of Korea. No clear trend is evident as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas others show the opposite trend. Estonia (2.86), Israel (2.14), Denmark (1.99), Greece (1.96), Poland (1.96), Portugal (1.96), Turkey (1.95) and Switzerland (1.93) score highest in terms of the impact of their co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. Portugal (2.20), Greece (2.02), Denmark (2.00), Ireland (1.99) and Switzerland (1.97) rank at the top within the selection of countries in terms of the impact of their co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. Only Lithuania, Croatia and Russia scored below world level for this indicator. Finally, all the selected countries for which an ARC could be computed scored above world level when considering co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 co-authors. The highest ARCs involving co-authors from both inside and outside the EU27 were observed for Denmark (2.49), Portugal (2.48), Greece (2.40), Israel (2.34), Japan (2.23) and Poland (2.14).


83

Table XXXVIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Energy (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.22 0.41 1.17 1.48 1.71 1.58 1.12 1.91Belgium 1.24 0.45 1.19 1.46 1.55 1.40 1.25 1.92Bulgaria 1.36 0.72 1.37 1.49 1.62 1.64 1.05 1.69Cyprus 2.15 2.44 n.c. 2.01 1.96 n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 1.20 0.50 0.89 1.66 1.83 1.90 1.46 1.39Denmark 2.06 1.62 2.23 2.07 2.05 1.99 2.00 2.49Estonia 1.24 0.41 0.92 2.54 2.83 2.86 n.c. n.c.Finland 1.22 0.27 1.39 1.58 1.62 1.72 1.35 1.47France 1.45 0.64 1.47 1.63 1.68 1.63 1.56 1.82Germany 1.51 0.87 1.56 1.69 1.70 1.62 1.68 1.89Greece 1.58 1.18 1.50 2.03 1.98 1.96 2.02 2.40Hungary 1.23 0.60 1.16 1.54 1.67 1.68 1.37 1.46Ireland 1.68 n.c. 1.69 1.87 1.78 1.72 1.99 2.07Italy 1.43 0.82 1.41 1.69 1.55 1.50 1.91 1.65Latvia 0.63 n.c. 0.26 1.01 1.05 1.04 n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.79 0.55 0.68 1.25 1.43 1.49 0.74 n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.29 0.86 1.42 1.39 1.56 1.43 1.11 1.86Poland 1.39 0.78 1.29 1.85 1.96 1.96 1.56 2.14Portugal 1.70 0.79 1.51 2.12 2.06 1.96 2.20 2.48Romania 0.79 0.33 0.34 1.36 1.42 1.41 1.14 1.71Slovakia 0.92 n.c. 0.75 1.15 1.11 1.07 n.c. n.c.Slovenia 1.33 0.96 1.26 1.65 1.61 1.92 1.37 n.c.Spain 1.86 0.97 1.92 1.89 1.97 1.89 1.86 1.93Sweden 1.22 0.29 1.61 1.70 1.88 1.85 1.49 1.93United Kingdom 1.24 0.65 1.31 1.46 1.75 1.67 1.23 2.07

CandidatesCroatia 0.75 0.24 0.82 1.19 1.35 1.46 0.72 n.c.Macedonia 0.92 n.c. n.c. 1.10 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 1.70 1.85 1.65 1.76 1.95 1.95 1.63 n.c.

EFTAIceland 1.40 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 0.91 0.89 0.89 1.17 1.36 1.34 0.92 1.51Switzerland 1.82 0.82 1.90 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.97 2.08

ERAIsrael 1.79 1.23 1.83 1.93 2.14 2.14 1.69 2.34




84

3.1.12 Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences)

Among the 42 countries analysed in this study, Switzerland (1.76), Malta (1.62), Denmark (1.56), Belgium (1.51), the Netherlands (1.48) and Sweden (1.48) have the highest ARCs based on their total output in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences). As is also the case in Scopus overall and in most thematic priorities, single author publications are not frequently cited in this research area, and no country achieved a score above the world level. Single country co-publications are also not heavily cited, with only a handful of countries with ARC scores above the world level for this category of publications. The leaders include Switzerland (1.53), Sweden (1.33), the UK (1.32), Denmark (1.31), the Netherlands (1.31), Belgium (1.25) and the US (1.22).

Regarding the ARCs of international co-publications, all selected countries for which a score could be computed were cited above the world level, with the exception of Lithuania (0.98). The highest ARCs for international co-publications belong to Malta (2.16), Switzerland (2.01), Denmark (1.81), Belgium (1.77) and Sweden (1.75). ERA co-publications are slightly more cited on average than international co-publications for all but one country in the selection, namely Malta.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—countries systematically scored highest in terms of scientific impact with the latter type. For the remaining two indicators, the impact scores of countries were stronger in the case of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only compared to those with non-EU27 partner(s) only for a majority of countries for which scores could be computed. Switzerland (1.83), the US (1.73) and Denmark (1.60) come out on top for the impact of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, followed by a large group of countries, mostly from the EU27 (i.e., Belgium, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Norway), which are cited at a level 50% to 60% above the world average. Switzerland (1.79), Denmark (1.60), Germany (1.53) and the UK (1.52) rank at the top in terms of the impact of their co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. All of the selected countries for which an ARC could be computed achieved an ARC above the world level when considering co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 co-publications. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for Estonia (2.60), Switzerland (2.56), Belgium (2.45), Turkey (2.38), Iceland (2.36), the Netherlands (2.36), Denmark (2.35) and Sweden (2.34).


85

Table XXXIX Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences) (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.24 0.54 0.94 1.51 1.62 1.31 1.31 1.96Belgium 1.51 0.53 1.25 1.77 1.89 1.53 1.44 2.47Bulgaria 0.80 0.49 0.36 1.04 1.12 0.89 0.79 1.59Cyprus 0.81 n.c. 0.59 1.02 1.07 0.60 n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 1.00 0.57 0.78 1.37 1.43 1.16 1.17 1.96Denmark 1.56 0.86 1.31 1.81 1.92 1.60 1.60 2.35Estonia 1.25 0.69 0.90 1.68 1.84 1.53 1.04 2.60Finland 1.34 0.70 1.14 1.65 1.81 1.55 1.22 2.22France 1.34 0.59 1.09 1.62 1.79 1.48 1.44 2.21Germany 1.30 0.56 1.05 1.68 1.81 1.49 1.53 2.21Greece 1.04 0.60 0.90 1.33 1.39 1.21 1.17 1.85Hungary 0.79 0.28 0.57 1.26 1.32 1.19 1.03 1.56Ireland 1.28 0.50 0.92 1.62 1.73 1.47 1.24 2.21Italy 1.16 0.68 0.90 1.55 1.66 1.42 1.32 2.18Latvia 0.82 n.c. 0.35 1.35 1.42 0.99 n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.53 0.17 0.41 0.98 1.00 0.69 0.91 1.52Luxembourg 1.42 n.c. n.c. 1.59 1.64 1.35 n.c. 2.22Malta 1.62 n.c. n.c. 2.16 1.78 n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.48 0.75 1.31 1.72 1.87 1.59 1.40 2.36Poland 0.61 0.29 0.43 1.21 1.33 1.01 0.98 2.04Portugal 1.11 0.45 0.86 1.44 1.56 1.38 1.10 2.02Romania 0.85 0.40 0.44 1.15 1.20 1.11 0.83 1.45Slovakia 0.62 0.25 0.37 1.09 1.15 0.91 0.88 1.68Slovenia 0.80 0.21 0.65 1.33 1.34 1.17 1.09 1.98Spain 1.21 0.57 1.03 1.56 1.73 1.53 1.23 2.21Sweden 1.48 0.76 1.33 1.75 1.88 1.55 1.46 2.34United Kingdom 1.43 0.75 1.32 1.69 1.83 1.54 1.52 2.26

CandidatesCroatia 0.58 0.21 0.50 1.05 1.09 0.83 0.92 1.77Macedonia 0.74 n.c. n.c. 1.07 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 0.85 0.65 0.73 1.32 1.53 1.25 1.06 2.38

EFTAIceland 1.36 0.73 0.90 1.58 1.69 1.34 1.04 2.36Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.36 0.75 1.07 1.64 1.78 1.53 1.27 2.23Switzerland 1.76 0.85 1.53 2.01 2.08 1.83 1.79 2.56

ERAIsrael 1.16 0.60 0.98 1.43 1.70 1.40 1.18 2.10




86

3.1.13 Aeronautics/Space

Within the study’s selection in the thematic priority of Aeronautics (or, alternatively, Space, as both priorities were matched to the same scientific fields/subfields; see Section 5.3 for details), Switzerland (2.31), Greece (1.95), Finland (1.93), Slovakia (1.64), Israel (1.59) and Hungary (1.53) present the highest ARCs regarding their total output in the field. As opposed to what can be observed for most thematic priorities, single author publications appear to be highly cited for some countries in this research area. The leaders for this indicator are Spain (1.61), Finland (1.58), the Republic of Korea (1.41), Sweden (1.40), Germany (1.36) and Israel (1.33). Interestingly, single country co-publications are less cited than single author publications for some countries, which is quite unusual compared to Scopus as a whole and other thematic priorities. The leaders for the impact of single country co-publications include Switzerland (2.06), Czech Republic (1.40), Israel (1.38), Finland (1.37), Greece (1.36) and Norway (1.35) proving that their domestic collaborations are cited well above world level in this area.

In terms of the scientific impact of international co-publications, all selected countries for which a score could be computed have a score above the world level, with the exception of Romania (0.88). The highest ARCs for international co-publications were observed for Switzerland (2.62), Finland (2.35), Greece (2.26), Hungary (2.15) and Bulgaria (2.08). ERA co-publications are slightly more cited on average than international co-publications for all but nine countries in this study’s selection.

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the latter type is associated with the highest ARC for selected countries, the only exceptions being Finland (higher for co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only) as well as Israel and India (higher for co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only). There is no clear trend as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas other show the opposite trend. Finland (3.03), Switzerland (2.32), China (1.67), Austria (1.66) and Denmark (1.66) come in on top for the impact of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. Switzerland (2.87), Greece (2.26), Poland (1.93), Israel (1.86) and Sweden (1.78) rank at the top within the selection based on the ARC of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. With a score of only 0.59, Norway’s performance is notable, as it is the only country that scores lower than the world level by a large margin. Finally, all selected countries for which an ARC could be computed had an ARC above the world level when considering co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 co-authors. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for China (2.99), Switzerland (2.88), Sweden (2.79), Finland (2.78) and the Republic of Korea (2.70).


87

Table XL Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Aeronautics (or Space; 2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.23 0.41 0.79 1.50 1.72 1.66 0.98 1.79Belgium 1.39 n.c. 1.13 1.64 1.68 1.45 1.44 2.05Bulgaria 1.37 n.c. 0.85 2.08 2.32 n.c. n.c. n.c.Cyprus n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 1.48 0.37 1.40 1.93 2.21 n.c. 1.53 n.c.Denmark 1.17 n.c. 0.60 1.65 1.88 1.66 n.c. n.c.Estonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 1.93 1.58 1.37 2.35 2.89 3.03 1.52 2.78France 1.31 0.75 1.21 1.54 1.64 1.40 1.39 2.12Germany 1.41 1.36 1.13 1.68 1.84 1.51 1.54 2.36Greece 1.95 n.c. 1.36 2.26 2.45 1.50 2.26 n.c.Hungary 1.53 0.97 0.97 2.15 2.26 n.c. n.c. n.c.Ireland 0.98 n.c. n.c. 1.06 1.00 n.c. n.c. n.c.Italy 1.25 0.99 1.01 1.58 1.61 1.20 1.54 2.29Latvia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.69 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 0.91 0.73 0.71 1.06 1.04 0.85 1.10 1.52Poland 1.05 0.55 0.63 1.68 1.54 1.09 1.93 2.03Portugal 1.03 n.c. n.c. 1.06 0.97 0.88 1.14 n.c.Romania 0.67 n.c. 0.89 0.88 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovakia 1.64 n.c. n.c. 1.49 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.38 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Spain 1.32 1.61 1.13 1.39 1.28 1.10 1.59 1.78Sweden 1.50 1.40 0.99 1.83 1.94 1.02 1.78 2.79United Kingdom 1.30 0.85 1.16 1.59 1.66 1.51 1.55 1.84

CandidatesCroatia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 0.98 0.89 0.84 1.24 1.00 n.c. 1.32 n.c.

EFTAIceland n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.19 n.c. 1.35 1.22 2.23 n.c. 0.59 2.18Switzerland 2.31 n.c. 2.06 2.62 2.56 2.32 2.87 2.88

ERAIsrael 1.59 1.33 1.38 1.84 1.77 n.c. 1.86 1.84

AsiaChina 0.80 0.61 0.75 1.85 2.14 1.67 1.75 2.99India 0.74 0.62 0.60 1.18 0.97 0.91 1.22 1.13Japan 1.00 0.61 0.90 1.31 1.57 1.45 1.23 1.72Rep. of Korea 1.32 1.41 1.04 1.61 2.19 n.c. 1.55 2.70



88

3.1.14 Automobiles

The research thematic area of Automobiles is quite small, which explains why impact scores could only be computed for a few countries and some types of co-publications. Within the selection, Denmark (1.74), the Netherlands (1.59), the US (1.53) and Sweden (1.37) have the highest ARCs in this area when considering their total output. The only countries scoring above world level for single author publications are Sweden (2.01), Italy (1.94) and the US (1.30). In terms of single country co-publications, Denmark (1.98), the US (1.43), the Netherlands (1.41), Finland (1.16) and Switzerland (1.14) are leading.

With the exception of Hungary (0.42), the ARC of international co-publications was above world level for all countries in the selection. The highest ARCs for international co-publications were observed for the Netherlands (2.09), the US (1.92), India (1.80), China (1.78), Norway (1.77), Finland (1.73), Japan (1.70) and Sweden (1.70).

The scientific impact of selected countries could rarely be computed due to the small size of publication outputs in this area for the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications: co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners. Among those computed, Japan (2.07) and the Republic of Korea (1.77) are leading in terms of the impact of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, whereas Finland (2.12), the US (2.07) and China (2.04) lead for the impact of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. Finally, no ARC could be computed for co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 countries.


89

Table XLI Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Automobiles (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.04 n.c. 0.95 1.30 1.36 1.20 n.c. n.c.Belgium 1.03 n.c. 0.90 1.42 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Bulgaria n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Cyprus n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Denmark 1.74 n.c. 1.98 1.16 1.41 n.c. n.c. n.c.Estonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 1.27 0.82 1.16 1.73 1.36 1.04 2.12 n.c.France 0.98 0.61 0.83 1.46 1.47 0.98 1.40 n.c.Germany 0.83 0.57 0.81 1.13 1.20 1.09 0.98 n.c.Greece 0.93 n.c. 0.74 1.22 0.92 n.c. n.c. n.c.Hungary 0.23 0.15 0.25 0.42 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Ireland 0.54 n.c. 0.57 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Italy 1.11 1.94 1.02 1.11 1.06 0.96 1.17 n.c.Latvia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.59 n.c. 1.41 2.09 1.94 n.c. n.c. n.c.Poland 0.44 n.c. 0.29 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Portugal 0.51 n.c. 0.55 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Romania 0.13 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovakia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovenia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Spain 0.91 n.c. 0.73 1.37 1.46 1.06 n.c. n.c.Sweden 1.37 2.01 1.06 1.70 1.67 1.55 1.74 n.c.United Kingdom 1.04 0.76 0.90 1.53 1.76 1.44 1.31 n.c.

CandidatesCroatia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 1.05 n.c. 0.93 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

EFTAIceland n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.27 n.c. 1.09 1.77 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Switzerland 1.12 n.c. 1.14 1.27 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

ERAIsrael 0.85 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

AsiaChina 0.94 0.97 0.79 1.78 1.07 1.18 2.04 n.c.India 0.91 n.c. 0.72 1.80 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Japan 0.71 0.47 0.63 1.70 1.96 2.07 1.53 n.c.Rep. of Korea 0.93 0.94 0.81 1.62 1.61 1.77 1.61 n.c.

OthersBrazil 0.72 n.c. 0.33 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Russia 0.24 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.United States 1.53 1.30 1.43 1.92 1.69 1.52 2.07 n.c.


90

3.1.15 Other Transport Technologies

Within the 42 countries analysed in this study, all EU27 countries score above the world level in terms of the ARC of their total output in Other Transport Technologies with the exception of Hungary (0.90), Latvia (0.98) and Luxembourg (0.94). Leaders for this indicator are Cyprus (1.97), Israel (1.87), Portugal (1.74), Slovakia (1.70) and Spain (1.68). As opposed to what can be observed for most thematic priorities, single author publications appear to be more cited in this research area. The leaders for impact scores of documents with only one author are Portugal (1.74), Ireland (1.73), Israel (1.46), Denmark (1.45), Turkey (1.42) and Bulgaria (1.40). The same applies for single country co-publications which appear to be more cited on average in this research area than what is generally observed in other areas. Israel (1.94), Spain (1.76), Switzerland (1.68), Denmark (1.61), Sweden (1.55) and Lithuania (1.54) are the most frequently cited countries when considering co-publications strictly on a national level.

Except Croatia (0.72) all selected countries for which a score could be computed are cited above the world level when they co-publish with at least one international collaborator. The highest ARCs for international co-publications belong to Slovakia (2.59), Portugal (2.22), Israel (2.06), Spain (1.97) and Belgium (1.94). No specific trend emerges regarding the impact scores of ERA co-publications, with some countries achieving a higher ARC for international co-publications overall, whereas others score higher when limiting international co-publications to those involving a partner from the ERA (excluding Israel).

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the latter type is associated with the highest ARC for most countries with only a few exceptions (e.g., Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, India, Japan, Brazil and the United States). No clear trend emerges as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas other show the opposite trend. Slovakia (2.94), Israel (2.20), the US (1.99), Spain (1.97), Turkey (1.95) and India (1.91) have the highest impact in terms of co-publications with EU27 co-authors only. Romania (2.42), Portugal (2.34), Hungary (2.14), Finland (2.09) and Israel (2.02) rank at the top within the selection in terms of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. Finally, all selected countries for which an ARC could be computed were cited above the world level when considering co-publications involving both EU27 and non-EU27 partners. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for Portugal (4.55), Greece (3.22), Spain (2.95), the Netherlands (2.70), the Republic of Korea (2.68) and Belgium (2.48).


91

Table XLII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Other Transport Technologies (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.37 0.79 1.26 1.75 1.63 1.58 1.88 2.07Belgium 1.49 0.55 1.46 1.94 1.89 1.83 1.96 2.48Bulgaria 1.48 1.40 0.91 1.82 1.93 1.74 n.c. n.c.Cyprus 1.97 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 1.16 0.91 1.04 1.47 1.51 1.35 1.51 n.c.Denmark 1.62 1.45 1.61 1.76 1.48 1.75 1.88 1.22Estonia 1.50 n.c. 1.39 1.75 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 1.07 0.64 0.92 1.63 1.48 0.98 2.09 2.15France 1.39 1.00 1.33 1.64 1.64 1.54 1.65 1.95Germany 1.19 0.71 1.08 1.72 1.59 1.60 1.81 1.67Greece 1.42 1.09 1.31 1.83 1.81 1.48 1.85 3.22Hungary 0.90 0.48 0.95 1.60 1.33 1.34 2.14 n.c.Ireland 1.36 1.73 1.27 1.37 1.60 1.67 0.98 1.30Italy 1.36 1.23 1.21 1.87 1.78 1.72 1.95 2.25Latvia 0.98 n.c. 0.80 1.34 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 1.49 1.34 1.54 1.45 1.60 1.63 1.26 n.c.Luxembourg 0.94 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.49 0.98 1.34 1.92 1.96 1.79 1.87 2.70Poland 0.70 0.59 0.64 1.13 1.28 1.25 0.96 1.47Portugal 1.74 1.74 1.49 2.22 2.13 1.74 2.34 4.55Romania 1.13 0.75 0.54 1.92 1.64 1.43 2.42 n.c.Slovakia 1.70 n.c. 0.86 2.59 2.90 2.94 n.c. n.c.Slovenia 1.21 0.43 1.26 1.52 1.59 1.53 1.12 n.c.Spain 1.68 0.85 1.76 1.97 2.08 1.97 1.77 2.95Sweden 1.48 1.21 1.55 1.55 1.69 1.69 1.33 1.91United Kingdom 1.31 0.90 1.35 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.54 1.84

CandidatesCroatia 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.72 0.99 0.96 n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 1.47 1.42 1.36 1.78 1.88 1.95 1.74 n.c.

EFTAIceland n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.10 1.18 1.05 1.22 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.34Switzerland 1.66 1.12 1.68 1.79 1.74 1.74 1.89 1.66

ERAIsrael 1.87 1.46 1.94 2.06 2.08 2.20 2.02 n.c.




92

3.1.16 Socio-Economic Sciences

In the Socio-Economic Sciences priority, only 13 of the 42 countries scored above the world level in terms of ARC based on all publications, i.e. the Netherlands (1.43), Switzerland (1.28), Denmark (1.25), the UK (1.22), Belgium (1.20), Norway (1.19), Israel (1.18), the US (1.17), Sweden (1.15), Finland (1.11), Iceland (1.06), Ireland (1.02), Cyprus (1.01). As observed in Scopus overall, single author publications are not highly cited in this research area, with only three countries having an ARC above the world level: Denmark (1.06), the Netherlands (1.04) and the UK (1.01). Single country co-publications are slightly more cited, but still far from the impact reached by international co-publications. The leaders for the impact of single country co-publications are the Netherlands (1.45), Switzerland (1.39), the US (1.38), the UK (1.34), Norway (1.24) and Belgium (1.23).

Regarding international co-publications, most selected countries for which a score could be computed have an ARC above the world level, with only a few exceptions mostly from Eastern Europe (i.e., Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Romania, Croatia) and Asia (i.e., India and Japan). The highest ARCs for international co-publications are observed for the Netherlands (1.79), Switzerland (1.73), Belgium (1.63), Israel (1.63), Sweden (1.60) and Norway (1.60). No specific trend could be observed regarding the impact of ERA co-publications, with some countries achieving a higher ARC for international co-publications overall, whereas others had higher impact when limiting international co-publications to those involving an ERA partner (excluding Israel).

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—the latter type is associated with the highest ARC for most countries, with the exceptions of Israel and the US. No clear trend is evident as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact, as some countries obtain higher citation impact when co-publishing with partners from the EU27 only, whereas other show the opposite trend. The United States (1.75), the Netherlands (1.68), Finland (1.67), Hungary (1.64), Belgium (1.61) and Denmark (1.60) are on top for the impact of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. The Netherlands (1.88), Switzerland (1.84), Israel (1.67), Germany (1.58), Belgium (1.57) and Italy (1.57) rank at the top among selected countries in terms of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only. Finally, all selected countries for which an ARC could be computed achieved an ARC above the world level when co-publishing with collaborators from both within and outside of the EU27. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for Norway (2.36), Switzerland (2.13), Ireland (2.10), Hungary (2.08), the Netherlands (1.98) and Denmark (1.97).


93

Table XLIII Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Socio-Economic Science (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 0.92 0.58 1.00 1.29 1.30 1.25 1.29 1.42Belgium 1.20 0.73 1.23 1.63 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.83Bulgaria 0.36 0.14 n.c. 0.66 0.74 0.66 0.53 n.c.Cyprus 1.01 0.77 0.92 1.23 1.17 1.10 1.26 1.55Czech Republic 0.45 0.30 0.45 1.00 0.92 0.80 1.09 1.58Denmark 1.25 1.06 1.17 1.59 1.70 1.60 1.44 1.97Estonia 0.67 0.62 0.73 0.68 0.69 0.68 n.c. n.c.Finland 1.11 0.83 1.15 1.51 1.71 1.67 1.17 1.86France 0.60 0.31 0.62 1.32 1.36 1.26 1.26 1.67Germany 0.89 0.53 0.96 1.56 1.56 1.47 1.58 1.77Greece 0.86 0.60 0.87 1.15 1.16 1.04 1.11 1.84Hungary 0.58 0.33 0.39 1.57 1.77 1.64 1.00 2.08Ireland 1.02 0.82 0.98 1.35 1.34 1.18 1.38 2.10Italy 0.94 0.58 0.92 1.44 1.39 1.28 1.57 1.70Latvia 0.54 0.49 n.c. 0.67 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.67 0.31 1.08 1.03 1.36 0.81 n.c. n.c.Luxembourg 0.95 0.52 n.c. 1.35 1.41 1.13 n.c. n.c.Malta 0.60 0.43 n.c. 0.96 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.43 1.04 1.45 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.88 1.98Poland 0.38 0.24 0.40 0.81 0.91 0.79 0.58 1.29Portugal 0.81 0.50 0.68 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.22 1.30Romania 0.46 0.40 0.28 0.73 0.89 0.72 0.40 n.c.Slovakia 0.43 0.26 0.35 1.15 1.27 1.16 n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.46 0.24 0.56 1.07 1.05 1.13 0.98 n.c.Spain 0.87 0.47 0.85 1.36 1.40 1.37 1.30 1.57Sweden 1.15 0.84 1.17 1.60 1.61 1.57 1.55 1.82United Kingdom 1.22 1.01 1.34 1.54 1.53 1.42 1.55 1.87

CandidatesCroatia 0.35 0.21 0.38 0.77 0.68 0.51 0.93 n.c.Macedonia 0.37 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 0.81 0.57 0.75 1.29 1.25 1.03 1.33 1.79

EFTAIceland 1.06 0.64 0.68 1.57 1.58 1.31 1.47 n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.19 0.90 1.24 1.60 1.66 1.45 1.52 2.36Switzerland 1.28 0.83 1.39 1.73 1.68 1.55 1.84 2.13

ERAIsrael 1.18 0.90 1.14 1.63 1.54 1.51 1.67 1.65




94

3.1.17 Humanities

As was the case for the thematic priority of Socio-Economic Science, only 13 countries within the study’s selection score above the world level in terms of the ARC of their total output in the humanities. Among them, the highest scores were observed for Iceland (2.18), Norway (1.54), Latvia (1.44), Sweden (1.40), the UK (1.39) and Denmark (1.36). As is also observed in Scopus overall, single author publications are not highly cited in this area, with only three countries having an ARC above world level: Iceland (1.28), the UK (1.17) and the US (1.10). Single country co-publications are more cited than single author publications but still far from the impact level of international co-publications. The leaders for the impact of single country co-publications are Finland (1.94), the UK (1.75), Norway (1.72), Sweden (1.71) and the US (1.66).

Regarding international co-publications, most countries for which a score could be computed have an ARC above the world level with only a few exceptions from Eastern Europe (i.e., Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia). The highest ARCs for international co-publications were observed for Iceland (2.95), Norway (2.40), the Netherlands (2.14), Denmark (2.08), Israel (2.05) and the US (2.01). No specific trends were observed in terms of the scientific impact of ERA co-publications, with some countries achieving a higher ARC for international co-publications overall, whereas others had higher impact when limiting international co-publications to those involving an ERA partner (excluding Israel).

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—countries systematically scored highest in terms of scientific impact with the latter type. The impact scores of co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only are above those of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only for most countries. The US (2.07), Norway (2.00), Sweden (1.79), the UK (1.74), the Netherlands (1.70) and Denmark (1.66) received, on average, the highest number of citations when co-publishing with authors exclusively from the EU27. Norway (2.32), the Netherlands (2.04), the UK (1.86), Denmark (1.85) and Greece (1.82) rank at the top among selected countries when cooperating with partners exclusively from non-EU27 countries. Finally, all selected countries for which an ARC could be computed achieved an ARC above the world level for co-publications involving partners from both EU27 and non-EU27 countries. The highest scores for this indicator were observed for Iceland (3.71), Norway (3.20), Israel (3.18), the Netherlands (3.17), Germany (3.00) and Denmark (2.96).


95

Table XLIV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Humanities (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 0.90 0.52 1.05 1.44 1.42 1.27 1.54 1.77Belgium 0.92 0.66 1.21 1.48 1.50 1.22 1.38 2.50Bulgaria 0.68 0.61 n.c. 0.86 0.89 0.77 n.c. n.c.Cyprus 0.99 0.85 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 0.52 0.38 0.54 1.05 1.13 0.95 0.69 1.87Denmark 1.36 0.91 1.25 2.08 2.17 1.66 1.85 2.96Estonia 0.76 0.50 0.68 1.12 1.20 0.89 n.c. n.c.Finland 1.24 0.84 1.94 1.73 1.85 1.45 1.30 2.74France 0.70 0.38 0.91 1.53 1.63 1.25 1.35 2.54Germany 0.96 0.62 1.03 1.75 1.85 1.35 1.57 3.00Greece 0.92 0.55 1.02 1.54 1.46 1.31 1.82 1.98Hungary 0.52 0.27 0.57 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.12 n.c.Ireland 1.06 0.84 1.34 1.70 1.79 1.37 1.38 2.86Italy 0.86 0.52 0.93 1.53 1.56 1.33 1.46 2.19Latvia 1.44 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 0.37 0.26 0.30 0.54 0.57 0.60 n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta 0.52 0.58 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.33 0.90 1.55 2.14 2.19 1.70 2.04 3.17Poland 0.47 0.36 0.39 1.00 1.08 0.84 0.92 1.86Portugal 0.90 0.65 0.86 1.24 1.27 1.09 1.03 n.c.Romania 0.49 0.25 0.50 1.07 1.07 0.96 n.c. n.c.Slovakia 0.51 0.46 0.31 0.97 1.02 0.73 n.c. n.c.Slovenia 0.62 0.52 0.55 0.95 0.89 n.c. 0.88 n.c.Spain 0.69 0.37 0.90 1.55 1.52 1.30 1.58 2.34Sweden 1.40 0.90 1.71 1.89 2.04 1.79 1.57 2.57United Kingdom 1.39 1.17 1.75 1.97 2.09 1.74 1.86 2.76

CandidatesCroatia 0.63 0.23 0.69 0.94 0.98 0.93 0.86 n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 0.58 0.44 0.63 1.02 0.99 0.71 1.19 n.c.

EFTAIceland 2.18 1.28 n.c. 2.95 2.74 1.64 n.c. 3.71Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 1.54 0.89 1.72 2.40 2.39 2.00 2.32 3.20Switzerland 1.22 0.58 1.33 1.94 1.99 1.68 1.69 2.75

ERAIsrael 1.07 0.86 1.16 2.05 2.28 1.94 1.74 3.18

AsiaChina 1.05 0.69 1.14 1.52 1.60 1.40 1.45 2.12India 0.53 0.33 0.50 1.31 1.22 1.01 1.43 1.66Japan 0.95 0.64 0.89 1.52 1.78 1.34 1.39 2.45Rep. of Korea 0.79 0.64 0.70 1.17 1.30 1.30 1.12 n.c.



96

3.1.18 Security

In Security research, the highest scientific impacts when considering a country’s total production were observed for Lithuania (2.96), Turkey (2.40), Brazil (1.64) and Spain (1.64). Overall, papers published by single authors are not frequently cited, with the exception of those published by Turkey (1.86), which received almost twice as many citations as the average world paper in this field of research. However, single country co-publications appear to have more impact in this area than in Scopus and in most thematic priorities, with only seven countries ranking below the world level in this regard, and even some countries with much larger impact scores when looking at their single-country co-publications compared to their international co-publications (e.g., Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Turkey and Brazil). This shows that national collaborations are more important in the Security thematic area than in other research fields. The leaders for the impact of single country co-publications are Turkey (2.68), Switzerland (1.93), Belgium (1.85), Brazil (1.81), Ireland (1.75) and Spain (1.67).

With the exception of Japan (0.95), which is cited slightly less than the world average when collaborating internationally, the impact of international co-publications was above the world level for selected countries. The highest scores were observed for India (2.33), Switzerland (1.90), France (1.88), Sweden (1.80) and Turkey (1.75).

Among the three following types of mutually exclusive international co-publications— co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only, co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only and co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 partners—countries scored highest in terms of scientific impact, with exceptions for the latter type being the US, Italy and the Netherlands. No clear trend is evident as to which of the other two categories is most beneficial to scientific impact with countries performing better in either of these categories of co-publications. India (2.73), Switzerland (2.08), Italy (1.76), Turkey (1.71), Spain (1.70) and Sweden (1.67) are on top for the impact of co-publications with EU27 partner(s) only. For co-publications with non-EU27 partner(s) only, India (2.32), Sweden (2.17), Turkey (1.86) and France (1.77) rank at the top. Finally, all selected countries for which an ARC could be computed achieved an ARC above the world level when considering co-publications involving partners from both EU27 and non-EU27 countries. The highest scores were observed for France (3.24), the UK (2.94) and Spain (2.12).


97

Table XLV Scientific impact of collaboration outputs of ERA countries and selected comparables in Security (2000–2008)


CountryPubs


EU27 &Non-EU27 CP

EU27Austria 1.20 0.56 1.13 1.54 1.56 1.53 1.63 n.c.Belgium 1.36 0.31 1.85 1.57 1.55 1.49 1.53 n.c.Bulgaria 0.42 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Cyprus n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Czech Republic 0.72 0.33 0.74 1.10 0.55 n.c. n.c. n.c.Denmark 1.33 0.56 1.59 1.42 1.43 1.65 1.24 n.c.Estonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Finland 1.33 0.65 1.49 1.55 1.50 1.64 n.c. n.c.France 1.23 0.40 1.20 1.88 1.91 1.42 1.77 3.24Germany 1.14 0.75 1.13 1.38 1.55 1.52 1.13 1.80Greece 1.31 0.75 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.19 1.59 n.c.Hungary 0.88 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Ireland 1.42 n.c. 1.75 1.48 1.38 1.22 n.c. n.c.Italy 1.28 0.76 1.22 1.56 1.72 1.76 1.36 1.73Latvia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Lithuania 2.96 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Luxembourg n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Malta n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands 1.23 0.63 1.27 1.50 1.54 1.46 1.59 1.47Poland 1.06 0.94 1.10 1.13 1.13 n.c. n.c. n.c.Portugal 1.32 n.c. 1.38 1.44 1.38 1.28 n.c. n.c.Romania 0.83 n.c. n.c. 1.07 1.07 0.88 n.c. n.c.Slovakia 0.88 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Slovenia 1.34 n.c. 1.59 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Spain 1.64 0.80 1.67 1.70 1.80 1.70 1.58 2.12Sweden 1.26 0.88 1.19 1.80 1.74 1.67 2.17 n.c.United Kingdom 0.96 0.52 1.00 1.51 1.77 1.52 1.24 2.94

CandidatesCroatia 1.07 n.c. 0.96 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Macedonia n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey 2.40 1.86 2.68 1.75 1.50 1.71 1.86 n.c.

EFTAIceland n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Liechtenstein n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway 0.82 0.64 0.77 1.13 1.24 1.33 0.94 n.c.Switzerland 1.46 0.51 1.93 1.90 1.95 2.08 1.75 n.c.

ERAIsrael 0.85 0.59 0.89 1.20 1.08 n.c. 1.29 n.c.

AsiaChina 0.65 0.66 0.58 1.46 1.31 1.51 1.48 n.c.India 1.59 0.56 1.66 2.33 2.26 2.73 2.32 n.c.Japan 0.76 0.51 0.72 0.95 1.20 1.20 0.87 n.c.Rep. of Korea 1.27 0.55 1.19 1.66 n.c. n.c. 1.69 n.c.

OthersBrazil 1.64 n.c. 1.81 1.64 1.88 1.61 1.46 n.c.Russia 0.51 0.16 0.22 1.11 1.02 0.62 1.32 n.c.United States 1.05 0.51 1.24 1.45 1.57 1.66 1.39 1.24


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3.2 EU27 LEVEL (AGGREGATED)

In this section, the scientific impact (often regarded as scientific “excellence”) of various types of publications/co-publications is analysed at the aggregate level for EU27 countries. The analysis will shed light on the effect of scientific cooperation on the impact/influence of research within the scientific community, as reflected in citations to peer-reviewed publications. It covers research in the sciences in general (Scopus overall), in FP7 thematic priorities (aggregated) and in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities. Because citation data could not be used for papers published after 2008 (see Section 5 for more details), it was not possible to adequately measure the scientific impact of European countries in the FP7 period covered in this study (i.e., 2008–2011, assuming a one-year timelag since the start of FP7 in 2007). As such, this analysis aims to determine whether the intensification of cross-border cooperation within Europe under FP7 can be expected to increase the impact of European research as opposed to measuring such an effect. Furthermore, it aims to establish which types of partnerships are most beneficial to scientific impact.

The ARC (see Section 5 for a definition of this indicator) was computed for the following categories of publications/co-publications. Double counting of publications/co-publications across member states [MS] was avoided in aggregating the data for the EU27 as a whole.

Pubs (FULL): The total number of EU27 publications. SAP: The total number of single author publications of EU27 MS. SCCP: The total number of single country co-publications of EU27 MS. ICP: The total number of international co-publications involving any EU27 MS and at least

one author from another country. EU27CP: The total number of international co-publications involving EU27 MS only. EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving EU27

and non-EU27 countries. One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving one

EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country. Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving

more than one EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country. ERACP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one EU27 MS

and at least one author from EFTA and/or candidate countries. USCP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one EU27 MS and

at least one author from the US. Non-USP: The total number of EU27 publications without a US author (this includes SAP,

SCCP and any ICP without a US author).

The various sub-categories of ICP are not mutually exclusive; for example, since ERACP can involve a US author in addition to the EU27/EFTA and/or candidate country combination, it overlaps with USCP. The only exception is EU27CP, which does not overlap with any of the sub-categories of ICP. Also note that the following two categories are mutually exclusive relative to one another and add-up EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP and Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP.

Recall that if the ARC is above one, the scientific impact is above the world level, whereas when it is below one, it is below world level. Table XLVI shows that the thematic priorities in which the impact of aggregated EU27 countries is highest and clearly above the world level include (in descending order): Energy, Other Transport Technologies, Aeronautics/Space, New Production Technologies, Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), Environment (including Climate Change), Biotechnology, Security and Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies.


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From the results presented in this table, it is quite obvious that international co-publications (i.e., ICP) altogether (i.e., irrespective of their specific type) have more impact than domestic co-publications (i.e., SCCP) and that the latter have more impact than single author publications (i.e., SAP) irrespective of the thematic priority (with the exception of SAP relative to SCCP in Automobiles). Furthermore, the impact of ICP is systematically well above the world level, whereas that of SCCP is generally near (i.e., slightly above or below) the world level and that of SAP is systematically below the world level (in Aeronautics/Space, it is near the world level).

Table XLVI Scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications at aggregate level for EU27 countries, by FP7 thematic priority (2000–2008)

Note: Pubs (FULL) = All EU27 publications based on full counting; SAP = single author publications of EU27

member states (MS); SCCP = single country co-publications of EU27 MS; ICP = international co-publications of EU27 MS; EU27CP = co-publications between EU27 MS only; EU27 & Non-EU27 CP = co-publications between EU27 and non-EU27 countries; One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP = co-publications between one EU27 and one or many non-EU27 MS; Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP = co-publications between many EU27 and one or more non-EU27 MS; ERACP = co-publications of EU27 MS with at least one author from EFTA or candidate countries (other countries can be involved); USCP = co-publications between EU27 MS and the US; Non-USP = Any EU27 publications not involving a US author. The various blocks of ICP are not mutually exclusive. Within the EU27 block (i.e., EU27CP, EU27 & Non-EU27 CP, One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP and Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP), EU27CP does not overlap with EU27 & Non-EU27 CP and the sum of publications under One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP and Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP add up to the number of publications under EU27 & Non-EU27 CP. Cells in green indicate an impact above the world level, whereas cells in red indicate an impact below world level. The scientific impact was not computed after 2008 due to incomplete citation windows (see Section 5 for more details).


Among the various types of international co-publications, those with the least impact being generally slightly below the overall ICP score include (in ascending order of impact): those involving only EU27 MS (EU27CP) and those including both one EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country (One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP). Thus, the most beneficial ICP for the European Union (EU) appear to be those that involve partnerships beyond the EU. The following category (i.e., EU27 & Non-EU27 CP), with an impact generally slightly above the overall score for ICP, is an aggregate of the latter category, including those involving more than one EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country (i.e., Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP). The latter category (i.e., Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP) appears to be the most beneficial among those included in this study, with an average impact generally twice as large as the world level. Given its definition, it is reasonably safe to assume that the average number of authors per paper in this category is likely to be higher than in any of the other kinds of co-publication categories presented here. To some extent, its first place in terms of impact can probably be explained by author self-citations. The remaining two categories—international co-publications involving at least one EU27 MS and at

FP7 Thematic Priority Pubs(FULL) SAP SCCP ICP EU27CP EU27 & Non-

EU27 CPOne EU27 &

Non-EU27 CPMany EU27 & Non-EU27 CP ERACP USCP Non-USP

1.a Health 1.02 0.44 0.91 1.61 1.40 1.69 1.51 2.53 1.94 2.00 0.922a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 1.19 0.64 1.16 1.50 1.59 1.46 1.39 1.95 1.68 1.77 1.162b. Biotechnology 1.16 0.67 1.07 1.44 1.38 1.46 1.38 2.03 1.70 1.92 1.073.a Information and Communication Technologies 1.09 0.75 0.94 1.61 1.38 1.70 1.65 2.19 2.15 2.15 1.014a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 1.13 0.78 1.01 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.30 1.65 1.47 1.75 1.064b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) 1.18 0.58 1.14 1.53 1.52 1.54 1.50 1.84 1.62 1.87 1.134c. New Production Technologies 1.21 0.92 1.05 1.72 1.50 1.80 1.74 2.44 2.31 2.21 1.134d. Construction and Construction Technologies 1.05 0.76 1.11 1.48 1.53 1.47 1.42 2.02 1.67 1.57 1.025.a Energy 1.37 0.67 1.46 1.60 1.68 1.57 1.52 1.92 1.79 1.56 1.356.a Environment (including Climate Change) 1.18 0.60 1.07 1.51 1.42 1.54 1.43 2.01 1.90 1.87 1.087a. Aeronautics 1.22 0.97 1.08 1.50 1.28 1.57 1.48 2.00 2.25 1.51 1.157b. Automobiles 0.97 0.89 0.90 1.34 1.15 1.44 1.33 2.63 1.16 1.63 0.947c. Other Transport Technologies 1.30 0.91 1.27 1.68 1.59 1.71 1.68 2.12 1.58 1.95 1.258a. Socio-Economic Sciences 1.00 0.74 1.10 1.49 1.39 1.52 1.50 1.76 1.55 1.75 0.958b. Humanities 0.96 0.75 1.15 1.61 1.35 1.74 1.60 2.37 1.92 2.24 0.909.a Space 1.22 0.97 1.08 1.50 1.28 1.57 1.48 2.00 2.25 1.51 1.1510. Security 1.15 0.58 1.26 1.49 1.49 1.50 1.42 2.12 1.65 1.58 1.12

Total FP7 Thematic Priorities 1.07 0.60 0.98 1.58 1.43 1.64 1.51 2.34 1.90 1.96 0.98Scopus 1.08 0.63 1.00 1.50 1.36 1.55 1.44 2.10 1.81 1.90 1.00


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least one author from EFTA and/or candidate countries (i.e., ERACP) and international co-publications involving at least one EU27 MS and at least one author from the US (i.e., USCP)—have a comparable impact that is generally only slightly lower than that of international co-publications involving more than one EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country. Note that these three categories overlap with each other and that the slight differences in impact between them may not entirely reflect differences due to the geographic location of the co-authors as much as differences due to the average number of co-authors per paper. Further analyses of self-citations would be required to resolve this issue. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the excellence of European research will likely benefit from an intensification of transnational cooperation within Europe, even if it is restricted to this zone, and that the most beneficial types of international collaboration are those that involve partners beyond European borders and as many partners as possible.

Various explanations have been proposed to explain the increased scientific impact of papers resulting from partnerships, the most common being author self-citations.14 Indeed, as the number of co-authors increases on scientific publications, so does the number of self-citations; the more authors on a paper, the higher its chances of being cited. As explained above, this mechanism most likely explains, to a great extent, the differences in impact of various types of co-publications. However, ascertaining this would require the computation of the average number of co-authors per paper and the identification of self-citations. Another mechanism that may very well come into play is an increase in received citations resulting from an increased visibility through the usual collaboration network of each of the co-authors. In other words, a publication would generally receive more citations as the number of involved researchers increases by tapping into the networks of each author on the paper (i.e., not only through direct self-citations). Additionally, because scientific collaboration networks are often characterised by a strong geographic clustering of researchers, increasing the diversity of countries and/or world regions involved on a scientific publication is likely to further expand its impact by tapping into disconnected networks, networks that would otherwise have been unlikely to have influenced each other. For example, if a paper involves both French and Indian authors, French and Indian researchers are likely to come across and eventually cite the paper because they know one of the authors. If the same paper is authored by two French authors, it may not receive as many citations, even if the two French authors do not collaborate often together, because their respective networks are more likely to be closely related than that of the French and Indian authors.

Finally, another factor that likely comes into play in explaining the greater influence of collaborative papers is the increased novelty and quality of research performed under partnerships; by pooling a diversified and complementary set of expertise, researchers may tackle challenges that would be far more difficult to address on their own.



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4 CONCLUSION

Within the FP7, a strong emphasis has been placed on sponsoring collaborative research within Europe (and beyond) as a way to increase Europe’s competitiveness within the global knowledge-based economy.15 In particular, the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 are foreseen to foster the achievement of complex research challenges requiring pan-European efforts, to improve research excellence in Europe, as well as to reduce the fragmentation of the European research landscape, thereby contributing to the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA)—an open space for knowledge and growth.16

To support the monitoring of collaborative research and its effect under FP7, the current report first provided in-depth analyses of the collaboration patterns of European countries (i.e., those included within the ERA; Israel is also covered), as well as of a selected set of international comparables within and outside of the ERA. Section 4.1.1 summarizes the key findings regarding the collaboration patterns of these countries by FP7 thematic priority, whereas Section 4.1.2 provides an overview of the collected data regarding the integration of European countries within and outside of the ERA. The potential role of the FP7 in progressing towards the integration of countries within the ERA is discussed in light of these results.

Subsequently, the report characterised the effect of scientific partnerships on scientific excellence by comparing the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications for European countries and a selected set of international comparables. Section 4.2.1 briefly presents the main findings in this regard per country and FP7 thematic priority. Section 4.2.2 provides insights into whether the intensification of cross-border cooperation within Europe promoted under the FP7 can be expected to increase the excellence of European research by comparing the scientific impact of various types of publications/co-publications at the aggregate level for EU27 countries. This analysis also sheds light on which types of partnerships are likely to be most beneficial to scientific excellence.

4.1 COLLABORATION PATTERNS OF ERA COUNTRIES AND COMPARABLES

4.1.1 Country Level

This section summarises key findings regarding the collaboration patterns of ERA countries, as well as a selected set of international comparables. EU27 countries as well as EFTA countries tend to collaborate more frequently internationally compared to the non-ERA countries selected for this study in the sciences in general, as well as in many of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities. In fact, their international collaboration rates are often above those of the US, Russia, Brazil and Asian countries. The above finding, together with the fact that the percentage of single author publications are mostly the same across countries, leads to a generally lower fraction of domestic collaborations for EU27 and EFTA countries, as single author publications, single country co-publications and international co-publications add up to the total number of publications of a

15 For a brief introduction to FP7 see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/what-is_en.html, accessed January 13, 2013.

16 For reference see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.htm, accessed January 13, 2013.


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given country if one excludes unclassified co-publications. Note, however, that for Asian countries, scientific publications rarely involve only one author. As they also collaborate less frequently internationally, Asian countries usually publish a greater fraction of their total output through domestic partnerships compared to the other countries presented in this study.

Country size is often an important factor in explaining differences in the research performance of countries, and this is particularly true regarding differences in the co-publication patterns on an international level. For instance, larger countries, given their internal capabilities to perform research, do not need to rely on the expertise of foreign partners as heavily as smaller countries; they tend to be self-sufficient. As a result, larger countries often exhibit higher national collaboration rates at the expense of international collaboration rates. The collaboration index (CI), which is a measure of the propensity of a country to collaborate internationally by adjusting for differences in country size, largely confirms the aforementioned findings on the international co-publication patterns of countries. It shows that EU27 countries generally collaborate more internationally than expected given their size, with the exception of most Eastern European countries (i.e., Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic and Estonia), as well as Greece, for which international co-publications were not as important as expected. EU candidate countries, Asian countries, Brazil and Russia also had less international co-publications than expected. Furthermore, it can be hypothesised that the social, economic and political peculiarities of countries may also influence their respective collaboration patterns.

Three types of international co-publications were analysed in more detail at the country level: co-publications with partner(s) from EU27 countries only, co-publications with partner(s) from non-EU27 countries only, and co-publications with partners from both EU27 and non-EU27 countries. The vast majority of EU27 countries exhibited higher co-publication rates exclusively within the EU27 compared to collaborations with exclusively non-EU27 countries in the sciences in general, as well as in most FP7 thematic priorities. In fact, very few EU27 countries, namely the UK, France, Germany and Sweden, presented a recurring preference towards collaborating with countries exclusively outside of the EU27. Interestingly, three of these four countries rank in the top three among EU27 countries for the size of their scientific production in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus), which suggests the existence of a relationship between collaboration patterns and the size of a country’s scientific output. In other words, EU27 countries with a smaller output would have a higher propensity to collaborate within the EU, whereas EU27 countries with a larger output would have a higher propensity to collaborate outside of the EU. For most countries, the proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only is similar to the proportion of co-publications with both EU27 and non-EU27 countries, with the exceptions of the UK, Sweden, France and Germany, which present a notably higher proportion of co-publications with non-EU27 countries only. This reinforces the above hypothesis of a link between the size of a EU27 country’s scientific output and its propensity to collaborate outside of the EU. Among EU candidate states, only Croatia presented a collaboration rate exclusively with EU27 countries that was above the collaboration rate with, exclusively, non-EU27 countries. Turkey, on the other hand, rarely collaborated with EU27 countries. The opposite situation was detected for EFTA countries, all of which had high collaboration rates exclusively with EU27 countries. The collaboration rates of Asian countries with EU27 member states only was quite small compared to their collaboration rates with non-EU27 countries only (two to ten times less, depending on the country).


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In terms of growth, whereas single author publications and single country co-publications declined for most countries, international co-publications are on the rise almost everywhere; in fact, research is becoming more and more integrated at the international level, in the sciences in general as well as in FP7 thematic priorities. This is reflected in each of the types of international co-publications analysed above.

In some thematic priorities, specific countries departed from the general patterns described above. Among them, the most notable include the following.

Food, Agriculture and Fisheries: Higher single country co-publication rates for smaller countries (e.g., Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece).

Construction and Construction Technologies: Higher proportion of single author publications and growth in the domestic collaboration rates for most countries.

Energy: A slight increase in the proportion of single country co-publications for most countries.

Aeronautics/Space: A large increase in the proportion of single country co-publications for most countries.

Automobiles: A high proportion of single country co-publications for many EU27 countries.

Socio-Economic Science: A high proportion of single author publications and strong growth in the proportion of single country co-publications for most countries.

Humanities: A high proportion of single author publications and a small proportion of single country co-publications for most countries.

4.1.2 Integration of European Countries within and outside the ERA

To investigate whether the integration of European countries (i.e., those included in the ERA) progressed since the start of the FP7 (i.e., 2007) within and outside of the ERA, as well as to assess whether the cooperation actions implemented under the FP7 appear to have triggered an increased integration of European countries, five indicators measuring various aspects of international cooperation in research were computed for the FP7 (i.e., 2008–2011) and preceding (i.e., 2004–2007) periods in each of the 17 FP7 thematic priorities. The indicators are as follows:

the international collaboration rate, which measures the propensity of a country to co-author its publications with international partners;

the eigenvector centrality, which provides an indication of the number and quality of a country’s collaborations;

the average number of collaborating countries per paper, which measures the diversity of international partners on individual research projects (i.e., research publication);

the average number of foreign co-authors per paper, which measures the size of international teams on individual research projects (i.e., research publications); and

the collaboration affinity between country pairs, which measures the tendency of a given country to collaborate with another country.

Looking at integration within the ERA, all five indicators were used, whereas the eigenvector centrality was not applied when analysing integration outside of the ERA (it was not produced within the scope of this project). In cross-linking the findings obtained using these indicators, the signal indicative of a significant increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA was repeatedly observed (i.e., for more than half of the indicators) in the following areas:

All five indicators point in the same direction: Environment (including Climate Change).


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At least four indicators point in the same direction: Total FP7 thematic priorities, Scopus, Health, Biotechnology, New Production Technologies, and Humanities.

At least three indicators point in the same direction: ICT, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) and Other Transport Technologies.

Interestingly, the signal indicative of a significant increase in the integration of European countries outside the ERA was repeatedly observed (i.e., for more than half of the indicators) in 80% of the above areas (i.e., those not in italic). Alternatively, 89% of the areas in which there appears to be a significant increase in the integration of European countries outside of the ERA are among the thematic priorities listed above. Thus, the areas in which a significant increase in the integration of European countries was observed are similar within and outside of the ERA. Outside of the ERA, the areas are as follows (those in italic are not among the common ones within the ERA):

All four indicators point in the same direction: ICT, Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies, Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), New Production Technologies, Environment (including Climate Change); and

At least three indicators point in the same direction: total FP7 thematic priorities, Scopus, Health, and Humanities.

In general, these results show that the set of areas in which an increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA was observed matches that observed outside of the ERA. Of all thematic priorities, only in Environment (including Climate Change) was there a significant increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA for all five indicators. In fact, the magnitude of the increase, as measured with the Z score, was highest in Environment based on the international collaboration rate with ERA countries, the average number of foreign ERA co-authors per paper and the average collaboration affinity with ERA countries. It was ranked second among FP7 priorities based on the eigenvector centrality and third based on the average number of ERA collaborating countries per paper. Also in the Environment thematic priority, the magnitude of increase in the integration of European countries was significantly greater within than outside of the ERA for the highest number of indicators, namely for the international collaboration rate, the average number of collaborating countries per paper and the average number of foreign co-authors per paper. Given the conservative nature of this analysis, this repeated finding (i.e., across multiple indicators) of a stronger increase in the integration of European countries within the ERA than outside of it for the Environment thematic priority points to an effect other than one that would simply result from increased globalisation in scientific research; possibly one that results from FP7 actions or those of its predecessors.

In the other thematic priorities, the magnitude of the increase within the ERA is not significantly more pronounced than that observed outside of the ERA, as might have been expected given the emphasis put on cross-border partnerships within Europe under the FP7, as well as European policies promoting it. On the other hand, it must be emphasized that European countries (i.e., nearly 20% of all countries) account for about only one-third of the world’s scientific production and that growth in scientific output has recently been stronger outside of the ERA rather than inside of it, due to the presence of large countries (e.g., China, India, Brazil, the Republic of


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Korea) showing strong exponential growth outside of this zone.17 As a result, the international collaboration opportunities of European countries are far more prevalent and expanding faster outside of than inside the ERA. Under such circumstances, it appears very likely that European countries will experience a stronger increase in their integration outside of the ERA than within it, even if it is often easier to collaborate with nearby partners (due to language and/or cultural differences) and/or if the FP7 played a significant role in fostering the integration of European countries within the ERA. Consequently, this observation (that the integration of European countries was not significantly more pronounced within the ERA than outside of it in most areas) should not be interpreted to mean that the FP7 has little effect on reinforcing the level of integration of countries within the European community. Instead, such a finding should be interpreted as a failure of the analysis to demonstrate such an effect. Furthermore, it should be noted that the data analysed here do not take account of all of the mechanisms implemented by the European Commission to integrate European countries towards the realisation of the ERA. For example, this study does not measure the impact of FP7 actions aimed at facilitating the cross-border mobility of highly skilled workers within the ERA. Indeed, this would have required an analysis of the migration patterns of researchers both within and outside of the ERA. Furthermore, the FP7 does not promote collaborative research only within Europe, but also outside of it.18

Finally, it should be noted that irrespective of the indicator and thematic priority, the magnitude of the observed increases in the integration of European countries within or outside of Europe were most often small, even though they were statistically significant. This is not surprising, as the time frame over which the selected indicators were analysed did not cover the entire FP7 period (i.e., 2007–2013). Given the data that were available at the time this report was produced, two four-year periods—the pre-FP7 (i.e., 2004–2007) and the FP7 (i.e., 2008–2011) periods—were compared, allowing for only a one-year time lag since the start of the FP7. Shorter periods would not have provided enough data on co-publications in some areas, and citation and publication data were not yet available for 2012 and 2013 to increase the time lag between the start of the FP7 and the period considered to be representative of FP7. A longer time lag would be desirable, since the peak in the publication of scientific articles usually occurs two to four years, depending on the subfield, following the start of a research project (unpublished data). As new data become available, it will definitely be interesting to analyse different time periods, allowing for a longer time lag since the start of the FP7.

17 Campbell, D., Lefebvre, C., Picard-Aitken, M., Côté, G., Ventimiglia, A., Roberge, G., and Archambault, É. (2013). Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators: Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles (Analytical Report 2.3.1). Report prepared by Science-Metrix for the European Commission Directorate-General for Research, 192 pages. 18 For a brief introduction to FP7 see: http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/understanding/fp7inbrief/what-is_en.html, accessed January 13, 2013.


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4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF COLLABORATION ON THE SCIENTIFIC IMPACT OF ERA COUNTRIES AND COMPARABLES

4.2.1 Country Level

Regarding the scientific impact of publications/co-publications, as measured using the average of relative citations (ARC), the chances of a publication being cited appears to increase as the number of countries (and likely authors) on that publication increases. This behaviour was observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus) and for most FP7 thematic priorities, irrespective of the country analysed, although there were a few exceptions (see below). For instance, single author publications were nearly systematically less cited than any type of co-publication, followed by single-country co-publications, which mostly scored below the world level for most countries and thematic priorities. International co-publications clearly stand out above single author publications and domestic co-publications. Among the various types of international co-publications analysed, collaborations of a given country with partners from both EU27 and non-EU27 countries were the most influential. This kind of international co-publication was more frequently cited than those involving a given country and at least one other partner from EU27 countries only and those involving a given country and non-EU27 partners exclusively.

Nevertheless, different patterns could be observed in some thematic priorities. In fact, single author publications in New Production Technologies, Aeronautics/Space and Other Transport Technologies present a higher than usual scientific impact. The scientific impact of domestic co-publications was higher in Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, Materials (excluding Nanosciences), Construction and Construction Technologies, Energy, Aeronautics/Space, Other Transport Technologies, Humanities, and Security. To some extent, the higher citation scores of single author publications and domestic co-publications may be explained by the peculiarities of these areas, such as the geographic reach of the specific challenges addressed by European research in these areas. Indeed, local problems often result in social and political priorities that influence the orientation of national research efforts. For example, agricultural challenges faced by nations are often very specific to a given geographical region (e.g., endemic diseases).

Based on the total number of publications per country, the impact scores were highest for a recurring list of countries among those analysed in most thematic priorities, namely Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland and Israel. Overall, EU27 as well as EFTA countries generally perform strongly irrespective of the area, scoring above the world level in impact. Exceptions to this include most Eastern European countries, which were generally less cited than other EU27 countries. The same applies to Asian countries and EU candidate states. This pattern in the ranking of countries relative to one another was similar, irrespective of the type of publications/co-publications. For most countries, the scientific impact was highest when their publications were the result of international cooperation compared to no or exclusively domestic collaborations, which is in line with expectations. Not surprisingly, the countries listed above as having a higher overall scientific impact based on all publications are also among those countries with the highest international collaboration rates (see Section 4.1.1).

In comparing the impact of international co-publications involving a given country and foreign partner(s) from EU27 countries only with those involving a given country and foreign partner(s) from non-EU27 countries only, greater variability exists across countries and research areas; some of them performed better when cooperating outside of the EU27, whereas other performed best when cooperating within the EU27.


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Although leading countries were generally the same irrespective of the thematic priority, other countries emerged in specific research areas, highlighting some of their particular strengths. For example, when considering their overall output in the respective thematic priorities, the following countries stood out:

Biotechnology: The Czech Republic New Production Technologies: Turkey Construction and Construction Technologies: Hungary Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences): Estonia Aeronautics/Space: Poland and Hungary Automobiles: India, Japan and China Other Transport Technologies: Portugal, Turkey, Bulgaria, Spain, Lithuania, Slovakia and

India Humanities: Latvia and Iceland Security: Turkey, Brazil, India, Spain and France

Other exceptions where a stronger-than-usual performance was observed by sub-category of co-publications include the Czech Republic in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, when its papers were co-authored with at least one foreign partner located within any country of the ERA (in computing this indicator Israel was not included in the ERA) or with foreign partner(s) located within the EU27 only, as well as Hungary in the Socio-Economic Sciences when its papers were the result of international cooperation.

The case of Asian countries, especially China and the Republic of Korea, is particularly interesting. For example, both countries managed to rank in the top among selected countries in terms of the impact of their international co-publications in some areas where the scientific impact of their total output (when all types of publications are considered) was below the world level. This observation was made in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, New Production Technologies, Aeronautics/Space and Automobiles. It appears that even though Asian countries perform weakly in terms of the impact of their single author publications and single country co-publications, their impact is among the strongest in many areas when collaborating internationally, scoring on par or even higher than leading countries in these areas. This observation was not made for most EU27 countries, which usually combine high impact overall with high impact on international co-publications.

4.2.2 EU27 Level (Aggregated)

The results for the EU27 as a whole (i.e., when countries are aggregated) indicate that international co-publications have more impact than domestic co-publications and that the latter have more impact than single author publications irrespective of the thematic priority. Furthermore, the impact of international co-publications is consistently well above the world level, whereas that of domestic co-publications is generally near (i.e., slightly above or below) the world level and that of single author publications is systematically below the world level.

Based on an analysis of various types of international collaboration, the results suggest that the excellence of European research will likely benefit from an intensification of transnational cooperation within Europe, even if it is restricted to this zone, but that the most beneficial types of international collaboration are those that involve partners beyond European borders and as many partners as possible.

Various explanations have been proposed to explain the increased scientific impact of papers resulting from partnerships in the scientific literature, the most common being author self-


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citations.19 Indeed, as the number of co-authors increases on scientific publications, so does the number of self-citations; the more authors on a paper, the higher its chances of being cited. In the present report, we recognise that this mechanism likely explains, to a great extent, the differences observed in the impact of the various types of international co-publications analysed. However, ascertaining this would require the computation of the average number of co-authors per paper for each category, as well as an analysis of self-citations. Another mechanism that may very well come into play is an increase in received citations resulting from an increased visibility through the usual collaboration network of each of the co-authors. In other words, a publication would generally receive more citations as the number of involved researchers increases by tapping into the networks of each author on the paper (i.e., not only through direct self-citations). Additionally, because scientific collaboration networks are often characterised by a strong geographic clustering of researchers, increasing the diversity of countries and/or world regions involved in a scientific publication is likely to further expand its impact by tapping into disconnected networks; the networks would have been unlikely to have influenced each other had the cooperation not taken place. For example, if a paper involves both French and Indian authors, French and Indian researchers are likely to come across and eventually cite the paper because they know one of the authors. On the other hand, if the authors of the same paper are both French, it may not receive as many citations, even if the two authors do not collaborate often together, because their respective networks are more likely to be closely related than that of the French and Indian authors.

Finally, another possibility—and the main rationale behind scientific policies promoting international cooperation—is that researchers, by pooling diverse and complementary sets of expertise, might manage to tackle challenges that they could hardly have addressed on their own. In turn, this would increase the novelty and quality of their research, as well as the influence/impact of their publications.



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5 METHODS

The bibliometric indicators in this report were produced using the Scopus database (Elsevier). Science-Metrix hosts an in-house version of Scopus in the form of an SQL-relational database and is licensed to use this database to produce bibliometric data and reports. Science-Metrix has carefully conditioned the database for the purpose of producing large-scale comparative bibliometric analyses.

Science-Metrix has also built a journal-based mutually-exclusive classification scheme (i.e., taxonomy) to delineate the main fields and subfields of science.20 These subfields were matched to 17 FP7 thematic priorities (see Section 5.3). Documentation outlining the procedures used to develop the taxonomy and conduct the matching have been previously provided to and approved by the DG Research.

5.1 BIBLIOMETRIC INDICATORS

In producing bibliometric data, only documents published in refereed scientific journals (i.e., articles and reviews) are retained, as these documents have been reviewed by peers prior to being accepted for publication. The peer-review process ensures that the research is of good quality and constitutes an original contribution to scientific knowledge. In the context of bibliometrics, these documents are collectively referred to as publications.

In this report, the main indicators consist of counts of various types of publications/co-publications at the country or EU27-aggregated levels for the 2000–2011 period. These counts are expressed as percentages of the total number of publications of the corresponding country in the relevant research area or as percentages of the total number of EU-27 publications at the EU27-aggregated level. These counts were obtained using full counting (i.e., each paper was counted once for each entity listed in the address field; at the EU27-aggregated level, double counting of publications was avoided).

Country Level

Pubs (FULL): The number of peer-reviewed scientific publications written by authors located in a given country.

SAP: The total number of country single author publications.

SCCP: The total number of domestic only co-publications (i.e., single country co-publications).

ICP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and a third country’s authors.

ERACP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one author in the given country and at least one author from EU27, EFTA or candidate countries (although Israel is part of the ERA, it is not included here).

EU27CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country and one or more EU27-only authors.

20 This classification is publicly available on Science-Metrix’ website.


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EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving the given country, at least one author from an EU27 country and at least one author from a non-EU27 country.

EU27 Level (Aggregated)

Pubs (FULL): The total number of EU27 publications.

SAP: The total number of single author publications of EU27 MS.

SCCP: The total number of single country co-publications of EU27 MS.

ICP: The total number of international co-publications involving any EU27 MS and a third countries authors.

EU27CP: The total number of international co-publications involving EU27 MS only.

EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving EU27 and non-EU27 countries.

One EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving one EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country.

Many EU27 & Non-EU27 CP: The total number of international co-publications involving many EU27 MS and at least one non-EU27 country.

ERACP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one EU27 MS and at least one author from EFTA and/or candidate countries.

USCP: The total number of international co-publications involving at least one EU27 MS and at least one author from the US.

Non-USP: The total number of EU27 publications without a US author (this includes SAP, SCCP and any ICP without a US author).

For each of the above categories of publications/co-publications, the following indicators have been applied:

Growth index (GI): The GI represents the ratio between the yearly average in the percentage of a given country’s output in one of the above categories in 2008–2011 over the same average in 2004–2007. In other words, the GI is a measure of the increase in the share of a given type of publications/co-publications in a particular area. A GI value above 1 means that a given entity experienced an increase in its output in this research area during the second half of the study period compared to the first half; an index value below 1 means the reverse.

Average of Relative Citations (ARC): The ARC is an indicator of the scientific impact of papers produced by a given entity (e.g., a country) relative to the world average (i.e., the expected number of citations). The number of citations received by each publication is counted for the year in which it was published and for the three subsequent years. For papers published in 2000, for example, citations received in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 are counted.

To account for different citation patterns across fields and subfields of science (e.g., there are more citations in biomedical research than in mathematics), each publication’s citation count is divided by the average citation count of all publications of the corresponding document type (i.e., a review would be compared to other reviews, whereas an article would be compared to other articles) that were published the same year in the same subfield to obtain


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a Relative Citation count (RC). The ARC of a given entity is the average of the RCs of the papers belonging to it. An ARC value above 1 means that a given entity is cited more frequently than the world average, while a value below 1 means the reverse. The ARC is computed for the 2000–2008 period only since publications in 2009, 2010 and 2011 have incomplete citation windows.

At the country level, the following indicators of scientific collaboration were also computed:

Average Number of Collaborating Countries per Paper: To measure the diversity of countries with which a given country collaborates, the average number of collaborating countries (located within or outside the ERA) with which it collaborated per paper was computed.

Average Number of Foreign Co-authors per Paper: To appreciate the size of a country’s international teams on a project basis, the number of foreign co-authors (located within or outside the ERA) involved on a country’s papers was averaged to obatin a score per paper.

Collaboration index (CI): There is often a power-law relationship between an entity’s (i.e., country) number of papers and its number of co-publications (or collaborations). In cases where a power law relationship exists between two variables, it is often interesting to use a scale-adjusted indicator instead of a percentage to obtain a different perspective on cooperation by accounting for the relative size of entities being compared; percentages, like the percentage of publications authored in collaboration, assume a linear relationship.21 When both indicators are log transformed, power law relationships can be analysed using linear regression models. Therefore, the approach used to compute the CI consists of performing a log-log linear regression analysis between the number of co-authored publications and the number of publications at a specific aggregation level (e.g., countries) in order to estimate the constants (a and k) of the power law relationship:

Expp (M) = a *(M^k)

Where: Expp = the expected number of co-authored papers of an entity (e.g., a country) based on the regression model; and M = the observed number of publications of the entity (e.g., country) being measured.

The log-log linear regression analysis is performed using reduced major axis (RMA) to estimate the constants (a and k) of the regression model. The indicator is simply the ratio of observed to expected co-authored publications. When the indicator is above 1, an entity produces more publications in collaboration than expected based on the size of its scientific production, while an index value below 1 means the reverse. The GI was also applied to this indicator.

This indicator was also computed asymmetrically for each country appearing in Scopus by FP7 thematic priority to subsequently extract the collaboration affinity of any country in the world towards collaborating with each ERA country. The regressions were only computed when a country had at least 30 partners in a given research area and period of time. In analysing the integration of the ERA, this measure of affinity was only used when the regression could be performed in both periods being compared (i.e., 2004–2007 and 2008–2011).

21 Katz, J. S. (2000). Scale independent indicators and research assessment. Science and Public Policy, 27: 23–36.


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5.2 COLLABORATION NETWORKS

Collaboration networks are used to help illustrate the scientific collaboration between entities (e.g., countries). Based on a matrix (either a symmetric or asymmetric matrix in full or sparse format) cross-linking the number of co-publications by the relevant entities, the software program ArcGIS for Desktop 10 was used to produce a visual representation of the strength of the relationships between top entities on geographic maps. The cartography of the ERA and of the world is based on Geographic Information System (GIS) data. For the ERA, the GIS data used are the Geographic Information System of the European Commission (Eurostat - GISCO, 05/2007), which are the official maps of Eurostat. Science-Metrix also accessed geodatabases for the world through ESRI. The bibliometric and GIS data were processed using ARCGIS Desktop 10 (ESRI) to create high quality maps.

Statistics (e.g., eigenvector centrality of nodes within the network) describing the network were computed and represented on the graphic. The level of integration of countries within a collaboration network is reflected by the number of countries to which they are connected, as well as the quality of their collaborations (i.e., the strength of the links measured by the number of co-authored publications and the importance of the countries to which they are connected in the network). The mathematical definition of the eigenvector centrality is such that the centrality score of a node in a network is proportional to the sum of the centrality scores of all nodes which are connected to it.22 Thus, this indicator offers a good appreciation of both the number and quality of an entity’s collaborations since connections to high-scoring nodes (which represent the entities in the network) contribute more to the score of that entity than equal connections to low-scoring nodes.23 A country scoring high with respect to this indicator operates closer to the core of the network (i.e., it is central and highly important to the network’s structure) than a low scoring country, such that the eigenvector centrality provides a good appreciation of the integration of individual country within a network; i.e., the higher the score the more integrated the country.

The collaboration networks have been displayed on geographic maps, with countries coloured according to their centrality score (i.e., eigenvector centrality). Each link between any two countries on the map is proportional to the number of co-publications between these two countries divided by the maximum number of co-publications observed between any pair of countries within the network (possible values range from 0% to 100% [for the country pair having the highest number of co-publications]). Collaboration links in the network emanate from a bubble (i.e., a country node) proportional to the number of co-publications of a country in the network (double counting of co-publications is avoided; possible values range from 0% to 100% for the country with the highest number of co-publications in the network). The larger the bubble, the more a country collaborates within the network.

22 Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: a family of measures. The American Journal of Sociology, 92(5):1170-1182.

23 For reference see: http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nettext/C10_Centrality.html#Eigenvector, accessed December 9, 2010.


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The advantage of the collaboration network is that it allows for the rapid visualisation of major ‘hubs’ in the network, i.e., entities for which the centrality is highest (i.e., darker countries on the maps). It also allows for the rapid visualisation of ties between countries.

5.3 METHODS FOR MATCHING SCIENTIFIC SUBFIELDS TO FP7 THEMATIC PRIORITIES

The classification scheme developed by Science-Metrix to classify the scientific papers indexed in Scopus resulted in a three-level taxonomy of scientific journals. The first level contains six broad scientific domains (i.e., Natural Sciences, Health Sciences, Applied Sciences, Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences and a general category). The second level contains 22 scientific fields, and the third level contains 176 scientific subfields.

The goal of this exercise is to determine the best possible aggregation scheme of S&T fields and subfields in order to match the FP7 thematic priorities. In the context of this project, the FP7 thematic priorities are defined as follow:

1. Health 2a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 2b. Biotechnology 3. Information and Communication Technologies 4a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 4b. Materials (excluding nanotechnologies) 4c. New Production Technologies 4d. Construction and Construction Technologies 5. Energy 6. Environment (including Climate Change); 7a. Aeronautics 7b. Automobiles 7c. Other Transport Technologies 8a. Socio-Economic Sciences 8b. Humanities; 9. Space 10. Security

The Commission anticipated that the matching would involve a direct association between S&T fields and thematic priorities. However, the classification at the 22-field level does not offer enough granularity, and thus a match solely based on fields would be highly imperfect. When the match at the field level did not yield meaningful results, subfields were used instead.

The match has been prepared by using expert judgment supported by relevant statistics. The first step was to delineate the breath of each thematic priority by reading the Work Programmes24 for all themes. The documents were also used to extract keywords relevant to each thematic priority. These keywords were then used to perform keywords-in-title, in-abstract and in-author keywords searches in Scopus to retrieve scientific publications of relevance to each thematic priority. By measuring the Specialisation Index (SI) of the resulting datasets by field and subfield of science, it was possible to identify the fields and subfields that were the most relevant to each thematic priority.

24 http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/find-doc_en.html


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In this case, the SI is an indicator of the concentration of a dataset in a given field (or subfield), relative to the concentration in a reference dataset (i.e., the entire output as measured by the database) for the same field (or subfield). In other words, when a dataset is specialised in a field, it is more concentrated in that field at the expense of other research areas. The SI is formulated as follows:

( )( )TS

TS

/NN/XX

SI =

Where:

XS = Publications from dataset X in a given research area (e.g., papers associated to ICT in biology);

XT = Publications from entity X in a reference set of papers (e.g., total papers associated to ICT);

NS = Publications from reference dataset N in a given research area (e.g., Scopus papers in biology);

NT = Publications from reference dataset N in a reference set of papers (e.g., total papers in Scopus).

An index value above 1 means that a given dataset is specialised relative to the reference dataset, whereas an index value below 1 means the reverse.

The matching was very straightforward, and only a few cases were less than univocal. Table 25 presents the resulting matching scheme between FP7 thematic priorities and the S&T classification of Scopus scientific papers.


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Table XLVII The matching scheme between FP7 priorities and the S&T classification

Note: For a complete list of journals by field and subfield in Science-Metrix’ ontology of science, visit:

http://www.science-metrix.com/SM_Ontology_102.xls. Source: Science-Metrix

The resulting scheme matches one or more S&T field(s) and/or subfield(s) to each thematic priority. All themes have been matched to at least one relevant field/subfield. No S&T field or subfield has been matched with more than one theme, with the exception of Aerospace & Aeronautics, which has been matched to both Space and Aeronautics. It is impossible to split Aerospace & Aeronautics into two subfields, even when using a match that would be based on journals, because many journals present research on both aerospace science and aeronautics (e.g., Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal). However, it should be noted that this subfield includes substantially more articles on space science than on aeronautics.

It should also be noted that this solution contains missing links between thematic priorities and scientific papers that are not classified under the suggested matching S&T field/subfield (false negatives) and spurious links between thematic priorities and scientific papers that are classified under the suggested match but that are not relevant to the theme. Nevertheless, our extensive

FP7 Thematic Priorities SM_Field SM_SubField1. Health Biomedical Research All subfields

Clinical Medicine All subfieldsPsychology & Cognitive Sciences All subfieldsPublic Health & Health Services All subfieldsEngineering Biomedical Engineering

2a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry All subfields2b. Biotechnology Enabling & Strategic Technologies Biotechnology

Enabling & Strategic Technologies Bioinformatics3. Information and Communication Technologies Information & Communication Technologies All subfields4a.Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Enabling & Strategic Technologies Nanoscience & Nanotechnology4b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) Enabling & Strategic Technologies Materials

Chemistry Polymers4c. New Production Technologies Engineering Industrial Engineering & Automation

Engineering Operations Research4d. Construction and Construction Technologies Built Environment & Design All subfields5. Energy Enabling & Strategic Technologies Energy6. Environment (including Climate Change) Earth & Environmental Sciences All subfields

Engineering Environmental EngineeringBiology Ecology

7a. Aeronautics Engineering Aerospace & Aeronautics7b. Automobiles Engineering Automobile Design & Engineering7c. Other Transport Technologies Economics & Business Logistics & Transportation

Engineering Mechanical Engineering & TransportsEngineering Civil Engineering

8a. Socio-Economic Sciences Communication & Textual Studies Communication & Media StudiesEconomics & Business All subfields except Logistics & TransportationSocial Sciences All subfields

8b. Humanities; Historical Studies All subfieldsCommunication & Textual Studies Languages & LinguisticsCommunication & Textual Studies Literary StudiesPhilosophy & Theology All subfieldsVisual & Performing Arts All subfields

9. Space Engineering Aerospace & Aeronautics10. Security. Enabling & Strategic Technologies Strategic, Defence & Security Studies


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testing suggests that this matching scheme is highly effective for linking the FP7 priorities with scientific output (through bibliometric data).

5.4 LIMITATIONS OF BIBLIOMETRICS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Several limitations should be noted in the context of the social sciences and humanities (SSH). First, compared to the Natural Sciences and Engineering (NSE) and the health sciences (HS), the SSH produce a greater proportion of scientific publications that are not journal articles, particularly books. This phenomenon is even more pronounced in the humanities, such that research in these areas would best be examined using instruments that, compared to traditional bibliometrics, also consider publications in—or as—books. When counting publications using citation databases (e.g., Scopus), as in this study, a greater portion of the scientific output is omitted in the SSH compared to the NSE and HS. Indeed, journals of local interest, books and various publications that are generally referred to as “grey literature” (such as in-house research reports), as well as most conference and symposium proceedings, are not indexed in these databases. As a result, the size of the scientific output of an entity in the SSH should not be compared to the size of its production in other areas.

Another aspect requiring consideration when performing bibliometric analyses of the SSH is the more local orientation of SSH research. Whereas the research questions identified in the NSE tend to be universal, SSH research subjects are often more local in orientation/focus and, as a result, the target readership is more often limited to a country or region. Consequently, SSH scholars publish somewhat more frequently in a language other than in English—and in journals with a national distribution rather than international distribution—than do NSE researchers. Because the major citation databases (e.g., WoS, Scopus) that are suitable for performing analysis of scientific impact are somewhat biased in favour of scientific literature authored in English, the uninformed or careless use of bibliometrics to benchmarks SSH research can lead to erroneous conclusions.

The application of traditional bibliometrics to the SSH is problematic in the context of lateral comparisons (e.g., Poland versus Spain) when the groups being compared differ in their mother tongue and/or geographical location. Thus, the lateral comparisons performed in the SSH should be interpreted cautiously. The authors refer readers to the following publications for a thorough and comprehensive discussion of the limitations of bibliometrics in the context of the SSH:

Archambault, É. and Larivière V. (2010). The limits of bibliometrics for the analysis of the social sciences and humanities literature. In World Social Science Report: Knowledge Divides, Chapter 7. Competing in the knowledge society (7.2 Assessment and evaluation of research), Co-publication commissioned by UNESCO from the International Social Science Council (ISSC), ISBN: 978-92-3-104131-0, pp. 251-254.

Archambault, É., Vignola-Gagné, É., Côté, G., Larivière, V., and Gingras, Y. (2006). Benchmarking scientific output in the social sciences and humanities: The limits of existing databases. Scientometrics, 68(3): 329-342.


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Appendix A—Collaboration Maps

Figure 1 Collaboration network of ERA countries overall in Scopus, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 2 Collaboration network of ERA countries overall in Scopus, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 3 Collaboration network of ERA countries in FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped), 2004–2007

Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 4 Collaboration network of ERA countries in FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped), 2008–2011



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Figure 5 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Health, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 6 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Health, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 7 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 2004–2006


Figure 8 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 2008–2011



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Figure 9 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Biotechnology, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 10 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Biotechnology, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 11 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Information and Communication Technologies, 2004–2007


Figure 12 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Information and Communication Technologies, 2008–2011



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Figure 13 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, 2004–2007


Figure 14 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, 2008–2011



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Figure 15 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), 2004–2007


Figure 16 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies), 2008–2011



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Figure 17 Collaboration network of ERA countries in New Production Technologies, 2004–2007


Figure 18 Collaboration network of ERA countries in New Production Technologies, 2008–2011



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Figure 19 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Construction and Construction Technologies, 2004–2007


Figure 20 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Construction and Construction Technologies, 2008–2011



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Figure 21 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Energy, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 22 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Energy, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 23 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences), 2004–2007


Figure 24 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences), 2008–2011



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Figure 25 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Aeronautics (or Space), 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 26 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Aeronautics (or Space), 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 27 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Automobiles, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 28 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Automobiles, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 29 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Other Transport Technologies, 2004–2007


Figure 30 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Other Transport Technologies, 2008–2011



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Figure 31 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Socio-Economic Sciences, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 32 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Socio-Economic Sciences, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 33 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Humanities, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 34 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Humanities, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Figure 35 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Security, 2004–2007 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Figure 36 Collaboration network of ERA countries in Security, 2008–2011 Note: Refer to Section 5 for definitions of the indicators on the map Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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Appendix B—Matrices of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries

Table XLVIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Scopus (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)

Note: The matrix is asymmetric; the numbers in each cell give the affinity of the country in the corresponding

column towards collaborating with the country in the corresponding row for two periods. In each cell, the 1st number is for 2004–2007 (top of cell) and the 2nd is for 2008–2011 (bottom of cell). Cells are formatted according to the ratio between the two periods (2008–2011 over 2004–2007). Decreases are in red, whereas increases are in green. Empty cells either reflect the fact that the indicator is not applicable (i.e., the diagonal of the matrix) or that the data could not be computed because there were not enough publications/co-publications.


AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IE IL IS IT LT LU LV MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT1.681.86

2.012.08

3.333.3

0.811.3

3.032.89

3.493.8

1.912.15

1.611.91

1.881.79

1.671.9

1.892.02

1.271.43

4.023.01

4.233.48

1.611.63

1.541.92

1.952.55

2.422.34

2.072.39

2.942.56

2.021.55

1.461.71

1.371.44

1.892.13

1.882.04

2.672.19

2.571.93

1.892.05

1.741.99

5.683.8

5.623.88

1.571.44

1.11.39

BE2.022.02

3.232.31

2.422.37

1.341.86

1.961.67

1.531.77

2.132.26

1.451.91

2.51.95

2.152.25

1.911.77

2.862.85

1.321.3

2.72.09

2.11.85

1.831.64

1.671.72

2.432.35

2.041.95

8.97.29

0.861.58

0.861.39

1.51.96

5.245.17

1.671.65

2.232.01

2.512.07

2.631.82

1.781.83

1.671.48

1.751.34

1.461.19

1.631.76

BG2.272.76

2.812.46

1.591.7

4.435.1

3.634.18

2.762.59

1.261.34

2.166.39

5.245.72

2.282.16

2.083.18

1.531.44

3.125.7

5.386.04

2.012.3

1.471.86

0.521.01

2.742.37

2.057.02

1.462.36

3.865.45

9.0616.94

1.072.06

1.111.14

1.311.11

5.335.45

2.322.57

5.376.94

1.521.26

1.982.35

5.445.53

2.663.42

0.950.98

CH3.783.29

2.322.22

1.691.48

2.511.68

1.91.66

2.973.3

2.12.27

1.771.23

21.64

1.661.85

2.071.9

2.582.41

2.181.49

1.631.54

1.881.83

1.981.92

1.832.15

3.132.76

1.161.03

2.32.71

0.921.42

0.731.04

2.190.87

2.442.46

1.651.68

1.841.62

2.241.62

1.581.17

1.821.83

2.611.84

2.051.62

1.221.15

1.71.88

CY1.032.92

1.113.01

7.199.24

2.182.85

2.073.28

1.572.35

0.651.45

2.1513.66

37.1138.76

3.233.83

2.278.46

1.291.65

2.368.11

6.26.89

6.388.85

2.622.95

0.460.83

2.793.94

1.8713.45

0.962.37

1.713.22

3.645.23

1.380.86

1.061.03

2.184.31

2.64.44

5.513.49

0.661.03

1.3511.39

5.4914

3.517.68

2.312.79

CZ2.762.4

1.51.27

2.662.52

1.571.38

1.151.14

1.611.53

1.221.39

2.461.95

2.131.59

1.221.24

1.891.63

1.421.26

2.762.62

3.152.75

2.021.58

1.441.52

0.961.05

1.71.41

2.292.24

1.411.33

2.552.44

1.221.24

1.762.33

1.321.27

1.381.48

3.983.44

2.21.74

2.31.83

1.521.47

3.73.02

17.8313.33

0.971.18

0.920.96

DE3.462.76

1.471.43

1.991.32

3.032.99

1.340.74

1.491.27

1.581.81

1.610.89

1.30.98

1.131.28

1.251.12

1.351.37

1.930.96

1.591.24

1.351.23

1.761.58

1.261.44

1.651.42

2.190.84

3.283.58

2.111.59

1.491.46

1.251.25

2.062.08

1.291.32

1.511.29

1.451.11

1.871.08

1.291.43

1.260.9

2.120.98

1.520.91

1.251.42

DK1.981.89

1.841.79

1.130.98

1.931.93

0.50.67

1.391.49

1.711.94

2.871.83

2.081.85

1.971.94

4.43.84

1.31.38

0.971.07

1.61.77

2.261.96

1.81.78

13.179.84

2.11.94

3.311.59

2.151.82

2.842.4

1.031.57

1.50.89

2.762.76

7.486.51

1.771.88

2.281.88

1.171.18

5.975.36

1.341.41

1.351.24

1.060.96

1.821.94

EE1.693

1.052.23

2.658.46

1.341.5

1.7510.46

3.443.91

1.591.85

3.022.85

1.384.27

1.672.57

18.4114.95

0.841.13

2.277.18

4.118.32

1.173.14

11.28

8.855.47

1.662.39

15.0222.04

0.63.31

31.1929.24

1.132.95

3.92.35

1.531.61

4.473.49

3.376

1.63.5

1.623.59

7.295.05

3.654.21

3.364.22

1.033.22

1.11.38

EL1.381.44

1.561.48

3.082.95

1.351.39

17.0510.66

1.71.53

1.121.32

1.471.67

0.811.74

1.531.86

1.41.73

1.161.25

1.81.68

1.291.77

1.551.78

1.61.6

1.381.32

1.891.91

1.121.72

1.821.85

1.491.32

1.672.2

2.763.31

1.421.45

1.61.53

1.691.78

2.151.85

2.842.54

1.161.43

2.072.13

2.452.49

1.821.82

1.571.63

ES1.271.19

1.511.46

1.311.02

1.251.32

1.861.14

0.920.91

0.931.04

1.411.5

1.171.13

1.451.28

1.131.13

1.541.51

0.970.75

0.991.03

1.361.3

1.081.16

1.571.61

2.232.02

1.240.78

1.611.57

0.60.75

0.440.81

1.941.58

1.531.51

1.31.25

1.021.02

4.293.59

1.410.99

1.071.21

0.980.92

1.10.9

0.780.71

1.21.34

FI1.771.92

1.521.54

1.532.12

1.791.82

1.283.19

1.921.87

1.41.61

3.954.08

13.438.16

1.782.07

1.541.8

1.041.2

0.961.7

2.912.75

2.652.69

1.081.24

76.51

1.741.82

4.833.38

2.492.8

4.174.02

0.141.09

1.431.28

2.182.17

4.684.19

1.842.08

2.31.81

1.411.39

5.445.25

1.922.1

2.242.6

1.281.42

1.421.58

FR1.281.15

2.632.38

1.380.97

2.452.19

1.590.77

1.411.19

1.091.21

1.241.4

1.140.76

1.421.06

1.661.76

0.980.96

1.210.76

1.140.97

1.341.2

1.561.32

1.711.85

2.231.88

1.810.83

5.085.5

1.090.93

1.351

1.071.45

1.61.55

1.371.33

1.381.23

2.081.54

2.851.77

1.061.17

0.950.82

1.380.81

1.020.74

1.261.36

HR2.52.49

0.620.89

2.033.65

1.071.1

1.182.97

2.112.69

1.141.12

0.590.94

1.383.61

1.681.94

0.790.97

0.711.56

0.610.7

3.13.98

0.390.97

1.11.23

0.220.98

1.461.58

1.793.58

0.280.66

1.291.28

5.797.85

1.711.32

0.820.86

0.831.02

1.662.48

0.891.58

1.841.89

0.60.66

16.5213.23

3.062.45

1.071.49

0.510.64

HU3.753.4

2.011.81

3.564.04

1.341.47

2.642.49

3.113.26

1.951.95

1.371.88

2.374.32

1.62.3

1.411.74

2.862.89

1.221.25

3.574.34

1.421.38

2.262.28

0.921.3

1.92.01

2.553.81

1.381.94

2.282.44

1.131.88

0.632.31

1.521.55

1.11.56

2.623.21

2.252.21

6.646.49

1.951.99

3.13.21

5.394.6

1.581.98

1.031.16

IE1.441.47

1.511.46

1.641.61

1.441.56

4.033.65

2.091.75

1.291.52

1.981.95

0.921.81

1.982.11

1.691.83

2.682.63

1.151.27

0.531.07

1.561.34

1.091.21

2.633.11

1.581.64

1.111.44

2.652.37

1.772.25

0.40.5

2.132.76

1.982.03

1.841.65

0.991.56

1.811.5

1.471.17

1.792.1

1.251.78

1.262.26

10.82

2.922.82

IL0.91.07

0.890.85

0.740.74

1.031.09

1.170.67

0.911.02

1.051.3

11.12

0.550.42

1.261.12

0.831.08

0.660.73

0.920.97

1.020.79

1.451.28

0.70.73

0.891.12

1.261.32

1.190.67

0.971.46

1.591.12

0.250.67

1.481.63

1.091.25

0.891.29

0.910.96

0.950.89

0.840.91

0.640.79

0.910.96

0.680.71

1.581.06

0.710.85

IS2.393.12

1.381.44

0.751.17

1.591.85

0.390.59

1.651.68

1.562.04

16.3811.54

9.44.82

2.862.69

2.772.57

11.799.62

1.461.79

0.41.64

22.12

3.884.32

1.932.73

1.722.63

2.023.39

3.152.25

2.113.12

2.951.72

2.413.49

20.1812.9

1.62.13

3.961.85

1.822.22

11.319.11

3.712.29

1.31.99

1.210.86

2.372.25

IT1.751.5

1.591.58

1.641.12

2.152.05

1.981.17

1.211.05

1.081.19

1.431.55

1.361.06

1.671.32

1.892.09

1.191.15

1.721.69

1.891.24

1.271.2

1.261.18

1.541.44

1.181.67

1.420.79

2.022.62

1.121.13

0.981.44

1.972.49

1.741.68

1.311.24

1.171.13

1.731.51

2.151.43

1.141.28

1.631.38

1.530.95

1.330.95

1.281.43

LI10.4128.34

0.40.6

11.138.17

0.882.88

4.516.66

0.950.85

0.890.45

0.82.3

0.280.27

0.511.08

0.41.48

0.640.4

2.280.82

3.013.06

0.60.53

LT1.622.52

1.131.61

1.825.67

0.670.91

1.165.98

2.332.96

1.611.31

2.581.7

11.3613.28

1.392.72

1.31.29

4.84.06

1.030.94

2.224.49

3.134.62

1.041.63

1.621.35

1.422.3

1.311.31

1.432.3

25.4225.58

0.461.58

2.922.78

1.050.9

2.621.79

5.024.88

1.712.32

1.892.19

3.952.38

3.473.36

2.091.8

1.092.84

0.660.74

LU4.62.89

8.625.33

3.273.1

2.31.96

1.32.14

3.312.01

4.333.69

3.461.97

0.983.51

5.083.57

3.321.97

5.693.95

4.43.92

0.711.17

4.443.24

5.373.26

2.693.35

5.22.88

3.23.18

3.033.94

4.635.55

0.63.55

2.882.73

3.372.93

4.013.15

6.072.79

4.052.58

1.051.89

3.582.61

1.143.16

2.574.19

0.580.71

1.431.42

LV2.771.6

0.781.1

6.035.41

0.91.01

1.421.95

4.913.3

3.141.9

3.952.37

33.6921.9

3.512.29

1.261

7.985.05

1.070.75

2.481.81

5.643.41

2.862.65

3.872.3

2.122.65

1.91.5

37.1632.23

2.693.64

0.931.84

2.853.3

1.221.2

2.51.99

6.935.53

2.831.45

4.13.05

5.812.74

4.893.92

4.223.89

0.811.5

0.720.67

MK1.581.87

0.570.93

15.8423.35

0.480.67

1.971.85

1.11.35

1.141.59

1.623.26

3.184.36

0.550.92

0.221.54

0.690.61

11.614.28

2.583.25

0.590.67

0.471.51

0.931.59

0.832.87

0.613.46

1.522.91

1.263.27

0.310.79

0.991.35

1.992.08

2.41.36

2.534.2

0.610.85

3.9217.97

1.332.44

7.457.5

0.470.56

MT3.072.46

1.911.89

4.184.87

2.810.8

8.649.09

6.435.54

21.65

3.531.37

10.744.44

11.810.92

5.332.59

5.052.91

1.051.19

6.713.99

3.496.74

6.675.98

5.835.89

8.873.85

3.793.94

10.168.77

5.144.23

9.378.84

25.19

4.062.76

3.452.88

3.943.07

4.364

6.434.91

3.962.46

8.669.08

8.86.93

4.854.47

4.122.67

NL1.781.68

4.324

0.910.72

2.112.07

1.220.35

1.291.19

1.782

2.472.62

1.580.94

1.711.3

1.741.8

2.041.75

1.531.52

1.350.88

1.441.22

2.091.84

1.741.71

2.112.89

2.231.94

1.430.73

2.582.95

0.931.18

0.380.88

2.432.13

2.562.43

1.21.22

2.221.7

1.331.01

1.792

1.441.07

1.340.79

1.291.06

1.882.05

NO1.861.78

1.361.28

1.130.79

1.441.4

0.750.45

1.521.57

1.361.45

7.156.38

3.922.14

2.191.71

1.761.63

5.063.92

1.351.31

1.261.14

1.261.46

21.63

1.532.04

14.9910.27

1.841.58

3.111.62

2.242.66

1.671.88

0.791.19

1.291.66

2.722.55

1.741.65

1.931.55

1.291.42

6.145.75

1.871.41

1.41.51

1.170.87

1.751.71

PL1.761.29

1.321.16

2.522.15

1.191.05

0.840.96

2.692.39

1.251.18

1.11.29

1.681.98

1.451.23

0.991.06

1.231.25

1.151.06

1.561.63

1.681.78

0.670.98

1.030.99

0.620.9

1.281.16

3.472.39

1.831.34

2.322.76

0.941.02

0.790.95

0.941

1.11.12

1.441.24

2.071.65

1.221.16

2.811.72

3.762.36

0.720.85

0.690.79

PT2.191.54

1.731.47

1.811.64

1.631.24

1.671.73

2.131.68

1.261.14

1.881.68

1.261.91

2.571.88

4.874.32

2.161.54

1.681.41

1.21.59

2.291.87

1.731.35

1.391.28

2.71.31

2.011.77

1.821.88

2.091.94

1.761.22

1.721.07

1.512.03

1.971.64

1.681.41

1.951.67

2.381.8

1.631.27

2.561.78

1.280.96

1.091.27

1.641.44

RO1.581.25

1.720.98

4.243.17

1.10.69

3.20.92

2.291.36

1.670.93

0.960.79

1.181.34

3.52.02

1.660.96

1.370.91

2.191.31

2.331.38

7.264.16

1.390.78

1.231.01

1.151.03

2.471.37

1.861.25

0.470.89

2.41.67

1.492

1.811.46

1.160.77

1.120.97

2.991.77

2.341.35

0.90.71

1.951.81

2.922.38

3.41.96

0.720.48

SE1.851.88

1.651.64

1.310.95

1.81.78

0.530.48

1.691.66

1.451.7

6.055.93

7.163.37

1.611.62

1.511.74

5.95.16

1.231.34

1.020.79

2.121.91

2.072.25

1.161.32

9.178.25

1.791.79

5.242.27

2.352.73

4.122.96

0.620.96

1.871.85

2.112.37

6.476.42

1.881.77

2.011.55

1.11.11

1.61.03

1.621.09

1.020.93

1.591.81

SI5.734.17

1.271.35

1.971.87

2.111.81

0.954.94

4.574.1

1.331.51

1.331.62

3.222.54

3.153.32

1.391.66

2.322.56

0.821.06

25.1816.7

4.333.84

1.432.09

1.61.97

2.91.59

2.182.47

4.133.3

0.612

3.583.18

2.6510.82

2.853.19

1.471.44

1.971.65

5.053.57

3.032.32

2.393.24

1.581.16

56.26

0.851.53

0.791

SK5.474.5

1.281.3

5.524.5

1.571.7

4.276.08

21.2819.04

1.971.81

1.31.5

3.182.58

3.594.08

1.421.77

2.613.32

1.081.15

4.773.19

7.335.73

1.442.77

1.161.54

1.111.38

1.861.86

2.621.8

1.572.64

3.413.15

1.031.45

3.452.38

1.271.14

1.441.86

6.295.23

1.491.31

3.64.46

1.51.31

5.126.44

1.331.6

0.850.86

TR0.430.47

0.330.37

0.750.91

0.290.39

1.141.3

0.290.46

0.330.37

0.280.37

0.370.78

0.670.71

0.240.35

0.370.49

0.240.29

0.560.63

0.490.66

0.330.31

0.740.61

0.390.29

0.430.45

0.50.97

0.170.27

0.240.6

3.173.17

1.131.29

0.340.43

0.330.34

0.270.44

0.370.54

1.261.07

0.240.32

0.280.48

0.450.47

0.380.35

UK1.071.01

1.471.37

0.820.6

1.571.6

2.91.21

0.860.81

0.941.1

1.651.82

1.490.87

1.811.21

1.221.4

1.251.13

1.241.25

10.63

0.890.8

3.272.44

1.151.03

2.752.25

1.591.42

1.140.6

1.712.02

0.720.81

0.980.94

4.553.44

1.891.91

1.691.6

0.760.8

1.961.44

0.90.59

1.31.44

0.880.69

1.060.54

1.630.82


136

Table XLIX Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)

Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


AT 1.731.94

2.162.3

3.683.91

1.071.2

3.833.83

4.544.82

2.012.3

1.731.87

1.962.28

1.872.02

1.972.41

1.391.52

4.423.59

4.44.13

2.312.07

1.552.16

1.822.29

3.152.89

1.422

2.932.37

2.041.54

1.51.59

1.441.47

2.112.3

1.742.15

2.52.36

2.472.02

1.862.18

1.872.08

4.694.65

5.315.31

1.911.62

1.131.41

BE2.112.26

2.772.19

2.92.8

0.941.47

2.172.12

1.882.12

2.282.51

1.262.48

2.642.5

2.312.46

22.04

3.223.2

1.361.64

2.632.78

2.552.33

1.991.87

1.591.71

3.092.82

1.672.12

8.026.7

1.071.89

1.021.33

1.541.95

5.875.65

1.741.84

2.292.51

2.562.62

2.412.22

1.931.97

1.932.01

1.531.5

1.661.49

1.641.79

BG2.042.95

1.961.99

0.871.24

1.53.36

4.436.07

2.562.51

1.291.77

1.254.84

4.816.59

2.142.19

1.742.8

1.311.31

2.493.19

3.685.58

1.52.24

1.272.08

0.831.54

2.322.54

2.726.21

1.143.21

2.087.17

6.0312.85

0.852.64

1.151.53

1.291.36

4.265.94

2.322.31

4.249.23

0.91.51

2.114.57

4.636.5

2.273.03

0.971.02

CH3.993.83

2.592.35

1.171.34

1.331.19

1.781.85

3.94.16

2.052.4

1.831.26

1.962.01

1.611.86

1.751.75

2.652.5

1.771.7

1.541.8

1.931.81

22.1

1.751.99

3.292.95

0.991.04

2.342.76

1.181.27

0.891.32

1.940.87

2.452.51

1.631.73

1.411.55

1.611.63

1.331.02

1.851.81

1.671.49

1.481.46

1.281.3

1.661.9

CY0.991.22

0.560.96

2.363.06

0.750.75

0.912.16

11.51

0.31.43

2.176.61

36.132.97

1.341.79

0.831.76

0.650.64

1.421.09

2.123.67

2.332.58

2.953.46

0.621.02

1.772.55

2.13.13

1.112.58

1.723.73

3.425.33

0.841.11

1.091.3

1.481.88

1.541.85

1.953.1

0.671.48

1.454.64

2.062.51

3.915.94

1.992.19

CZ2.752.68

1.271.24

3.233.4

1.161.25

0.611.51

1.61.56

1.191.5

1.972.3

1.811.89

1.161.24

1.631.57

1.231.15

2.173.15

3.583.15

1.551.35

1.251.38

1.031.17

1.51.41

2.463.16

1.621.33

2.062.52

1.241.02

1.742.16

1.151.18

1.181.46

4.023.79

1.361.54

2.662.22

1.231.3

4.933.73

19.7220.85

1.11.19

0.810.87

DE4.063.57

1.541.57

2.251.76

3.894.13

1.451.63

1.881.74

1.511.99

1.441.42

1.611.72

1.131.37

1.331.31

1.311.4

2.071.52

1.841.68

1.441.46

1.81.74

1.011.3

1.91.64

2.011.33

3.153.28

1.661.12

1.261.33

1.121.2

2.092.13

1.231.41

1.761.59

1.591.56

1.931.28

1.441.45

1.651.3

1.831.45

1.641.28

1.231.46

DK2.262.19

2.142.01

1.451.51

2.182.25

0.331.62

1.842.08

2.052.24

32.86

2.692.74

2.022.03

4.894.82

1.411.53

1.311.61

1.752.29

2.992.65

1.861.88

11.478.57

2.542.26

3.172.48

2.151.81

3.022.4

1.41.45

1.330.88

3.012.92

7.456.84

2.282.48

2.562.28

0.980.99

6.75.95

1.921.95

1.561.45

1.111.04

1.852.03

EE2.152.62

1.092.36

2.065.49

1.581.2

2.258.14

3.764.48

1.712.08

3.593.58

1.713.35

1.882.74

20.1516.59

1.051.2

2.514.18

4.458.52

1.534.09

1.551.58

11.095.55

1.882.51

14.0517.93

0.733.55

25.3125.09

1.083.48

4.082.48

1.92.15

5.274.19

4.346.87

2.172.49

1.784.23

7.846.74

4.927.75

4.946.64

1.142.21

1.171.42

EL1.251.4

1.391.32

3.083.1

1.171.26

22.6719.45

1.591.65

1.211.44

1.521.76

0.821.44

1.61.83

1.341.46

1.141.21

1.221.21

1.221.94

1.851.59

1.431.57

1.41.44

2.242.11

1.171.23

1.761.88

1.141.22

1.722.35

2.622.86

1.421.5

1.51.55

1.391.74

2.031.81

2.492.2

1.251.55

1.461.5

1.591.44

1.91.75

1.591.65

ES1.361.27

1.491.45

1.51.33

1.241.4

1.231.62

1.121.17

0.981.07

1.251.47

1.131.62

1.771.87

1.081.18

1.451.48

1.191

1.041.28

1.711.53

1.181.21

1.341.49

2.482.19

0.831.07

1.61.36

0.810.82

0.390.8

1.751.45

1.451.44

1.071.18

1.061.2

4.964.79

1.671.2

1.241.26

1.191.17

1.071.02

0.850.83

1.11.27

FI1.822.16

1.531.57

1.511.84

1.541.59

0.671.42

2.041.99

1.551.65

3.994.49

12.789.89

1.932.14

1.471.72

1.021.17

1.281.49

2.842.97

2.682.25

1.21.41

6.97.1

1.941.93

4.613.86

2.562.92

3.383.54

0.191.21

1.581.29

2.192.28

4.674.51

1.932.3

2.132.01

1.581.49

5.915.85

2.12.35

1.681.93

1.431.53

1.381.59

FR1.41.31

2.822.6

1.611.3

2.712.61

1.41.03

1.71.53

1.191.31

1.181.54

1.271.19

1.731.7

1.671.88

1.011.1

1.081.02

1.221.27

1.381.37

1.711.5

1.491.75

2.52.11

1.150.94

4.615.17

0.930.87

1.350.86

1.091.36

1.571.5

1.251.35

1.461.39

2.21.97

3.022.1

1.141.15

1.171.04

1.21.1

1.21.02

1.21.34

HR2.272.01

0.510.69

1.791.63

0.690.77

0.910.69

1.682.54

0.920.88

0.620.88

1.291.97

1.021.12

0.750.71

0.780.97

0.390.47

1.973.08

0.480.97

0.881.16

0.130.89

1.231.29

2.011.65

0.310.53

1.411.5

5.275.86

1.471.21

0.560.66

0.90.99

1.071.79

0.810.96

1.451.77

0.620.68

19.3417.17

3.73.1

0.810.97

0.430.49

HU3.943.71

1.92.03

3.13.5

1.241.48

1.42.64

4.443.95

2.152.11

1.432.04

2.514.74

1.752.86

1.431.8

2.883.03

1.151.25

2.844.35

1.621.83

1.592.53

1.031.32

2.172.33

3.143.53

1.261.8

3.012.64

1.11.73

0.612.33

1.631.74

1.041.6

3.414.21

2.352.3

7.497.63

1.72.02

4.474.99

6.976.54

1.781.89

1.031.16

IE1.81.64

1.571.5

1.261.42

1.31.32

1.72.01

1.711.52

1.271.45

2.112.12

0.92.36

2.32.06

1.871.79

2.362.01

11.11

0.661.33

1.481.67

1.361.62

2.822.65

1.781.74

0.951.76

2.82.51

1.671.96

0.40.59

2.22.66

1.91.99

2.061.84

1.41.81

2.161.82

0.791.35

1.481.89

1.531.46

1.071.55

1.141.02

2.922.9

IL0.881.22

0.930.9

0.790.92

1.051.19

1.951.92

0.991.11

1.111.31

0.931.1

0.750.64

1.281.45

0.91.07

0.740.89

0.950.96

1.011.16

1.021.59

11.16

0.91.07

1.471.46

1.040.98

1.021.32

1.221.2

0.360.77

1.571.6

1.11.17

0.870.96

1.041.14

0.951.01

0.770.95

0.650.76

0.870.99

0.960.92

1.671.32

0.690.81

IS2.553.26

1.571.64

1.241.59

1.771.87

0.461.07

2.132.27

1.742.09

15.6510.65

8.894.93

3.313.41

2.962.64

12.4312.17

1.641.84

0.231.76

1.932.37

4.964.52

2.132.68

2.142.6

1.443.84

3.231.87

0.953.09

2.461.56

2.533.81

19.7513.49

2.172.97

4.342.15

0.792.23

11.4310.47

4.53.07

1.282.77

1.320.83

2.492.29

IT2.021.82

1.721.7

1.671.52

2.152.29

1.982.28

1.311.33

1.21.33

1.371.65

1.271.46

2.172.15

1.932.25

1.241.32

1.671.73

1.991.82

1.451.63

1.521.48

1.691.66

1.091.42

0.971.06

2.032.47

0.991.16

1.031.39

1.811.98

1.81.74

1.171.22

1.391.5

1.71.86

1.921.6

1.371.37

1.761.92

1.271.22

1.391.18

1.251.46

LI11.2931.02

0.630.86

8.056.61

5.386.15

1.240.9

0.460.21

1.033.03

0.220.23

0.531.19

0.281.79

0.820.49

2.910.61

4.753.17

0.540.43

LT1.351.83

1.111.37

3.564.6

0.670.69

1.92.59

3.594.05

1.751.31

2.892.08

11.6811.81

1.871.86

1.031.23

5.494.18

0.720.66

3.22.37

4.264.06

1.262.01

1.661.59

1.452.78

1.091.24

1.82.53

22.2323.01

0.621.88

3.52.92

1.11.26

2.711.95

6.446.26

1.71.78

2.963.31

4.162.94

3.945.4

3.473.12

1.261.58

0.650.7

LU5.223.38

9.316.07

2.884.04

2.612.37

1.413.48

4.582.66

5.234.26

3.842.22

13.95

5.464.49

3.872.09

6.175.13

4.754.44

0.791.15

3.523.53

6.894.5

2.993.34

6.322.45

3.963.87

2.894.2

3.95.56

0.632.73

2.882.51

3.653.5

4.233.49

7.613.59

4.313.01

1.382.75

3.713.13

1.364.47

2.624.41

0.720.95

1.631.64

LV4.082.6

1.42.05

5.638.83

1.491.31

2.234.53

6.495.8

3.252.03

6.053.43

36.3626.37

3.973.43

2.271.64

9.187.31

1.110.99

3.793.39

9.325.76

4.553.96

4.013.56

1.953.75

2.232.41

37.5737.49

3.984.92

1.322.27

3.793.74

1.431.75

3.872.65

9.87.64

3.922.46

4.835.86

7.674.4

6.217.9

8.477.36

1.562.43

1.051.01

MK1.912.34

0.81.14

14.518.64

0.651.01

2.642.11

1.11.49

1.781.75

1.564.49

3.835.82

0.561.1

0.332.25

0.760.61

11.4513.33

2.473.82

0.771.11

0.742.01

1.151.94

13.54

0.773.19

1.623.24

0.742.74

0.491.06

1.431.71

1.23.04

2.351.65

3.65.66

0.641.01

2.8321.27

1.713.15

8.869.77

0.540.63

MT3.783.41

2.412.54

3.955.89

2.750.98

7.3812.2

7.717

2.212.08

3.611.61

104.87

12.3111.16

5.653.02

5.963.82

1.251.42

5.534.12

2.918.18

8.587.78

6.616.58

10.013.91

4.234.22

9.548.41

5.664.35

7.558.23

1.033.95

4.593.46

3.623.34

4.834.66

4.234.12

7.36.18

4.283.44

9.210.91

10.636.91

5.065.49

4.122.8

NL2.031.98

4.854.47

1.221.22

2.342.49

1.211.29

1.521.51

2.12.29

2.482.82

1.761.66

2.092.1

1.791.95

2.172.16

1.581.57

1.261.21

1.671.69

2.42.29

1.891.8

1.862.82

2.732.3

1.331.44

2.482.91

0.851.14

0.550.97

2.432.05

2.162.33

1.561.67

2.662.35

1.541.22

1.982.05

1.661.49

1.31.27

1.61.51

1.832.1

NO1.82.03

1.471.46

1.351.08

1.551.61

1.091.33

1.691.98

1.51.66

6.876.73

4.093.09

2.452.4

1.581.67

5.314.79

1.321.36

1.711.73

1.21.74

2.72.24

1.581.62

13.799.94

1.931.72

2.752.16

2.222.56

1.811.67

1.021.24

1.241.57

2.362.44

2.051.95

2.071.86

1.421.39

6.636.52

1.321.51

1.51.67

1.110.91

1.711.8

PL1.331.2

1.051.14

2.142.34

0.740.86

0.780.96

2.92.77

1.171.14

1.061.35

1.682.49

1.151.44

0.821.01

1.091.29

0.890.88

1.081.66

1.92.33

0.921.17

0.991.03

0.71.03

1.291.25

3.323.48

1.951.29

2.22.24

0.461.08

0.831.04

0.921.02

1.041.06

1.141.14

2.091.83

1.211.15

1.921.76

3.763.36

0.850.92

0.620.76

PT2.111.46

1.711.54

2.321.53

1.171.1

1.481.59

1.671.63

1.381.28

1.971.7

1.611.53

2.782.16

5.594.84

2.051.66

1.631.38

1.341.32

2.422

2.451.73

1.411.31

3.121.36

2.051.86

1.611.63

2.321.88

1.921.35

1.631.03

1.521.7

2.21.79

1.751.42

1.851.59

2.51.87

1.621.28

2.42.2

1.691.13

1.471.18

1.521.37

RO1.711.39

1.631.13

4.844.72

0.940.58

1.71.91

3.632.02

1.771

0.840.63

1.361.96

3.762.31

2.061.1

1.741.09

2.111.31

2.31.93

9.055.73

0.971.09

1.211.08

0.661.07

2.31.48

2.782.34

0.761.21

2.472.37

2.172.34

2.441.64

1.310.84

1.320.91

3.832.3

2.571.56

0.940.73

2.692.62

5.123.2

3.132.1

0.80.51

SE1.972.1

1.731.77

0.981.29

1.911.99

0.861.7

1.771.91

1.711.93

6.136.53

6.955.38

2.032.55

1.762.02

6.536.53

1.281.39

1.371.32

1.92.27

22.48

1.221.38

8.358.09

2.352.19

4.873.54

2.312.56

4.182.92

0.610.84

1.921.85

2.222.43

6.657.14

2.312.25

2.051.87

1.111.19

1.961.49

1.481.4

1.081.13

1.581.86

SI3.93.92

1.171.28

2.252.88

1.061.03

1.233.31

6.124.39

1.311.36

1.491.57

3.574.34

22.09

1.291.38

2.092.29

0.720.81

28.6322.67

4.944.97

1.731.51

1.231.48

3.61.81

1.862.31

3.524.67

0.732.28

3.113.87

1.699.63

3.073.16

1.251.32

1.121.28

3.162.95

2.272.28

2.523.34

1.481.19

7.874.84

0.961.62

0.730.82

SK4.994.69

1.070.99

5.194.38

1.11.03

1.771.91

27.2425.77

1.781.54

1.371.21

3.693.97

2.442.1

1.381.25

1.881.99

0.90.87

5.934.31

8.46.91

1.331.69

1.551.43

1.031.76

1.611.51

3.232.88

1.392.42

4.163.9

1.011.53

3.42.16

1.161.16

1.421.48

7.065.89

1.771.22

5.114.3

1.291.16

8.425.15

1.651.45

0.790.67

TR0.490.45

0.340.36

0.760.85

0.290.38

1.812.41

0.40.49

0.360.4

0.250.32

0.340.6

0.750.8

0.250.33

0.380.48

0.260.3

0.510.59

0.530.63

0.410.39

0.750.66

0.340.22

0.480.46

0.480.63

0.170.28

0.330.59

3.243.17

0.981.19

0.380.46

0.280.28

0.380.48

0.480.5

1.11.02

0.240.3

0.370.63

0.550.55

0.320.33

UK1.171.14

1.521.41

1.180.98

1.831.98

4.763.6

1.141.08

1.151.28

1.571.97

1.51.4

2.442.15

1.281.54

1.361.38

1.311.32

1.311.07

1.081.1

4.113.38

1.281.18

2.242.13

1.991.69

1.110.97

1.671.96

0.920.87

1.090.95

3.992.89

1.921.91

1.641.7

1.021.11

2.151.91

1.210.78

1.451.45

1.261

1.10.81

1.651.07


137

Table L Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Health (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)



AT1.691.98

1.41.84

3.343.47

0.711.42

32.92

4.814.8

1.81.91

1.691.51

1.912.16

1.931.89

1.611.87

1.441.71

3.532.56

3.613.3

1.961.65

1.482.16

1.512.28

2.852.72

1.221.91

2.872

1.781.3

0.931.48

1.371.28

1.992.07

1.631.99

2.381.92

2.412.15

1.651.95

1.791.87

2.883.11

3.413.69

2.051.63

1.121.3

BE2.222.36

2.141.94

2.852.6

1.092.02

2.242.04

2.042.05

2.122.16

1.112.43

2.422.32

2.352.19

1.881.81

3.263.39

1.31.55

2.022.39

2.612.19

1.881.77

1.611.54

2.862.64

1.511.85

5.674.65

1.141.77

1.481.64

1.662.05

5.444.67

1.861.8

2.572.4

2.792.8

1.981.88

1.991.88

1.672.1

1.471.4

1.881.59

1.611.7

BG1.252.85

1.362.01

0.671.05

1.083.51

4.046.57

2.562.74

0.981.99

0.864.66

34.82

1.592.33

1.32.76

1.071.34

2.513.26

3.154.61

0.731.84

0.942.43

1.151.22

2.012.66

2.796.83

0.763.7

1.876.59

5.376.81

0.62.32

1.011.88

1.281.32

3.176.17

1.112.08

3.398.35

0.611.54

1.674.44

4.165.18

0.92.66

0.881.11

CH3.853.31

2.462.07

1.081.02

0.950.68

1.531.46

4.043.8

1.661.78

1.720.84

1.771.6

1.561.46

1.481.28

2.672.58

1.21.35

1.361.3

1.791.52

1.671.51

1.231.5

2.852.35

0.960.96

1.742.17

0.841.06

1.171.27

1.260.86

2.272

1.441.41

1.441.21

1.621.47

1.010.89

1.561.39

1.381.27

1.291.16

1.561.29

1.521.62

CY0.992.62

0.992.23

2.144

0.690.66

1.864.21

0.961.95

0.43.26

3.659.2

33.61

1.433.24

1.843.61

11.08

21.57

2.46.58

2.973.87

3.214.64

1.73.62

3.024.64

1.664.02

2.585.49

4.485.95

1.432.29

0.281.91

1.023.28

1.562.39

2.293.93

1.252.84

2.487.08

2.295.04

3.36.68

2.452.41

CZ2.242.31

1.271.29

3.223.45

0.961.11

0.861.9

1.461.59

1.081.59

1.531.88

1.51.97

1.011.26

1.31.41

1.141.25

1.532.59

3.052.55

1.541.49

1.221.46

1.131.1

1.431.47

2.153.36

1.311.14

1.52.26

0.561.07

1.542.31

1.091.2

1.371.54

3.693.35

1.031.42

3.322.93

1.181.39

3.252.36

14.68

1.291.38

0.830.93

DE4.193.09

1.421.29

2.721.57

3.713.5

0.891.06

1.651.4

1.291.41

1.350.96

1.631.43

1.221.03

1.211

1.251.43

2.021.35

1.671.38

1.361.18

1.631.36

0.651.08

1.711.4

1.941.21

2.732.28

1.470.86

1.41.57

1.011.09

1.881.51

1.11.16

1.681.26

1.441.44

1.861.07

1.371.21

1.331.17

1.371.15

1.711.2

1.071.22

DK2.231.86

2.041.77

1.191.35

1.871.83

0.271.92

1.742

2.092.04

2.62.21

2.582.27

2.081.81

4.544.08

1.451.7

1.241.47

1.571.96

2.842.32

1.751.59

8.065.73

2.41.98

2.822.09

1.791.65

2.161.75

1.511.46

1.330.77

2.782.48

7.796.49

2.252.09

2.782

1.351.01

6.315.13

1.871.83

1.641.38

1.120.98

1.711.81

EE2.833.4

1.293.57

1.615.98

1.821.18

3.169.79

3.685.1

2.292.57

4.244.74

2.274.68

2.514.62

16.54

1.571.57

2.95.9

4.6111.6

1.494.8

2.042.49

15.93

2.43.99

10.715.3

0.844.44

17.214.9

1.13.33

3.992.48

2.372.63

6.494.57

4.197.97

3.73.57

1.895.86

7.888.67

5.049.58

4.916.22

1.433.29

1.392.03

EL1.361.48

1.311.32

2.362.2

1.071.12

16.35

1.431.72

1.341.46

1.51.59

0.951.48

1.741.78

1.261.34

1.141.39

0.971.27

1.111.88

1.891.4

1.421.34

1.361.42

2.12.03

1.151.49

1.991.73

1.111.23

1.341.35

1.112.39

1.61.48

1.631.68

1.511.69

2.061.75

1.931.72

1.41.63

1.241.62

1.521.47

1.721.8

1.481.52

ES1.461.28

1.381.36

1.431.27

1.141.24

11.63

1.011.14

1.041.06

1.181.29

1.241.69

1.841.81

1.071.03

1.421.56

1.250.99

0.861.21

1.621.33

1.21.16

1.211.61

2.221.87

0.951.19

1.441.08

0.880.96

0.650.95

1.320.93

1.31.19

1.171.22

1.061.15

4.033.78

0.941.2

1.251.26

1.111.22

0.970.91

1.111

0.951.09

FI1.761.98

1.581.6

1.41.65

1.431.39

1.091.69

1.851.84

1.711.78

4.084.42

8.986.53

1.912.05

1.651.68

1.21.44

1.031.62

2.882.58

2.842.14

1.311.44

7.237.59

2.112.11

4.973.68

2.532.79

3.242.74

0.341.3

1.761.27

2.292.33

5.675.01

2.082.25

2.52.19

1.321.36

6.265.86

2.332.39

1.842.01

1.481.72

1.511.73

FR1.461.24

2.542.21

1.581.11

2.592.29

1.460.98

1.571.29

1.211.22

1.061.29

1.380.92

1.641.54

1.721.43

1.030.96

1.10.99

1.131.11

1.241.24

1.541.23

0.841.18

2.21.74

1.150.9

2.952.7

1.160.97

1.20.97

1.051.17

1.461.22

1.131.12

1.311.13

1.951.7

2.471.55

1.141.07

1.270.94

1.191.01

1.291.05

1.091.18

HR1.961.76

0.510.77

1.981.73

0.460.71

1.070.79

1.232.29

0.961.03

0.610.99

1.342.4

0.781.26

0.770.81

0.591.16

0.420.6

1.282.17

0.651.27

0.751.33

11.24

1.721.47

0.340.62

1.441.47

3.163.06

1.541.2

0.610.8

0.891.21

1.241.89

0.730.94

1.782.04

0.480.72

8.688.9

1.72.09

0.631.14

0.430.59

HU3.633.46

1.571.99

2.822.76

1.171.26

1.013.14

3.993.28

2.342.25

1.352.08

2.014.85

1.552.84

1.271.85

2.722.66

1.221.43

1.812.88

1.622

1.42.39

1.151.46

1.992.22

3.013.3

1.161.52

2.852.51

1.11.35

0.662.16

1.541.75

1.191.84

3.313.92

2.372.36

6.116.61

1.552

3.594

6.245.2

1.952.13

1.091.17

IE1.641.38

1.641.46

0.641.03

1.221.19

1.431.86

1.741.58

1.361.4

2.031.96

0.681.9

2.231.71

1.821.55

2.281.77

0.981.24

0.861.51

1.441.66

1.271.65

2.832.54

1.641.46

0.941.73

2.932.4

0.631.79

0.440.69

2.332.52

2.011.77

2.291.75

1.611.87

2.261.73

0.921.19

1.391.82

1.441.58

0.721.55

0.990.8

2.922.71

IL0.981.38

0.950.94

0.721.01

0.961

1.631.63

1.091.18

1.211.33

0.931.04

0.850.71

1.321.25

1.031.08

0.80.87

0.991.07

0.921.24

0.921.46

1.011.25

0.640.82

1.471.46

1.381.07

1.091.02

1.031.2

0.450.98

1.431.5

1.061.09

0.990.97

1.091.11

1.21.18

1.341.15

0.670.76

0.951.1

1.111.02

1.821.39

0.670.74

IS2.543.85

2.011.73

1.391.03

1.491.65

2.492.17

1.712.42

13.53

8.564.12

3.153.35

3.163.54

12.91

1.361.66

2.272.49

5.274.64

1.572.16

2.142.88

0.963.59

2.710.94

2.341.24

2.554.68

17.84

2.523.1

5.152.39

0.872.24

11.63

4.952.7

1.52.53

1.410.86

1.972.2

IT2.031.68

1.581.51

1.891.45

1.961.88

1.421.89

1.361.23

1.251.25

1.241.29

1.291.46

2.111.89

1.981.67

1.271.17

1.631.74

1.691.49

1.261.33

1.411.18

1.591.42

0.831.29

0.981.06

1.451.5

1.091.15

0.961.21

1.631.41

1.631.34

1.171.17

1.431.29

1.71.6

1.41.4

1.381.29

1.531.88

1.161.05

1.491.24

1.131.26

LI8.0828.8

0.991.12

5.075.95

4.694.43

0.210.16

0.740.66

LT2.244.08

1.922.59

5.818.08

1.11.3

2.844.48

5.738.56

3.593.13

5.144.24

11.85

3.044.43

2.113.13

10.28.62

1.411.48

4.043.36

7.797.4

2.294.09

3.663.53

2.045.14

1.972.81

2.83.92

19.521.6

1.192.19

4.323.98

2.063.06

5.554.07

8.1210.1

2.194.21

4.247.27

5.985.55

5.668.43

5.85.61

1.912.85

1.331.42

LU6.694.84

9.026.77

1.875.73

2.372.81

1.65.56

4.423.33

6.625.42

4.343.69

1.085.69

6.675.81

4.092.79

6.847.79

4.43.93

0.881.67

4.024.22

9.046.63

3.643.83

7.821.95

3.643.74

3.215.52

3.846.41

0.833.47

2.732.99

3.763.33

6.575.54

4.275.01

4.823.55

2.013.77

3.533.62

1.745.61

2.775.09

1.041.26

1.861.93

LV5.124.14

2.233.41

5.5310.7

1.381.81

2.787.11

6.298.37

4.483.14

6.65.15

25.97

4.615.39

3.123.6

11.05

2.112

4.384.46

12.53

2.396.13

4.235.91

3.374.18

26.36

4.526.03

1.911.2

3.984.23

1.953.64

4.13.97

11.98

6.283.64

5.658.78

8.495.29

5.459.44

8.649.88

2.333.61

1.731.76

MK1.32.68

1.321.63

10.78

0.841.04

1.222.39

1.462.2

2.22.37

1.34.08

2.753.39

0.921.57

0.582.86

0.80.81

5.886.53

2.643.07

0.931.48

0.882.73

1.121.84

1.292.97

0.893.37

1.831.35

0.782.91

0.521.46

0.921.66

1.123.41

2.372

5.525.92

0.751.34

1.68.35

1.482.95

2.274.57

0.530.75

MT4.283.69

3.363.29

2.324.43

2.011.14

7.1110.4

7.368.04

2.712.7

4.542

8.514.1

5.099.49

4.492.63

6.874.41

1.651.66

5.453.7

3.597.51

10.54

6.276.69

13.73.47

4.573.7

8.357.29

5.023.74

6.446.08

1.213.58

54.23

4.112.7

5.125.08

5.383.43

9.025.98

4.423.97

9.510.5

10.71

2.996.6

4.592.84

NL2.011.73

4.283.59

1.221.18

2.192.11

1.311.28

1.451.32

2.142.01

2.122.18

1.561.1

2.271.86

1.731.52

1.991.75

1.581.68

1.31.16

1.411.38

2.41.85

1.641.44

1.342.44

2.411.93

1.241.33

1.771.43

0.741.08

0.490.96

1.951.63

2.112.1

1.691.44

2.432.08

1.240.98

1.881.76

1.71.47

1.251.23

1.781.38

1.641.78

NO1.771.94

1.551.43

1.390.89

1.361.35

0.171.12

1.961.92

1.521.6

7.046.43

3.582.16

2.472.4

1.781.66

5.714.73

1.281.37

1.541.74

1.281.77

2.862.06

1.621.49

10.48

1.91.73

2.752.04

2.492.45

1.241.38

0.540.98

1.081.02

2.392.34

2.242.03

2.462.03

1.411.14

7.056.5

1.871.75

1.581.66

1.210.88

1.531.6

PL1.291.09

1.091.19

1.812.27

0.720.77

0.361.01

2.632.42

1.141.16

0.971.23

1.241.97

1.141.41

0.81

1.011.19

0.780.96

1.21.6

1.682.08

11.27

0.90.99

0.681

1.191.25

2.172.65

0.871.18

1.941.88

0.41.1

0.771.01

0.951

1.081.2

0.951.22

2.052.05

1.121.1

1.461.83

2.982.68

1.051.12

0.550.73

PT2.71.86

2.31.86

1.381.37

1.421.12

1.11.46

1.571.6

1.781.53

2.681.73

2.441.73

3.262.21

5.814.16

2.731.9

1.911.54

1.31.23

2.932.14

3.11.84

1.991.6

4.181.61

2.491.85

1.312.17

2.351.62

2.51.38

1.671.21

1.81.37

2.621.9

2.671.8

2.031.82

1.481.78

2.181.54

2.352.43

1.911.05

2.011.52

1.651.32

RO1.932.27

1.641.58

4.696.18

0.790.79

1.622.5

5.594.22

2.171.57

1.491.15

1.423.23

3.262.85

1.321.78

1.661.63

2.051.71

2.983.02

9.447.93

1.421.61

2.292.08

1.081.8

1.862.15

2.894.31

1.191.78

2.813.67

3.873.31

3.392.31

1.311.23

1.751.3

4.754.2

1.612.13

1.431.28

3.083.61

7.15.86

2.612.84

1.090.78

SE2.061.88

1.771.64

0.811.13

1.651.58

1.161.84

1.791.82

1.81.84

5.625.33

5.644.31

2.272.42

1.91.85

6.365.44

1.371.58

1.091.17

1.671.93

1.882.25

1.171.19

7.216.85

2.312.1

3.892.89

1.81.79

3.481.9

0.710.96

1.781.73

2.152.06

7.226.87

2.311.9

2.271.92

1.471.19

2.11.63

1.471.36

1.361.17

1.481.7

SI3.283.65

1.351.75

2.263.2

1.081.11

1.784.32

5.293.41

1.521.75

1.972.1

3.75.17

2.032.71

1.531.83

2.82.93

1.061.02

14.68

5.234.85

2.152.14

1.592.01

5.632.16

22.93

3.784.91

12.54

2.633.85

1.144.36

3.563.83

1.761.89

2.231.99

3.253.81

2.482.86

3.033.57

21.76

8.665.29

0.952.11

11.09

SK3.774.03

1.181.1

5.083.48

1.040.97

1.462.86

22.51

1.661.62

1.631.47

3.173.1

2.392.29

1.361.29

2.072.28

1.071.04

2.782.83

8.165.82

0.991.95

1.821.73

1.361.86

1.611.53

3.383.02

1.342.15

3.443.71

0.941.45

3.391.81

1.321.48

1.751.77

6.425.18

1.881.15

6.325.38

1.391.38

7.914.9

2.11.56

0.860.73

TR0.470.41

0.320.33

0.330.67

0.30.34

1.171.75

0.420.48

0.330.35

0.20.25

0.320.6

0.570.68

0.280.31

0.310.41

0.240.32

0.360.56

0.480.58

0.30.27

0.630.55

0.280.2

0.390.41

0.410.54

0.20.25

0.370.54

0.831.41

0.511.26

0.340.35

0.260.24

0.410.46

0.490.52

0.780.82

0.250.27

0.280.62

0.570.49

0.210.23

UK1.331.03

1.51.28

1.51.02

1.851.75

4.32.39

1.311.05

1.261.21

1.421.52

1.41.27

2.491.85

1.41.15

1.471.22

1.391.47

1.41.12

1.110.96

4.243.01

1.240.93

1.241.62

1.91.48

1.240.91

1.41.47

1.060.89

0.961.04

3.362.24

1.831.46

1.551.46

1.080.94

1.961.66

1.530.78

1.471.3

1.411.09

1.10.77

1.460.94


138

Table LI Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE BG CH CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IE IL IS IT LT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT1.031.14

2.281.96

7.194.42

5.326.42

5.156.42

1.411.69

0.660.93

1.231.17

1.531.47

2.13.28

1.181.27

3.483.18

4.345.19

1.811

0.531.05

1.241

3.742.22

1.341.32

1.241.81

1.182.16

2.32.68

1.851.74

0.752.23

1.281.9

4.372.07

5.495.73

2.013.17

1.192.13

BE1.141.33

1.360.23

2.412.55

2.122.36

1.592.25

1.62.25

0.231.11

2.231.79

1.572.17

1.52.14

3.783.58

3.073.73

1.472.6

1.070.81

0.380.78

2.753.06

1.232.31

4.915.51

1.741.69

1.072.61

2.861.61

3.241.71

0.932.05

0.740.95

0.361.03

0.250.9

1.752.04

BG1.51.13

0.660.11

1.361.54

1.064.05

1.071.09

0.520.34

5.732.47

0.360.49

0.830.89

0.741.41

0.494.12

1.010.81

0.671.32

0.740.69

0.570.73

1.190.81

2.370.53

0.873.51

0.290.31

0.61.99

2.483.68

3.992.47

0.380.48

CH5.824.01

1.791.98

1.872.6

0.741.52

5.446.12

2.093.1

0.250.74

1.171.19

1.131.73

3.243.98

2.472.67

0.820.59

1.261.93

1.92.81

0.412.24

1.113.19

3.473.78

1.692.59

1.291.27

1.331.69

1.351.21

0.60.56

1.653.09

0.820.89

1.441.36

1.882.98

CY0.710.95

22.640.74

1.281.88

0.571.5

CZ2.472.3

0.90.76

0.82.54

0.420.62

1.140.69

0.710.6

1.160.46

0.810.55

0.690.91

0.50.7

1.811.9

1.41.62

0.350.63

0.150.45

0.650.81

0.880.45

0.440.61

0.310.66

3.712.25

1.280.89

0.650.95

0.450.82

3.121.39

15.4922.41

0.491.2

0.520.45

DE6.297.51

2.112.4

2.282.54

8.998.27

3.172.11

2.072.67

1.531.51

1.322.71

1.281.39

1.812.12

1.51.52

2.021.39

3.22.2

1.512.55

2.192.36

0.890.95

1.852.34

2.761.88

2.392.4

1.211.85

3.532.44

1.41.77

1.542.39

1.191.67

2.831.91

4.022.44

3.873.36

1.461.99

DK1.441.65

1.662

0.720.54

2.813.48

1.621.69

2.022.53

2.422.28

1.592.92

1.711.89

4.265.25

1.421.57

1.191.66

2.42.96

0.130.82

4.387.46

1.742.57

1.570.53

2.753

6.536.02

2.643.41

1.471.93

6.957.2

1.971.65

0.580.81

0.690.78

2.262.55

EE0.730.78

0.20.73

0.330.64

1.621.01

3.272.21

0.90.6

16.6913.6

0.410.83

2.980.58

0.950.68

1.40.53

2.547.15

1.060.75

3.472.95

1.962.7

0.580.36

11.19

6.983.12

0.990.83

0.980.76

EL0.630.63

1.040.83

4.422.35

0.740.71

1.270.69

0.551.24

0.791.63

1.62.26

0.420.85

1.030.99

1.031.23

0.30.98

0.710.75

1.541.44

0.291.05

2.962.86

0.70.79

0.890.56

0.310.9

2.721.91

1.813.45

0.660.85

0.251.66

0.260.81

3.651.57

1.832.54

ES1.161.17

1.281.6

0.450.76

1.161.61

1.391.17

0.810.98

1.111.36

0.530.6

2.383.38

1.571.44

1.991.83

0.720.89

1.250.94

1.571.88

1.271.78

0.940.47

3.213.98

0.320.59

1.141.39

0.851.38

1.831.43

9.3311.53

1.181.01

0.781.16

1.041.41

0.871.02

0.521.35

1.351.81

FI1.272.3

0.951.37

2.643.22

0.951.86

1.151.46

2.63.83

6.699.98

0.51.1

1.551.46

0.720.96

0.40.17

0.892.21

1.441.14

2.153.84

1.171.57

1.073.43

0.881.55

4.384.18

0.982.27

1.411.73

5.286.61

0.40.59

0.60.88

1.990.95

1.281.8

FR1.561.77

4.984.32

2.252.62

4.174.16

1.442.47

1.341.62

1.521.93

0.521.64

2.662.57

2.882.76

1.21.64

0.311.41

1.351.69

2.212.37

1.21.47

0.650.91

3.43.79

0.480.69

2.22.35

1.222.21

1.51.96

4.163.77

2.021.73

1.251.48

1.382.2

0.481.21

0.971.53

1.482.38

HR1.981.56

0.621.18

0.550.32

2.162.64

0.910.58

1.151.11

0.530.55

0.410.12

0.120.49

1.253.05

1.650.22

1.381.88

0.270.58

0.141.05

0.371.14

1.061.4

0.240.14

14.6720.98

6.952.62

1.990.97

0.160.23

HU3.243.45

2.062.2

0.524.14

1.161.45

2.253.23

2.051.43

0.91.21

1.950.39

0.441.19

1.290.91

1.152.21

0.770.89

1.614.01

2.210.21

0.640.47

2.052.23

1.552.13

1.471.3

0.310.38

2.623.7

0.710.3

7.845

1.761.32

2.994.51

3.345.95

1.252.24

1.021.47

IE1.130.5

0.981.27

1.631.69

0.51

1.191.51

1.671.63

0.330.29

0.880.68

1.911.66

1.660.85

1.541.16

1.710.15

0.180.16

1.561.83

2.372.7

1.712.05

2.681.83

0.990.98

1.141.84

0.580.91

1.211.19

3.334.11

IL0.370.68

0.630.44

1.080.88

0.331.56

0.220.83

1.161.29

0.090.57

2.081.71

1.11.44

0.570.65

2.030.29

0.610.48

0.220.24

1.821.94

0.790.91

0.330.41

3.973.73

0.380.8

0.450.17

0.940.96

3.182.23

0.420.7

IS1.410.62

0.380.52

1.592.53

1.311.13

6.586.58

0.671.14

2.170.89

5.924.48

0.690.75

4.543.4

1.340.64

0.851.84

22.4416.81

0.470.94

1.121.73

7.035.71

2.531.52

IT2.611.78

22.14

0.772.17

3.213.4

1.021.66

1.071.48

1.071.86

0.780.58

4.064.27

2.943.58

1.141.57

2.082.23

1.723.12

1.852.44

1.933.27

1.922.49

0.580.46

0.180.88

1.631.97

0.951.45

1.961.81

1.762.91

0.21.58

0.831.4

2.143.14

1.061.01

2.011.94

1.512.08

LT1.370.66

0.930.92

1.040.58

1.810.63

2.180.73

1.810.29

2.94.39

0.420.34

2.282.62

0.290.21

2.241.77

0.260.48

1.150.35

5.476.64

1.910.77

6.431.58

1.320.44

1.870.54

0.810.53

LU3.76.88

1.642.68

2.92.26

2.31.27

2.960.96

1.083.18

2.972.33

0.771.77

LV3.821.33

3.641.78

13.255.78

17.387.87

1.090.75

3.038.62

0.40.95

2.071.57

3.9913.45

1.432.7

4.22.66

5.855.64

2.482.91

11.055.95

1.731.46

3.262.02

0.481.42

MK3.089.86

1.121.86

1.12.73

2.8131.37

0.541.3

1.721.16

1.039.15

MT3.453.74

17.1913.68

9.25.82

2.921.61

7.714.58

13.6111.13

13.794.04

4.121.89

NL1.642.27

6.386.33

1.231.55

2.863.75

1.272.16

2.542.86

3.273.74

1.191.04

1.811.83

1.932.4

1.692.65

2.362.45

0.631.44

2.542.25

2.924.47

1.551.72

0.82.32

3.023.48

1.550.86

2.093.34

1.353.01

2.743.11

0.721.58

2.052.85

1.481.62

0.460.48

0.430.98

2.743.15

NO1.081.98

1.641.36

1.571.3

0.641.68

1.151.5

6.075.56

2.13.15

1.610.94

1.271.63

6.695.34

1.11.53

0.211.94

0.360.5

3.573.15

0.420.57

12.520.8

1.471.73

1.642.42

1.871.8

2.162.29

5.677.96

0.760.41

2.272.47

PL10.99

0.460.87

0.880.55

0.740.72

3.552.25

1.190.79

1.021.19

0.751.21

0.270.61

0.990.67

0.611.09

0.520.57

0.30.85

1.51.86

0.540.59

2.622.13

0.150.32

1.170.9

2.545.11

0.440.84

0.770.71

0.780.56

2.521.42

1.21

1.570.6

4.464.25

0.20.77

0.30.6

PT1.271.07

1.80.85

2.330.59

1.150.81

1.91.49

0.820.9

11.19

0.340.28

3.662.17

8.798.53

1.621.48

2.241.64

0.640.27

1.272.17

0.370.77

0.651.64

1.782.19

1.461.48

1.651.52

1.250.9

0.380.33

1.081.16

0.791.03

0.850.69

0.420.55

1.831.77

RO1.191.4

3.80.92

1.493.04

1.070.38

2.111.88

2.331.49

1.540.72

5.753.93

2.940.95

2.10.81

2.71.74

17.565.19

0.511.31

2.380.82

0.920.93

9.292.75

0.970.33

1.990.6

4.773.01

1.10.8

SE1.221.97

0.941.94

0.350.52

2.133.69

0.972.46

1.181.68

6.67.61

4.363.43

1.251.61

1.211.72

8.149.59

1.191.28

0.370.3

2.121.92

0.761.73

0.610.26

3.886.66

1.342.07

4.763.09

1.682.42

5.739.14

3.073.03

1.462

0.380.35

0.550.97

0.260.37

1.552.16

SI3.721.13

0.490.42

0.781.9

0.790.51

5.412.1

1.770.82

1.770.96

0.421.66

1.070.89

0.650.48

0.710.76

22.4323.62

3.594

1.140.83

2.431.93

1.20.49

0.90.71

2.790.84

1.030.89

1.380.6

0.380.19

6.742.5

0.480.62

0.820.7

SK3.22.7

0.180.41

1.922.8

1.020.7

19.2430.51

2.071.01

0.360.42

0.510.44

0.30.7

0.730.63

0.650.63

0.210.4

6.832.5

2.634.43

0.940.59

0.970.49

0.210.19

6.125.6

0.740.52

1.652.33

0.380.47

4.182.07

0.480.53

TR0.430.75

0.050.18

1.641.3

0.230.7

0.560.57

0.120.16

1.50.7

0.120.32

0.570.28

0.150.24

0.810.49

0.350.75

0.310.43

1.050.88

0.530.53

0.060.16

0.150.1

0.090.43

0.130.22

0.050.07

0.140.31

0.520.48

UK1.842.87

2.972.46

1.031.33

3.954.6

1.831.57

1.862.2

2.943.07

1.161.38

5.566.4

2.712.83

2.562.99

2.112.47

0.450.63

2.032.63

5.327.97

11.49

2.161.54

3.323.64

1.291.62

3.292.98

3.013.5

1.142.06

3.953.99

0.911.55

1.982.44

1.661.91

1.181.51

4.63.19


139

Table LII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Biotechnology (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE CH CZ DE DK ES FI FR IE IL IT NL NO PL PT SE UK

AT0.781.77

3.223.41

1.794.35

4.575.65

0.683.09

0.92.11

2.122.51

0.490.76

0.482.31

0.60.26

1.632.56

2.252.18

0.752.16

0.511.81

8.962.99

0.372.69

1.661.62

BE1.061.78

1.521.98

0.932.27

1.382.21

2.042.86

1.612.22

1.091.46

3.333.15

0.782.09

1.511.55

1.652.01

3.823.77

0.333.11

1.681.16

2.462.44

1.761.02

1.251.68

BG0.760.55

1.750.54

0.791.12

1.321.36

0.150.66

1.750.9

0.141.2

1.630.48

2.150.36

0.420.16

0.320.88

CH2.953.41

1.172.14

0.511.49

3.94.7

0.842.5

1.591.54

2.011.81

3.393.58

3.792.27

0.981.73

2.123.26

1.92.75

0.541.85

0.651.84

1.042.13

1.532.24

2.133.13

CY1.120.45

1.490.76

3.062.46

2.482.53

CZ2.883.89

0.911.71

0.781.34

1.331.77

1.151.56

0.950.84

0.431.33

1.131.22

2.450.57

1.435.19

3.315.05

1.481.57

1.070.47

2.440.52

2.22.36

1.381.02

1.441.08

DE5.265.7

1.683.26

4.454.68

1.581.99

1.982.31

1.312.05

2.551.92

1.862.28

1.621.8

1.343.27

1.891.92

2.233.4

1.62.01

2.43.19

1.922.49

1.842.1

2.052.78

DK0.812.94

1.832.87

1.032.46

0.941.54

1.822.64

1.231.81

3.112.04

0.711.36

1.191.31

1.152.39

1.942.48

2.314.49

1.281.96

1.143.43

3.676.74

2.292.19

EE1.481.58

1.522.83

4.664.94

1.540.87

1.361.5

2.843.39

3.974.62

0.530.26

EL1.890.67

0.841.11

1.391.34

3.150.74

1.350.97

0.660.36

1.380.63

0.610.34

0.941.09

0.361.18

0.440.31

0.670.24

0.150.22

2.762.22

ES0.811.85

1.372.47

1.521.3

0.720.86

1.141.58

1.021.45

0.641.22

2.172.04

1.941.84

1.141.6

2.552.85

2.332.33

0.191.93

0.410.84

2.524.29

0.781.28

1.72.11

FI2.492.69

0.931.47

2.411.85

0.341.75

2.111.63

3.012.28

0.721.27

1.141.08

0.91.21

1.151.62

1.071.93

2.383.33

1.442.25

2.41.57

1.542.51

2.243.31

1.142.11

FR0.630.83

4.014.41

3.943.67

1.511.62

1.471.95

0.811.32

2.282.37

1.451.32

2.081.59

2.272.72

2.622.8

1.952.12

0.661.52

1.340.74

2.552.12

1.41.16

1.872.21

HR2.674.21

2.922.31

2.532.33

0.610.73

0.230.94

3.082.52

0.531.07

HU2.042.57

1.030.44

1.961.96

1.792.36

1.720.73

1.992.85

0.520.59

1.682.84

0.881.95

0.941.88

1.010.98

2.262.05

1.611.66

IE0.441.6

0.491.4

3.791.62

1.290.41

1.221.44

0.890.99

1.941.59

0.680.76

1.341.11

0.380.64

0.651.18

1.872.52

0.692.03

0.790.71

3.193.62

IL0.50.15

0.940.92

0.791.02

0.893.55

0.711.82

0.851.04

0.830.91

1.221.43

0.370.55

1.171.4

0.530.61

0.941.3

0.430.76

0.690.93

0.530.98

IS0.641.13

1.892.53

0.950.47

3.882.79

3.221.85

0.691.35

IT1.611.79

1.451.81

22.32

2.993.78

1.281.5

11.58

2.252.66

1.011.44

2.052.28

0.751.07

1.611.71

0.882.14

0.81.81

1.321.75

0.811.68

0.991.33

1.762.18

LT3.215.15

0.260.28

0.670.68

1.873.27

0.881.67

0.610.5

LU1.842.46

4.541.14

1.112.07

2.962.11

LV1.553.31

0.611.6

1.852.43

1.322.56

MK3.640.94

NL2.72.15

3.914.3

2.382.7

1.371.73

2.283.35

2.062.39

2.932.76

2.653.36

2.072.12

2.533.37

0.871.03

1.172.89

1.221.62

0.860.72

2.272.21

1.782.03

2.32.96

NO0.972.1

0.262.58

0.651.76

0.920.53

1.021.71

2.284.85

0.21.89

1.471.91

0.391.15

1.242.08

0.712.42

1.031.52

2.214.08

1.182.11

PL0.330.89

0.770.56

0.420.87

1.070.31

1.061.29

0.680.99

0.250.41

1.310.74

0.560.29

0.751.09

0.420.34

0.270.37

1.61.53

0.930.61

PT9.221.98

1.881.73

1.071.44

1.61.67

1.371.84

0.972.36

2.453.57

1.371.6

1.771.46

0.821.87

0.520.86

0.761.68

1.771.55

0.440.51

0.761.45

2.061.37

RO1.720.88

0.710.3

1.280.16

0.660.25

40.44

1.420.3

1.651.06

0.751.14

1.131.13

0.70.37

SE0.542.9

2.051.18

2.12.31

1.671.32

1.671.86

4.497.13

0.981.44

2.943.58

1.381.07

1.341.08

1.271.7

1.31.76

1.882.06

3.34.96

3.93.49

1.122.22

1.92.26

SI7.53.85

0.490.82

0.780.95

10.72

0.381.4

1.080.97

0.461.15

1.381.59

0.330.53

1.641.06

SK7.627.63

1.561.07

1.621.28

0.70.81

1.450.56

0.751.63

1.10.49

2.360.42

0.80.98

2.83.3

0.630.62

TR0.20.08

0.390.41

0.250.23

0.190.41

0.560.41

0.180.21

1.181.31

0.320.56

0.250.34

0.811.01

0.170.27

0.080.2

0.530.31

UK1.921.76

1.562.63

2.493.3

1.691.37

2.212.72

2.542.07

2.052.77

1.382.7

2.512.58

4.24.96

1.011.9

2.732.85

2.333.13

1.852.76

2.121.62

2.941.98

2.162.66


140

Table LIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Information and Communication Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR HR HU IE IL IT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT1.892.12

1.621.67

3.844.27

0.920.39

2.053.23

4.675

2.793.44

1.071.5

1.961.86

2.162.2

1.011.35

3.262.49

2.882.42

4.713.75

1.531.74

3.182.88

2.272.82

1.862.16

1.311.57

0.811.35

1.951.28

1.171.98

3.456.6

4.784.66

0.840.85

1.041.72

BE2.162.4

2.811.33

55.29

0.890.21

1.31.19

1.92.46

1.822.47

3.542.67

2.622.47

1.171.61

3.072.61

1.70.91

1.641.47

1.261.58

1.971.73

3.363.2

5.035.92

1.041.05

1.161.67

0.871.65

1.261.77

1.352.46

2.341.68

0.471.62

1.921.79

1.71.77

BG1.911.57

2.020.97

0.530.39

0.970.22

1.861.86

1.673.66

3.26.99

1.131.02

1.170.82

1.280.75

0.751.78

1.641.88

3.324.26

0.981.01

1.820.85

2.170.39

1.113.77

2.361.57

2.755.04

1.322.06

1.860.81

0.590.59

1.992.3

2.061.17

CH4.24.75

5.045.2

0.60.42

1.411.99

1.812.17

4.484.4

2.132.46

2.613.07

1.962.22

1.291.43

2.862.3

2.92.89

1.241.66

1.792.04

4.585.11

5.014.41

2.163.13

1.321.1

1.031.25

1.571.58

2.040.74

2.22.16

0.970.67

0.531.47

1.162.27

1.712.39

CY0.910.38

0.50.16

1.11.97

1.521.59

0.490.79

25.7532.48

1.021.43

1.060.44

2.391.69

3.792.24

1.561.89

1.630.23

1.622.11

2.421.61

2.432.02

2.211.75

2.432.8

CZ1.532.33

0.780.75

0.50.21

1.211.42

1.771.4

1.321.05

0.740.4

1.251.1

1.181.04

1.030.94

0.90.84

2.791.86

1.751.08

1.911.15

1.360.87

1.261.01

0.841.83

2.331.61

0.530.88

0.40.28

0.870.84

7.815.58

14.9728.66

0.260.53

0.750.82

DE5.225.52

2.62.66

2.181.98

5.34.01

1.291.71

2.312.51

1.82.24

2.231.9

1.611.81

1.982.01

1.431.44

1.181.04

1.892.09

1.72.44

1.972.46

2.72.02

2.643.23

2.131.57

2.412.03

3.22.35

1.592.15

2.462.76

1.852.06

2.111.87

1.651.37

2.032.03

DK3.34.18

1.72.48

1.323.33

2.242.84

0.530.63

2.11.53

2.23.42

1.845.18

1.331.57

2.733.23

1.771.62

1.582.4

1.342.02

1.992.26

2.352.42

3.283.1

3.923.72

3.553.94

0.811.72

0.791.61

4.544.48

0.460.99

0.240.42

0.690.83

1.81.83

EE0.341.55

1.112.75

8.642.69

0.40.68

3.360.58

3.430.54

0.840.58

2.063.28

1.684.16

2.421.4

0.732.42

5.932.85

0.830.8

EL0.781.13

2.371.74

1.943.8

1.782.11

16.9215.95

0.690.39

1.511.78

1.082.76

1.421.76

0.931

1.271.31

0.360.77

0.460.95

1.681.68

1.11.6

2.042.09

0.841.57

1.762.16

0.471.54

1.271.82

2.132.55

0.811.87

1.340.87

0.660.45

1.470.64

2.222.19

ES2.011.99

2.932.53

1.081.28

2.042

0.821.82

1.551.87

1.551.54

1.031.17

1.972

1.161.87

1.451.58

0.411

1.931.71

1.842.22

0.591.03

3.483.29

1.91.94

1.911.25

1.111.41

4.796.13

4.451.99

1.781.78

1.130.95

1.081.36

0.950.93

1.71.95

FI2.032.22

0.991.44

0.971

1.121.3

1.471.48

1.631.67

2.162.86

1.191.37

1.041.64

0.870.83

0.780.23

2.162.4

1.921.73

0.870.89

1.651.82

2.312.08

1.562.14

0.91.63

1.451.65

2.62.81

2.654.37

21.01

0.291.08

1.932.1

0.921.14

FR1.372

4.923.79

1.781.3

4.052.81

1.120.8

1.652.32

1.741.65

1.781.57

2.291.91

1.852.22

1.281.35

0.711.25

1.321.68

1.691.63

2.472.79

3.613.11

1.651.79

2.932.04

1.881.86

2.362.24

2.893.99

1.441.57

0.421.14

1.091.43

1.541.81

1.561.68

HR2.441.57

0.820.45

0.511.29

1.671.79

1.090.61

0.610.61

1.251.77

0.370.93

0.260.52

0.60.13

0.310.46

0.971.31

0.440.08

0.580.89

0.211.07

0.230.32

1.722.35

12.197.5

0.941.08

0.680.51

HU2.592.55

1.11.28

0.952.01

0.971.67

3.432.41

1.782.19

1.042.07

0.61.63

1.921.65

2.072.35

11.18

0.690.55

3.252.95

2.442.71

1.851.33

0.951.01

1.582.16

1.782.6

6.8410.2

1.872.05

1.421.67

3.144.14

0.330.12

1.141.4

IE4.373.66

0.941.31

2.44.03

1.471.85

2.31.47

2.231.35

1.452.41

1.611.95

2.182.45

1.722.09

1.891.61

1.181.12

0.730.49

0.91.03

1.842.27

1.411.8

0.712.3

1.021.17

2.631.68

0.952.01

1.711.65

0.830.31

1.281.55

1.371.71

3.012.68

IL0.821.09

0.960.94

2.392.9

1.331.27

1.250.96

1.291.53

0.951.23

0.861.36

0.380.64

0.510.54

1.291.26

1.651.66

0.480.64

1.461.63

1.141.31

0.540.74

0.380.34

0.40.53

0.350.52

0.130.45

0.250.31

0.851.16

IS2.160.92

2.791.19

3.651.68

1.011.13

21.3713.87

1.742

0.951.32

2.412.58

12.916.19

1.352.88

11.596.03

1.311.74

0.860.68

1.321.63

3.760.75

2.511.71

IT2.352.53

2.812.68

0.740.86

3.783.29

0.961.59

1.221.17

1.751.66

1.851.76

2.011.95

2.393.03

1.321.69

1.942.11

1.191.75

1.82.08

1.441.88

1.592.15

2.332.51

1.351.06

1.721.89

1.742.7

1.612.01

1.761.96

1.381.23

1.341.59

1.691.66

1.761.93

LI7.2718.06

4.2812.11

LT0.60.49

0.360.61

0.820.84

2.931

0.350.31

0.070.32

0.80.36

0.280.42

0.920.89

1.280.23

0.81.92

6.013.98

0.440.26

0.370.4

LU2.762.2

2.381.63

2.293.44

1.761.43

1.242.99

1.791.32

5.174.93

0.820.93

5.595.26

4.814.85

16.13.22

0.650.62

1.644.23

1.232.84

0.541.6

LV1.640.29

0.410.06

1.450.57

2.871.92

0.850.39

1.590.9

0.320.12

MK1.269.7

0.110.79

4.211.67

1.7810.49

0.210.38

0.880.21

8.751.98

0.230.81

1.250.89

1.941.54

2.51.17

1.70.74

9.878.41

1.210.4

MT1.080.27

0.520.45

2.120.47

4.956.82

4.112.82

0.782.54

NL2.573.36

5.646.42

1.431.06

2.453.27

1.20.28

1.71.74

3.433.48

3.293.32

1.352.27

2.432.23

2.872.51

1.721.49

0.580.15

1.951.47

1.62.13

2.212.44

4.343.36

1.932.33

1.481.69

3.552.94

1.971.68

2.72.68

1.140.97

0.420.59

1.922.9

1.992.58

NO2.032.7

0.881.11

2.40.46

1.21.29

2.682.29

1.362.93

1.632.04

3.724.28

2.584.02

1.761.53

1.752.54

1.891.84

0.961.54

1.351.13

0.892.92

1.191.52

1.641.67

1.862.54

0.451.51

0.910.91

1.752.15

3.925.63

0.480.94

1.390.75

1.271.62

PL0.951.1

0.761.02

0.652.43

0.70.79

1.610.97

2.21.51

1.651.44

0.480.94

0.471.44

0.810.99

0.71.11

1.050.97

0.21.04

1.231.33

0.790.8

0.510.38

1.761.62

0.951.03

0.30.81

2.471.43

2.520.61

1.981.88

1.211.65

3.042.46

0.170.4

0.940.87

PT0.631.03

0.551.11

1.771.57

1.061.09

2.462

0.590.95

1.891.38

0.561.12

1.331.89

3.293.86

1.181.25

1.170.98

0.270.47

1.712.11

2.31.41

0.60.66

1.612.1

2.41.8

0.660.59

2.631.58

0.680.85

0.891.34

1.892.22

0.980.99

0.230.71

1.851.73

RO1.550.76

0.720.9

1.423.49

1.380.4

0.450.22

1.281.09

2.452.19

3.861.02

2.21.61

1.91.44

6.246.07

0.81.28

1.891.31

1.680.82

1.071.07

2.880.53

0.620.63

0.460.22

0.321.43

0.370.48

0.80.62

SE1.292.18

1.342.39

1.462.5

2.192.14

1.321.28

2.112.67

4.44.13

1.22.75

1.731.79

3.084.76

1.031.13

2.954.27

2.432.18

2.111.89

0.690.93

2.362.4

2.452.46

4.275.01

2.972.98

1.321.93

0.680.42

0.80.32

0.761.23

1.711.71

SI3.036.47

1.41.33

1.31.02

0.690.64

10.446.67

1.331.68

0.41.12

1.651.52

0.950.73

1.820.9

0.250.61

12.7913.19

1.631.78

0.820.35

0.270.77

1.511.33

1.030.78

1.522.59

1.932.46

0.412.29

0.570.28

2.753.4

0.840.72

SK5.793.8

0.351.05

0.590.51

0.491.17

29.3827.42

1.891.51

0.30.37

1.110.67

1.180.97

0.350.79

0.820.74

1.381.31

5.423.31

1.811.39

1.871.61

0.540.41

0.440.67

5.263.2

1.350.9

3.982.42

1.270.71

TR0.420.42

0.820.79

1.121.58

0.50.99

1.611.21

0.190.38

0.560.49

0.320.37

0.970.41

0.380.36

11.04

0.440.49

0.210.06

0.790.93

0.230.25

0.920.79

0.771.12

0.690.32

0.110.28

0.150.47

0.270.42

0.330.55

0.520.58

UK1.382.36

2.782.39

3.051.96

2.392.68

2.594.9

1.171.91

2.32.08

1.771.63

3.872.9

2.032.49

1.321.73

1.461.52

1.621.35

1.471.88

4.233.63

1.532.37

3.12.55

1.772.83

2.021.66

1.631.53

3.773.71

1.211.62

2.372.2

1.451.31

1.771.32

1.832.04


141

Table LIV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE CH DE ES FR IT NL PL RO SE UK

AT1.071.44

0.811.9

3.224.11

2.151.87

1.041.7

3.322.95

1.783.19

1.351.7

0.821.28

BE1.321.44

1.941.21

1.51.76

1.61.95

3.053.28

1.952.02

8.986.06

1.460.61

1.653

0.991.78

1.430.94

BG1.492.58

1.631.7

1.020.82

2.471.74

0.440.25

CH0.71.73

1.481.1

2.283.34

1.622.61

2.112.16

1.252.67

2.393.07

0.661.87

2.621.25

1.761.77

CY2.090.8

CZ1.052.23

0.91.58

2.111.68

0.630.83

0.851.57

1.141.46

2.346.91

0.930.8

0.331.51

DE4.486.43

2.012.33

3.594.27

2.452.47

2.181.82

2.712.4

1.883.61

2.612.62

1.541.65

1.592.07

1.71.95

DK2.52.13

1.31.39

1.591.13

0.990.94

0.831.44

1.752.29

0.371.45

3.694.68

1.321.5

EE0.991.51

0.421.08

2.962.45

EL2.071.07

0.31.25

1.411.91

0.210.47

1.051.93

1.41.77

0.411.8

0.460.94

4.22.1

1.291.75

ES2.42.16

1.552.07

1.972.86

1.781.96

3.242.74

2.553.04

1.871.91

0.611.62

1.392.04

1.681.48

1.731.88

FI0.970.54

1.650.2

1.381.12

0.611.06

0.570.97

0.591.05

1.290.81

2.591.12

0.431.29

1.152.85

0.71.46

FR1.452.48

3.734.26

2.942.83

1.661.84

3.83.43

3.723

1.561.7

3.512.67

2.765.1

1.131.54

2.181.85

HR2.233.53

3.081.61

0.651.19

2.536.38

1.550.54

HU4.751.13

2.674.19

1.040.42

1.480.9

0.481.19

0.731.04

1.661.95

0.531.46

3.120.8

1.041.56

0.251.12

IE0.622.87

1.181.16

1.211.17

1.391.24

1.230.79

1.950.82

0.491

0.330.88

1.091.53

2.292.04

IL1.331.07

1.350.45

0.720.82

0.820.78

0.640.44

0.670.74

0.980.76

1.761.07

0.20.38

0.330.25

IT2.713.05

1.461.9

1.252.55

1.851.66

2.142.68

2.872.09

1.51.85

1.291.49

2.642.27

1.391.06

2.031.77

LI10.956.83

LT0.841.19

LV0.580.8

NL1.272.58

6.235.04

2.462.9

1.552.86

1.611.68

1.331.28

1.611.87

1.541.18

0.310.24

1.531.51

22.11

NO0.490.67

1.311.53

2.20.17

1.11.14

0.880.35

3.53.66

1.380.99

PL1.140.56

0.711.98

1.651.79

0.51.39

2.31.89

1.431.44

1.931.4

1.210.96

0.911.34

PT1.940.77

0.280.18

1.110.74

1.071.02

3.073.71

1.381.46

1.031.12

3.722.39

0.440.6

22.03

1.150.63

1.31.35

RO1.312.06

0.960.62

1.161.12

1.662.15

3.231.37

0.480.2

0.340.35

1.350.29

SE1.51.85

0.891.91

3.011.45

1.011.62

1.511.47

0.81.24

1.61.19

1.911.91

1.391.13

0.40.57

1.161.98

SI1.891.87

0.771.66

0.210.66

2.551.88

0.680.62

SK1.722.38

0.590.54

0.951.67

0.321.3

TR1.211.12

0.340.2

0.510.9

0.120.3

0.680.73

1.592.2

0.770.76

UK0.971.71

1.541.09

2.162.01

1.21.67

1.822.04

2.051.58

2.312.2

1.982.4

1.21.71

1.90.65

1.462.2


142

Table LV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE BG CH CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR HU IE IL IT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT1.151.48

0.81.13

2.914.39

5.825.38

4.795.39

1.531.14

0.391.34

0.841.42

1.543.94

2.161.43

3.423.7

0.551.05

0.220.25

2.451.76

1.640.97

0.851.09

3.212.47

1.351.03

0.890.32

1.691.12

55.96

4.55.52

0.531.36

0.81.59

BE1.281.59

3.275.99

1.81.98

1.822.22

1.832.61

0.561.22

0.81.79

2.442.39

1.21.41

3.633.94

1.51.34

1.71.7

1.350.47

3.432.86

7.8212.51

0.950.67

1.171.95

0.871.81

2.291.62

1.641.02

0.390.81

0.740.62

1.252.22

2.122.25

BG0.961.15

3.455.09

0.240.31

2.481.31

2.672.66

2.133.37

2.42.08

2.032.74

1.410.94

2.853.1

1.573.65

0.430.55

6.774.91

1.261.35

1.042.83

1.480.25

1.151.29

2.931.44

1.050.52

CH3.044.32

1.661.83

0.230.28

1.812.44

3.254.3

2.053.4

0.81.45

1.382.34

1.952.93

2.882.49

0.52.55

1.210.52

0.191.51

2.422.46

3.122.81

1.521.98

1.12.29

0.581.95

1.361.27

2.062.21

0.780.86

1.171.49

0.310.62

1.722.16

CY2.010.97

0.282.15

17.9826.97

4.861.24

0.681.84

CZ5.944.5

1.651.77

2.170.98

1.782.05

2.551.97

1.781.98

1.040.89

2.021.79

1.681.09

2.062.09

1.591.36

0.81.3

0.590.64

3.024.32

1.711.77

2.220.96

1.031.1

4.214.31

15.1922.1

1.771.36

1.040.83

DE5.366.51

1.853.38

3.193.39

4.284.73

2.912.47

1.692.66

2.32.88

2.082.02

2.021.71

1.771.82

2.632.62

1.072.2

3.24.16

1.751.92

2.434.37

2.322.64

2.182.23

1.151.86

1.872.04

2.322.19

1.531.71

2.862.93

2.573.07

1.561.8

DK1.611.11

0.531.03

1.933.53

1.652.16

0.460.99

0.891.22

1.233.85

1.590.91

0.350.61

3.293.35

1.381.9

2.580.68

2.874.53

1.560.69

4.246.49

0.710.53

0.321.59

2.081.38

EE3.122.87

0.830.79

0.721.77

7.6218.45

0.170.29

0.961.34

1.71.21

111.61

2.20.98

3.563.99

3.450.76

5.184.23

0.220.31

EL0.461.26

0.831.51

2.383.17

0.861.41

2.012.25

1.742.12

0.590.98

1.081.52

0.660.92

1.791.54

2.961.01

1.380.65

0.540.64

1.331.5

2.222.71

0.80.22

2.823.29

1.061.55

5.812.86

0.510.88

1.340.9

1.481.66

1.362.37

1.591.8

ES0.91.41

2.292.37

2.742.19

1.522.25

1.090.99

1.511.59

0.981.28

1.191.67

1.290.9

2.792.76

1.291.23

1.081.51

1.210.65

2.973.62

1.361.74

0.330.88

1.651.52

4.845.2

1.771.47

2.162.24

1.621.61

1.541.33

0.170.63

2.052.16

FI1.523.71

1.041.19

1.842.39

1.732.88

1.912.09

1.331.41

1.293.64

0.540.9

0.990.86

0.450.62

0.272.29

1.862.57

1.771.26

3.771.77

3.132.5

2.451.56

0.661.22

1.071.64

6.398.05

1.154.46

0.230.7

0.492.09

1.660.98

FR2.932.01

4.365.7

2.131.74

4.293.25

2.281.57

1.741.52

2.151.52

2.712.55

3.943.44

0.790.95

2.522.33

1.71.3

2.191.93

3.472.93

2.11.75

2.992.53

3.443.13

2.562.68

3.665.4

1.651.98

1.31.42

1.271.59

0.881.05

1.861.76

HR1.941.57

0.951.68

1.673.98

0.791.22

0.20.04

1.442.51

1.420.56

1.010.97

0.630.43

21.8722.81

6.193.18

0.50.29

HU3.043.7

1.171.17

2.213.26

0.42.69

1.762.59

1.711.88

0.320.67

2.151.08

0.931.13

0.242.57

1.361.31

0.743.01

1.211.46

10.88

0.574.35

1.231.92

1.830.64

2.942.23

2.433.3

1.431.18

2.282.17

2.210.53

0.541.36

IE0.660.98

1.781.33

1.210.52

0.81.49

1.250.64

0.91.28

2.082.72

1.030.63

0.982.69

2.792

2.23.93

0.940.8

0.71.15

0.650.47

0.540.81

1.521.97

0.460.99

2.581

3.053.73

IL0.190.18

1.040.29

0.151.14

1.632.16

3.332.61

0.40.48

0.770.43

0.980.76

0.731.85

1.40.67

0.630.32

0.780.83

0.990.67

1.650.58

0.770.6

IS8.189.27

21.3611.16

0.540.84

3.143.73

1.482.71

2.051.97

IT2.151.54

2.652.48

1.443.36

2.182.07

1.371.32

1.091.31

1.231.74

1.181.45

2.463.16

1.861.16

2.062.04

1.361.39

2.682.06

0.922.46

1.62.24

3.091.57

1.811.33

1.521.99

3.62.88

1.441.33

1.442

1.273.29

1.151.06

2.121.72

LI18.2319.73

12.478.19

2.544.37

1.952.52

0.791.19

1.081.35

1.141.63

7.144.33

LT1.671.03

0.380.29

2.782.7

1.280.26

0.350.51

0.90.5

0.920.58

0.370.76

0.680.43

4.033.52

2.271.66

0.661.41

0.10.14

LU2.544.12

2.781.93

0.850.51

3.016.78

3.222.4

1.090.53

LV3.021.38

1.020.52

2.550.55

2.091.48

0.621.16

0.110.08

1.223.02

0.621.04

1.730.9

1.470.41

5.533.91

1.670.55

0.860.43

0.410.49

MK10.5121.9

3.859.53

MT7.232.19

NL1.730.9

7.3911.12

0.380.47

3.282.61

0.831.44

2.353.82

2.540.62

2.12.66

1.421.73

4.231.68

1.741.35

1.220.8

2.033.7

1.780.84

2.032.56

3.221.97

1.40.79

1.632.29

1.451.04

1.91.39

1.51.57

1.61.53

0.521.55

2.583.16

NO0.961.11

0.920.59

1.452.16

0.620.81

1.451.76

3.665.34

0.720.25

0.250.79

3.492.96

1.611.3

0.734.58

0.980.97

0.750.48

2.971.6

3.172.22

1.140.69

0.940.91

1.154.44

6.715.81

0.911.52

0.330.6

1.551.58

PL2.411.61

0.81.24

4.243.21

0.871.46

2.283.21

1.731.2

1.040.46

1.972.33

1.381.01

2.011.06

2.331.62

1.081.31

0.460.84

0.740.8

1.811.01

1.020.53

0.860.47

0.810.86

1.072.62

0.750.88

2.440.75

1.923.45

1.150.65

1.150.96

PT1.210.91

0.71.48

0.951.35

0.51.75

1.511.83

0.911.12

0.821.51

4.14.22

0.611.2

1.71.46

1.870.62

0.490.5

1.571.84

1.382.12

0.780.87

0.951.1

4.382.6

0.871.31

1.590.84

1.921.1

1.811.94

RO0.660.18

1.520.83

0.61.73

0.950.72

1.610.63

1.350.82

3.491.75

1.240.77

0.771.01

2.11.89

2.361.32

0.30.54

3.081.72

1.030.61

0.712.59

1.12.14

3.611.63

0.450.7

1.21.48

0.370.34

6.162.67

0.460.41

SE1.931.1

1.620.93

1.750.27

2.232.21

1.131.28

1.61.54

5.237.03

0.540.95

1.992.06

8.28.73

1.061.24

3.433.45

1.832.3

1.450.99

1.631.4

1.91.44

8.36.01

0.971.27

1.081.46

0.711.25

1.30.71

0.560.65

0.742.14

1.692.22

SI5.065.9

0.340.7

0.670.9

3.995.2

0.81.1

0.840.6

1.110.98

1.091.4

1.185.08

0.60.74

1.71.23

0.461.18

1.221.99

1.311.68

2.831.05

1.720.87

1.762.52

0.950.68

3.112.24

1.222.24

0.611.18

SK4.834.47

0.690.44

1.161.21

1.121.26

15.5221.58

1.921.52

1.311.48

1.240.94

0.250.65

0.730.68

2.821.87

1.272.65

1.531.33

0.891.27

2.493.93

0.570.48

0.460.51

3.281.86

1.030.61

0.640.45

TR0.190.57

0.380.9

1.110.8

0.110.25

0.610.62

0.570.74

0.120.81

0.471.16

0.050.23

0.21

0.190.27

10.27

1.010.6

0.810.43

0.430.44

0.160.63

0.140.32

0.450.37

0.740.56

2.932.15

0.250.97

0.561.18

0.410.39

0.830.71

UK0.971.91

2.252.78

1.380.74

2.252.44

1.251.07

1.381.52

2.471.84

2.092.47

2.562.49

2.581.26

1.661.67

0.881.93

4.335.88

1.491.21

3.172.28

2.783.66

2.482.38

1.521.68

2.413.02

0.710.98

2.33.01

1.121.79

0.970.84

3.422.46


143

Table LVI Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in New Production Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE CH DE DK EL ES FI FR HU IE IL IT NL PL PT RO SE TR UK

AT1.741.47

3.463.21

4.696.42

0.441

0.791.39

0.761.44

1.381.38

0.611.1

0.811.06

0.572.22

0.250.51

2.372.67

2.421.71

0.761.48

0.730.62

10.3

1.641.16

0.810.38

0.561.08

BE2.061.82

4.792.96

1.411.65

2.051.91

1.531.13

2.662.58

1.121.68

3.143.26

2.541.23

0.440.32

1.061.29

2.123.3

7.276.28

0.810.41

1.173.4

4.343.83

0.471.73

1.51.09

2.642.02

BG6.831.12

0.650.79

1.333.41

1.5717.98

2.231.97

2.211.65

1.285.16

4.31.01

1.749.33

0.931.13

0.631.23

CH3.213.22

42.43

2.934.03

1.491.14

2.362.97

1.41.44

0.40.75

1.941.76

0.351.27

0.480.98

0.91.79

2.984.71

1.691.63

1.060.89

0.861.06

2.243.08

0.70.82

1.811.89

CY4.8623.22

3.020.97

4.845.2

1.141.76

CZ0.383.36

0.532.09

0.790.82

1.440.85

0.571.03

1.190.82

2.671.29

1.61.01

0.860.68

1.951.35

0.352.81

0.692.05

0.90.52

0.550.34

DE6.276.79

1.461.4

2.683.86

2.192.82

1.682.13

1.621.35

1.151.48

0.971.01

1.791.34

2.321.97

1.41.35

1.541.74

1.811.62

4.052.32

2.151.75

2.052.01

1.71.21

11.52

1.81.69

DK0.380.91

1.621.45

1.631.08

1.93.08

0.460.61

1.230.44

0.580.46

0.650.71

1.643.25

1.61.19

2.120.35

1.341.52

0.710.41

3.084.32

1.140.27

0.991.24

EE1.210.18

3.9310.33

1.010.82

EL0.470.79

0.780.53

1.431.7

0.961.37

0.440.59

1.511.28

0.630.85

0.651.31

1.441.3

0.840.72

0.610.45

0.42.2

2.233.08

0.650.34

2.072.21

ES0.831.63

2.322.33

1.211.52

1.321.33

0.470.66

0.681.03

0.381.91

1.91.57

0.892.28

1.231.37

0.970.59

1.832.12

1.921.34

0.491.63

2.953.49

0.941.49

2.051.59

1.461.73

FI0.911.45

0.631.39

0.290.78

0.591.13

1.742.41

0.231.46

0.820.51

2.640.89

0.270.34

0.561.07

0.441.7

0.264.05

0.541.95

2.494.82

1.510.75

FR0.971.77

3.94.12

2.082.51

1.231.28

1.640.64

1.31.99

2.912.13

1.891.04

1.381.45

0.350.79

1.972.32

2.333.52

1.521.73

1.482.21

1.752.3

4.554.18

0.861.18

0.981.24

1.171.3

HR1.20.28

3.750.75

1.170.71

0.120.04

0.231.13

0.520.21

HU0.670.99

1.850.9

0.331.19

1.390.93

0.530.54

0.982.24

0.781.56

3.280.77

0.920.62

0.581.16

1.370.99

12.3

1.213.8

0.292.01

10.257.03

0.511.7

0.331.19

0.260.87

IE0.432.73

0.30.31

0.471.26

1.772.22

1.031.39

0.230.53

3.571.59

0.872.86

1.383.12

0.42.11

1.070.43

0.436.34

2.952.22

IL0.250.45

0.850.91

0.911.55

0.841.09

0.760.69

0.760.44

0.410.28

0.971.23

0.711.09

4.961.14

1.020.55

1.742.38

0.890.69

0.720.58

0.451.39

IS6.541.14

IT2.512.29

1.812.29

2.33.73

1.461.49

1.472.48

2.111.69

2.021.78

0.861.07

1.772.31

1.391.09

0.881.99

1.340.55

2.452.19

1.232.01

1.461.49

1.371.52

2.051.45

0.90.31

1.442.14

LI7.4915.46

5.229.85

1.998.34

LT1.161.7

1.827.12

0.31.16

LU5.54.46

9.538.31

MK24.4949.32

NL2.841.98

7.236

1.791.83

2.092.11

1.761.32

1.541.37

2.481.59

0.762.02

1.451.6

1.243.03

1.712.73

2.313.19

3.23.33

1.470.65

2.382.15

3.12.56

0.671.96

4.233.95

1.62.37

NO0.381.31

1.610.89

2.831.16

0.861.6

7.468.67

0.32.54

0.630.97

1.021.26

1.621.32

0.974.31

1.130.86

4.582.89

1.670.26

9.1812.7

0.990.86

PL0.590.96

0.520.21

2.51.42

1.720.23

0.770.49

0.360.94

0.750.92

1.072.77

0.371.12

0.91.5

0.930.35

0.842.05

0.650.34

0.180.41

1.691.88

PT0.680.52

0.912.36

0.990.75

1.541.65

1.351.3

2.552.93

0.373.26

1.041.47

0.311.79

1.271.67

1.821.63

12.76

2.350.49

2.322.27

0.420.9

1.781.69

RO0.790.23

3.052.34

0.840.8

1.511.28

0.640.36

0.62.96

0.780.92

0.651.45

2.891.73

10.125.93

1.31.22

2.481.61

2.070.44

2.361.21

0.70.37

SE1.551.11

0.381.38

2.062.95

1.661.54

2.83.96

3.495.09

2.21.71

3.454.3

0.71.03

0.521.65

1.090.28

0.920.75

2.332.13

0.581.8

0.840.53

2.462.61

0.360.54

1.311.38

SI1.962.82

0.830.24

2.10.96

1.871.66

0.643.47

0.160.48

0.650.82

0.350.46

4.761.56

0.780.93

0.410.71

1.031.44

1.271.85

1.960.32

0.640.47

SK1.361

1.310.69

1.410.75

0.590.42

3.090.92

0.60.41

0.330.3

TR0.60.28

0.930.66

0.50.59

0.611.13

0.880.2

0.780.42

0.490.65

0.271

0.383.72

0.570.5

0.650.28

2.62.45

0.170.47

0.340.76

2.041.21

0.260.38

1.110.82

UK0.981.61

3.552.42

2.122.57

2.32.39

1.481.63

4.664.91

2.312.46

3.831.34

1.171.44

0.441.72

5.032.76

12.42

1.923.55

1.772.61

3.544.33

3.242.57

1.240.81

1.711.57

2.361.56


144

Table LVII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Construction and Construction Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


BE CH DE DK ES FR IT NL SE UK

AT0.350.78

2.532.29

4.416.34

0.451.51

0.280.56

0.560.44

1.781.91

1.130.99

0.362.26

0.560.64

BE1.033.24

2.512.11

1.121.69

2.071.42

2.134.63

2.443.5

6.374.65

1.381.3

0.881.03

BG1.221.02

1.131.59

1.091.15

CH0.953.06

3.713.88

0.891.96

1.831.45

2.122.94

3.545.76

2.021.4

1.941.14

0.941.67

CY1.561.86

CZ2.131.37

0.520.77

2.151.43

2.770.54

0.460.79

0.380.67

0.851.67

0.880.37

0.830.49

DE1.841.65

2.623.05

1.011.45

0.780.95

0.831.42

1.291.5

1.681.83

1.051.62

1.240.98

DK1.051.58

0.921.94

1.452.37

0.410.99

1.111.22

1.053.27

2.10.76

6.167.65

0.991.35

EE12.58

0.81.2

1.520.92

3.123.5

EL2.930.83

1.130.69

0.790.92

2.080.6

1.290.71

1.920.55

0.450.46

1.811.28

ES1.831.11

1.671.17

0.940.89

0.370.69

1.570.9

2.622.43

1.040.92

1.080.64

0.991.32

FI1.180.65

0.831.59

0.340.43

0.821.11

0.350.35

1.350.87

2.963.73

1.20.89

FR2.124.47

2.132.9

0.991.66

1.111.03

1.681.12

2.242.06

1.090.89

1.421.35

1.551.18

HR0.751.86

HU3.871.53

0.530.42

1.970.89

0.580.87

1.670.36

IE1.851.35

0.41.42

0.260.75

0.641.59

3.642.03

IL0.260.26

0.310.29

0.880.45

0.660.38

0.420.45

0.630.72

1.30.43

0.60.5

IT1.922.31

2.833.87

1.461.37

0.821.85

2.392.25

1.971.55

1.532.04

0.690.75

1.361.36

LT0.510.43

0.140.12

LU5.295.6

1.645.33

5.096.14

1.311.47

LV0.951.79

MT1.61.53

NL6.495.01

2.091.55

2.362.28

2.140.74

1.21.24

1.20.96

1.942.98

2.791.81

1.581.6

NO2.382.97

0.411.5

0.812.17

3.047.99

0.821.56

0.910.62

0.571.76

1.092.35

3.837.05

0.91.12

PL0.841.49

0.240.41

0.771.31

0.781.47

0.160.27

0.660.52

0.960.96

0.430.62

0.660.54

PT0.581.15

1.480.83

1.820.76

2.512.47

0.460.43

1.652.99

1.451.78

0.30.21

0.960.96

RO0.950.22

3.511.04

0.690.51

SE1.11.01

1.640.93

1.11.5

5.156.17

0.960.62

1.141.04

0.680.83

2.141.27

1.21.24

SI1.610.58

1.321.28

0.840.9

0.540.37

0.350.89

1.22.12

0.890.54

0.570.45

SK0.690.34

1.235.88

0.920.57

0.870.65

TR0.130.2

0.180.34

0.150.78

0.540.35

0.380.63

UK0.981.13

0.971.82

1.61.27

1.031.05

1.171.93

1.861.38

1.631.91

1.561.8

1.71.93


145

Table LVIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Energy (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE BG CH CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR HR HU IL IT LT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT3.112.09

2.581.75

3.373.97

3.712.87

4.65.41

2.42.56

2.731.99

1.991.33

1.351.75

1.641.87

1.582.14

4.32.51

1.041.58

1.952.41

1.011.24

2.232.74

0.691.2

2.012.88

1.111.08

1.281.04

2.612.92

3.932.36

3.173.45

0.892.11

0.761.56

BE2.72.1

4.361.6

2.862.18

2.162.64

3.173.92

2.451.79

3.454

2.823.02

3.392.77

4.424.96

0.830.33

2.70.94

1.042.11

3.414.29

1.530.32

5.897.16

1.791.5

2.871.89

2.123.69

3.451.43

2.372.35

1.811.09

0.760.95

0.981.01

2.022.56

BG2.612.95

5.52.23

1.921.4

1.883.65

2.843.19

3.117.19

3.411.45

5.386.22

1.811.89

3.34.47

5.024.3

1.462.25

0.791.93

2.973.54

0.842.5

1.396.56

0.381.26

2.421.51

2.727.38

2.943.65

0.290.39

CH2.913.43

2.662.05

1.620.76

3.083.02

5.255.22

2.091.57

2.133.71

2.762.55

2.72.89

3.053.55

1.090.32

3.613.24

3.064.61

3.493.69

0.990.31

3.522.92

1.772.33

1.712.07

2.11.5

1.862.03

3.222.91

2.141.67

2.211.52

0.281.52

1.912.44

CY1.221.82

11.2314.43

0.561.26

0.660.37

0.71.38

0.970.64

1.821.12

9.831.42

1.474.55

CZ4.132.92

3.062.49

1.872.18

4.383.48

3.983.14

0.740.46

2.641.11

1.882.13

62.41

2.912.72

8.694.8

2.713.34

0.630.99

3.822.88

1.291.21

3.662.29

2.41.73

1.081.36

1.580.63

3.134.4

13.0712.34

0.570.4

1.191.37

DE4.515.01

2.73.98

3.132.95

5.154.55

2.873.48

2.933.36

2.22.77

2.172.72

3.212.88

3.333.6

1.140.85

2.925.11

2.464.79

3.023.67

1.241.66

3.724.21

1.272.33

2.74.06

1.461.94

2.543.77

2.842.85

3.022.93

2.514.1

2.352.24

2.452.18

DK1.62.04

1.911.36

1.71.33

0.420.38

2.392.37

2.792.54

1.261.5

4.012.98

10.98

0.480.79

0.620.2

1.020.9

2.720.76

2.722.62

5.794.44

1.151.32

1.461.7

0.380.46

2.463.44

0.430.27

0.390.26

1.962.08

EE0.832.24

1.170.27

0.652.15

0.930.35

1.051.08

0.311.5

2.371.29

0.490.54

0.180.86

11.119.36

0.20.17

0.731.57

0.210.59

3.44.98

0.280.81

1.030.37

0.470.85

0.762.35

2.552.96

0.880.57

13.35

0.81.05

EL1.771.16

2.422.33

2.122.83

1.512.38

1.520.67

1.331.63

2.631.92

1.341.11

0.680.77

0.971.05

1.350.72

0.840.88

0.40.4

1.271.87

1.212.02

1.551.59

1.040.64

2.672.13

0.353.03

0.261.21

1.20.24

0.360.23

1.121.33

ES1.691.17

2.182.61

3.341.3

2.292.01

1.32.27

1.541.88

1.41.86

1.81.66

1.312.79

2.582.97

1.890.85

21.28

2.011.03

2.553.58

1.721.86

1.791.35

1.051.42

5.76

1.642.5

1.421.52

0.210.9

0.621.49

1.120.5

1.822.1

FI1.061.59

3.122.47

3.913.48

2.592.99

3.992.2

3.122.64

4.713.4

0.851.18

1.42.75

1.271.85

4.613.19

1.251.93

1.811.65

2.62.64

1.923.45

1.711.85

0.641.07

1.881.3

5.186.91

1.730.88

1.381.29

1.61.52

FR1.611.85

3.625.09

2.172

2.773.15

2.223.33

2.633.17

1.211.44

1.541.82

3.083.92

1.292.15

1.20.89

1.241.95

2.811.03

3.54.18

1.330.87

1.682.07

1.612.69

3.333.77

1.872.63

3.234.03

1.851.87

2.261.96

0.821.19

1.011.43

2.061.91

HR1.462

0.960.24

1.130.31

0.770.42

0.710.78

1.730.97

1.50.45

0.730.38

2.63.82

2.731.23

0.960.67

0.340.72

0.620.67

0.560.77

1.613.42

12.117.96

0.660.25

HU4.083.13

3.361.04

2.783.19

4.414.58

7.665.83

3.345.15

0.950.29

1.221.74

2.351.32

6.044.25

1.311.74

2.194.66

1.643.67

0.732.24

5.332.86

0.820.99

2.291.13

0.872.79

1.934.93

1.931.14

1.493.41

3.336.88

0.681.96

1.041.41

IE0.732.16

11.47

0.81.2

0.891.23

1.534.9

0.431.47

0.790.99

0.441.8

0.880.6

1.071.12

2.42.66

0.442.57

1.230.73

0.620.79

0.381.65

4.253.53

IL0.550.86

0.71.05

2.331.28

2.082.93

1.672.3

0.330.35

1.40.5

1.80.44

1.030.98

0.520.68

2.120.28

0.540.41

0.710.77

0.620.43

0.560.98

0.460.53

IS13.839.97

4.012

2.232.22

4.191.38

IT1.381.55

2.232.92

1.161.29

2.52.33

1.522.47

22.45

0.950.84

1.462.14

2.333.24

0.981.43

2.773.03

2.781.49

1.122.39

1.191.37

1.081.03

1.982.12

1.652.06

1.941.99

1.192.2

6.014.7

1.761.38

2.092.04

0.941.48

0.510.4

1.771.93

LT0.681.17

1.220.24

0.551.18

0.730.3

0.420.96

0.650.81

2.820.76

1.61.65

0.650.37

0.730.69

0.61.87

0.820.85

0.220.47

0.820.33

3.043.76

0.641.59

0.350.66

0.741.57

0.831.53

0.390.41

LU2.414.8

0.62.62

LV1.11.03

1.461.49

3.984.58

1.524.47

2.914.21

2.581.23

3.122.09

0.31.15

1.993.07

6.622.6

0.630.95

12.389.96

0.871.32

1.333.58

3.392.28

2.171.85

1.991.94

2.422.87

MK3.88.2

2.161.13

7.73.36

2.781.78

1.891.66

MT2.13.71

16.7312.78

1.981.6

NL1.872.27

5.126.2

2.532.14

3.292.58

2.612.53

3.413.87

3.192.96

1.652.95

1.942.06

2.582.46

1.71.93

0.340.86

4.292.13

0.741.11

2.562.83

0.30.56

3.14.54

0.761.64

1.31.33

1.462.16

1.762.46

2.231.65

2.281.06

11.76

2.272.9

NO0.360.82

1.010.97

1.061.61

0.550.9

0.761.31

4.333.89

1.321.79

1.280.93

1.212.61

1.031.51

0.370.68

0.410.64

1.351.8

0.680.33

1.993.31

0.760.68

0.230.95

0.820.91

2.273.76

0.310.67

1.30.65

0.281.03

1.822.45

PL1.291.7

1.981.07

0.551.12

1.221.25

21.47

1.762.06

1.061.01

1.040.63

0.830.88

1.341.22

2.291.91

0.420.67

1.480.63

2.440.35

1.771.55

3.083.23

0.571.06

0.90.6

0.670.92

0.951.08

2.071.76

0.361.53

1.141.91

0.330.61

1.541.19

PT1.20.83

2.532.77

2.481.28

2.41.37

1.371.44

2.331.65

4.342.76

6.564.96

0.870.91

1.771.87

2.073.18

1.051.83

1.622.42

1.561.18

0.441.06

1.091.19

1.663.03

1.270.49

0.511.18

0.870.53

1.741.67

RO1.060.53

3.510.66

1.142.5

1.791.03

0.880.75

1.871.4

0.490.29

0.422.46

1.371.12

2.090.72

2.211.46

1.862.34

0.940.45

6.152.78

0.751.12

1.391.11

1.280.63

1.190.85

1.21.95

1.090.47

0.771.56

0.861.52

2.791.79

0.940.72

SE2.053

1.72.26

0.361.12

2.422.84

1.060.73

1.672.2

2.554.64

0.312.04

1.21.54

4.527.98

1.261.49

1.611.19

0.991.76

1.641.7

0.531.15

1.392.58

2.885.73

2.373.04

1.010.66

1.241.06

0.951.15

0.711.11

1.060.68

1.531.9

SI3.132.75

1.821.04

1.871.08

2.022.07

2.475.16

2.242.11

0.550.34

1.40.42

0.170.68

1.891.09

1.531.25

9.579.67

1.383.38

1.051.01

2.122.39

0.821.86

2.091.85

0.480.88

0.442.35

0.722.87

0.80.89

1.890.71

0.761.15

0.530.94

SK4.145.34

1.481.19

2.985.58

3.992.77

17.3617.59

4.014.21

0.931.4

2.732.06

1.071

4.947.92

1.842.39

1.251.76

4.041.66

3.741.05

2.433.64

0.552.08

1.153.23

1.041.03

2.70.73

0.960.15

TR0.220.47

0.220.22

0.880.74

0.060.32

0.120.1

0.380.38

0.130.08

0.130.09

0.270.11

0.190.25

0.190.46

0.260.5

0.130.11

0.240.4

0.110.35

0.110.23

0.210.16

1.010.92

0.30.15

0.290.34

0.450.37

UK0.821.37

1.722.44

0.390.35

1.792

11.46

1.871.99

2.542.8

1.932.13

2.232.8

1.731.57

2.041.98

1.30.51

1.11.35

0.791.07

2.252.66

0.910.82

2.322.94

2.944.09

2.372.21

2.032.13

1.581.84

2.342.31

0.91.26

0.850.14

2.632.01


146

Table LIX Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Environment (including Climate Change & Earth Sciences; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE BG CH CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IE IL IS IT LT LV NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT1.411.47

1.572.85

3.313.66

3.254.17

3.593.41

1.71.83

1.041.72

1.82.77

1.611.69

2.512.98

1.621.49

2.735.78

5.034.81

0.931.37

0.411.27

0.931.12

2.692.92

1.381.55

0.731.04

1.811.99

2.272.58

1.832.73

2.051.78

2.23.54

1.922.32

5.514.06

5.745.79

2.182.24

1.491.48

BE1.41.4

2.171.77

1.831.81

1.621.68

1.942.08

2.392.18

1.21.79

1.711.64

2.252.13

2.251.93

32.94

0.691.66

2.961.9

2.352.19

1.271.07

0.481.37

2.672.25

0.830.65

0.990.96

4.544.29

1.481.56

1.721.61

1.672.01

2.384.83

1.571.59

0.951.55

0.791.29

0.841.51

1.891.74

BG1.594.09

1.912.19

1.913.52

2.466.15

2.172.07

2.962.32

1.143.23

5.17.86

2.292.44

0.512.32

1.211.45

1.23.47

0.831.23

0.610.77

3.993.14

0.522.24

0.811.28

1.081.73

4.865.28

2.31.37

4.016.89

1.131.79

0.422.56

2.164.71

3.873.11

1.441.31

CH2.83.12

1.681.71

1.552.55

1.72.02

3.033.24

2.262.13

1.511.47

1.611.43

1.761.89

1.581.85

2.232.03

1.221.33

1.21.72

1.751.89

1.451.91

0.961.75

2.452.71

0.790.81

1.030.68

2.232.04

1.812.04

1.211.32

1.31.86

1.531.42

1.762.01

1.261.57

0.911.39

1.061.3

2.111.77

CY1.432.28

1.942.54

14.9129.24

2.781.74

0.650.62

5.926.16

2.534.11

3.511

1.680.61

3.315.63

1.542.04

CZ2.393.02

1.171.24

1.813.11

1.471.67

1.571.83

1.251.35

1.62.59

2.572.58

1.451.27

2.492.28

1.581.27

2.211.95

2.923.69

0.851.44

0.870.66

1.081.37

0.762

0.81.21

1.271.14

0.951.63

3.764.63

0.61.92

1.741.45

1.31.54

2.933.4

12.6511.52

0.560.7

10.92

DE3.753.09

2.412.32

2.261.85

3.613.65

2.272.42

2.172.09

1.241.49

1.841.94

1.421.63

1.671.57

1.751.55

2.091.94

2.531.86

1.721.85

2.742.2

1.591.5

2.131.76

1.671.3

1.080.95

2.322.36

22.1

2.11.72

1.771.65

2.672.33

2.011.96

1.762.15

1.441.54

2.872.39

2.081.67

DK1.491.67

2.152.07

2.381.62

2.392.2

1.471.73

1.951.93

0.932.11

2.252.46

2.092.12

3.84.15

1.241.32

0.881.08

1.391.91

2.82.21

0.580.95

4.495.15

1.961.73

1.061.94

2.032.04

2.672.43

3.724.96

1.942.36

1.512.55

0.490.68

4.254.46

1.390.88

0.70.87

0.970.81

2.071.94

EE0.842.02

0.851.88

0.932.23

1.461.82

1.744.08

0.931.69

0.912.5

0.452.45

0.852.21

15.713.29

0.581.18

0.50.73

0.873.63

2.214.1

0.582.23

1.231.72

5.786.78

8.810.97

1.482.32

2.813.09

2.844.22

1.210.33

4.125.33

1.92.68

1.563.12

0.891.17

EL1.151.56

1.090.95

3.222.91

1.210.95

2.232

1.111.22

1.641.51

0.351.15

1.441.72

1.822.25

1.20.99

1.390.63

0.952.12

1.172.26

1.352.47

0.770.44

2.952.42

0.70.81

1.121.17

1.491.15

1.461.68

1.671.9

1.551.76

0.911.13

0.620.34

1.070.7

3.343.27

1.371.29

ES1.051.02

1.631.48

1.511.47

1.321.32

1.311.12

0.870.95

1.51.48

0.711.39

1.491.87

1.021.08

1.321.42

1.090.9

0.811.1

1.491.66

0.631.03

0.740.35

2.262.27

0.671.05

0.440.75

1.831.48

0.940.98

1.090.98

7.77.2

0.71.22

1.211.1

0.791.07

0.531.04

0.840.69

1.731.43

FI1.842.5

1.751.71

0.271.19

1.561.92

2.392.6

1.661.66

3.253.82

10.668.53

2.083.3

1.411.63

0.951.1

1.021.1

1.662.97

3.093.16

0.831.42

1.432.62

1.221.43

3.52.95

2.633.32

1.71.88

3.114.04

2.172.53

1.291.32

0.821.18

5.715.28

0.41.09

0.451.11

0.210.77

1.461.56

FR1.741.45

3.723.43

1.481.52

2.582.34

2.391.83

1.561.48

1.411.52

0.891.23

2.051.72

2.042.39

11.15

0.971.1

1.611.29

1.551.92

2.081.83

2.152.48

2.522.53

0.510.89

0.510.49

1.771.71

1.641.78

1.221.11

2.922.68

2.72.19

1.471.3

1.121.21

1.131.15

2.431.98

2.111.75

HR1.614.14

0.351.04

0.780.86

1.81.99

0.920.91

0.610.78

0.440.63

1.290.87

0.840.68

1.021.04

0.380.46

2.984.65

0.30.47

0.230.59

0.490.73

1.771.68

0.861.11

0.661.03

0.250.2

1.170.86

0.961.97

0.490.61

0.691.61

1.210.63

11.969.76

2.642.82

0.61.24

0.180.33

HU4.124.02

2.251.54

1.211.91

1.061.58

3.334.22

1.541.57

1.311.68

1.072.64

1.223.2

0.871.35

2.033.11

0.930.96

4.564.67

0.861.66

0.931.04

1.892.19

1.852.75

0.480.33

1.471.21

0.750.97

3.24.05

2.241.43

6.366.78

0.71.42

3.753.72

4.864.37

1.671.5

0.991

IE0.731.22

1.741.87

0.60.7

1.721.86

0.91.75

1.421.68

2.652.07

1.983.14

1.443.64

1.882.17

4.013.57

1.151.53

0.340.48

0.711.76

0.331.17

1.10.94

1.642.3

0.712.49

1.893.01

2.292.07

1.082.31

2.131.96

0.520.99

2.693.5

0.530.35

1.51.47

0.680.38

3.493.39

IL0.240.68

0.720.56

0.390.28

0.971.12

0.70.49

1.381.16

0.390.54

1.252.39

0.530.81

0.70.94

10.87

0.240.4

0.670.68

0.270.72

1.421.19

0.780.73

1.060.69

0.861.23

1.10.97

0.170.16

0.641.01

0.370.29

0.980.12

2.42.45

0.840.72

IS0.861.45

0.381.5

1.12.14

1.491.5

5.086.52

0.612.87

1.11.06

1.070.5

2.524.63

1.72.08

0.580.97

1.341.47

1.651.39

0.542.03

0.781.15

6.758.47

0.581.17

0.70.7

4.787.6

2.382.3

IT1.811.79

2.021.62

2.661.77

1.92.01

11.21

1.381.16

1.431.23

1.041.01

3.132.62

2.362.48

0.880.96

1.751.69

2.382.14

1.851.74

1.311.7

1.751.48

1.160.88

0.610.89

0.40.69

1.561.26

1.221.08

1.071.21

1.682.13

2.182.2

1.11

2.492.92

0.781.21

2.621.88

1.531.34

LT0.911.4

0.460.5

0.491.64

0.530.66

0.72.54

0.680.8

0.821.74

6.557.04

0.731.4

0.511.01

4.073.61

0.180.48

1.061.26

1.383.36

0.792.98

0.621.75

0.450.9

7.629.6

0.250.78

1.461.34

3.834.63

0.310.57

1.710.79

2.482.37

0.82.81

0.411.15

1.112.01

0.390.78

LU0.861.89

5.383.69

3.373.08

1.293.04

2.933.6

21.47

0.331.94

3.522.73

2.22

1.041.29

1.511.68

0.892.96

2.955.83

0.981.12

0.760.58

1.181.83

1.941.75

LV1.271.89

1.281.36

2.071.09

1.883.01

1.481.19

4.533.5

21.1521

1.011.35

11.368.85

0.530.5

1.461.68

0.70.76

0.921.39

11.1814.15

1.230.78

4.592.02

5.714.84

1.360.93

3.664.12

2.143.18

4.043.31

0.420.56

MK0.952.65

2.29.38

5.989.68

0.820.76

5.845.74

1.223.98

1.4114.36

1.613.42

0.431.29

MT2.771.62

12.160.65

1.461.49

21.8810.02

9.723.91

0.751.98

3.022.22

3.026.83

0.881.18

4.692.1

2.235.09

0.872.3

NL1.711.82

4.684.41

0.751

2.452.21

1.651.49

2.112.27

2.792.53

1.752

1.671.89

2.692.31

1.861.94

1.681.62

0.450.34

1.911.41

2.173.27

1.321.34

0.771.01

2.21.84

0.451.03

0.730.52

2.282.15

1.631.68

2.933.31

2.142.14

1.952.15

1.260.9

0.691.32

0.651.33

2.532.04

NO1.962

1.361.31

0.791.02

1.961.88

1.11.77

1.951.8

3.664.3

2.622.11

2.011.57

1.381.3

3.423.61

1.581.46

1.611.06

0.790.92

2.251.83

1.551.02

5.35.56

1.751.37

1.831.29

1.770.97

2.251.84

2.41.72

0.831.35

0.991.56

4.374.53

0.930.83

0.941.24

0.71.11

2.712.14

PL0.921.1

0.890.7

2.361.6

0.720.63

2.572.61

1.040.75

1.111.06

1.731.5

1.161.2

0.850.66

1.431.19

0.590.46

0.831.24

2.022

0.671.07

0.740.95

0.310.4

0.810.79

3.042.29

1.621.2

0.880.74

1.380.89

0.420.69

1.841.22

1.20.99

1.321.28

4.242.79

0.611.05

0.820.64

PT1.151.11

0.911.27

1.350.72

0.841.24

0.461.7

0.880.92

0.971.72

1.472.17

6.36.4

1.040.99

1.391.4

0.470.61

1.511.17

1.581.52

1.041.21

0.470.42

1.331.85

0.260.47

1.682.04

0.541.03

0.461.02

0.850.67

0.890.9

1.640.99

0.161.01

0.590.94

1.461.56

RO2.291.64

2.162.14

4.242.65

1.90.66

2.440.95

2.540.87

0.620.33

1.570.16

2.521.51

1.070.72

1.560.68

2.220.75

1.021.09

6.634.14

0.750.58

0.280.15

3.281.31

1.950.45

0.740.32

2.310.93

1.370.86

3.861.32

1.490.47

1.330.8

1.930.96

5.931.69

1.421.13

1.140.46

SE1.672.1

1.481.57

0.881.25

1.882.17

1.541.96

1.871.95

4.174.53

4.084.3

1.241.82

1.731.7

6.075.5

1.391.24

1.80.93

0.791.58

2.723.64

0.981.78

3.985.94

1.541.48

3.482.72

1.612.36

1.892.15

4.275.29

2.082.23

1.41.39

1.031.71

1.740.95

1.211.31

0.080.8

2.121.87

SI3.823.69

0.581.25

0.372.05

0.931.31

2.834.42

0.861.32

1.130.81

2.052.9

0.680.6

0.71.06

0.461.3

0.50.66

14.8112.48

2.984.69

0.560.43

0.420.54

2.092.97

0.823.15

1.272.43

0.80.69

0.780.86

1.772.62

2.031.26

1.611.8

1.340.83

2.793.51

0.281.54

0.410.61

SK4.525.58

0.561.13

1.83.46

0.831.33

13.5415.5

11.2

0.660.86

1.593.09

1.321.26

0.611.23

0.591.39

0.70.79

3.223.5

4.15.45

1.641.76

1.240.22

0.871.49

0.411.21

1.872.12

0.551.17

0.931.43

6.676.22

0.221.38

4.73.25

1.141.27

2.773.42

0.271.28

0.50.66

TR0.550.67

0.210.47

1.341

0.270.39

0.20.31

0.480.54

0.270.27

1.341.82

0.260.27

0.070.27

0.420.44

0.340.76

0.60.64

0.260.16

1.111.59

0.770.7

0.621.03

0.150.37

0.180.39

0.290.73

0.290.48

0.470.88

0.020.24

0.130.72

0.110.54

0.60.42

UK1.421.33

2.121.91

1.71.35

2.081.87

1.361.23

1.491.44

2.052.08

1.331.16

2.092.06

2.242.23

1.271.47

1.751.61

0.450.81

1.651.26

4.333.98

1.591.41

2.912.71

1.831.83

1.121.48

0.430.57

2.261.97

2.352.4

1.461.41

2.792.84

1.341.31

1.891.8

0.921.12

0.770.93

3.251.83


147

Table LX Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Aeronautics (or Space; 2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


DE ES FR IT NL UK

AT4.152.78

21.5

2.051.84

2.612.29

2.982.73

1.732.29

BE1.532.03

1.482.96

3.574.8

3.011.51

4.564.53

1.121.76

BG1.280.92

0.331.15

0.160.54

1.980.88

CH6.814.13

1.21.33

2.552.67

4.373.05

3.74.56

2.381.55

CZ12.04

0.962.39

0.931.76

1.641.46

0.841.59

0.781.4

DE2.82.96

2.693.04

2.32.3

2.952.92

2.061.78

DK1.861.33

0.981.32

1.431.62

1.932.02

2.591.91

1.772.61

EL1.911.19

1.030.89

1.580.41

1.782.25

1.440.71

1.931.29

ES2.452.16

2.141.86

2.683.03

3.313.85

1.351.03

FI1.411.17

1.750.71

1.411.02

2.572.15

1.770.69

1.980.53

FR2.282.71

2.552.34

2.783.52

3.33.05

1.841.99

HU1.860.86

1.161.66

0.30.71

0.372.01

1.191.3

IE2.811.56

1.721.28

0.880.3

1.391.29

1.731.19

1.62.13

IL0.230.9

0.670.24

0.290.41

0.690.6

1.20.15

0.110.17

IT1.991.62

2.743.24

2.712.82

2.852.81

1.542.07

LT1.751.26

LU2.783.18

4.52.93

LV2.080.94

MT4.551.21

NL3.233.43

3.634.81

3.873.76

3.434.15

2.552.45

NO1.481.47

0.211.6

1.220.74

0.661.08

1.181.85

PL1.171.26

1.041.38

1.140.77

0.40.53

0.751.51

1.380.99

PT0.331.18

2.221.32

0.530.6

0.590.45

5.691.41

0.261.6

RO0.520.36

0.570.41

1.071.77

SE3.242.14

1.60.78

1.541.24

1.811.49

2.362.16

1.332.03

SI0.812.02

SK1.190.63

0.360.69

1.842.06

TR0.220.32

0.350.5

0.20.43

0.530.73

UK1.621.35

1.491.19

1.781.74

1.482.33

1.971.62


148

Table LXI Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Automobiles (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


DE FR UK

AT4.723.25

0.360.58

0.320.39

BE0.292.29

1.630.98

CH3.691.16

0.510.89

1.930.37

CZ1.410.85

DE1.521.31

1.791.37

DK0.71.37

0.681.08

EL1.522.4

2.560.29

2.220.99

ES1.161.99

1.62.58

1.280.72

FI2.022.26

0.210.64

0.50.62

FR1.440.99

2.361.15

HR4.82.92

1.651.53

HU1.190.5

0.350.97

0.310.46

IE1.710.52

0.441

IT1.841.17

1.092.01

1.91.23

LU1.353.49

NL0.792.19

0.760.29

1.021.59

NO1.040.49

1.451.27

0.451.56

PL0.383.32

0.530.4

PT0.30.75

1.171.84

SE1.261.98

0.711.43

SI1.091.7

2.991.8

TR0.361.11

1.40.81

UK1.691.56

2.271.71


149

Table LXII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Other Transport Technologies (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE CH CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR IE IT NL NO PL PT RO SE TR UK

AT 0.910.18

2.223.5

3.116.08

4.945.64

0.551.12

0.730.69

0.420.38

0.440.71

2.971.5

0.432.12

3.182.75

0.390.92

0.92.86

1.220.73

0.941.34

BE 1.030.22

1.173.19

1.81.8

0.692.92

3.563.78

2.661.47

1.962.48

2.953.37

2.472.65

1.952.14

9.026.84

2.142.05

0.983.48

22.31

0.961.21

1.151.49

0.930.4

1.171.35

BG 1.781.32

1.383.03

2.522.72

7.996.72

1.961.59

0.221.81

1.661.86

0.870.62

0.841.22

2.799.06

10.857.97

1.365.17

1.471.89

CH 2.273.4

1.12.68

1.151.18

6.945.86

4.271.75

2.953.15

2.340.65

0.932.06

1.612.11

3.314.22

0.992.19

1.132.13

0.922.52

0.272.16

0.911.16

1.362.18

1.641.56

CY 1.840.48

11.917.35

1.342.94

CZ 3.565.05

1.351.05

1.652.47

0.321.27

1.111.32

1.411.16

1.171.94

2.261.09

1.31.63

2.792.6

0.930.78

1.671.03

DE 6.296.93

2.011.99

7.125.51

1.793.49

1.581.22

3.62.9

2.422.91

2.091.91

1.491.65

2.081.14

2.352.29

1.922.77

1.251.53

2.552.43

0.731.19

2.081.08

2.162.43

1.181.74

1.651.69

DK 0.742.22

5.121.79

1.441.31

0.692.27

1.740.94

2.490.86

0.630.81

0.632.2

0.211.42

1.941.07

5.529.22

0.771.59

1.953.62

4.877.86

1.161.65

EE 0.481.04

3.13.07

1.220.82

EL 0.30.83

1.832.35

1.62.31

2.071.97

0.311.7

0.840.95

1.441.73

1.141

0.360.35

1.881.74

2.691.85

1.041.52

0.420.49

0.491.05

0.281.51

1.151.38

1.341.12

2.352.31

ES 0.740.69

2.31.22

2.040.55

0.291.53

1.61.98

1.520.87

1.291.16

0.711.15

0.81.96

0.890.44

2.542.73

0.581.11

0.510.72

1.030.9

5.314.71

1.10.25

1.591.39

1.431.83

FI 0.550.41

2.32.1

1.232.55

1.281.71

2.21.84

2.681.16

3.62.66

0.91.23

0.471.16

0.650.75

1.921.87

3.23.74

1.524.88

0.42.79

3.275.66

5.162.48

1.531.6

FR 0.681.1

3.754.53

1.852.36

1.932.13

1.351.64

0.860.96

2.191.76

1.283.21

0.551.62

1.391.95

2.532.23

2.032.84

1.571.34

2.182.58

2.42.44

3.543.09

1.792.36

0.460.49

1.671.54

HR 1.150.4

0.251.01

0.561.13

0.310.2

2.161.12

0.290.57

0.680.5

0.310.2

1.623.1

0.270.63

HU 1.442.61

3.051.67

1.661.82

1.32.33

0.781.74

0.990.31

0.590.19

2.11.12

1.592.41

0.711.15

2.230.81

0.440.42

IE 2.261.66

1.70.9

0.532.02

0.70.39

0.890.37

0.510.51

0.911.17

3.773.99

1.130.55

0.390.98

0.50.46

0.640.92

0.510.64

2.923.83

IL 1.070.27

0.240.88

1.231.7

0.420.74

1.081.04

2.161.68

0.420.27

0.470.47

0.260.58

1.942.07

0.540.84

IS 1.940.87

3.236.32

0.891.03

IT 2.451.32

1.411.7

2.243.01

0.831.93

1.471.9

0.150.96

2.181.92

2.383.04

1.191.33

1.681.83

3.013.57

1.422.07

1.81.5

1.291.9

1.472.26

1.912.39

1.371.5

0.451.07

1.321.84

LI 6.4110.08

2.524.55

LT 0.271.57

0.690.54

0.41.13

0.371.36

0.20.2

0.140.19

1.422.3

0.330.83

0.360.35

0.170.37

LU 2.834.48

3.744.53

1.910.73

2.046.48

2.058.52

2.390.31

LV 7.060.78

0.720.64

1.220.75

1.621.95

MT 5.256.49

NL 0.452.41

8.856.6

0.992.23

1.891.46

2.22.6

1.641.12

4.862.69

0.761.38

2.383.75

2.232.38

1.090.73

2.452.53

2.043.15

0.940.66

3.252.83

0.60.94

1.774.17

0.781.51

2.692.8

NO 1.961.34

1.081.62

0.951.07

4.887.2

1.821.58

0.530.61

1.223.34

1.060.79

2.151.4

1.822.25

1.591.41

1.580.8

0.90.91

2.434.47

1.691.88

PL 2.421.14

0.651.25

0.620.95

0.870.79

1.410.92

0.50.6

0.510.27

0.810.44

0.230.99

1.140.88

0.290.46

1.130.93

0.570.25

1.180.74

1.490.63

0.650.76

0.310.08

0.210.13

0.720.53

PT 0.350.64

1.641.42

0.241.6

2.042.08

0.651.02

1.392.53

0.81.06

5.344.25

1.881.77

0.410.36

1.962.54

2.922.11

1.430.78

1.961.28

1.942.72

1.361.55

RO 0.880.87

0.910.98

1.950.76

0.521.74

1.180.22

2.791.8

2.72.3

0.620.72

0.891

0.921.56

2.253.14

1.574.3

1.040.77

SE 1.252.91

1.341.26

1.62.03

1.190.95

1.771.96

5.927.74

2.371.8

2.091.48

3.595.21

1.381.65

0.911.12

1.841.61

1.783.67

3.125.61

0.520.19

0.440.77

1.231.5

SI 7.715.08

2.90.27

1.350.38

1.381.77

2.291.4

0.790.46

2.260.85

0.10.6

1.41.56

0.71.25

0.321.3

1.170.27

0.830.67

SK 4.811.52

1.480.81

8.9924.4

4.432.64

1.710.75

0.860.14

1.851.51

1.245.91

7.581.23

0.570.99

1.570.68

TR 0.710.45

0.480.2

0.530.73

1.240.86

2.281.47

0.190.18

0.290.49

0.320.59

0.370.75

0.170.17

0.852.99

0.210.45

0.80.69

UK 1.572.07

1.661.89

2.041.72

2.461.84

1.822

1.741.81

4.814.15

2.743.4

1.962.1

2.181.91

4.825.96

2.422.57

2.643.62

2.873.3

1.631.66

1.842.08

1.41.38

1.962.31

2.222.09


150

Table LXIII Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Socio-Economic Sciences (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE CH CY CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR HU IE IL IT LT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK

AT1.271.46

3.166.18

1.130.77

2.261.76

5.917.17

1.552.73

0.820.78

0.991.73

0.551.82

1.331.21

0.512.51

0.231.59

0.60.72

2.433.01

2.092.36

1.12.18

3.452.95

0.740.91

1.193.08

1.062.3

1.133.55

4.384.44

1.151.22

1.031.32

BE1.421.55

2.012.53

0.211.08

2.312.44

1.221.76

1.022.02

2.662.37

1.511.39

6.435.28

4.635.96

2.11.22

1.531.36

3.442.86

0.283.08

8.718.75

0.733.1

0.51.43

1.42.03

0.890.94

1.511.51

1.41.18

2.51.24

0.950.59

1.331.71

BG9.334.78

2.061.17

10.588.24

0.842.24

1.152.95

0.310.41

1.313.05

5.599.33

1.32.86

1.472.16

1.222.87

1.693.37

1.442.42

1.121.01

CH3.075.36

1.732.12

1.140.48

2.560.94

6.028.09

2.142.36

1.061.58

1.081.57

1.450.9

4.054.17

0.771.41

0.941.18

0.530.57

2.63.45

0.290.31

1.552.25

1.531.67

0.521.2

0.41.27

0.310.38

2.452.45

1.740.8

0.570.32

0.560.6

1.51.82

CY0.90.55

0.850.39

0.381.43

12.222.29

0.420.86

0.380.23

0.120.37

0.692.14

0.412.21

0.880.54

0.641.23

0.330.46

0.510.56

0.851.63

0.340.51

0.830.6

2.47.87

2.332.4

CZ1.61.04

0.110.53

1.60.58

0.831.48

0.40.57

0.461.14

0.490.42

0.170.45

0.860.92

3.442.81

10.39

0.420.16

0.680.7

0.940.53

0.340.5

0.480.57

2.185.33

0.520.31

0.980.49

0.982.12

8.8818.84

0.260.99

0.440.67

DE5.166.74

2.032.63

6.39.73

0.381.44

1.563.22

2.253.7

1.42.07

1.831.84

1.221.84

2.232.34

2.251.77

1.691.58

33.11

2.612.92

1.371.01

2.743.41

1.51.84

2.363.22

2.582.91

1.212.54

1.462.24

1.260.96

1.032.84

0.911.46

1.21.92

DK1.422.53

1.011.48

2.042.43

0.520.96

2.393.02

1.350.91

1.310.94

3.242.36

0.781.39

0.240.2

0.621.11

0.960.93

1.322.28

1.741.12

1.282.31

4.495.87

0.851.3

1.191.09

4.885.9

0.350.73

0.711.06

1.41.95

EE1.961.51

2.632.1

0.811.03

0.730.83

0.361.37

7.59.29

1.832.75

0.780.9

0.291.74

1.112.54

0.851.23

0.631.62

1.20.86

1.340.77

EL0.620.41

0.641.03

0.770.98

14.3415.41

0.541.01

0.911.23

1.10.53

1.181.32

1.131.22

1.060.92

0.980.21

1.512.6

0.430.76

1.261.56

1.430.39

0.630.84

0.630.73

1.10.85

1.761.35

1.141.19

1.160.67

0.360.25

0.351.23

0.911.01

2.442.15

ES0.741.29

1.811.85

0.871.4

0.430.83

0.720.71

1.281.2

1.050.87

1.391.77

0.560.71

1.841.52

0.380.51

1.31.02

1.651.47

2.842.79

0.421.21

1.591.75

0.680.94

0.570.89

3.064.48

0.642.11

0.881.22

1.41.7

0.810.96

1.010.66

1.161.26

FI0.51.5

1.271.08

1.410.84

0.430.27

0.230.68

1.281.43

3.252.15

1.451.87

0.720.73

1.091.25

0.851.2

0.711.21

1.080.8

1.511.43

1.581.34

1.621.71

2.852.13

1.331.29

1.931.12

10.41

4.695.66

0.322.15

2.181.03

0.780.47

1.071.09

FR1.071.09

4.634.98

3.494.46

0.150.45

1.571.94

1.441.78

0.661.55

1.431.49

1.891.79

0.91.45

0.71.56

1.011.31

1.672.06

2.672.96

1.21.7

1.071.35

0.630.8

0.791.94

1.122.38

1.373.62

0.851.62

0.81.36

0.981.1

0.911.29

HR2.570.63

0.280.46

0.640.61

0.590.4

0.240.44

0.410.23

0.750.21

0.812.2

0.730.75

0.750.18

0.560.45

0.390.13

13.511.92

0.520.35

HU0.51.96

3.483.9

0.661.17

4.413.33

1.731.3

0.250.15

1.120.32

0.360.44

0.841.05

0.521.09

0.820.54

0.512.16

2.441.75

0.540.66

0.781.17

0.590.46

2.24

0.311.58

0.592.03

1.070.55

3.424.88

1.66.77

0.70.72

IE0.151.11

1.160.82

0.60.97

0.621.96

0.910.45

1.091.29

0.430.84

1.253.49

1.021.03

0.491.05

0.71.09

0.550.46

1.30.36

1.211.82

0.781.27

0.991.37

0.721.56

0.250.56

1.011.15

0.690.88

1.20.83

0.210.87

2.472.9

IL0.320.39

0.70.67

0.290.34

0.351.85

0.40.17

1.361.42

0.550.55

0.330.76

1.040.91

0.60.51

0.961.06

0.361.69

1.160.28

0.70.74

0.280.66

1.020.91

0.570.82

0.320.14

0.370.6

0.580.61

0.360.49

0.270.34

0.661.1

0.790.96

IS1.310.56

0.691.35

9.046.96

2.853.12

0.80.21

0.880.81

0.540.83

0.40.73

8.198.24

1.060.68

1.84.33

2.622.28

IT2.212.43

2.922.4

2.583.36

1.020.55

1.121.16

2.52.36

1.32.2

1.772.31

3.653.21

1.481.49

3.382.88

2.882

1.842

1.371.25

1.151.55

2.352.39

1.371.93

1.282.16

2.092.4

1.661.76

1.671.85

22.08

0.450.43

0.830.62

1.751.99

LI17.576.82

7.585.69

LT0.271.39

0.310.19

1.410.49

1.270.44

2.490.63

1.960.46

0.460.63

2.10.85

0.940.7

0.650.57

1.521.2

0.450.6

1.210.89

1.230.69

1.811.08

30.81

2.741.33

2.730.52

2.250.16

2.640.58

0.81

1.551.15

0.370.41

LU4.080.62

12.5913.62

1.420.97

2.585.38

2.941.26

3.50.49

6.066.44

3.791.02

1.041.29

4.641.89

3.53.16

2.50.55

4.482.23

1.151.08

LV2.081.42

0.80.58

0.990.33

2.051.54

3.143.4

1.150.52

1.9614.71

0.890.61

1.470.78

1.852.28

2.051.79

1.080.59

MK2.632.32

3.862.26

1.120.29

1.811.99

0.30.69

MT0.621.36

2.955.93

1.642.27

1.410.91

3.221.78

3.142.28

NL22.46

7.999.59

1.682.82

0.761.61

0.651.15

2.813.34

1.312.96

0.981.59

2.272.56

1.672.32

1.561.67

1.041.8

1.631.91

2.222.04

2.543

1.351.71

1.562.76

1.022.04

1.842.51

2.541.97

1.562.18

1.271.88

0.371.07

1.392.37

1.532.09

NO11.8

0.582.41

1.41.57

0.430.55

0.70.86

1.31.42

4.425.34

0.791.13

0.770.97

2.742.13

0.650.69

0.630.52

1.071.82

0.961.27

1.271.85

1.581.7

1.312.03

0.570.73

1.631.41

5.747.32

0.310.7

1.250.85

1.11.48

PL3.542.23

0.390.88

0.470.93

2.966.75

1.921.86

0.940.97

1.331.22

0.570.64

1.381.07

0.641.14

2.324.32

0.390.63

0.480.17

1.151.63

2.591.12

0.811.12

0.560.61

1.491.13

2.852.06

1.170.79

2.732.23

1.034.98

0.890.87

0.790.95

PT0.780.82

1.21.57

0.391.23

0.820.88

0.740.48

2.442.14

1.341.02

2.262.3

3.514.27

2.111.16

1.081.86

0.342.03

1.621.51

0.620.93

2.082.28

2.312.27

1.671.77

1.711.46

1.521.42

1.521.68

1.350.58

0.482.09

0.920.49

0.771.08

1.951.93

RO2.621.41

1.380.34

0.520.18

3.521.54

2.110.77

2.341.03

1.170.84

2.240.2

1.751.18

0.981.44

1.440.45

2.980.74

3.310.5

4.120.6

4.511.35

2.610.84

1.270.66

3.361.09

2.381.36

1.040.24

SE0.922.01

1.241.3

2.342.5

0.330.61

1.360.83

1.561.87

4.65.91

1.471.09

1.151.4

4.476.16

1.11.56

1.040.68

0.971.07

0.660.85

1.71.93

1.620.28

1.521.77

5.877.99

1.091.06

1.180.63

0.260.89

0.260.28

0.511.13

1.271.46

SI0.742.11

0.690.55

0.980.48

1.040.73

0.872.07

0.590.42

0.250.42

0.280.29

0.840.92

0.211.38

0.370.59

2.44.18

1.210.74

1.091.2

1.60.62

0.60.77

1.821.72

0.311.28

0.590.76

0.180.51

2.121.4

0.310.2

0.210.51

SK4.293.04

1.750.65

0.460.22

10.6917.97

0.691.68

0.371.66

0.670.63

2.110.75

1.555.91

0.340.35

0.350.3

0.660.94

0.250.55

0.270.51

0.953.69

0.840.31

2.221.17

0.260.19

2.851.3

0.813.3

0.690.74

TR0.70.4

0.470.18

0.320.22

2.524.13

0.260.7

0.430.35

0.460.4

0.750.6

0.650.24

0.490.18

0.540.33

0.20.39

0.680.7

0.460.21

1.040.97

0.670.6

0.790.34

0.640.5

0.50.47

1.111.33

0.310.39

0.350.15

0.682.36

0.790.49

UK1.181.32

1.622.04

2.222.33

3.062.6

1.421.92

1.491.66

1.72.75

5.763.67

2.361.93

1.331.53

2.181.72

1.521.21

5.423.6

2.72.42

2.452.39

0.731.4

1.952.07

1.832.09

1.62.21

3.153.27

1.041.14

1.471.82

0.791.63

1.91.75

2.752.36


151

Table LXIV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Humanities (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


AT BE CH CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR HR HU IE IL IT NL NO PL RO SE UK

AT0.70.68

3.532.38

6.332.77

2.493.51

0.391.02

1.962.29

0.661.31

0.851

0.541

0.814.5

1.412.46

0.620.6

0.750.67

3.042.24

0.851.37

1.270.46

1.462.66

1.944.41

1.090.51

0.831.01

BE0.610.51

1.041.12

0.440.61

0.981.18

0.91.15

0.830.49

0.670.53

0.990.76

2.042.46

0.510.75

1.080.32

1.321.24

0.620.22

1.221.25

3.294.03

0.340.67

1.961.17

2.042.11

0.390.69

11

BG1.571.27

1.433.02

0.910.71

1.75.13

2.352.82

3.772.53

0.660.91

1.561.4

1.772.03

0.881.19

0.791.18

1.181.48

0.380.99

1.822.18

0.562.73

0.941.21

CH4.533.02

1.611.94

0.581.76

3.483.61

0.92.15

1.321.11

0.841.41

0.610.98

3.283.3

0.610.78

1.561.68

1.821.05

3.693.59

1.932.5

1.732.14

1.042.45

0.351.4

2.131.89

1.461.54

CY10.112.79

0.521.14

CZ3.361.79

0.310.52

0.260.88

1.31.28

0.170.34

0.590.47

0.630.91

0.371.29

0.963.09

0.280.82

0.960.22

0.830.39

1.62.66

0.870.8

0.270.55

0.530.62

DE3.74.84

2.042.65

4.014.19

2.642.95

1.812.27

1.292.16

1.661.65

0.651.54

1.932.07

0.761.71

2.152.46

0.891.18

1.82.45

1.922.11

2.422.67

1.522.12

1.422.18

2.042.01

1.562.04

1.571.72

DK0.51.13

1.441.86

0.941.97

0.410.6

1.942.1

0.360.6

0.51

3.664.01

1.021.19

0.980.8

2.020.78

1.030.38

1.551.63

2.192.02

6.775.36

1.351.58

0.90.76

7.866.27

2.412.3

EE1.060.83

0.11.2

0.862.29

0.440.47

6.967.43

0.450.81

0.690.92

0.470.9

1.321.7

0.931.78

6.593.81

0.930.83

EL1.62.03

0.820.56

0.880.77

0.851.39

0.240.49

1.181.17

1.131.12

1.230.76

2.243.38

1.761.93

0.910.92

0.770.3

1.130.37

0.190.39

1.81.69

ES0.571.01

0.710.6

0.540.87

0.740.59

0.80.8

0.290.6

1.131.03

0.110.47

2.021.81

1.010.67

1.131.83

0.261.09

2.472.84

0.971.37

0.340.92

0.650.68

0.770.18

0.40.73

0.821.05

FI0.90.91

1.150.88

0.490.69

0.440.94

3.083.3

0.120.52

0.350.44

0.440.93

0.342

0.680.36

2.151.79

3.083.29

1.611.47

3.524.37

1.051.18

FR0.751.21

3.624.31

3.323.13

1.181.8

1.411.39

0.881.08

1.661.58

3.272.63

0.50.65

0.870.74

1.311.04

0.790.73

2.021.19

3.212.99

1.081.38

0.441.11

1.511.18

3.22.33

0.331.01

1.071.05

HR0.481.89

0.310.41

0.260.25

0.390.84

0.220.45

0.260.44

0.280.23

0.963.12

0.670.32

0.430.94

0.830.4

0.290.09

0.440.42

0.380.26

HU1.381.36

1.10.23

1.140.73

1.842.63

1.220.99

0.780.4

1.540.48

0.990.48

0.750.48

1.474.09

0.770.62

0.960.7

1.270.33

0.431.28

2.271

3.612.44

0.420.21

0.550.52

IE0.620.39

1.391.07

0.540.82

0.510.59

1.60.46

1.141.59

0.321.4

0.460.4

0.790.73

1.721.61

0.140.68

1.371.14

0.552.45

1.10.74

2.082.36

IL0.350.34

0.350.16

0.660.43

0.540.9

0.360.17

1.231.95

0.140.75

0.690.54

0.580.4

0.490.65

0.861.26

0.530.59

0.450.68

0.270.08

0.110.35

0.190.14

0.440.66

IS0.520.65

0.920.88

15.0415.35

1.762.57

0.781.22

0.890.89

8.524.25

5.29.01

3.322.61

IT2.841.76

1.461.45

2.652.27

1.390.27

1.161.11

0.991.04

1.821.73

2.92.99

0.630.33

2.412.14

0.811.92

1.340.48

0.150.8

1.080.89

1.541.85

0.670.64

1.060.69

0.681.12

0.940.97

1.081.17

LT0.831.16

3.651.57

0.70.55

0.580.86

1.991.89

0.410.89

0.711.55

4.324.39

1.783.29

0.50.45

LU4.690.9

1.423

3.112.57

0.561.77

LV1.362.39

2.85.53

2.455.36

0.480.41

2.491.12

1.466.75

2.374.13

1.071.4

MT0.560.49

2.73.44

NL0.951.37

4.955.9

1.732.02

1.460.63

2.051.83

1.721.67

1.111.04

1.521.85

2.352.06

1.121.26

1.881.03

0.522.32

1.681.71

1.131.32

2.012.39

1.661.51

1.251.01

0.941.03

1.861.84

1.941.78

NO1.530.55

0.491.05

1.661.99

1.361.68

6.395.65

0.521.35

3.54.43

0.421.03

0.710.19

0.910.92

1.881.72

0.771.23

0.921.23

6.115.84

2.562.52

PL1.32.11

2.031.2

0.691.47

2.33.3

0.711

0.851.04

0.790.27

0.640.61

1.421.34

0.890.67

0.490.17

2.281.44

0.20.51

0.920.61

0.850.71

0.540.82

0.561.88

0.670.85

0.480.8

PT0.491.85

1.220.79

0.280.38

1.891.93

0.790.91

1.962.44

5.676.99

0.50.27

1.921.78

1.641.89

1.610.96

0.290.17

0.820.42

0.631.5

1.431.23

RO1.972.02

2.161.31

0.280.51

1.910.57

1.340.64

0.790.31

1.510.19

0.820.11

2.010.88

0.650.47

3.562.03

0.531.73

0.710.64

0.870.46

0.810.47

0.581.11

1.280.91

0.720.35

SE1.340.57

0.631.1

2.141.69

0.590.97

1.581.69

7.36.03

0.270.48

0.71.12

4.15.39

0.381.03

0.520.43

1.381.24

0.530.3

1.411.42

2.242.1

6.145.53

1.051.28

1.432.22

2.282.19

SI0.491.5

0.310.51

0.841.77

3.840.69

0.180.45

0.40.61

0.760.69

0.20.95

0.50.29

0.250.48

15.0810.93

1.781.4

0.951.16

2.040.36

0.830.45

0.330.32

SK2.051.73

0.260.2

5.338.76

0.710.61

0.550.79

0.390.3

0.170.27

1.72.06

0.70.52

0.210.42

TR1.060.16

0.291.18

0.680.56

0.380.24

0.393.07

0.750.55

1.052.35

1.110.64

0.480.46

0.520.55

0.210.44

0.320.35

0.481.12

0.150.39

0.520.6

UK1.051.25

1.871.95

1.411.54

0.821.28

1.281.24

1.772.05

2.222.41

1.491.71

1.371.79

1.291.23

1.20.88

0.871.16

3.314.26

1.241.51

1.51.77

1.832.09

2.332.87

0.861.58

0.970.95

1.762.19


152

Table LXV Matrix of pairwise collaboration affinity between ERA countries overall in Security (2004–2007 vs. 2008–2011)


BE CH DE DK EL ES FI FR IT NL PT SE TR UK

AT1.451.4

3.683.25

3.134.79

0.790.5

1.011.51

0.81.5

2.243.27

2.750.4

1.420.44

1.390.94

0.841.7

BE1.891.53

2.331.37

0.561.64

1.281.12

0.872.55

0.971.79

2.642.43

1.121.3

2.596.51

0.460.43

0.70.71

1.471.84

1.071.78

BG3.151.19

2.361.14

1.991.03

0.83.55

1.341.08

2.922.06

2.231.97

0.810.7

CH1.781.23

3.342.26

0.711

1.060.43

1.391.33

0.820.75

1.872.97

1.692.98

1.91.53

0.790.96

1.80.85

0.420.87

1.461.18

CY5.9811.56

CZ1.330.4

1.250.36

1.540.5

1.940.73

0.510.65

0.720.84

0.990.79

1.380.87

0.670.46

0.80.5

DE2.831.76

4.193

2.032.27

1.871.46

1.451.76

1.932.43

2.141.69

1.43.08

2.913.79

1.671.62

2.31.68

1.661.64

2.272.11

DK0.771.45

1.071.28

2.51.93

1.450.38

2.241.06

2.712.2

1.80.7

1.290.9

3.013.4

2.521.23

3.831.37

1.971.98

EE0.970.67

1.864.66

0.881.06

1.161.18

EL1.090.89

0.950.4

1.310.96

0.860.3

0.470.67

2.260.34

1.551.37

1.391.87

1.221.47

0.371.35

0.550.5

1.141.76

2.061.86

ES0.852.24

1.411.17

1.181.2

1.480.81

0.540.69

1.730.73

1.892.15

2.572.39

1.391.45

3.24.88

0.871.49

0.290.64

1.671.74

FI0.891.43

0.830.84

1.621.71

1.812.06

2.550.37

1.80.78

0.950.34

1.550.53

1.221.25

1.140.6

2.614.52

1.490.35

FR2.753.02

1.943.48

1.661.39

1.270.81

1.821.82

1.822.51

10.49

1.983.59

1.051.54

1.531.06

1.330.99

0.250.79

2.081.37

HR0.681.78

0.830.42

1.940.87

1.170.37

0.841.36

HU0.790.6

2.043.53

0.981.09

0.660.49

IE1.20.81

0.350.7

0.451.3

0.330.86

0.471.56

0.760.75

2.953.18

IL0.290.6

0.31.07

0.260.4

0.290.82

0.190.18

0.320.13

0.290.64

0.380.23

IS2.250.79

IT1.251.47

1.883.07

1.192.28

0.950.92

1.762.24

2.72.5

1.690.68

2.23.29

1.251.43

0.992.65

0.930.6

0.731.85

2.031.36

LT0.560.61

0.780.87

LU2.951.54

NL3.085.05

2.431.45

3.182.83

2.422.47

1.81.56

1.861.65

1.411.05

1.441.34

1.611.43

1.041.13

1.571.3

1.781.31

3.33

NO0.260.93

0.892.54

0.441.58

1.832.5

0.230.99

0.581.8

1.421.06

1.331.18

0.971.18

1.420.79

2.893.69

0.720.53

1.271.57

PL1.220.92

0.750.33

1.651.03

0.770.6

1.070.79

0.570.93

0.210.82

0.790.42

0.810.96

0.80.37

0.40.65

PT0.360.27

0.660.82

1.051.09

1.460.75

0.341.26

2.515.12

1.010.42

1.110.81

0.682.33

0.681.05

0.720.32

1.020.33

1.121.44

RO1.461.39

2.971.26

1.372.61

1.850.69

2.281.63

1.180.41

0.891.5

1.721.05

0.620.65

1.070.69

1.180.59

SE0.670.56

1.80.86

1.731.16

2.671.18

0.610.53

0.821.53

2.794.3

1.170.73

0.760.49

1.221.39

0.880.4

0.911.32

SI0.70.6

0.860.28

2.152.1

1.10.39

0.420.24

0.40.76

0.571.25

0.550.56

SK10.69

2.140.57

1.111.98

1.821.69

4.412.1

0.660.99

0.971.32

2.437.51

0.920.66

TR0.670.92

0.190.44

0.550.57

0.580.99

0.120.32

0.10.32

0.270.82

0.580.66

0.610.19

0.820.56

UK1.292.02

1.681.24

1.911.85

1.541.83

2.712.41

1.742.22

1.720.41

2.371.58

2.041.75

2.483.15

1.841.59

1.231.6

2.41.51

European Commission

EUR 26117 - “Intra-European Cooperation Compared to International Collaboration of the ERA Countries”

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union

2013 — i-xi, 152 pp — 21 x 29,7 cm

ISBN 978-92-79-32714-8doi:10.2777/33467

How to obtain EU publications

Free publications:• one copy:

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from the European Union’s representations (http://ec.europa.eu/represent_en.htm); from the delegations in non-EU countries (http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/index_en.htm); by contacting the Europe Direct service (http://europa.eu/europedirect/index_en.htm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) (*). (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you).

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(http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm).

Within the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), a strong emphasis has been placed on sponsoring collaborative research within Europe (and beyond) as a way to increase Europe’s competitiveness within the global knowledge based economy. In particular, the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 are expected to foster the achievement of complex research challenges requiring pan-European efforts, to improve research excellence in Europe, as well as to reduce the fragmentation of the European research landscape, thereby contributing to the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA) - an open space for knowledge and growth.

To support the monitoring of collaborative research and its effect under FP7, this report provides in depth analyses of the collaboration patterns of European countries (i.e., those within the ERA; Israel is also covered), as well as of a selected set of international comparables. It also investigates whether the cooperation actions implemented under FP7 appear to have triggered an increased integration of European countries. Finally, it provides insights into whether the intensification of cross border cooperation within Europe promoted under the FP7 can be expected to increase the excellence of European research by comparing the impact of various types of publications/co-publications.

Studies and reports

KI-NA-26-117-EN

-N

doi:10.2777/33467

intra-european cooperation - european...

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