Internet of Things:Design Decisions & ?!!

Dr. Eng. Amr T. Abdel-Hamid

NETW 1010

Fall 2013

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Project Course Project:

The proposition and prototyping of a CREATIVEIOT system in the following fields:

Home Campus Office

Project groups are AFTER EED (KOL SANA WENTOM BEKHER) 5 persons Max. Not from the same Department

Course Page: https://www.facebook.com/IOTGUC2013

Smart

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Proposed Solutions

Random

Work Per Idea

Leave it to You to finish it then Randomize the rest?

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IRing: Anti-Cheating RING

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IRing: Remote Control

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IRing Architecture

ProcessorProcessor

Mobile Communication Module

(GPRS/SMS)

Mobile Communication Module

(GPRS/SMS)

Power Supply(Battery)

Power Supply(Battery)

Power MangerPower

Manger

Sim/MicroSim

Sim/MicroSim

1,3 cm * 1.8 cmHard Limit

GPSGPS

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Models and Architectures

Models are conceptual views of the system’s functionality

Architectures are abstract views of the system’s implementation

Model: a set of functional objects and rules for composing these objects

Architecture: a set of implementation components and their connections

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Example: An Elevator Controller Model

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Example: An Elevator Controller Architecture

Processor

Memory

I/O Ports

Flip-Flops

CLCI/O

System Level

(General Purpose Proc.)

Hardware (RTL) Description

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Design Decisions

Functionality: build your MODEL? What to add and what to remove?SET a SMART Requirements

SpecificMeasurableAchievableRealisticTimely

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Design Questions How much Power is needed?

Is power an issue? Average Current needed? Max. Transient Current

Do I need communications/Networking module? How far? (Distance Travelled) Authorized Frequencies Antenna Size Required Power It is 1 device or in a network? Do I need routing?…………

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Data Rate

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Transmission Range

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Power Dissipation

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IOT EXTRA Design Challenges

Larger Scale: Scalability, the ability of a network to support the increase of its limiting parameters. We discuss the first four scalability issues here.

Large Network Size: In the Internet of Things, we are talking about interaction with thousands of devices in one place.

Massive Number of Events: A significant challenge is posed by the enormous number of events generated by objects.

Mobility Rate: Higher mobility rate causes more breakage of links and causes more routing information becoming out-of-date.

Heterogeneous Devices: In the Internet of Things there is a wide variety of hardware and devices, in all shapes and sizes.

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IOT EXTRA Design Challenges (cont.)

Spontaneous Interaction: Sudden interactions happen as the objects move around and come into other objects’ wireless range. This leads to the spontaneous generation of events.

Zero Infrastructure: In the Internet of Things setting, devices need to discover each other as well as the resources provided by other devices in the surroundings. The challenge here is that there is no fixed infrastructure to manage resource publication, discovery and communication.

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IOT GENERIC Architecture

ProcessorProcessor

Communication Module Communication Module

Power Supply(Battery)

Power Supply(Battery)

Power MangerPower

Manger

Processing API

Processing API

Communication API

Communication API

Database API

Database APIDatabase Database

Sensor/ActuatorSensor/Actuator

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Hardware Node

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Controller

Four important factors for the controller Number of transistors -> size, cost, power Number of clock cycles -> power Time to MARKET-> cost, acceptance Nonrecurring engineering cost (NRE) -> cost,

acceptance

 Ideal: Minimize all factors at the same time!

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Controller technology

Controller vary in their customization for the problem at hand

total = 0for i = 1 to N loop total += M[i]end loop

General-purpose processor

Single-purpose processor

Application-specific processor

Desired functionality

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Architectures

Application-specific architecturesController architecture,

Single-purpose processor General-purpose processors

Complex instruction set computer (CISC)Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)….

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General-purpose processors

Programmable device used in a variety of applications Also known as “microprocessor”

Features Program memory General datapath with large register file

and general ALU User benefits

Low time-to-market and NRE costs High flexibility

“Pentium” the most well-known, but there are hundreds of others

IR PC

Registerfile

GeneralALU

DatapathController

Program memory

Assembly code for:

total = 0 for i =1 to …

Control logic and

State register

Datamemory

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Single-purpose processors

Digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program a.k.a. FPGA/ASIC

Features Contains only the components needed to

execute a single program No program memory

Benefits Fast Low power Small size

DatapathController

Control logic

State register

Datamemory

index

total

+

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Application-specific processors

Programmable processor optimized for a particular class of applications having common characteristics Compromise between general-purpose

and single-purpose processors Features

Program memory Optimized datapath Special functional units

Benefits Some flexibility, good performance, size

and power

IR PC

Registers

CustomALU

DatapathController

Program memory

Assembly code for:

total = 0 for i =1 to …

Control logic and

State register

Datamemory

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Processors Comparision

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Tasks of the controller

Running of (real time) data processing and communication protocols

Perform and control the application program Energy management of the node

Different operation modes available (active, idle, listen, sleep, etc.)

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Energy management of controller

Example: Power state machine of StrongARM-1100

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Communication interfaces

Communication interface is required to exchange data with other devices

Typical communication media Radio Infrared (IR)

Communication interface has high energy consumption

Radio interface consumes the most energy usually

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ISM Frequencies Worldwide

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Radio Communication interfaces

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Power supply

 Energy is the most critical resource in a battery operated device (sensor node, “thing”)

Energy supply has two tasks Provision of electrical energy

Typically with batteries Conversion of other energy forms

Extraction of energy from the environment Energy harvesting

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Energy consumption of sensor nodes

Energy characteristic of the components Radio interface consumes the most energy Ratio of energy requirements of CPU / radio interface

E(1 Instruction of CPU) : E(Sending of 1 bit) ≈1:1500 – 1:2900

Send and receive operations are roughly equal expensive Best energy consumption reduction: switch-off radio Flash-Memory has high energy requirements

Write operation ~900 times more expensive than read operation

Processor not so critical Typically several power modes available

Sensors / Actors Varies between components and difficult to predict GPS is the WOREST I saw

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Power Solutions

Reduction of energy by more processing and less data transmission is becoming essential Image recognition in Camera?

NO GENERAL SolutionDiscuss solutions and power

modeling/calculations next lecture