SURAJ NEUPANENATIONAL COLLEGE

BDEVS A1329

A Presentation on International Trade

Introduction:

closed economy an economy that does not interact with other

economies in the worldopen economy

an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the world

Click icon to add pictureIn 2008, the world as a whole produced goods and services worth about $50 trillion at current prices.

Of this total, more than 30 percent was sold across national borders: World trade in goods and services exceeded $16 trillion.

That’s a whole lot of exporting and importing.Source: Paul Krugman et al (International Economics: Theory and Policy)

The Composition of World Trade

Why International Trade?

Trade is an important stimulator of economic growth. It enlarges a country’s consumption capacities, increases world output, and provides access to scarce resources and worldwide markets for products without which poor countries would be unable to grow.

Trade tends to promote greater international and domestic equality by equalizing factor prices, raising real incomes of trading countries, and making efficient use of each nation’s and the world’s resource endowments (e.g., raising relative wages in labor-abundant countries and lowering them in labor-scarce countries).

Trade helps countries achieve development by promoting and rewarding the sectors of the economy where individual countries possess a comparative advantage, whether in terms of labor efficiency or factor endowments. It also lets them take advantage of economies of scale.

In a world of free trade, international prices and costs of production determine how much a country should trade in order to maximize its national welfare. Countries should follow the principle of comparative advantage and not try to interfere with the free workings of the market through government policies that either promote exports or restrict imports.

To promote growth and development, an outward-looking international policy is required. In all cases, self-reliance based on partial or complete isolation is asserted to be economically inferior to participation in a world of unlimited free trade.

Comparative Advantage

Helps us to understand how differences between countries give rise to trade between them and why this trade is mutually beneficial.

Paul Samuelson—the Nobel laureate economist once described comparative advantage as the best example he knows of an economic principle that is undeniably true yet not obvious to intelligent people.

Comparative Advantage

The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.

Comparative advantage is a term associated with 19th Century English economist David Ricardo.

Ricardo improved upon Smith’s principle of absolute advantage.

If each country specializes in those goods and services where they have an advantage, then total output and economic welfare can be increased (under certain assumptions). 

Example of Comparative Advantage

Commodity Nepal IndiaTextile 1 million 2.5 millionShoes 2 million 5 million

Consider there are only two countries in world- India and Nepal producing two goods- Textile and Shoes.

India has absolute advantage in producing both products. But it has comparative advantage in producing Shoes. India is 1.5 times better at producing Textile and 2.5 times better at producing Shoes.

Hence, India should focus on producing Shoes leaving Nepal to produce Textile.

Although, Nepal has an absolute advantage in neither industry because of comparative advantage, both countries can gain from Trade.(Concept of opportunity cost)

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International Trade Restrictions

Governments restrict international trade to protect domestic industries from

foreign competition by using two main tools:

TariffsA tariff is a tax that is imposed by the importing country when an

imported good crosses its international boundary.

Non-tariff barriersA non-tariff barrier is any action other than a tariff that restricts

international trade. Examples of nontariff barriers are quantitative

restrictions(Quota) and licensing regulations which limit imports(VER).

Rationale of Trade Restriction

Temporary Trade Restrictions Help Infant Industries Grow

Tariffs Can Reduce Domestic UnemploymentTariffs Are Necessary for Reasons of National

SecurityTariffs Necessary to Protect against Dumping.

(Dumping occurs when a foreign country sells its products at prices below their costs or below the prices for which they are sold on the domestic market.)

Exchange Rate

An exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s currency.

Exchange rates play a central role in international trade because they allow us to compare the prices of goods and services produced in different countries.

Exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market. The major participants in that market are commercial banks, international corporations, nonbank financial institutions, and national central banks.

Nepal’s International Trade

Particulars 2063/64 2065/67 2067/68 Comment

Export India Other countries

5938 4173 1765

677041012669

643443362098

Export fluctuateIndia increased marginally but third country declined

Import India Other countries

1946911587 7882

284471624412203

396182619313425

Import doubledImport from all countries increased

Export -Import or Trade Gap India Other countries

-13531 - 7414 - 6117

-21677-12143-9534

-33184-21856-11327

Gap widenedGap with India alarmingly increased

Export +Import or Total Trade India Other countries

25408(100)15760(62) 9648(38)

35217(100)20344(58)14872(42)

46052(100)30529(66)15523(34)

Trade composition shows dependence in India increased.

Rs. In Crores

Major Export of NepalWoolen Carpet

Readymade GarmentsHides & Skins

LentilsCardamom

TeaGinger

Vegetable fats and oilNoodles, pasta and like

Medicinal HerbsEssential Oils

JuicesDentifrices (toothpaste)

Yarns ( Polyester, Cotton and others)Textiles

Woolen and Pashmina shawlsJute bags and sacks

Cotton sacks and bagsHats and headgears

Handicrafts ( Painting, Sculpture and statuary)Nepalese paper and paper Products

Articles of silver jewelleryFlat rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600mm or more, plated or coated with corrugated zinc

Flat rolled product of iron or non alloy steel, of a width 600mm or more plated coated with zinc

Wire of iron or non-alloy steelTubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron and steel

Copper and articles thereof

Major import of NepalGold

Iron & Steel and products thereof

Copper and articles thereof

Aluminium and articles thereof

Zinc and articles thereofMachinery and parts

Electronic and Electrical Equipments

Transport Vehicles and parts thereof

Telecommunication Equipment and parts

Aircraft and parts thereof

Rubber and articles thereof

Cotton ( Yarn and Fabrics)

Man-made staple fibres ( Synthetic, Polyester etc)Articles of apparel and clothing accessories

Wool, fine or coarse animal hair

Cereals

Betelnuts

Low erucic acid rape or colza seedsCrude palm Oil

Crude soyabean oil

Pharmaceutical products

Chemicals

Cement

Cement Clinkers

Fertilizers

Polythene Granules

Industrial monocarboxylic fatty acidPetroleum Products

Major trading partner of Nepal(In Export)

Value in '000 Rs.S.N Countries F.Y 2009/10 F.Y 2010/11 F.Y 2011/12

         

1 India 39,902,811 42,868,108 50,933,222 2 U.S.A 3,867,223 4,392,600 5,551,916 3 Germany 2,391,036 2,768,972 2,965,891 4 Bangladesh 3,373,718 3,471,938 2,578,080 5 U.K 1,228,188 1,389,528 1,461,905 6 France 1,152,930 1,206,172 1,062,887 7 China P.R 1,008,696 746,023 985,693 8 Italy 716,188 758,283 792,245 9 Canada 768,090 820,351 782,059

10 Japan 554,158 652,352 767,227 11 Turkey 276,970 865,692 548,770 12 Bhutan 1,554,824 425,484 543,836 13 U.A.E 255,032 326,300 440,792 14 Netherlands 258,139 300,991 411,447 15 Australia 333,140 304,824 354,270 16 Vietnam 49,754 82,305 276,534 17 Spain 181,061 279,556 273,516 18 Hongkong SAR 369,414 179,455 255,482 19 Belgium 265,807 244,631 247,215 20 Kuwait 2,232 77,233 246,526 21 Pakistan 78,971 142,338 225,907 22 Switzerland 370,959 215,288 219,901 23 Denmark 175,945 192,884 199,851 24 Austria 100,969 163,061 176,016 25 Malaysia 110,324 76,416 113,589 26 Singapore 305,665 349,865 108,144 27 Brazil 73,961 54,217 107,969 28 Russia 33,876 117,119 95,152 29 Taiwan 71,187 80,936 73,747 30 Korea R 41,324 87,826 38,532

  Sub Total 59,872,591 63,640,748 72,828,603   Other Countries 1,077,012 921,696 1,250,738   Grand Total 60,949,603 64,562,444 74,089,060

Value in '000 Rs.S.N Countries F.Y 2009/10 F.Y 2010/11 F.Y 2011/12         

1 India 214,261,109 259,162,277 321,346,419 2 China , P.R. 39,218,203 45,635,962 52,924,945 3 U.A.E 33,398,621 13,615,677 32,540,181 4 Thailand 7,504,724 7,039,735 8,098,446 5 Indonesia 8,093,843 8,403,085 7,740,468 6 Argentina 5,036,656 7,369,341 6,529,625 7 Malaysia 4,207,297 4,962,553 5,978,247 8 Korea R. 5,885,329 5,737,191 5,461,033 9 U.S.A 5,384,826 3,930,988 4,885,225

10 Saudi Arabia 1,832,945 3,172,754 4,538,443 11 Japan 6,267,573 3,957,915 4,479,354 12 Ukraine 2,499,366 445,606 3,462,359 13 Singapore 5,007,334 3,347,521 2,646,484 14 Germany 2,321,819 2,330,043 2,569,290 15 Brazil 620,858 1,184,859 2,510,432 16 Taiwan 1,519,883 1,450,077 2,270,523 17 Australia 4,950,297 1,829,768 1,996,628 18 Vietnam 281,436 1,035,585 1,980,528 19 Switzerland 2,743,879 2,456,573 1,914,382 20 U.K. 7,298,818 2,040,553 1,899,390 21 France 1,662,686 1,322,207 1,639,948 22 Russia 436,032 647,369 1,511,754 23 Bangladesh 764,830 1,104,150 1,502,817 24 Italy 949,066 771,544 1,279,641 25 Netherlands 511,998 768,096 1,035,074 26 Canada 551,039 1,089,558 905,949 27 New Zealand 1,091,571 1,038,232 841,303 28 Finland 1,214,488 606,892 554,646 29 Egypt 403,626 838,911 502,747 30 Turkey 404,577 1,849,869 420,301

  Sub Total 366,324,729 389,144,890 485,966,578   Other Countries 9,281,141 8,391,053 12,194,496  Grand Total 375,605,870 397,535,942 498,161,074

Features of Nepal trade

Low volume of ExportHigh volume of ImportBalance of TradeLand Locked country(High Dependency With India(major export

and import partner)Import of Luxurious goods(Consumption

goods)Limited number of exportable goodsRampant illegal trade(Inefficient structure)

Trade deficit