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Interventional Radiology in Trauma Vikash Prasad, MD, FRCPC Vascular and Interventional Radiology The Moncton Hospital

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Page 1: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Interventional Radiology in Trauma

Vikash Prasad, MD, FRCPCVascular and Interventional Radiology

The Moncton Hospital

Page 2: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Disclosures

• None relevant to this presentation• Shareholder Johnson and Johnson

Page 3: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Goal

• To describe the role and appropriate utilization of Interventional Radiology in trauma care using a case based approach

Page 4: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Objectives

• Describe Interventional Radiology modalities available for various trauma care situations

• Discuss the interventional modalities that may improve outcome or reduce adverse events in trauma

Page 5: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Background

• Embolization for pelvic trauma first described in 1972

• Angiography used to be used for diagnostic purposes, but has been supplanted by CT

• CT:– grade solid organ injuries– detect hemorrhage– detect vascular abnormalities (pseudoaneurysm, intimal 

dissection, arteriovenous fistula, and vascular occlusion)– help predict which hemodynamically stable patients may benefit from nonoperative management

Page 6: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Background

• Diagnostic Angiogrphy– Indications for emergency catheter angiography in the trauma patient include clinical signs or symptoms of hemorrhage or CT evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or vascular injury

– For penetrating abdominal trauma, abdominal angiography rarely is indicated, because emergency laparotomy usually is indicated

Page 7: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Background

• Transcatheter embolization is usually considered preferable to surgical treatment when:– surgical access is difficult– patient is a poor operative risk– selective transcatheter embolization may limit the amount of normal tissue or parenchyma necrotized

Page 8: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Acute Thoracic Aortic Injury

• 10‐25% survive long enough to present to the hospital

• Of those that make it to ER approximately 30% are fatal within 6 hours, and 40% are fatal within 24 hours if undiagnosed and left untreated. 

• Only 2‐10% of untreated patients survive longer than 6 months

Page 9: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Acute Thoracic Aortic Injury

• locations of tears:– Aortic isthmus, 80‐90%– Ascending aorta, 5‐9%– Diaphragmatic aorta, 1‐3%

• Treatment:– Control blood pressure until repair– Open surgery or stent graft (TEVAR)

Page 10: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Acute Thoracic Aortic Injury

Page 11: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Acute Thoracic Aortic Injury

• Pre • Post Stent Graft

Page 12: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Abdominal Trauma

• Liver & spleen susceptible to blunt & penetrating trauma

• Management controversial• Embolotherapy:

– Feasible:• Liver – dual blood supply• Spleen – rich collateral network

– Succesesful >85%

Page 13: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Splenic Laceration

• Spleen plays important role in preventing overwhelming sepsis by encapsulated organisms such as pneumococcus

• Attempt splenic preservation in trauma• 70% of patients with blunt splenic injuries may be treated nonoperatively, with success rates of 71‐97%

• Nonoperative management of splenic injuries is effective in more than 95% of children

Page 14: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Splenic Laceration• If CT evidence of splenic injury is seen in a hemodynamically stable 

patient, celiac and splenic angiography is employed. • Transcatheter embolization is used for blunt splenic trauma. The 

indication is extravasation or vascular injury. • Techniques include the following: 

– Superselective distal embolization using a microcatheter and microcoils, polyvinyl alcohol particles, or microspheres at the bleeding site when possible

– Proximal coil embolization just distal to the dorsal pancreatic artery and proximal to the pancreatic magna artery to decrease the head of pressure and to preserve distal collateral flow 

– Nonselective distal embolization using smaller particles such as Gelfoam pledgets

– Combination of proximal and distal embolization

Page 15: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Splenic Laceration

• For grade IV splenic injuries:– Sclafani et al reported an 84% salvage rate– Shanmuganathan et al reported a 94% salvage rate when using splenic embolization

• Complications of splenic embolization include inadvertent embolization, splenic infarction and/or abscess, and splenic artery dissection. 

Page 16: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Splenic Laceration

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Post‐Embo

Page 19: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Liver Laceration

• Indications for angiography/embolization:– hemodynamically stable but show ongoing signs of hemorrhage 

– documented extravasation on CT of the liver – Pseudoaneurysm– arteriovenous fistula– arteriobiliary fistula

• dual blood supply of the liver makes postembolization infarction less likely

Page 20: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
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Pre‐embo

Post‐embo

Page 23: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Rectus Pseudoaneurysm

Page 24: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
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Renal Artery Embolization

• Trauma– Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: 

• evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria

• CT evidence of extravasation or vascular injury• large retroperitoneal hematomas are present 

– Transcatheter embolization of injuries to the branch arteries is successful in 84‐100% of patients

• Iatrogenic injury• Spontaneous hemorrhage• Pre‐operative devascularization of tumors

Page 26: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Post‐EmboPre

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Post‐Embo

Page 29: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
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Tumor Pre‐Embo Tumor Post‐Embo

Page 31: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
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Peripheral Vascular Trauma

• Indications for angiography:– Pulse deficit– Ischemia– Expanding hematoma– Pulsatile bleeding– Bruit/thrill– Isolated neurologic deficit

Page 35: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Peripheral Vascular Trauma

• Angio findings:– Extrinsic compression/displacement (hematoma)– Dissection/intimal flap– Intramural hematoma– Laceration (partial/complete)– Occlusion– Thrombosis– Extravasation– Pseudoaneurysm– Spasm– AV fistula

Page 36: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
Page 37: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Distal femur fracture with popliteal artery transection

Page 38: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Anterior tibial artery transection with occlusion and extravasation

Page 39: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Post‐Stent Graft

Pre

Left axillary artery GSW with extravasation

Page 40: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Pelvic Embolization

• Hemorrhage from pelvic trauma with associated fracture can carry up to a 50% mortality rate

• Spontaneous hemostasis can develop secondary to a tamponade effect in a stable pelvic fracture

• However, when bleeding is brisk, a dilutionalcoagulopathy may occur that increases the risk of persistent hemorrhage

• aim of transcatheter embolization is to reduce pulse pressure and blood flow to the bleeding sites, allowing the body's hemostatic mechanisms to become effective

Page 41: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Pelvic Embolization

• Percutaneous transcatheter embolization has been shown to be safe and efficacious when used to treat pelvic hemorrhage

• Endovascular management of hemorrhage following pelvic fracture has been described since the 1970s

• success rate of stopping hemorrhage is 85‐100%. (despite high technical success rates, the mortality rate is approximately 50% because of concomitant injuries)

Page 42: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Pelvic Embolization

• Pelvic transcatheter embolization complications include the following:– Inadvertent embolization —Occurs only rarely, provided catheter position is satisfactory and the embolization procedure is terminated once occlusion is established. 

– Ischemic tissue necrosis or infarction —Occurs only rarely, provided particle sizes remain larger than 500 microns, in cases involving extensive distal collateralization of the pelvic vasculature 

– Impotence in men —Difficult to differentiate from impotence of neurogenic etiology related to injuries to the lumbosacral plexus 

Page 43: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
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Post‐Embo

Page 45: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Motorcycle accident

28 y.o. male

Page 46: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence
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IVC Filters

• Absolute Indications:– Contraindication to anticoagulation– Failure of anticoagulation– Complication of anticoagulation

• Relative Indications:– Limited cardiopulmonary reserve– Large iliofemoral thrombus– High risk for DVT (controversial):

• Orthopedic & neurosurgery• polytrauma

Page 52: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

IVC Filters

• Access:– Femoral– Jugular– Subclavian– Antecubital

• Filter Types:– Permanent– Temporary

Page 53: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Temporary IVC Filters

• Useful for:– Young patients– Short‐term risk for venous thrombosis

• Neurosurgery• Orthopedics• Trauma

– Short‐term contraindication to anticoagulation• e.g. impending surgery

– Prophylaxis during thrombolysis 

Page 54: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Prophylactic IVC Filters (PIVCF)• indications for a PIVCF include the multitrauma patient with a 

severe head injury, spinal injury, or pelvic and long‐bone fractures• It is important to maximize the retrieval rate of PIVCFs to avoid long term complications of the filter– 40 ‐ 44% incidence of DVT after filter insertion in patients without 

evidence of DVT prior to insertion– caval thrombosis in 3‐50%– Penetration of the wall of the IVC by filter struts is usually an 

incidental finding and typically clinically insignificant (incidence is as high as 40 to 95%)

– IVC filters can migrate from the deployed position to another part of the IVC, to the heart, or to the pulmonary outflow tract (requires percutaneous retrieval or surgery)

Page 55: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Retrievable Filter

Page 56: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Retrievable Filter

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Retrievable Filter

Page 58: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Summary

• Many services available• Awareness of what IR can do for you• Communication & co‐operation important

Page 59: Interventional Radiology in Trauma · • Trauma – Used in hemodynamically stable patients with: • evidence of ongoing hemorrhage or persistent or recurrent hematuria • CT evidence

Succinct online review of Interventional Radiology in Trauma:

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423295‐overview