International Space Station: Transitional Platform for

Moon and Mars

Mike Greenisen

(NASA Johnson Space Center)

23 September 2004

Northern Illinois University

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NASA’sHuman Life Sciences

Critical Path Roadmap

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Critical Path Objectives

• Identify and assess risks for human space exploration

• Prioritize research and technology and communicate those priorities

• Guide solicitation, selection, and development of NASA research (ground and flight) and allocation of resources

• Assess progress toward reduction and management of risks

• Define operating bands (acceptable levels of risk)

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Disciplines & Cross-Cutting Areas• Bone loss• Muscle alterations & atrophy• Neurovestibular adaptation• Cardiovascular alterations• Immunology, infection & hematology• Environmental effects

• Clinical capabilities

• Psychosocial adaptation• Sleep & circadian rhythms• Neuropsychological• Space human factors – cognitive

capabilities

• Radiation effects

• Advanced life support• Advanced environmental monitoring • Advanced food technology• Advanced EVA• Space human factors – physical

capabilities

Human Health & Countermeasures

Radiation Health

Behavioral Health& Performance

Advanced HumanSupport Technologies

Autonomous Medical Care

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Reference Missions

DRM 1 Year ISS Lunar Mars

Crew Size 2 + 4 – 6 6

Launch Date 2005? NET 2015, NLT 2020 NET 2025 – 2030

Mission Duration 12 months 10 – 44 days 30 months

Outbound Transit 2 days 3 – 7 days 4 – 6 months

On-Site Duration 12 months 4 – 30 days 18 months

Return Transit 2 days 3 – 7 days 4 – 6 months

Communication lag time

0+ 1.3 seconds + 3 – 20 minutes +

Hypogravity 0 g 1/6g (.1666g/5.33 ft./sec.2)

1/3g (.389g/12.448 ft./sec.2)

Internal Environment

~ 14.7 psi TBD TBD

EVA 0 – 4 per mission 2 – 3/week;

4 – 15/person

2 – 3/week; 180/person

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Timetable

2004: Announcement of new vision for space exploration2005: Countermeasure hardware requirements (Phase A)2006: Initial flight experiments; countermeasure hardware

design & prototype development (Phase B)2007-8: First unmanned test flight of CEV2010: STS to be retired: end heavy lift/return2010-13: Final ground demo of countermeasures2013-16: In-flight demo/validation of integrated

countermeasure suite(s)2015-20: Moon human landing/exploration testbed2016: End ISS validation of countermeasures2025: First piloted Mars mission

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Risk Mitigation StatusTechnology Readiness Level (TRL) &

Countermeasures Readiness Level (CRL)

TRL Definition CRL Definition CRL category

Basic principles observed Phenomenon observed and reportedProblem defined

Basic research

Technology concept and/or application formulated

Hypothesis formed, preliminary studies to define parameters. Demonstrate feasibility

Analytical and experimental critical function/proof-of-concept

Validated hypothesis. Understanding of scientific processes underlying problem

Research to prove

feasibilityComponent and/or breadboard

validation in labFormulation of countermeasures concept based

on understanding of phenomenonCounter-measure develop-

mentComponent and/or breadboard in relevant environment

Proof of concept testing and initial demonstration of feasibility and efficacy

System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in

relevant environment

Laboratory/clinical testing of potential countermeasure in subjects to demonstrate

efficacy of concept

Subsystem prototype in a space environment

Evaluation with human subjects in controlled laboratory simulating operational space flight

environment

Counter-measure

demonstration

System completed and flight qualified through demonstration

Validation with human subjects in actual operational space flight to demonstrate efficacy

and operational feasibility

System flight proven through mission operations

Countermeasure fully flight-tested and ready for implementation

Countermeasure operations

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Low Moderate High

Crewmember Health In-flight

No more than temporary discomfort

Short-term incapacitation or impairment

Death, significant health issue requiring mission

abort or long-term incapacitation or

impairment

Crewmember Performance In-flight

Delays of mission

objectives

Loss of some mission

objectives

Inability to perform critical mission functions, or total loss of mission objectives

Crewmember Health Post-mission

Limited increase in post-mission rehabilitation

Impairment but no long term

reduced quality of life

Significant permanent disability or significantly

reduced lifespan, or significant long term

impairment or reduced quality of life

Severity of Consequences (for example)

Ty

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Human Health Risk Assessment Criteria (examples)

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Rating Analysis

• Human Health and Countermeasure Risks– Most microgravity physiology risks are modest– ISS should be used to mitigate those risks

• Behavioral Health and Performance Risks– Critical for exploration– ISS only moderately useful to mitigate risks– Research should be done in integrated test facilities

• Radiation Risks– Radiation protection is essential for exploration– Most research should be done on Earth

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Human Health and Countermeasures Risks

RISK NUMBERTheme Discipline Risk Category ISS (1yr) Moon (30d) Mars (30m) Mar/ISS Priority Comments

1 HH&C BoneAccelerated Bone Loss and Fracture Risk

Y G Y

2 HH&C Bone Impaired Fracture Healing G G R

Red is too high a rating for Mars. It is unclear how severe a risk this is and how it would ultimately impact a mission. It is also unclear if answering all of the enabling questions would reduce the risk. Prevention and therapy should be the emphasis of resources. -Should decide that there are categories of fracuture that will be treated on ISS and write these into the clinical plans. Plans should be made to use ISS to examine/simulate targets of opportunity. green is too low for ISS.

3 HH&C BoneInjury to Joints and Intervertebral Structures

Y Y Y

4 HH&C Bone Renal Stone Formation G G G

5 HH&C CardioOccurrence of Serious Cardiovascular Dysrhythmias

Y Y Y

6 HH&C CardioDiminished Cardiac and Vascular Function

Y Y Y This assumes exercise hardware works for Mars today and ISS priority ratings

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Human Health and Countermeasures Risks (continued)

RISK NUMBERTheme Discipline Risk Category ISS (1yr) Moon (30d) Mars (30m) Mar/ISS Priority Comments1 HH&C Bone Accelerated Bone Loss and Y G Y

7 HH&C Env HealthDefine Acceptable Limits for Contaminants in Air and Water

G Y R Red is too high a rating for Mars.

8 HH&C IIH Immunodeficiency / Infection Y Y Y

9 HH&C IIHVirus-Induced Lymphomas and Leukemia's

Y G Y

10 HH&C IIHAnemia, Blood Replacement & Marrow Failure

G Y Y Reclassify enabling questions under clinical medicine and radiation

11 HH&C IIHAltered Host-Microbial Interactions

G G Y**Need to change risk title/description

12 HH&C IIHAllergies and Autoimmune Diseases

G G Y

*Should be combine with risk 8. Need to consolidate enabling questions in order to address each area.

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Human Health and Countermeasures Risks (continued)

RISK NUMBERTheme Discipline Risk Category ISS (1yr) Moon (30d) Mars (30m) Mar/ISS Priority Comments1 HH&C Bone Accelerated Bone Loss and Y G Y

13 HH&C MuscleSkeletal Muscle Atrophy Resulting in Reduced Strength and Endurance

G G YMars/ISS priority rating assumes exercise hardware works. Research can increase efficiency.

14 HH&C MuscleIncreased Susceptibility to Muscle Damage

G G Y Should be combined with risk 3. EQs should be compared to risks 3 & 13 and consolidated.

15 HH&C NeuroVertigo, Spatial Disorientation and Perceptual Illusions

Y Y Y

Assumes automated landing and any backup manual requires minimal crew coordination. AG considered seperately. Rename risk to "Operational capability in-flight and during landing" Need to resolve discrepancy with EQs if risk is renamed.

16 HH&C NeuroImpaired Movement Coordination Following G-Transitions

Y Y Y

Rename risk to "Operational capability immediately post-landing" Mars/ISS priority ratings are for operational efficiency and safety.

17 HH&C Neuro Motion Sickness G G G

18 HH&C NutritionInadequate Nutritional Requirements

G G YOverlaps with EQs 42. N & 42. O

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Autonomous Medical Care

RISK NUMBERTheme Discipline Risk Category ISS (1yr) Moon (30d) Mars (30m)R/Y/G Risk Rating CommentsMars/ISS Priority Comments

19 AMC Clin Monitoring & Prevention Y Y R

20 AMC Clin Major Illness & Trauma Y R RAssumption 1 crew member Physician. Add pain management EQ and radiation treatment EQ.

21 AMC ClinPharmacology of Space Medicine Delivery

Y Y R

22 AMC Clin Ambulatory Care G G Y

23 AMC Clin Return to Gravity/Rehabilitation G Y RReturn to gravity issues need integrated approach.

24 AMC Clin

Insufficient Data/Information/Knowledge Management & Communication Capability

G Y R

25 AMC Clin Skill Determination and Training G Y R

26 AMC ClinPalliative, Mortem, and Post-Mortem Medical Activities

Y R RNot a research issue. Need management plan.

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Behavioral Health and Performance

RISK NUMBERTheme Discipline Risk Category ISS (1yr) Moon (30d) Mars (30m) Mars/ISS Priority Comments

27 BH&P HBPHuman Performance Failure Due to Poor Psychosocial Adaptation

R Y R

Most research can be done with ground analog studies. Most of the data is available from ground studies. ISS studies can translate to Mars.

28 BH&P HBP

Human Performance Failure Due to Neurobehavioral Problems

R Y R

29 BH&P SHFEMismatch between Crew Cognitive Capabilities and Task Demands

Y Y RTask saturation issue needs to be included in the EQs. Task saturation issue more compelling than current EQs.

30 BH&P HBP

Human Performance Failure Due to Sleep Loss and Circadian Rhythm Problems

G G Y

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Radiation Risks

RISK NUMBERTheme Discipline Risk Category ISS (1yr) Moon (30d) Mars (30m)R/Y/G Risk Rating CommentsMars/ISS Priority Comments

31 RH Rad Carcinogenesis Y R RAssumes adequate shielding

32 RH RadAcute and Late CNS Risks

Y Y R

33 RH RadOther Degenerative Tissue Risks

Y Y R

34 RH RadHeredity, Fertility and Sterility Risks

G G Y

35 RH RadAcute Radiation Syndromes

G R R

New Radiation Risk Categories

Inadequate Sheilding, Monitoring and Early Warning

Emphasis should be on developing shielding and early warning (solar

weather) in order to mitigate risk and influence vehicle design.

Acute effects including CNS

EQ should include blood replacement therapies from IIH. EQs should be in clinical care.

Chronic and latent non-carciongenic effects

CarcinogenesisResearch is important but ground models should be emphasized.

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Credits:

John Charles

Deputy Chief Scientist Bioastronautics

Kent Joosten

Exploration Systems Engineering Office

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Mars Mission

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MARS NOTES

•Earth to Mars–Average short 48M Miles–Average Long 235M Miles–With eccentricity short varies between 35M + 63M Miles

•Mars Equator Diameter – 4,214 Miles•Earth Equator Diameter – 7,921 Miles•One Astronautical Unit AU – 93M Miles (92,960,000 miles)

–Solar System Measurement•One Light Year – 63M AU (63,241 AU’s)

–Star Distance Measurement

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Example Short-Stay Missions

• Characterized by:– High-propulsive requirements– Large variation in energy

requirements across mission opportunities

– Venus swing-by or deep-space Maneuvers

– Close perihelion passage– Short to long total mission

durations– Majority (90+%) of crew time

spent in deep-space environment

Sun

Arrive Mars12/16/31

Depart Mars1/25/32

MISSION TIMESOutbound

313 days Stay

40 daysReturn

308 daysTotal Mission

661 days

Depart Earth2/6/31

Arrive Earth11/28/32

Example Short-Stay Mission

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Example Long-Stay Missions

• Characterized by:– Lower-propulsive requirements– Small variation in energy

requirements across mission opportunities

– All mission > 1 Au– Short transits separated by long-

surface mission– Long total mission durations– Majority (50+%) of crew time spent

on Mars

Sun

Depart Earth5/11/18

Depart Mars6/14/20

Arrive Earth12/11/20

MISSION TIMESOutbound

180 days Stay

545 daysReturn

180 daysTotal Mission

945 daysArrive Mars

11/7/18

Example Long-Stay Mission

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Mars Mission & Propulsion Options:constant acceleration

• Plasma rocket: variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket, VASIMIR

• Continuous acceleration ~0.01 g

– Not biologically protective g-level

– Benefit: short trip time, reduced exposure to weightlessness, radiation, other risks

• Round-trip: ~8 month

– 3 month outbound

– 1 month at Mars

– 3 month Return

• Supercritical H2 propellant also serves as radiation shield

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VASIMIR Trajectory

Note: van Allen belts < 6 Re

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Mission Architecture AssumptionsMission Architecture Assumptions

• Transit from Earth to Mars:Transit from Earth to Mars:→ 4-8 months4-8 months→ Possibly entirely in Possibly entirely in

weightlessnessweightlessness• Deconditioning similar to that Deconditioning similar to that

seen in ISS crewsseen in ISS crews• Protective effects of Artificial Protective effects of Artificial

Gravity (AG) now under Gravity (AG) now under investigationinvestigation

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How Do We Get There?How Do We Get There?

• Understand crew capabilities after simulated Understand crew capabilities after simulated Mars transitMars transit→ Post-flight evaluations of ISS crewmembersPost-flight evaluations of ISS crewmembers

• Increase crew capabilities on arrival at MarsIncrease crew capabilities on arrival at Mars→ Develop effective crew conditioning in transitDevelop effective crew conditioning in transit

• Artificial Gravity if possibleArtificial Gravity if possible→ Crew rehabilitation after landing (if necessary)Crew rehabilitation after landing (if necessary)

• Decrease operational requirements on crew Decrease operational requirements on crew during post-arrival adaptation periodduring post-arrival adaptation period→ Automate entry/landingAutomate entry/landing→ Minimize crew workload immediately after Minimize crew workload immediately after

landinglanding→ Increase crew extravehicular mobility (pressure Increase crew extravehicular mobility (pressure

suit; rover, etc.)suit; rover, etc.)

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Physical ConditioningPhysical Conditioningduring Transitduring Transit

Resistive ExerciseResistive Exercise

Artificial Gravity Artificial Gravity (Short-Axis Centrifuge)(Short-Axis Centrifuge)

Aerobic ExerciseAerobic Exercise

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation may also be may also be required before required before on-planet on-planet EVAs.EVAs.

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Crew Performance Requirements Crew Performance Requirements after Mars Landingafter Mars Landing

• Don/doff pressure suit without Don/doff pressure suit without assistanceassistance

• Physical rehabilitationPhysical rehabilitation– Walk, balance, stretch, light Walk, balance, stretch, light

cardio & resistive exercisecardio & resistive exercise• Descend and climb stairsDescend and climb stairs

– Function of post-landing timeFunction of post-landing time– Wearing pressure suit Wearing pressure suit

• AmbulateAmbulate– Function of post-landing timeFunction of post-landing time– Wearing pressure suitWearing pressure suit– Across uneven or irregular Across uneven or irregular

surfacesurfaceText courtesy of Steve Hoffman and NASA JSC Exploration Office 2003

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SpiritSpirit

L+11DL+11D

Spirit Spirit L+0L+0

RecommendationRecommendation• Crewmember adjustment Crewmember adjustment

to Mars surface to Mars surface environment may require:environment may require:→ 3-4 days minimum3-4 days minimum→ 10 days in extreme cases10 days in extreme cases

• Any vehicle intended for Any vehicle intended for crew landing on Mars crew landing on Mars should support:should support:→ One week habitation by One week habitation by

whole crewwhole crew→ Crewmember rehabilitation Crewmember rehabilitation

as requiredas required→ Surface EVA preparationsSurface EVA preparations

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Previously RecommendedPreviously Recommended

• First Mars landing crew should First Mars landing crew should notnot conduct a surface EVA before day 7, conduct a surface EVA before day 7, and then only local traverses during and then only local traverses during a surface stay of about 60 daysa surface stay of about 60 days

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One Day After Landing?One Day After Landing?

Or One Week After Landing?Or One Week After Landing?

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Point/Counterpoint:Point/Counterpoint:EARLY vs. DELAYED Egress?EARLY vs. DELAYED Egress?

• Minimize ascent vehicle Minimize ascent vehicle mass (if crew landing mass (if crew landing vehicle).vehicle).

• Possible operational need Possible operational need for earlier egress.for earlier egress.

• Limited time on-planet.Limited time on-planet.

• Psychological impacts of Psychological impacts of delayed egress.delayed egress.

→ Crew vehicle Crew vehicle mustmust have margins for off- have margins for off-nominal and contingency operational and nominal and contingency operational and crew health situations.crew health situations.

→ Operational requirements Operational requirements alwaysalways supercede recommendations. supercede recommendations.

→ Maybe not so limited—18 months?Maybe not so limited—18 months?→ Crew more efficient if better adapted.Crew more efficient if better adapted.

• AG in transit to minimize rehabilitation.AG in transit to minimize rehabilitation.

→ Crew cognizant of issues.Crew cognizant of issues.→ Crew Crew notnot idle: vehicle reconfiguration, EVA idle: vehicle reconfiguration, EVA

preparations, landing site reconnaissance.preparations, landing site reconnaissance.

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Mars Design Reference MissionMars Design Reference Mission

• No earlier than 2025-2030– Oct.2024; Nov.2026;

Jan.2029; Feb.2031

• 30-month round-trip– 4-6 months in transit– 18 months on Mars

• 180+ EVAs per person

• Gravity/acceleration– Hypogravity

• 3/8 g on Mars• 0 g in transit (unless AG)

4

1

3

2

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• Land in either of two distinct vehiclesLand in either of two distinct vehicles→ HabitatHabitat

• No abort-to-orbit capabilityNo abort-to-orbit capability• Well-equipped for long habitationWell-equipped for long habitation

– No early surface EVA requiredNo early surface EVA required

OROR

→ Ascent vehicleAscent vehicle• Abort to orbit if required Abort to orbit if required (then what?)(then what?)• Limited life support capabilityLimited life support capability

– Early surface EVA required to reach habitatEarly surface EVA required to reach habitat

→ Separate vehicles required for reasons of Separate vehicles required for reasons of landed masslanded mass

Mission Architecture Mission Architecture AssumptionsAssumptions

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approx 500 mapprox 500 m

HabitatHabitat

Ascent vehicleAscent vehicle

• Vehicles no more than Vehicles no more than 500 meters apart500 meters apart

Mission Architecture AssumptionsMission Architecture Assumptions

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• Soyuz TMA-2 landing mimicked Mars landing:Soyuz TMA-2 landing mimicked Mars landing:→ 5½-month simulated transit.5½-month simulated transit.→ Piloted aerobraking entry, descent and landing.Piloted aerobraking entry, descent and landing.→ Safed lander.Safed lander.→ Egressed vehicle unassisted.Egressed vehicle unassisted.→ Erected recovery aids.Erected recovery aids.

Case Study: ISS Expedition 6 Case Study: ISS Expedition 6

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• Provided strong evidence FOR Provided strong evidence FOR human functionality after Mars-human functionality after Mars-like transit.like transit.

• Qualitatively demonstrated Qualitatively demonstrated decrements in crew decrements in crew performance.performance.→ All three crewmembers exhibited All three crewmembers exhibited

reduced capability, up to reduced capability, up to voluntary immobility.voluntary immobility.

→ Thirty minutes worth of work in Thirty minutes worth of work in about five hours, but no need to about five hours, but no need to hurry.hurry.

→ Note: unencumbered weight on Note: unencumbered weight on Earth approximates Mars weight Earth approximates Mars weight wearing projected pressure suit.wearing projected pressure suit.(Mark III zero-prebreathe suit:(Mark III zero-prebreathe suit:

95 kg on Earth = 36 kg on Mars)95 kg on Earth = 36 kg on Mars)

Case Study: Expedition 6 Case Study: Expedition 6 (cont.)(cont.)

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Where do we need to be?Where do we need to be?? Anticipated Mission requirements for early on-planet Anticipated Mission requirements for early on-planet

operationsoperations√ DexterityDexterity

→Tool fastener operationTool fastener operation√ Hand-eye coordinationHand-eye coordination

→Driving roverDriving rover→Teleoperating robotic aidesTeleoperating robotic aides

√ Strength, flexibility, agilityStrength, flexibility, agility→Pressure suit doff/donPressure suit doff/don→Habitat egress/ingressHabitat egress/ingress

√ Complex actionsComplex actions→Deploy solar arrayDeploy solar array→Erect habitatErect habitat

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BEAT Bowling Green!!