E1927DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Emergency Program for Demobilization and Reintegration (EDRP)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Submitted to World Bank

BOUKARI TARE.

June 2008

DETAILED MAP OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

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TABLE of CONTENT

GLOSSARY OF ACRONONYMS........................................................................................................................4

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................5

1.1 PREAMBLE...................................................................................................................................................51.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING:...................................................................................................................61.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS:................................................................................................................61.4 SUMMARY OF SITES VISIT FINDINGS.................................................................................................71.5 SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FINDINGS. .ERROR! BOOKMARK

NOT DEFINED.1.6 RECOMMENDATION................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

II. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................10

III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................................................11

IV. REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC OF CONGO. COUNTRY’S PROFILE.....................................................14

V. OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT...........................................................................15

VI. REVIEW OF RELEVANT BANK PROJECT AND NATIONAL RULES.............................................15

VII. METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................16

VIII. DESCRIPTION OF OVERALL AND SITE-SPECIFIC FINDINGS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS..............................................................................................................................................16

8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT OVERALL POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL.............................168.1.1 OVERVIEW OF AN ORIENTATION CENTER AND ITS ACTIVITIES...............................................168.1.2 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS...............................................................17WHICH WERE SUPPOSED TO OCCUR.....................................................................................................17

8.2 REPORT OF THE FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION.............................................218.2.1 ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETUPS..............................218.2.2 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION...................................................................................................21

8.3. LIST OF REINTEGRATION PROJECTS.................................................................................................228.4 KEY FINDINGS..........................................................................................................................................23

X - RECOMMENDED MEASURES TO COUNTER ANY NEGATIVE IMPACTS...................................26

XI LIST OF PERSONS (IN ADDTION TO THOSE IN TABLE 2) INTERVIEWED DURING CONSULTANT’S WORK....................................................................................................................................27

ANNEXES..............................................................................................................................................................28

ANNEX I: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, TERMS OF REFERENCE...............................28ANNEX II: PROFIL GÉOLOGIQUE.......................................................................................................................33

APERCU DES FORMATIONS GEOLOGIQUES DES SITES VISITES.......................................................33ANNEX III...........................................................................................................................................................44

I. MAPS............................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.II. ORIENTATION CENTERS CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING PICTURES.....................................49III.ORIENTATION CENTERS AFTER CLOSURE PICTURES ( 2008)......................................................53

ANNEX IV: LEGISLATION ON LAND........................................................................................................58

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GLOSSARY OF ACRONONYMS

MDRP Multi-country Demobilization and Reintegration ProgramDRC Democratic Republic of CongoEIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ESMF Environmental and Social Management FrameworkERPDR Emergency Program for Demobilization and ReintegrationPNDDR Programme National du Désarmement Demobilisation et Réinsertion

programNGO Non Governmental Organization

UEPN-DDR Unité d’Exécution du Programme National de Désarmement, Demobilisation et de Réinsertion

ME Ministry of EnvironmentCRGM Centre de Recherche géologique et Minière

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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 PREAMBLE

1. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has received from the World Bank through the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program (MDRP) both a financial and technical assistance to undertake a National Program for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. The Government of the DRC has the objective of demobilization of up to an estimated 150,000 ex-combatants and provision of reintegration support during their transition to civilian life, and promotion of the reallocation of military expenditure to the social and economic sectors.

2. The project has been implemented since 2004 by the Government of the DRC in addition with special projects which targeted child soldiers and emergency demobilisation situations. All the projects are now completed. The Governments implementing agency, CONADER, currently replaced by a new implementation unit called the Unité d’Exécution du Programme National de Désarmement, Démobilisation et Réinsertion (UEPN-DDR), with the support of the international community, established 18 orientation/demobilization sites across the country. These sites were selected based on the location of troops to be processed. More than 120,000 adult ex-combatants have been demobilized and almost 30,000 child soldiers released from armed groups. The Project thus continues to make a major contribution to the security environment, facilitating longer term development and peace building efforts.

3. An environmental assessment has never been carried out the purpose of this study is to to evaluate the potential risks posed by any environmental and/or social impact legacies of the project. This will include:

Field visits to the following sites of now-closed orientation centers : 1. Moanda (Bas Congo)2. Jolie site (Kinshasa)3. Kimpoko (Kinshasa)4. Nkandi (Kananga)5. Lukelenge (Mbujy-Mayi)6. Madula (Kisangani)7. Boyeka (Mbandaka)

Assessment of any mitigation plans instituted at the time and how effectively those mitigation plans were implemented and monitored Analysis of any residual environmental or social risks remaining, and their current potential impacts

4. The assignment was carried out in two phases: phase I involved review of all existing documentation, as well as, performing visual inspection of selected sites; and phase II comprised assessment of potential environmental risks, social impact legacies of the project and pollution generated by the decommissioning/removal and closure activities of the sites. The report has been prepared for the World Bank.

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1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING:

5. The major environmental issues of concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) include deforestation, soil degradation, erosion and poaching. There are also bush fires during the dry season. In general, there is relatively low coverage and access to basic services such as electricity, water supply and sanitation, drainage, and solid waste collection and proper disposal. The national environmental issues and concerns can be exacerbated through projects implementation and the accelerated infrastructure construction in the DRC. Some of the immediate problems could be: the health impacts of pollution derived from inadequate management of waste and toxic elements and work ethics; inadequate water supply, air and noise pollution; poor sanitation, drainage; poor industrial hygiene; and poor industrial waste management.

6. Furthermore, the health and safety issues, including medical monitoring and providing appropriate industrial hygiene for workers would be essential in minimizing the negative effects deriving from the environmental concerns affecting the country, including the prevention of HIV/AIDS exposure to the larger population.

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS:

7. Analysis of the expected impacts of the project were undertaken based on the degree of risk to the environment emanating from the orientation centers during the construction and the operating phases ( see illustration in the annex III). The risk characterization was a process of estimating the probable incidence of adverse impacts to potential receptors under various exposure conditions, including an elaboration of uncertainties associated with such estimates. The analysis process applied in the environmental impact assessment involved the qualitative estimation of the potential risks and/or hazards due to activities of the orientation centers. The main components for evaluating and characterizing the potential impacts of a site were as follows: type of facilities ; air Emissions (i.e. impact on air quality); wastewater (i.e. impact on surface water and groundwater receptors); solid waste (i.e. impact on the environment); noise; occupational health and safety issues; environmental management and regulatory framework; and level of capacity building,

training and awareness. 8. To that end the components below were supposed to be used but due to the lack of a proper information and the closure of the actual activities at the site, the process was modified to include an interview of the project team members, local communities and visual observation of the sites and the area around them. Depth to water; Soil and aquifer media; Topography; Impact on land-use and planning; Impact to wetlands and water bodies; and Impact on workers.

1.4 SUMMARY OF SITES VISIT FINDINGS

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9. The sites visit was undertaken after the literature review of the project documents and discussion and meeting with UEPN-DDR staff in Kinshasa. Seven sites have been visited, two of them are in Kinshasa province, in the vicinity of the city, the remaining five are scattered in five provinces, (Bas Congo, Kasai Oriental, Kasai Occidental, Province Oriental and Equatorial Province). All the orientation centers were closed, handed over to the rightful land owners in 2006. The majority of the equipment and/material has been decommissioned/removed but some equipments remain on the site, those equipments are donated to either the landowner, the public or non governmental organization. The new owners have not removed from the site (closed centers). The rapid growth of the vegetation, as an indication of the quality of the soil has confirmed that environmental impact of the centers on the flora was low or even insignificant. The removal of the equipments from the site did not cause any visual damage. The tree planting activity during the operation and after the closure of the orientation centers has positively impacted the overall vegetation growth. Neighboring communities have lost their jobs when the orientation centers ceased operation. As per former workers, the subcontractors (NGO and private enterprises) have informed workers of the duration of their employment. So far no complaint has been recorded by the project from any former workers of the orientation centers. In terms of land use only three out of seven sites are being used partially for cultivation (Kimpoko-Kinshasa; Boyeka- Mbandaka and Lukelenge-Mbuji-Mayi). It is an indication that the site used to build the orientation centers did not have any pressure on agricultural activities in the communities. According to the UEPN-DDR technical team members, the water resources were not impacted due to:

(a) the preventives action taken during the construction of the facilities ( standardized pit latrines, and water supply system under the supervision of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP); and

(b) there is no surface water close by any of the site.

10. Furthermore the neighboring communities did not held the project liable of any social disturbance associated with the operation and the closure of the centers. 1.5 SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

11. The environmental impacts assessment findings for the study generally fell into the following categories:

Health and Safety Issues: Workers at the water supply distribution, the power equipment, the foods and beverage facilities were not encouraged to make use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as boots, hard hats, masks and gloves. Workers working on transmission lines were supposed to wear protective clothing but did not have good supervision to enforce the discipline.

Water supply system Management and Decommissioning or removal of Equipment: the decommissioning/removal of the equipments, material and building debris such as water pipes, water tank, electrical power equipment, oil tank and fuel tank, batteries, cables, wires, tents and temporary houses , foods and cooking material, chairs and tables and other obsolete equipment , has not been done properly. Some water tanks and other equipment donated to the rightful landowner, the public organization or non governmental organization have not been removed from the site or decommissioned.

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Environmental Management, Regulatory Framework and Capacity Building: There was no integrated environmental management plan or system for the activities pertaining to environmental management, including viable and executable contingency plans. No personnel (or senior staff) had been assigned with the responsibility for environmental management at the facilities. The liaison between the management and the agencies responsible for the Environmental Regulations and Guidelines, i.e. the Ministry of Environment was non-existent. Furthermore, there was a lack of awareness on the environmental laws, regulations and guidelines by most of the crew and some managers of the project. There was no training or awareness workshops or seminars on environmental management provided to the staff and workers of the project.

Waste Oil and Spill Control/Prevention: Spill contingency plans were unavailable for containing oil spills (including diesel oil for the generators). Generators were used constantly and oil/lubricants for the equipment were sometimes spilled on the floors and the areas where the equipments were located.

Generally, the key environmental impact assessment findings included: inadequate solid waste management including disposal/removal (decommissioning) of equipment ; lack of contingency plans for oil spill control and protection measures; abandoned or discarded equipment and materials; absence of coherent and consistent environmental management plan/system; weak contacts with the agencies responsible for environmental management for the country, such as the Ministry of Environment ; lack of knowledge on regulatory framework; no capacity building program for environmental management..

Consultations: Consultation with stakeholders was carried out during the field inspections of various sites. In general, there was no knowledge about the closure process of the site, although some local communities and national agencies have received some material and equipment from the site at the closure.

Decommissioning Plans: During the sites visit it was noticed that sites would not require a full decommissioning/removal of equipments and transport to safe disposal sites.

Statutory Framework:Environmental management is gradually being integrated into the national policies for development in DRCongo. The initiatives were being undertaken by the Ministry of Environment. However, additional work is required to define guidelines and regulations to accommodate the different sectors.

In general, it can be concluded that there was a lack of resources, such as human and equipment, for conducting coherent monitoring and enforcement of environmental management in DRCongo. Furthermore, there was indication that the environmental management in DRCongo is poor and may need to be reinforced adequately.

The guidelines and standards must be developed for DRCongo under the instructions and environmental assessment procedures described in the World Bank operational policy, Bank procedures, good practices and safeguard policies (i.e. OP/BP/GP4.01). Until these standards are developed specifically for DRCongo, it would be advisable to adhere to the standards by the World Health Organization (WHO), and UNEP.

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Legal Framework on Liabilities: the project must work closely with the Ministry of Environment (ME) to ascertain who assumes the responsibilities for environmental liabilities at the project sites. For instance, do the liabilities fall on the new user of the site or on the former user. Both the project , ME, and other relevant agencies should work jointly in order to determine the appropriate law(s) covering environmental liabilities with respect to: decommissioning/removal procedures, due diligence, and indemnification, so that there would be a clear understanding of who is liable for contamination, both past and current , i.e. during and after site closure.

Monitoring Protocols: There was lack of standards for monitoring environmental parameters, i.e. measuring physico-chemical and microbial parameters for water quality and air quality for DRCongo. As a result, the project has not adhered to any standards that were consistent. The ME must be responsible for determining and preparing guidelines and environmental performance indicators that are measurable for monitoring sites and facilities of projects.

1.6 RECOMMENDATION

12. Based on the environmental impacts assessment findings it is recommended to the project to undertake the following measures:

(a) Legal Framework and Contingent Liabilities: It is recommended that the former owners bear the liabilities of past actions before they hand over the site to the rightful landowner or new owner. Therefore the project must undertake a site decommissioning of equipments and material donated and left on the closed orientation centers sites, in close collaboration with the beneficiaries. A solid waste management advisor should be hired to carry out the decommissioning work. The project can choose to fully bear the cost of the adviser and the decommissioning work or bear the cost of the adviser’s services and have the beneficiaries support the cost of the decommissioning of the equipments.

(b) Environmental Management, Regulatory Framework and Capacity Building: This should designate a senior staff to be a liaison person between the project and the Ministry of Environment. The designated person would have to seek the support of an external Environmental Advisor during three months to assist the project in conducting awareness on the environmental laws, regulations and guidelines. The Environmental advisor must also assist in determining the environment requirements of future project activities.

(c) Monitoring Protocols: The solid waste management will carried out throughout the period of decommissioning/removal of the equipment and or material a monitoring and evaluation task as a supervisor of the sites decommissioning.

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II. INTRODUCTION

The report is an environmental impact assessment leading to the audit of seven closed orientation centers conducted in February and March 2008. The consultant reviewed the literature of the project and then traveled to the sites where he worked with the regional offices coordinators. The assignment was carried out in two folds: (a) interview of the project regional coordinators, former workers of the closed orientation centers, rightful landowners of the sites, surrounding communities; (b) site visual inspection, observation of the vegetation, the soil, the location of the equipment removed or not, the observation of the surroundings landscape with the regional coordinator, former manager the orientation center, or former worker. The list of sites visited is follows:

1. Boyeka (Mbandaka- Equatorial Province 2. Jolie Site (Province of Kinshasa ) 3. Kimpoko (Province of Kinshasa 4. Kitona -Moanda (Province of Bas Congo)5. Lukelenge (Mbujy-Mayi, Kasai Oriental)6. Madula (Kisangani Oriental Province)7. Nkandi (Kananga, Kasai Occidental)

The area of each site is around sixteen(16) acres. It carries about 1000 ex-combatants and the center management staff and employees. The centers were built with all the essential amenities (see picture below).

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III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Background

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) received from the World Bank and the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program (MDRP) grants in the equivalent of US$200 million (two hundred million US dollars) to finance the Emergency Program for Demobilization and Reintegration (EDRP).

The project is classified as Environmental Category B, and has passed the six-month mark since the Grant Agreement went into effect. Therefore, the objective will be to carry out an environmental and social evaluation of the EDRP. The specific tasks and objectives of this evaluation are indicated below.

EDRP activities have until now been executed through a government implementing agency known as CONADER. This entity has now been replaced by a new implementation unit called the Unité d’Exécution du Programme National de Désarmement, Démobilisation et Reinsertion (UEPN-DDR).

EDRP Development Objectives

The EDRP is the main funding source for the National Demobilisation and Reinsertion program (PNDDR), which has been implemented since 2004 by the Government of the DRC.

The EDRP has two major development objectives:

1. Demobilization of up to an estimated 150,000 ex-combatants and provision of reintegration support during their transition to civilian life

2. Promotion of the reallocation of military expenditure to the social and economic sectors

The PNDDR was approved by the government. It outlines all of the elements of the DDR process from the disarmament and regroupment of the forces to the full economic re-integration of the ex combatants. The IDA/MDRP financed part of the PNDDR does fund disarmament. The components covered by the EDRP are the following: Sensitization Orientation and demobilization (including on-site services); Transition Reinsertion Special groups; and Institutional development and Program implementation support.

SensitizationIn order to manage expectations and secure participation in the program, specialized agencies will sensitize both the potential beneficiaries and the communities to which they will return as to the content and implications of the PNDDR. They will also institute specific reconciliation activities in communities where the return of ex combatants may cause tension or hostility. This sensitization and reconciliation service will continue throughout the life of the program as necessary.

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Orientation and DemobilizationAll combatants will come to the Orientation Centers in pre-determined groups. On entering, each ex-combatant will be identified and have his status verified. Children associated with armed forces will be separated and taken to transit centers. Women will also be separated from the men. Combatants will then be briefed on the eligibility criteria, conditions for entering the army and the demobilization program, and reinsertion benefits. Those that wish to join the new army and that meet the eligibility criteria will immediately leave for a military location. Those wishing to enter the demobilization and reinsertion process and meeting the criteria will continue on to demobilization activities, including: formal demobilization from the armed services; a formal acceptance of the terms of the program; the collection of socio-economic data; further orientation on the program; and, civic training.

TransitionUpon discharge from the Orientation Centers, demobilized combatants lose their source of income and their right to army accommodation. Transitional safety net assistance will therefore be provided to support ex-combatants for a limited period following their return to civilian life ('transition ' phase). It will consist of a Basic Needs Kit to assist in the actual return to home and the first part of a Transitional Subsistence Allowance (TSA) to sustain the ex-combatant and his or her family until they have had a chance to register for the reintegration program in their area.

ReinsertionEconomic reintegration support will provide ex-combatants with various forms of vocational support and training, and assistance building more sustainable livelihoods.

Special GroupsChildren associated with the armed forces. Child ex-combatants are estimated to represent at least 10% to 20% of the fighting forces and will need priority assistance. The PNDDR will work in coordination with partners specialized in child protection. The children associated with the armed forces program has been established by experts and based on current best practice. The guiding principle is to secure the release of all children associated with fighting forces and promote their earliest re-unification with their families or placement into alternative care.

Dependents : Although families of ex combatants are not direct beneficiaries under the PNDDR, the family unit of an ex combatant will be taken into consideration during the planning and implementation of the different phases of the program. CONADER will work in close consultation and coordination with relevant Ministries on all issues in relation to accompanying families.

GenderThe PNDDR will provide targeted support for the social and economic reintegration of female ex-combatants. Women associated with fighting forces may constitute a sizeable group that from previous experience will warrant particular attention.

Disabled ex-combatantsOnly limited medical and economic assistance has been provided to disabled ex-combatants to date. The PNDDR would seek to systematically address the medical and economic

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rehabilitation needs of the estimated 2,000 disabled ex combatants to be demobilized under the Program.

Institutional Development and Program Implementation SupportThe implementation mechanisms for the DDR component are outlined in the PNDDR and detailed in the Joint Operations Plan for DDR. The management of the DDR program will come under a specialized unit which will carry overall responsibility for all aspects of the DDR process. It should be noted, however, that the regroupment and disarmament exercise, though planned and overseen by members of the national institution will be carried out by the Ministry of Defense.

Project activities are progressing well and overall EDRP development objectives are being met (as outlined in the Mid term review of October 2006). In spite of the difficult implementation environment, CONADER, with the support of the international community, nevertheless succeeded in establishing 18 orientation/demobilization sites across the country. These sites were selected based on the location of troops to be processed. The 18 orientation centers were established in the following; a) existing structures rented to the project b) military structures c) constructed camps. More than 120,000 adult ex-combatants have since been demobilized and almost 30,000 child soldiers released from armed groups The Project thus continues to make a major contribution to the security environment, facilitating longer term development and peace building efforts.

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IV. REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC OF CONGO. COUNTRY’S PROFILE

LOCATION Central Africa GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE 0 00 N, 25 00 EAREA Total:  2,345,410 sq km ; Land:  2,267,600 sq km and Water: 

77,810 sq kmAREA COMPARATIVE slightly less than one-fourth the size of the USLAND BOUNDARIES Total:  10,744 km

border countries:  Angola: 2,511 km, Burundi: 233 km, Central African Republic: 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km, Rwanda: 217 km, Sudan: 628 km, Tanzania: 473 km, Uganda: 765 km, Zambia :1,930 km

COASTLINE 37kmMARITIME CLAIMS exclusive economic zone:  boundaries with neighbors

territorial sea:  12 NMCLIMATE tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin;

cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October

TERRAINVast central basin is a low-lying plateau ; mountain in east

EXTREMESlowest point:  Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point:  Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m\

LAND USE arable land:  3%permanent crops:  0%permanent pastures:  7%forests and woodland:  77%other:  13% (1993 est.)

IRRIGATED LAND 100 sq km (1993 est.)NATURAL HAZARDS periodic droughts in south; volcanic activityENVIRONMENT CURRENT ISSUES poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;

deforestation;ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

party to:  Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

GEOGRAPHY straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo river and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands

POPULATION59.3 million

POPULATION GROWTH RATE3.1% (2001 est.)

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LITERACY definition:  age 15 and over can read and write French, Lingala, Kingwana, or Tshilubatotal population:  77.3%male:  86.6%female:  67.7% (1995 est.)

V. OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The EDRP is classified as category B, but an Environmental Assessment has never been carried out. The main objective of this consultancy will thus be to evaluate the potential risks posed by any environmental and/or social impact legacies of the project. This will include:

Field visits to the following sites of now-closed orientation centers : 1. Moanda - kitona (Bas Congo)2. Jolie site (Kinshasa)3. Kimpoko (Kinshasa)4. Nkandi (Kananga)5. Lukelenge (Mbujy-Mayi)6. Madula (Kisangani)7. Boyeka (Mbandaka)

Assessment of any mitigation plans instituted at the time and how effectively those mitigation plans were implemented and monitored Analysis of any residual environmental or social risks remaining, and their current or potential impact

VI. REVIEW OF RELEVANT BANK PROJECT AND NATIONAL RULES

At the national level, previous environmental impact assessment review has indicated that there are no national regulations which could have been helped in determining any environmental impacts or mitigation measures during the implementation of the project.

In the absence of national policy the World Bank's safeguard policy will prevail. Therefore, the World Bank Safeguards Policies were reviewed and one of these namely Environmental Assessments OP 4.01 has been identified as likely to be triggered (see table #I below).

In addition, the World Bank related Project’s ESMF (the Environmental and social management framework) of the Emergency Multisector Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (EMRRP) could be used as guidance.

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Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes No To be determinedEnvironmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) XNatural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) XForests (OP/BP 4.36) XPest Management (OP 4.09) XPhysical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) XIndigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) XInvoluntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) XSafety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) XProjects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) XProjects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X

Table I: World Bank Safeguard Policies That Might Apply

VII. METHODOLOGY

The preparation of this EIA document is based on two main approaches, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and a thorough process of consultations with local communities as part of stakeholders from seven sites across the country and interview of the project technical team.

Literature reviewThis has involved review of project documents; orientation center description and activities. The aim was to obtain background information on project justification and objectives; project description and activities- nature and extent of the infrastructure investment; all locations that the project will impact, coverage and prioritization; and institutional arrangements, biophysical information ( i.e geology, climate, and topography).

Stakeholders ConsultationsComprehensive consultation with stakeholders was conducted at various levels, mainly through interviews of key informants within the local communities. This involved discussions within orientation centers site, landowner and surrounding communities.

VIII. DESCRIPTION OF OVERALL AND SITE-SPECIFIC FINDINGS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT OVERALL POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

8.1.1 OVERVIEW OF AN ORIENTATION CENTER AND ITS ACTIVITIES

The project has established 18 orientation/demobilization centers across the country. These centers of about sixteen (16) acres each were selected based on the location of troops to be processed. Most of the 18 orientation centers were acquired free of charge through traditional chief (chef coutumier), in the vicinity of the main city (regional headquarter of the project). The traditional chiefs use their customary rights of the legislation on land so called “land occupied by local communities”. Few orientation centers were rented to the project. During

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the operation, the centers were able to house more than 120,000 adult ex-combatants who have since been demobilized and almost 30,000 child soldiers released from armed groups. The activities carried out in the center were identical. The project has built its own pit latrines, water supply system and has used generators to produce electricity and pump water from spring or river. As a demobilization and orientation camps, lodging and foods were provided to the ex-combatant and management staff in addition to offices. The carrying capacity of most orientation centers was 1000 people.

As per verbal statement from the project coordinators all the 18 orientation centers, were decommissioned1, closed and handed over to the rightful owners.

The project is classified as category B as per the World Banks guidelines; the main objective of the consultancy is to evaluate the potential risk posed by any environmental and/or social impact legacies of the project. Before the field visit, it was important to analyze the potential impacts of the past activities of the project, particularly the construction, the operation and the decommissioning /removal activities. The exercise focused on discussion related to the effects of the past activities on the vegetation, the soil, the water resources, the air and the communities.

8.1.2 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTSWHICH WERE SUPPOSED TO OCCUR

A. During the construction, the operation and decommissioning of the orientation centers, described for the purpose of discussion

1 The decommissioning activity is viewed here as withdrawal of service and possible clean up of the site, since the decommissioning was not done according to guidelines and regulation, the Consultant is not guaranteeing that it has been done properly, It has assumed that a decommissioning has been done when referring to the site inspection and verbal statement of the project’s coordinators.

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The discussion was held on five mains activities undertaken during the course of the construction phase, the operation and the decommissioning.

1. Sanitation: construction, operation and decommission of the pits latrines2. Drinking water supply: water distribution system,3. Electricity: power supply4. Hosing: temporary housing (tents) for ex-combatants and management offices and5. Transportation of material, equipment and workers.

The potential environmental impacts that could occur are:

1. Loss of vegetation

Clearance for construction of the structures will lead to various degrees of loss of vegetation. The severity of the impact on vegetation will depend on the size of the building(s), the site and location. As the recovery regeneration rate in Democratic Republic of Congo according to the climate is very high. The clearing of the vegetation and shrubs will not have a significant impact; furthermore there are no endangered species of flora along the site of those orientation centers. The expected impact could be low.

2. Pollution of land and water resources

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Waste of various types and quantities - solid and liquid will be generated at most phases of constructing and using the building and auxiliary structures. Possibilities for these wastes polluting the environment will be mainly due to inadequacies in the management of the waste originating from the buildings, generators e.g. collection and disposal of solid waste and domestic waste-water, seepage from septic tanks, and pit latrines. These wastes with organic pollutants may pollute contaminate land, vegetation, ground and surface water resources. In the process of building houses improper disposal of soil burden (cleared vegetation and topsoil), and demolished materials may result in increased sediments and siltation of surface water resources and downstream water courses (streams, ponds and rivers) particularly in the rainy season. Similarly, soil erosion from inadequate backfilling and resurfacing, and deposition of fine building materials (sand, silts, clays, cement) may result in pollution of water resources. Large number of workers on the construction site and wastes they will generate as well as remainder of construction wastes, tools, equipment, and temporary infrastructure may lead to soil and water pollution.

3. Soil erosion

This may result from inadequacies in backfilling of construction works and improper drainage of storm water. Erosion along banks of storm water drainage channel may cause siltation of channel and loss of land; and construction on sloping hillsides may lead to landslides and soil erosion.

Similar impacts are to be anticipated at the locations where borrow pits are either planned or are currently being exploited as sources of construction materials for infrastructure projects. These include pit formation from sand mine and creation of stagnant pools of water in left borrow pits, which could provide favorable ground for mosquitoes breeding.

4. Air pollution

Dust generated from construction works to nearby houses may cause health impacts related to inhaled dust as well as loss of aesthetic due to dust caking on surfaces of buildings and vegetation.

5. Noise pollution

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Noise during construction and decommissioning may cause by earth moving, exaction equipment, transportation of people and material, the noise can disturb neighboring areas – (roads, schools, hospitals, markets, residences, etc.). Orientation centers are found to be located in all sorts of neighborhoods and construction and decommissioning works may impact negative the neighbors, although temporary..

6. Vehicular traffic implication

The construction works at the site will result in increase in traffic volume on the roads in the area. The transport of raw materials (cement, sand and equipment) and workers and will introduce a number of heavy trucks on the main road and this could increase the risk of motor accidents and also result in vehicle –pedestrian and bicyclist conflicts.

7. Possible land acquisition and loss of some livelihoods.

The existing land users (farmers) on the selected sites may need to be completely removed to give way to the new infrastructures. As a result of the project undertakings, In rural areas losses will include losses of cultivation land, firewood collecting areas, livestock grazing areas, recreation etc.

8. Impact on public health

This could be a result of diseases related to poor sanitation which in turn is related to lack of /inadequate water supply and appropriate cleaning materials. Rain-water harvesting seems not to be a consideration at the orientation centers. Inadequacies in the management of waste e.g. latrines and septic tanks overflowing; open defecation and flying toilets may create health risks through people and animals coming in contact with human wastes, and flies and rodents carrying diseases from the latrines and open sewers.

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9. impacts related to blockage of access

These may result from e.g. fencing, traffic disruption during construction and operation, etc.

10. Pressures on existing water and other; natural resources

When water is limited, construction and operation phases may increase water demand and risks of shortages.

In order to cope with the above environmental and social adverse impacts, the environmental and social screening process was supposed to be conducted in such a way as to ensure that potential negative impacts are mitigated appropriately. It should be recommended that the construction activities be carried out in compliance with the mitigation measures. In addition, potential health impacts on the surrounding population such as dust, noise, traffic accidents and an increase in water-related diseases due to standing water in the borrow pits would have been mitigated.

It was clear that during the construction activities, the operation and the decommissioning, potential environmental impacts were expected to occur but no formal mitigation plans was defined to prevent, minimize or compensate the potential negatives impacts.

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8.2 REPORT OF THE FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

8.2.1 ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETUPS

Key parameters assessed include general bio-physical characteristic (annex II), socio-economiccharacteristics including different categories of people likely to be impacted by the project, Information was obtained from the interviews, review of existing literature and observation during visits to the seven (7) orientation centers.

8.2.2 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

With the assistance of the UEPN-DDR technical team member, a comprehensive consultation with stakeholders was conducted at the various sites, mainly through interviews of key informants within the local communities. This involved discussions within orientation centers site; landowner, lessee or new landowner’s employee and surrounding communities (See table#2 key contact).

A site visit was conducted to closed orientation center, seven (7) as per the ToRS with technical team member of the project (UEPN- DDR), in February and March 2008. The consultant met with site neighboring communities and visited the site of closed orientation centers. This report summarizes the findings gathered during the visits based on various interviews and on visual observation of the site areas.

The technical team member of UEPN-DDR and the neighboring communities’ members were interviewed (see key contacts below- table#2) and sites were observed and photographed. In terms of land issue, all the seven (7) sites were handed over to the rightful owners at closing in June 2006. The rightful owners of the land according to the UEP-DDR technical team member and stated by neighboring community members, are traditional chief (land owners based on customary rights2). The project has returned the land to the landowner properly; no complaints were recorded by local coordinators of UEPN-DDR. Some landowners have already transferred or leased the land, particularly the site of Kimpoko and Joli Site in the province of Kinshasa.

In general the vegetation’s growth rate of the sites observed compare to the nearby undisturbed site is over 100%, (see table#4) because of the re-vegetation activities carried out by some UEPN-DDR’s provincial offices during the operation and at closing. The tree planting was an individual initiative, only few centers benefited from it. Observation of soil quality was entirely deducted from the natural vegetation growth rate. It is noticed that the soil has not lost its growing capacity and seems to be healthy (see table#5).

All the sites but Madula’s site in Kisangani still have some equipments and material not demolished or removed at closing (see table #3 list of sites with equipments and material to be removed). It was indicated that those equipments and material have been donated to public

2 The project has acquired the land from the traditional chief to whom the legislation on land ( although very ambiguous) provides a customary rights which allow them to temporary cultivate or use the land within the area where they live, the land is called “land occupied by local communities”. It is important to keep in mind that in DRC, the land belongs to the State ( see the legislation on land French version –annex IV-RED Para ).

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or non governmental organization or the rightful landowners. For instance, equipments such as container belong to the provincial government which failed to remove them after the closure of the site. Consultation of the nearby communities’ members and other has indicated that the closure of the orientation centers has impacted negatively the livelihood of the population surroundings the sites and the retail businesses in the city. Local workers have lost their jobs.In fact the project has provided jobs to surroundings communities through non governmental organization’s contractors. In addition, the population (above 500 per center) of the centers ( ex-combatants, management team and workers) has created an important demand for small businesses and farmers in the area around the center. It was stated that, although the centers did not stay long but they had impacted positively the economy of the areas around them. At closure, all the local workers have lost their jobs.

In term of pollution prevention, the UEPN_DDR Technical team members have indicated that the following measures were taken under the supervision of the UNDP staff during the construction and operation of the centers.

(a) the centers were all secured by professional security guards ( center entrance and exit were secured and monitored );

(b) the water was distributed through a stand post ( see annex III) with a sound drainage system to avoid standing water which can lead to mosquitoes breeding;

(c) solid waste was burned and /or collected by the center management’s contractor and safely disposed off propriety;

(d) waste water from the kitchen was treated through a small sewer system with an infiltration pits as part of the restaurant contractor’s obligations;

(e) pit latrines (see pictures above ) were built to service the center;(f) no traffic accident was reported.

The neighboring communities have praised the cleanliness of the orientation centers and have indicated that they have learned some practices from the centers but they lack the pit latrines, safe water supply and electricity. They have had the opportunity to drink potable water during the operation of the centers for some time.

There were no fauna due to the intensive poaching in the vicinity of the large cities.

8.3. LIST OF REINTEGRATION PROJECTS

MDRP/CONADER has conducted sustainable reintegration of ex-combatants through the financing of micro-projects. Each micro-project costs approximately US$ 500 and it implemented through NGOs. The Project supported ex-combatants in activities that are already traditional economic and social activities in these areas, and involve no new technologies within the communities, nor the development of major work projects. Identification of the micro-projects was based on selection criteria following procedural standards of UNDP. Technical procedures has been standardized to ensure coherency in project implementation. Several micro-projects were implemented. The following projects list includes but is not limited to:

Livestock micro-project; Small scale fishery; Masonry; Retail store;

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Bicycles fleet for taxi in small town ( two to three bicycles); Rice cultivation; and Cassava plantation.

The Project has also provided social infrastructures project to communities that are receiving and ex-combatants and are lacking the minimum social infrastructures such as water wells and sanitation facilities.

8.4 KEY FINDINGS

The only significant negative environmental findings included : Donated equipments such as water tank, containers ( see pictures below) were left at the site to the rightful land owner, public or non governmental organization. The project could be held liable for environmental violation if those equipments and/or material turn to be a source of any pollution. There were no subprojects identified during the audit which could be a source of any negative impacts. The Reintegration activities were conducted trough vocation support training and distribution of kit or cash ($400.00). Demobilized ex-combatants have either reintegrated the army or returned to their communities to run a business or activities for which they have given training.

The keys findings described above are the only potential impacts; no significant legacy impacts were identified. It was based on the field visits and meetings as no other documentation or procurement plans were available.

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TABLE # 2: KEY CONTACT TITLE/ORGANIZATION SITE NAME CITY/PROVINCEUEPN-DDR Kinshasa Coordinator Kimpoko Maluku/KinshasaKimpoko traditional chief Kimpoko Maluku/KinshasaSite new owner’s employee Kimpoko Maluku/KinshasaUEPN-DDR Kinshasa Coordinator Joli Site MontNGafula/KinshasaProspective owner’s agent Joli Site MontNgagula/KinshasaUEPN-DDR Kananga Coordinator Nkandi Kananga/ Kasai OccidentalUEPN- DDR Kananga Employee Nkandi Kananga/Kasai occidentalNearby community members Nkandi Kananga Kasai OrientalUEPN-DDR Mbuji-Mayi, Coordinator Lukelenge Mbuji-Mayi/Kasai OrientalNearby Community members Lukelenge Mbuji-Mayi/kasai OrientalSite owner Lukelenge Mbuji-mayi/Kasai OccidentalUEPN-DDR Kisangani Coordinator Madula Kisangani/orientalprovince UEPN-DRR Kisangani Employee Madula Kisangani/oriental province Nearby communities members Madula Kisangani/ oriental province UEPN-DDR Mbandaka Coordinator Boyeka Mbandaka/equatorial province UEPN-DDR Mbandaka Assistant Coordinator Boyeka Mbandaka/ equatorial ProvinceNearby community members Boyeka Mbandaka/ equatorial ProvinceTraditional chief’s wife Boyeka Mbandaka/ equatorial ProvinceSite Former NGO worker Moanda (Kitona) Moanda/Bas CongoFormer worker from the nearby community Moanda (kitona) Moanda/Bas-CongoNearby community member Moanda (Kitona) Moanda/Bas-Congo

TABLE#3 LIST OF SITES WITH REMOVABLE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL SITE EQUIPMENT/MATERIAL

NOT REMOVEDRISK POTENTIAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT

POSSIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES

Kimpoko Water tank and 1 containers Low Full decommissioning Joli Site Water tank Low Full decommissioning Kananga(Nkandi)

Water tank, 2 containersLamp posts

Low Full decommissioning

Mbuji-Mayi(Lukenge)

Water tank Low Full decommissioning

Mbandaka(Boyeka)

Water tank Low Full decommissioning

Moanda(Kitona)

Water tank, 2 containers Low Full decommissioning

TABLE #4 SITE’S VEGETATION RECOVERY RATESITE VEGETATION RECOVERY

RATERe-vegetation

KIMPOKO 100% recovery rate after 29 months Trees planted by UEPN_DDR Team

JOLIE SITE 100% recovery rate after 29 months Trees planted by UEPN_DDR Team

KANANGA 100% recovery rate after 29 months Natural vegetation onlyMBUJI-MAYI 100% recovery rate after 29 months Natural vegetation onlyKISANGANI 100% recovery rate after 29 months Natural vegetation onlyMBANDAKA 100% recovery rate after 29 months Trees planted by

UEPN_DDR teamMOANDA 100% recovery rate after 29 months

IdemTrees planted by UEPN_DDR Team

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TABLE#5 VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE SOIL QUALITY

SITE SOIL QUALITY Associated to Vegetation

Land usage

KIMPOKO good growing medium Part of land is used to grow cassava

JOLI SITE good growing medium NoneKANANGA good growing medium NoneMBUJI-MAYI good growing medium Part of the land is used to

grow cornKISANGANI good growing medium NoneMBANDAKA good growing medium Part of land is used to

grow sweet potatoesMOANDA good growing medium None

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X - RECOMMENDED MEASURES TO COUNTER ANY NEGATIVE IMPACTS FOUND, INCLUDING NATURE OF ISSUE IN QUESTION, RESPONSIBLE PARTY OR PARTIES IN RESOLVING ISSUE.

RECOMMENDED MEASURES

Based on the environmental impacts assessment findings the recommended measures are spelled out as followings: Legal Framework and Contingent Liabilities: It is recommended that MDRP/CONADER, former owner bear the liabilities of past actions before they hand over to the rightful landowner or new owner. MDRP/CONADER should conduct a site full or partial decommissioning work based on site specifics in collaboration with the new owner (beneficiaries) of the equipments and or material left on the sites, 17 sites in total. Therefore a solid waste management advisor should be hire to assist MDRP/CONADER in conducting the decommissioning work. In order to conduct efficiently the decommissioning activity the solid waste management advisor should take the following actions:

(c) Identify and quantify potential liabilities to be addressed during the decommissioning work;

(d) estimate the duration of the decommissioning activities per site ; (e) prepare a cost estimate and a plan of approach, schedule, dismantling or demolition

if any for each site;(f) prepare a bidding documents, plans and specifications;(g) evaluate bids and project award (as per PIM));(h) supervise the decommissioning work or dismantling and demolition activities if any;

and (i) prepare a decommissioning closure report.

Environmental Management, Regulatory Framework and Capacity Building: to fill the gap of the previous project, the UEPN_DDR should designate a senior staff to be a liaison person between the project and the Ministry of Environment. The designated person would have to seek the support of an external Environmental Advisor to assist during three months the project in conducting awareness on the environmental laws, regulations and guidelines. The Environmental advisor must also assist in determining the environment requirements of future project activities. Monitoring Protocols: Monitoring will be carried out throughout the period of decommissioning/removal of the equipment and or material. A monitoring and evaluation will be undertaken by the solid waste management advisor to track and assess the progress of the implementation of solid waste management at each site. A report detailing the physical and financial realization of the decommissioning work outputs compare to the goal of the activity. Mains issues and bottlenecks will be identified and step will be taken to resolve any difficulties and adjust the decommissioning work plan accordingly.

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XI LIST OF PERSONS (IN ADDTION TO THOSE IN TABLE 2) INTERVIEWED DURING CONSULTANT’S WORK

Nom FonctionAbderrahim Fraiji MDRP- World BankBenjamin Burckhart MDRP – World BankRene Michel Bauman MDRP – World BankLeya Malaika Gisele Tabu MDRP- World BankPierre Egide Bossale UEPN , KinshasaKwete Mbel A Ncyem UEPN,Mbuji-Mayi Prosper bulemvo Muyakala UEPN, Mbandaka Becken Naya Kwando UEPN, MbandakaEsther Shimba UEPN, KinshasaFrancoise Mulawa UEPN, KisanganiJacques Nkongolo UEPN, KanangaJolie Keto Former NGO,s Staff of the Orientation

center, MoandaMr. Lumba Maurice CRGMValentin Kanda Nkula CRGM

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ANNEXES

ANNEX I: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, TERMS OF REFERENCE

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGOEMERGENCY DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION PROJECT

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL EVALUATION

1.0 Background

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) received from the World Bank and the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program (MDRP) a grant in the equivalent of US$200 million (two hundred million US dollars) to finance the National Program for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (PNDDR) through the Emergency Program for Demobilization and Reintegration (EDRP).

It is classified as Environmental Category B, and has passed the six-month mark since the Grant Agreement went into effect. Therefore, the objective will be to carry out an environmental and social evaluation of the EDRP. The specific tasks and objectives of this evaluation are indicated below.

EDRP activities had until now been executed through a government implementing agency known as CONADER. This entity has now been replaced by a new implementation unit called the Unité d’Exécution du Programme National de Désarmement, Démobilisation et Reinsertion (UEPN-DDR).

2.0 PNDDR/EDRP Development Objectives

The EDRP is the funding source for the National demobilisation and reinsertion program (PNDDR), which has been implemented since 2004 by the Government of the DRC. In addition, parallel funding was made available for special projects which targeted child soldiers and emergency demobilisation situations. These special projects are now all completed.

The PNDDR/EDRP has two major development objectives:

Demobilization of up to an estimated 150,000 ex-combatants and provision of reintegration support during their transition to civilian life

Promotion of the reallocation of military expenditure to the social and economic sectors

The PNDDR was validated by representatives of all concerned ministries as well as all the belligerent parties. It outlines all of the elements of the DDR process from the disarmament and regroupment of the forces to the full economic re-integration of the ex combatants. The

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IDA/MDRP financed part of the PNDDR does fund disarmament. The components covered by the PNDDR/EDRP are the following:

(i) Sensitization(ii) Orientation and demobilization (including on-site services); (iii) Transition(iv) Reinsertion(v) Special groups; and(vi) Institutional development and Program implementation support.

SensitizationIn order to manage expectations and secure participation in the program, specialized agencies will sensitize both the potential beneficiaries and the communities to which they will return as to the content and implications of the PNDDR. They will also institute specific reconciliation activities in communities where the return of ex combatants may cause tension or hostility. This sensitization and reconciliation service will continue throughout the life of the program as necessary.

Orientation and DemobilisationAll combatants will come to the Orientation Centers in pre-determined groups. On entering, each ex-combatant will be identified and have his status verified. Children associated with armed forces will be separated and taken to transit centers. Women will also be separated from the men. Combatants will then be briefed on the eligibility criteria, conditions for entering the army and the demobilization program, and reinsertion benefits. Those that wish to join the new army and that meet the eligibility criteria will immediately leave for a military location. Those wishing to enter the demobilization and reinsertion process and meeting the criteria will continue on to demobilization activities, including: formal demobilization from the armed services; a formal acceptance of the terms of the program; the collection of socio-economic data; further orientation on the program; and, civic training.

TransitionUpon discharge from the Orientation Centers, demobilized combatants lose their source of income and their right to army accommodation. Transitional safety net assistance will therefore be provided to support ex-combatants for a limited period following their return to civilian life ('transition ' phase). It will consist of a Basic Needs Kit to assist in the actual return to home and the first part of a Transitional Subsistence Allowance (TSA) to sustain the ex-combatant and his or her family until they have had a chance to register for the reintegration program in their area.

ReinsertionEconomic reintegration support will provide ex-combatants with various forms of vocational support and training, and assistance building more sustainable livelihoods.

Special Groups

Children associated with the armed forces. Child ex-combatants are estimated to represent at least 10% to 20% of the fighting forces and will need priority assistance. The PNDDR will work in coordination with partners specialized in child protection. The children associated with the armed forces program has been established by experts and based on current best

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practice. The guiding principle is to secure the release of all children associated with fighting forces and promote their earliest re-unification with their families or placement into alternative care.

Dependents: Although families of ex combatants are not direct beneficiaries under the PNDDR, the family unit of an ex combatant will be taken into consideration during the planning and implementation of the different phases of the program. CONADER will work in close consultation and coordination with relevant Ministries on all issues in relation to accompanying families.

Gender. The PNDDR will provide targeted support for the social and economic reintegration of female ex-combatants. Women associated with fighting forces may constitute a sizeable group that from previous experience will warrant particular attention.

Disabled ex-combatants. Only limited medical and economic assistance has been provided to disabled ex-combatants to date. The PNDDR would seek to systematically address the medical and economic rehabilitation needs of the estimated 2,000 disabled ex combatants to be demobilized under the Program.

Institutional Development and Program Implementation Support.The implementation mechanisms for the DDR component are outlined in the PNDDR and detailed in the Joint Operations Plan for DDR. The management of the DDR program will come under a specialized unit which will carry overall responsibility for all aspects of the DDR process. It should be noted, however, that the regroupment and disarmament exercise, though planned and overseen by members of the national institution will be carried out by the Ministry of Defense. Technical assistance may also be provided directly to CONADER by the World Bank, MDRP, and bilateral donors and through MDRP supported special projects.

Project activities are progressing well and overall PNDDR/EDRP development objectives are being met. In spite of the difficult implementation environment, CONADER, with the support of the international community, nevertheless succeeded in establishing 18 orientation/demobilisation sites across the country. These sites were selected based on the location of troops to be processed. The 18 orientation centres were established in the following; a) existing structures rented to the project b) military structures c) constructed camps. More than 120,000 adult ex-combatants have since been demobilized and almost 30,000 child soldiers released from armed groups The Project thus continues to make a major contribution to the security environment, facilitating longer term development and peace building efforts.

Objectives of the consultancy

The EDRP is classified as category B, but an Environmental Assessment has never been carried out. The main objective of this consultancy will thus be to evaluate the potential risks posed by any environmental and/or social impact legacies of the project. This will include:

Field visits to the following sites of now-closed orientation centers : 1. Moanda (Bas Congo)2. Jolie site (Kinshasa)3. Kimpoko (Kinshasa)4. Nkandi (Kananga)5. Lukelenge (Mbujy-Mayi)

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6. Madula (Kisangani)7. Boyeka (Mbandaka)

Assessment of any mitigation plans instituted at the time and how effectively those mitigation plans were implemented and monitored Analysis of any residual environmental or social risks remaining, and their current or potential impact

Scope of Work

Working directly with World Bank and staff of the UEPN, the consultant is expected to cover the following:

Identify any aspects of the PNDDR/EDRP as so far implemented that may have posed environment or social risks;

Identify any sub-projects that may have posed environmental and/or social risks; Quantify probability and severity of any risks - looking at sites actually used to be sure

that material and waste was properly managed and land returned to the rightful owners;

Assess the design quality of any existing mitigation measures against environmental or social risks;

Assess the adequacy of consultations during preparation, including sufficient disclosure and information dissemination.

3.0 Methodology

The consultant shall:

Review appropriate technical material, including guidelines, checklists, implementation manuals and strategies to ascertain what procedures were officially included.

Interview World Bank MDRP staff in the field, as well as technical staff in the UEPN that have been present during the development and implementation of the orientation centres and who been part of project processing;.

Conduct field visits to 7 sites of closed orientation centres: 1- Moanda (Bas Congo), 2- Joli site (Kinshasa), 3- Kimpoko (Kinshasa), 4- Nkandi (Kananga), 5- Lukelenge (Mbujy-Mayi), 6- Madula (Kisangani), 7–Boyeka (Mbandaka).

And assess any past or current environmental or social impact they may have had on the surrounding area or population.

4.0 Outputs and deliverables

The consultancy is to last 23 days (including site visits) from the date of signature of the contract. An Environmental Evaluation Report will be presented to the World Bank for review and comments. Following this the consultant will take into account the comments and present the final report no later than seven working days following the receipt of comments from the World Bank. The Environmental Evaluation Report will be produced in French and English in a hard copy and electronic form that will include the following elements:

o A table of contents

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o A glossary of acronymso Preface and/or introduction explaining the purpose and background to the

studyo Description of the PNDDR/EDRP and its components and activitieso Objectives of the EAo Review of relevant Bank, project and national rules that may have determined

application and practice of environmental and social impact mitigation measures

o Description of overall and site-specific findings of environmental and social impact

o Recommended measures to counter any negative impacts found, including nature of issue in question, responsible party or parties in resolving issue, timetable for addressing issue.

o List of parties met or interviewed during consultant’s worko Referenceso Annexes

5.0 Required qualifications and qualities

The consultant will possess the following qualifications: At least a Master’s Degree in Social Science or equivalent experience. Minimum of 10 years professional experience Standard capacities in relevant Windows programs (Word, Excel) Knowledge of the National Program on Disarmament, Demobilization and

Reintegration a plus

The following qualities are also desired: Substantial experience in preparing evaluations concerning issues of environmental

and social impact A good knowledge of the DRC and environmental issues and their potential

interactions Thorough knowledge of World Bank requirements and procedures regarding

environmental and social impact Familiarity with the sub-Saharan African context with time spent in the region Speak fluent French and English

6.0 Required qualifications and qualities

The consultant will be hired on a competitive basis as per World Bank regulations.

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ANNEX II: Profil Géologique

La Géologie de la République Démocratique du Congo est caractérisée par deux grands ensembles structuraux séparés par une discordance et/ou une lacune importante.

Les formation de couvertures ( terrains phanérozoïques), non métamorphisés, generalement fossilifères et d’âge compris entre le carbonifère et le supérieur de l’holocène.

Les formations de soubassement ( terrain précambrien) plus métamorphisés et plisses formant un anneau ininterrompu autour du bassin du Congo.

(1) Terrains de Soubassement Les terrains de soubassement sont subdivises en unités «  tectostratigraphique » . Il s’agit dans une premier temps :

(a) des boucliers archéens d’ages supérieur ou égal à 2500 MA affleurant au Congo septentrional et au Kasaï ;

(b) de la ceinture du précambrien inférieur et moyen ( 2500 a 1300 MA) dont les sédiments se sont déposés dans les zones mobiles méridiennes situées sur les bordures Est et Ouest du craton et dans fossés intracratoniques transverses ;

(c) la couverture du précambrien supérieur appelée le Katanguien dont les sédiments se sont déposés sur les plates formes épicontinentales dans les aires subsidentes du craton du Congo ( Katanga plissé et tabulaire).

(2) Formations de CouverturesElles affleurent en quatre zones :

(a) une zone littorale, comprise entre l’ Océan Atlantique et les monts du Mayumbé ( Monts de Cristal) ; Des formations marines d’ âge tertiaire et créatique y sont bien développes ;

(b) la cuvette centrale où s’ étalent les dépôts d’âge mezzotinto et cénozoïque ; des vastes terrains affleurent sur le pourtour de la cuvette ;

(c) La bordure de terrains anciens subdivisées en six régions non raccordables ; (d) Les fosses tectoniques de l’Est du Congo occupes par des formations cénozoïques et

particulières et siège d’un volcanisme récent. Les formations de chacun de ces quatre zones sont recouvertes indifféremment par des formations récentes , la série des sables ocres et la série des grés polymorphes

APERCU DES FORMATIONS GEOLOGIQUES DES SITES VISITES

1. KIMPOKO ( KINSHASA)

La géologie de Kimpoko décrite sur la carte géologique de la ville de Kinshasa montre qu’à Kimpoko, il n’affleure que les formations de l’ Holocène représenté par les alluvions de fonds de vallées et de basses terrasses.

Un sondage à Kimpoko révèle ce qui suit :

De 0m à 2,70m, sable fin hummifère

De 2,70m à 3m, précipitation de limonite, 30 cm épaisseur

De 3 m à 10m, sable fin Kaolineux

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De 10 m à 19,50m, sable fin argileux gris clair

De 19,50m à 23,50m, sable grossier

De 23,50m à 27,75m, sable graveleux

De 27,75m à 31,60m, sable rose fin argileux avec quelque passage de gravier

De 31,60m à 35, sable fin kaolineux

De 35m à 38m, passage de gravier

De 38m à 41,50m, sable fin

De 41,50m à 57m, sable mal classé

De 57m à 64,50m, grès tendre rouge

De 64,50m à 67m, grès blanc kaolineux très friable

De 67m à 68m, gravier

De 68m à 70m, sable fin blanc.

2. JOLI SITE (MONT – NGAFULA- KINSHASA)

La géologie de ces environs est constituée par du sable jaunâtre quartzeux fin, micacé. Son épaisseur est estimée à plus de 200m d’après les travaux de E. DARTEVELLE en 1947.Description d’un sondage à Mont – Ngafula jusqu’à 12,25m :

N° Nature des terrains Profondeur/m

1. sable très fin, brunâtre, légèrement 0,00argileux

2. idem, pur 1,003. idem 2,004. sable très fin, kaolineux humifère 3,005. sable fin à moyen, gris, pur 5,006. idem avec passée humifère 7,007. sable fin, gris, assez pur 8,008. idem, argileux 9,009. débris d’alios 10,0010. sable fin, gris, argileux 11,0011. idem, gris foncé 12,0012. sable fin, à débris de grès polymorphe

et de quartz blanc 12,25

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Kinshasa climat

Kimpoko et Joli site étant dans la ville de Kinshasa partage le même climat. La ville de Kinshasa connaît un climat tropique humide avec une saison sèche qui dure 3 à 4 mois, de juin à septembre. La moyenne annuelle des précipitations variées entre 1200 et 1500mm. L’humidité relative y est 80%.

La température moyenne annuelle varie de 24 à 25°C. La température moyenne le plus élevée se situe en mars ou avril. L’amplitude thermique y est élevée et atteint 6°C. La température moyenne la plus faible est observée au mois de juillet.

3.GEOLOGIE DE LA VILLE DE KISANGANI

Le site du centre d’orientation, voisin du camp de l’académie militaire de la ville de Kisangani s’inscrit dans la formation géologique que la ville. Ci-dessous la description des formations géologiques rencontrées au cours des sondages.

1. A Saint Gabriel, le sondage exécuté par le service géologique pour les voies navigables montre la succession suivante :

Nature des terrains Profondeur

Eau 2,50mFond du fleuve 0,00m- argilite verte à ostracodes,

légèrement pyritifère et micacée, avec débris roulés de quartz et de grès polymorphe calcareuse 1,25m

- idem 1,38m- idem 2,55m- argilite verte à ostracodes 2,98m- idem 3,98m- idem 4,08m- idem à débris végétaux 4,87m

Comme interprétation probable, il s’agit des formations du Karoo percées sur 4,87m.Deux autres sondages, exécutés plus loin ont percé les mêmes formations sur 8,45m pour le premier et sur 32,81m pour le second.

2. Sondage exécuté sur avenue César FRANCK par le service géologique. Succession des couches :

- argiles sableuses de couverture …. 4,00m- graviers et sable de remplissage de chenaux ….. 2,00m - schistes de la série de Kisangani percés sur …. 1,10m

3. Un autre sondage un peu plus loin sur la même avenue présente, quant à lui, la

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succession suivante :

Formations géologiques Epaisseur

- argiles sableuses grèses de couverture 3,00m- sables argileux et graviers 2,50m- sables et graviers, remplissage de fond de chenal 8,10m

4. Un autre sondage, exécuté plus loin encore sur la même avenue, César FRANCK présente cette fois la succession de couches suivante :

Formations géologiques Epaisseur

- argiles de couverture 4,00m- gravier et sables, légèrement argileux,

remplissage de chenal 1,50m- schistes de la série de Kisangani percés sur 1,50m

5. Sondage exécuté sur l’avenue des Acacias

Formations géologiques Epaisseur

- terres rapportées 1,10m- argiles sableuses grises avec petit gravier, - couverture du colmatage de la cuvette

de Kisangani 2,10m- sable violacé, colmatage de vallées dans

les grès rouges 0,80m- grès rouges, touchés à 4,80m

6. Sondage exécuté un peu plus loin sur la même avenue, par le service géologique.

Formations géologiques Epaisseur

- sables argileux à argiles sableuses de teinte rouge bleu avec gravier dispersé ancienne couverture du plateau 7,00m

7. Rive gauche de la Tshopo, à environ 1200m. En amont de la ferme Belgika

- argilite verte à nodules blancs (probablement concrétion pyriteuse)

8. Région de l’aéroport. Les sondages exécutés le long du bord Sud de la piste donnent les résultats suivants :

441m sable fin limoneux épais de 2m à 2,50m

438,5 – 4,39 limon très sableux épais de 1,50m

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4,37 – 438m sables et graviers, épaisseur inconnue.

9. Rive gauche de la Tshopo, au grand coude à 2.300m à l’Est de la ferme Belgika. Falaise haute de 7 à 8m- schiste argileux grès – vert, finement zoné, avec dendrite de sels de manganèse

dans les stratifications leur puissance est de 1m.- grès saccharoïde très tendre à grain fin, gris clair, légèrement feldspathique,

visible sur plusieurs mètres à la base de la falaise.

10. Les grès, schiste et psammites durs du Lubudi affleurent à Kisangani, aux chutes du fleuve, en aval de la chute de la tshopo, dans le ruisseau Makiso, à l’Est dans les ruisseaux Makunga, Mambao et dans la rivière ONANE. Les affleurement Luala biens sont fréquents les principaux ont à Kisangani ainsi qu’il est noté précédemment à la Vakoko.

11. Sondage de reconnaissance de la voirie de Kisangani, exécuté à l’embouchure Kitene, le sondage donne la succession des couches suivantes :

Formation Epaisseur

- argile finement micacée 3,60m- schiste vert in situ 0,20m

Les schistes verts de la région de Kisangani, trouvés notamment dans l’Île Bertha et à Saint Gabriel sont fossilifères. Des poissons ganoïdes découverts à Saint Gabriel ont permis de synchroniser dépôts au trias supérieur. Ils appartiennent au système décrit par CORNET sous le nom du Luala bien, qui, à Kisangani, repose en discordance de stratification sur des roches dures plus anciennes. A Kisangani, le Luala bien est dénudé souvent jusqu’à son substratum.

Climat

La ville de Kisangani connaît un climat tropical humide, caractérisé par une abondance des précipitations annuelles (1500 à 1800mm), et une saison sèche d’au moins 2 mois, de décembre à février. La température annuelle moyenne est celle des pays chauds. Elle varie de 24 à 25°C. L’amplitude thermique annuelle est faible et inférieure à 2°C, l’humidité relative dépasse les 85%.

4.FORMATIONS GEOLOGIQUES DE KANANGA

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Quelques données géologiques de sondage dans la ville de KanangaDonnant un apercu des formations communes du centre d’orientation

Sondage KAS. 1/2

Exécuté au futur Asile d’aliénés de la province par le service géologique.

Numéro Nature des terrains Profondeur – m Base – m

11. grès ocre – rouge, plus ou moins désagrégé, à grainsmoyens subarrondis ou Sub-anguleux, 53.30 54.26

12. grès semblable renfermentdes galets de quartz arrondis ou anguleux 54.26

13. grès ocre – rouge plus oumoins désagrégé ; grainsmoyens subarrondis : + grains grossiers 55.00

14. grès rose aux grains assez fins Subarrondis ou subanguleux +Quelques grains grossiers 56.00

15. grès ocre – rouge désagrégé avec fragments roses straticulés ; galets de quartz et petits débris de roche cristalline acide (feldspaths. Etc…), 56.50 56.90

- socle cristallin (migmatite acide) 56.50

Récapitulation

6. Sols humifère puis limoneux 4m5. Sable rouge de couverture, légèrement argileux 25.204. Gravier de base 0.20 max3. Grès tendre Karoo 26.362. Conglomérat de base (galets dispersés) 2.241. Socle cristallin +

Interprétation géologique

0m à 27m.40 sable limoneux rouge de couverture

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27m.40 idem27m.40 à 38m grès tendre très limoneux, à grain fin

Numéro Nature des terrains Profondeur – m

1. sable humique 0.002. idem 1.003. idem limoneux 2.004. sable très fin, limoneux, jaune - brun 3.005. idem 4.006. sable très fin, limoneux, jaune 5.007. manque8. sable très fin, limoneux, orangé 7.009. idem -10. idem I. rouge 8.0011. idem 9.0012. idem rouge 10.0013. idem 11.0014. idem 12.0015. idem 13.0016. idem 14.0017. idem 15.0018. idem 16.0019. idem 17.0020. idem 18.0021. idem 19.0022. idem -23. idem - plus rouge, enrichi en fer, modifié

par la nappe. -24. 23.0025. 24.0026. 25.00

28 idem avec rares grains de quartz de 2 à 4m. 27.40

29. sable très limoneux + homogène Granulométriquement plus haut avec quelques grains probablement entraînés. 28.00

30. 29.0031. 30.0032. 31.0033. Tshibwebwe donnant le sable

Précédant par pulvérisation 32.0034. 33.0035. 34.0036. 35.0037. abefront – sable lavé ? 36.0038. idem 37.0039. idem 38.00

Puits tube KAS. 1/2

Exécuté au futur asite d’aliénés par le service géologique. Etude de Mr. Lohest.

Numéro Nature des terrains Profondeur – m Base – m

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1. grès karoo donnant sable fin par pulvérisation 35.90

2. idem 39.903. idem 41.60 41.604. idem 45.825. idem 46.526. idem 47.607. idem 49.008. idem 50.009. idem 51.0010. idem 52.00 52.66

Sondage pas terminé

N° 36/c/ = suite

Les sondages KAS 1/1 et ½ sont voisins de 3 mètres et nous considérons leurs coupes comme semblables, à défaut d’échantillons prélevés au sondage KAS ½ sur les 38 premiers mètres. Les 38 premiers mètres.Les coupes ci-dessous donne donc la coupe des terrains au sondage KAS 1/2.

Kananga climat

La ville de Kananga connaît un climat tropical humide à saison alternées : la saison des pluies et la saison sèche. La sèche ne dure 3 à 4 mois, soit, du mois de juillet au mois de septembre. La moyenne annuelle des précipitations est comprise entre 1200 et 1500mm. La température moyenne annuelle est comprise entre 24° et 25°C. L’amplitude thermique est faible et inférieure à 2°C. Le mois de juillet présente la température mensuelle la plus faible de l’année.

5.GEOLOGIE DE LA VILLE DE MBANDAKA

Le sol de Mbandaka est caractérisé par un banc de latérite, composé d’une latérite se décomposant au marteau en grosse grenaille de couleur jaune à lie de vin. Le substratum est composé d’argile.

Au contact immédiat avec la latérite, on observe une argile brun rouge un peu sableuse. Ailleurs, l’argile se présente selon les formes suivantes :

- kaolin blanc un peu panaché de tâches lie de vin- kaolin blanc panaché de fortes tâches lie de vin- argiles kaolineuse li de vin avec petits points blancs- argile kaolineuse blanche à veines jaunâtres - argile kaolineuse blanche avec tâches lie de vin.

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Par ailleurs, le sondage la plus profond effectué lors de la construction du port a atteint la profondeur de 4,21m et a rencontre des argiles diverses.

Dans le but de raccorder le sondages effectués à Mbandaka et les collines observées dans cette ville, une coupe passant par le port et suivant approximativement l’avenue du gouverneur a été établie cette coupe montre les formations suivantes :

- alluvions du fleuve- immeuble du territoire et des travaux publics : sous 0,80m de limon brun apparaît

la carapace latéritique- piscine établie dans la vallée d’une rivière marécageuse : sable blanc un peu

humique à 0,50m de profondeur.- Dans une grande excavation on observe sous 2 mètres de limon brun la carapace

latéritique.

Dans carrière de sable près du GEC on observe :

- latérite décomposée recouverte de 0,50m de limon à humus- sable à humus, épaisseur 0,25m- sable blanc un peu humique qui donne lieu à exploitation- grès tendre gris un peu argileux sur lequel l’exploitation des sables blancs s’arrête.

Climat Mbandaka

La ville de Mbandaka connaît un climat Equatorial. La température moyenne annuelle varie entre 24 et 25°C et la température moyenne la plus élevée se situé en mars ou en avril, alors que l’amplitude thermique annuelle est faible et l’inférieure à 2°C. Les précipitations ont très abondantes (moyenne annuelle comprise entre 1800 et 2200mm). L’humidité relative est supérieure à 85%.

6. LA VILLE DE MBUJI – MAYI

Géologie du site de Mbuji – Mayi

Les formations géologiques retrouvées à la ville de Mbuji – Mayi sont repartie à la manière suivante :

- le wealdien (couches raccordée à la série de la Loia) avec comme formations : grès feldspathiques ou argileux zonés ou bariolés ; intercalations

d’argilites diverses vers le haut et vers le bas.

Au dessus des formations du Mbuji – Mayi ; passage des grès et des argilites à des macignos et à des marnes.

Marnes et argilites schisteuses de teintes diverses, à silex gris ou blonds,

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alternant avec des massignoss, des grès et des psamites. Grès souvent calcaires, feldspathiques ou argileux, rouges ou mauves, à

passés grossières et intercalations argileuses.

Sur les plateaux ces formations sont couvertes par des sables épais de 25 à 40m qui ont souvent un gravier à la base.

La formation BIIe constituée de calcaires variés, gris et roses, à stromatolithe.

La formation BIId constituée de dolomies grises, avec intercalations construites ou bréchiques ; schistes à la base.

Les laves doléritiques amygdaloïdes associées à la formation BIIe (massif de Tshaa).

On peut aussi observer des brèches kimberlitiques intrusives dans le mésoïque postérieurs au wealdien, les pipes de kimberlite sont vraisemblablement antérieures à l’alpien, par analogie avec les kimberlites d’Angola et aussi par le fait que le conglomérat de base des « couches de Bokungu » est diamantifère.

Climat

La ville de Mbuji– Mayi connaît un climat tropical humide caractérisé par l’alternacne de 2 saisons, une saison pluvieuse et une saison sèche, la quelle dure 3 à 4 mois (de juin à septembre).Les précipitations moyennes annuelles varient entre 1200 et 1500mm. La température moyenne annuelle varie entre 24 et 25°C.

La température moyenne la plus élevée se situe au mois de mars ou celui d’avril. La durée annuelle de l’insolation reste supérieure à 2000 hectares/an.

7.GEOLOGIE DE MOANDA

La géologie du Moanda peut se résumer comme suit :

- la partie supérieure est constituée de sable gris brunâtre clair, assez mal classé et non stratifié sur une hauteur de 8 à 10m.

- la partie inférieure est fortement teintée ou même indurée par l’oxyde de fer.

La base des falaises côtière montre des roches argileuses, argilites kaolineuses grises et roses, argiles sableuses, sables colorés à stratification entrecroisé, quelquefois des grès limonitiques dont le détail est bien difficile à discerner à cause des glissements et éboulements constants qui se produisent dans ces falaises.

Cette formation constitue tout le substratum de l’hinterland. Elle apparaît dans la

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profonde coupure des rivières, empêchant l’infiltration rapide des eaux et contribuant à rendre le lit majeur de ces rivières plus ou moins marécageux.

A Moanda, on observe dans les argilites de bien curieuses fistules, en grès grossier ferrugineux, qui se présentent sous forme de tabulations de diamètre variable, dépassant souvent 2cm, longues de 10 à 20cm ou même plus, droites ou ondulées, quelquefois annelées ou spiralées.

Certaines de ces tabulations, qu’il n’est pas rare de voir sur l’estran, à Moanda mises en liberté par l’érosion marine, ressemblent curieusement aux grès fistuleux du « Bruxellien ».

Dans les argilites affleurant sur l’estran, au voisinage et au Nord de Moanda, surtout remarque également, par places des fissures dont l’intersection forme nettement des dessins polygonaux. En effet, les argilites de Moanda surmontées d’un important cailloutis de galets et de graviers, atteignant parfois plusieurs mètres d’épaisseur, quelquefois cimentés en poudingues, ou grès grossiers limonitiques, puis d’une forte épaisseur (plus de 80m) d’un limon très sableux, jaune claire qui se désagrège superficiellement en sable quartzeux blanc.

On trouve parfois localement au sein du limon des petits galets, du gravier isolé ou formant cordon, quelquefois des blocs ou bancs de grès limonitiques. Le cailloutis n’affleure pas seulement dans les falaises, côtières, mais il est bien visible dans les vallées de l’hinterland.

Ses galets sont principalement des galets de quartz, mais il s’en trouve également d’autres roches ; roches du socle et d’autres attribuées au schisto – calcaire (oolithe). Le cailloutis contient en outre d’assez nombreux fragment de bois silicifiés. Les fragments sont surtout commun le long de la route.

Climat Moanda

Le ville de Moanda connaît un climat littoral caractérisé, de manière générale, par un déficit de précipitations des températures basses, un minimum d’insolation et un maximum de nébulosité.

Ces caractères sont dus à l’influence du courant froid de Benguela qui refroidit les masses d’air. Les précipitations moyennes annuelles sont inférieures à 1200mm. La température moyenne annuelle est de 25°C. la température moyenne la plus élevée est observée au mois de Mars ou Avril.

L’amplitude thermique est élevée et atteint 6°C. La durée annuelle de l’insolation est inférieure à 1300 heures/an, ce qui reste inférieur à la durée que connaissent les régions tempérées océanique.

Annex III

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This annex contains maps and pictures of the orientation centers during construction, operation and after closure.

Table of Content

I. MAPS....................................................................................................................................

1.1 Administrative Map1.2 Climate Map1.3 Hydrography Map1.4 Geology Map

II. ORIENTATION CENTERS CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING PICTURES

III.ORIENTATION CENTERS AFTER CLOSURE PICTURES ( 2008)...........................

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46

47

48

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II. ORIENTATION CENTERS CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING PICTURES

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51

52

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III.ORIENTATION CENTERS AFTER CLOSURE PICTURES ( 2008)

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ANNEX IV: LEGISLATION ON LAND

LOI FONCIERE

Cadre juridique

1. Le principe de propriétéLe Droit congolais reconnaît aux particuliers (personnes physiques et/ou morales) le droit de propriété sur certains biens qui s'acquièrent, d'une façon générale, selon les modalités prévuespar la loi n°073-021 du 20 juillet 1973 portant régime général des biens, régime foncier et immobilier et régime des sûretés telle que modifiée et complète par la loi n° 80-008 du 18 juillet 1980 (loi dite foncière).

Ainsi selon cette loi:- «  La propriété est sacrée L'Etat garantit le droit la propriété individuelle ou collectiveacquise conformément a loi ou a la coutume » (art.34, al. 1 de la constitution du 18 février 2006)- «  La propriété est le droit de disposer d’une chose de manière absolue et exclusive, saufles restrictions qui résultent de la loi et des droits réels appartenant à autrui » (art. 14 al 1de loi dite foncière).Il est important de relever qu’en matière foncière l’appropriation privative du sol a été abolie, le soi étant devenu propriété inaliénable de l'Etat (art. 53 de loi dite foncière.Il se dégage de l'analyse de l'article précédemment cité la propriété du sol et du sous-sol appartiennent d’Etat qui peut accorder des concessions à ceux qui en font la demande. Ceux-ci ne peuvent donc détenir que la propriété privée des immeubles incorporés et acquérir sur le sol un droit de jouissance qui sert de support de cette propriété.Au demeurant, si le « droit de propriété » est la règle, l'Etat se réserve le droit, dans les conditions et selon les modalités prévues, d’y apporter certaines restrictions, notamment selon le procède d'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique.2. Quelques définitionsComme énonce précédemment, en droit congolais, seul l'Etat est propriétaire du sol. Il ne peut accorder aux tiers, personne physique ou morale, que des droits de jouissance sur le fonds. Ces droits sont dénommés « concessions ». Les concessions sont de deux catégories: concession perpétuelle et concession ordinaire qui sont l’emphytéose, la superficie, l'usufruit et l'usage. La concession perpétuelle est le droit que l'Etat reconnaît à une personne physique de nationalité congolaise de jouir indéfiniment de son fonds aussi longtemps que sont remplies les conditions de fond et de forme prévues par la loi. art 80:Toute concession foncière suppose un fonds mis en valeur conformément aux normes envigueur sur l'urbanisme, l'environnement et l'hygiène. arts 94,147. Quand il s'agit des Cadre concessions agricoles ou pastorales, les critères de mise en valeur dépendent des espèces de plants et des hectares: caféiers, quinquina, théiers, etc. C'est l'expertise quipeut fixer la somme devant compenser la perte d'une concession avec ce qui y est incorporé* Une servitude foncière est une charge imposée sur un fonds pour l’usage et l’utilité d’unautre fonds. La servitude peut être naturelle - exemple l'écoulement de l'eau pluvialetombant d'une toiture - , légale - exemple le droit de passage en faveur d'un fonds enclave et conventionnelle.* L'emphytéose est le droit d'avoir la pleine jouissance d'un terrain inculte appartenant à  l'Etat, à la charge de mettre et d'entretenir le fonds en valeur et de payer à l’Etat uneredevance en nature ou en argent - art 110 - La durée est de 25 ans, ce terme est renouvelable.

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* La superficie est le droit de jouir d'un fonds appartenant à l’Etat et de disposer desconstructions, bois, arbres et autres plantes qui y sont incorporés- art .123 - La durée estde 25 ans, ce terme est renouvelable.* L'usufruit concédé par l'Etat à une personne sur un fonds est le droit pour elle d'user et de jouir de ce fonds, comme l’Etat lui-même, mais à la charge de le conserver dans son Etat - art. 132 - La durée est de 25 ans, ce terme est renouvelable.* L'usage d'un fonds est le droit que l’Etat reconnaît à une personne d'en jouir soi-même avec sa famille, soit en y habitant, soit en y créant des entrepôts pour soi-même. art 141 - La durée est de 15 ans, ce terme est renouvelable.3. Textes législatifs et réglementaires et leur application3.1. Textes de base:- La Constitution du 18 février 2006 (particulièrement son art. 9)- La loi n°73-021 du 20 juillet 1973 portant régime général des biens, régime foncier et immobilier et régime des sûretés;- La Loi n°77/01 du 22 février 1977 sur l'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique.3.2. Textes complémentaires- Le Décret du 6 mai 1952 portant concession et administration des eaux, des lacs et des cours d'eaux;- le Décret du 20 juin 1952 portant mesurage et bornage des terres;- le Décret du 20 juin 1957 portant code de l'urbanisme;- l'Ordonnance n°98 du 13 mai 1963 relative au mesurage et bornage des terres;- l'Ordonnance n°74/148 du 2 juillet 1974 portant mesures d'exécution de la loiN°73/021 du 20 juillet 1973 portant régime général des biens, régime foncier etimmobilier et régime des sûretés- l'Ordonnance n°74/149 du 2 juillet 1974 fixant le nombre et les limites des circonscriptions foncières de la République du Zaïre ;- l'Ordonnance n°74/150 du 2 juillet 1974 fixant les modèles des livres et certificats d'enregistrement;- l'Arrêté départemental 00122 du 8 décembre 1975 érigeant en circonscriptionsurbaines certaines zones ou parties des zones de la ville de Kinshasa;

- l'Ordonnance n°77/040 du 22 février 1977 fixant les conditions d'octroi des concessions gratuites en faveur des Zaïrois qui ont rendu des services éminents à Nation;- l'Arrêté départemental CAB/CE/URB-HAB/012/88 du 22 octobre 1988 portantréglementation sur la délivrance de l'autorisation de bâtir;- l'Arrêté départemental CAB/CE/URB-HAB/013/88 du 14 novembre 1988 portantcréation de la commission urbaine et de la commission régionale de l'autorisation de bâtir;- l'Arrête n°99-0012 du 31 mars 1990 fixant les modalités de conversion des titres de concession perpétuelle ou ordinaire.- Le Décret du 2 juin 1928 sur les conditions générales de distribution et de transport de l'énergie électrique;- le décret du 16 avril 1931 sur le transport de l'énergie d’électrique au travers desterrains privés4. Les différentes catégories de titres immobiliers* PrincipesLe sol est la propriété exclusive, inaliénable et imprescriptible de l'Etat. (Article 9 de laConstitution). Le patrimoine foncier de l'Etat (domaine de l’Etat) comprend un domaine public et un domaine prive. Seules les terres faisant partie du domaine prive l'Etat sont cessibles et donnent lieu aux titres immobiliers selon leur nature.* Certificat d’enregistrement

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Tout droit de jouissance d'un fonds n'est légalement établi que par un certificat d'enregistrement du titre concède par l'Etat. Il s'agit de concession perpétuelle - art. 80, de l'emphytéose - art.110, de la superficie - art. 123, de l'usufruit, art.132, de l'usage -art. 141 et des concessionsordinaires règles par les articles 374 et 375.Toute propriétés privée des immeubles par incorporation envisagée séparément du fonds légalement établi que par certificat d'enregistrement distinct dont fait annotation sur le certificat établissant la concession - exemple: un appartement dans un immeuble à étages - art. 219 al.2 in fine.* Location - art. 144 et titre d'occupation provisoire - art.1 54Ces deux titres sont préparatoires à une concession foncière perpétuelle, emphytéotique ou superficiaire - arts. 94 et 147.* Livret de logeur ou titre équivalent dans une ville. Art.3904.1. Les différentes catégories de terrainsLa loi foncière distingue:* Les terres appartenant au domaine public de l’EtatIl s'agit des terres qui sont affectées à un usage ou à un service public, en conséquence, ellessont incessibles tant qu'elles ne sont pas régulièrement désaffectées - art. 55.* Les terres appartenant au domaine privé de l’EtatCe sont toutes les autres terres en dehors de celles réservées au domaine public. Ces terres peuvent faire l'objet d'une concession perpétuelle, d'une concession ordinaire ou d'une servitude foncière. Les terres du domaine privé de l'Etat sont soit urbaines, c'est-à-dire cellescomprissent dans les limites des entités administratives déclarées urbaines par les lois ou les règlements en vigueur, soit rurales c'est-à-dire les restant des terres.Quelles soient urbaines ou rurales, les terres sont destinées à un usage résidentiel,industriel, agricole ou pastorale.

* Les terres appartenant aux particuliersDans cette sous-catégorie, sont répertoriées les terres occupées en vertu soit d'un certificat d'enregistrement - art. 219, soit en vertu d'un contrat de location - art. 144, soit en vertu d'uncontrat d'occupation provisoire - art. 156, soit d'un livret de logeur ou un titre équivalent.* Les terres occupées par les communautés localesIl s'agit des terres occupées par les communautés locales en vertu de leurs droits foncierscoutumiers. Il n'existe aucun texte qui reconnaît ou accorde aux peuples dits autochtones un statut particulier ou des droits spatiaux, car ils sont compris dans les communautés localesdans lesquelles ils sont généralement intégrés Il y a lieu de retenir que l'article 207 de la loi foncières dispose : « Tout acte d'usage ou de jouissance d'une terre quelconque qui ne trouve pas son titre dans la loi ou un contrat, constitue une infraction punissable d'une peine de deux à six mois de servitude pénale et d'une amende de cinq à cinq cent zaïre ou d'une de ces peines seulement. Les coauteurs et complices de cette infraction seront punis conformément au prescrit des articles 21et 22 du code pénal ». Depuis la réforme foncière de 1973, toutes les terres sont devenues domaniales. Ce qui a eu pour conscience, la suppression des «  terres indigènes » pour assurer une uniformisation du droit foncier.

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