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INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES
General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Political Science and International Development Studies, and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
Recent titles include:
Manuel R. Agosin and Diana Tussie (editors) TRADE AND GROWTH: NEW DILEMMAS IN TRADE POLICY
Mahvash Alerassool FREEZING ASSETS: THE USA AND THE MOST EFFECTIVE
ECONOMIC SANCTION
Robert Boardman POST-SOCIALIST WORLD ORDERS
Inga Brandell (editor) WORKERS IN THIRD-WORLD INDUSTRIALIZATION
Richard P. C. Brown PUBLIC DEBT AND PRIV ATE WEALTH
lerker Carlsson, Gunnar K6hlin and Anders Ekbom THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EV ALUATION
O. P. Dwivedi DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: FROM UNDERDEVELOPMENT
TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Steell Folke, Niels Fold and Thyge Enevoldsen SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
Anthony Tuo-Kofi Gadzey THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POWER
Betty J. Harris THE POLITIC AL ECONOMY OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN PERIPHERY
Jacques Hersh THE USA AND THE RISE OF EAST ASIA SINCE 1945
Bahgat Korany, Paul Noble and Rex Brynen (editors) THE MANY FACES OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE ARAB WORLD
Howard P. Lehman INDEBTED DEVELOPMENT
Matthew Martin THE CRUMBLING FA<;:ADE OF AFRICAN DEBT NEGOTIATIONS
Paul Mosley (editor) DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND POLICY REFORM
Tony Porter STATES, MARKETS AND REGIMES IN GLOBAL FINANCE
Stephen P. Riley (editor) THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL DEBT
Alfredo C. Robles, Jr FRENCH THEORIES OF REGULATION AND CONCEPTIONS OF
THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
Ann Seidman and Robert B. Seidman STATE AND LAW IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Frederick Stapenhurst POLITICAL RISK AN AL YSIS AROUND THE NORTH ATLANTIC
Deborah Stienstra WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Arno Tausch (with Fred Prager) TOWARDS A SOCIO-LIBERAL THEORY OF WORLD DEVELOPMENT
Nancy Thede and Pierre Beaudet (editors) A POST-APARTHEID SOUTHERN AfRICA?
Peter Utting ECONOMIC REFORM AND THIRD-WORLD SOCIALISM
Sandra Whitworth FEMINISM AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Fiona Wilson SWEATERS: GENDER, CLASS AND WORKSHOP-BASED
INDUSTRY IN MEXICO
The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in ECOWAS Edited by
Timothy M. Shaw Professor of Political Science and International Development Studies and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia
and
Julius Emeka Okolo Professor of Political Science and Dean of the Postgraduate School Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria
M St. Martin's Press
Selection, editorial matter and Chapt~r I © Timothy M. Shaw and Julius Emeka Okolo 1994 Chapters 2-\J © The Macmillan Press Ltd 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1994
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written pemlission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written pennission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the temlS of any licence pennitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WI P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published in Great Britain 1994 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
First published in the United States of America 1994 by Scholarly and Reference Division, ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Political economy of foreign policy in ECOW AS I edited by Timothy M. Shaw and Julius Emeka Okolo. p. cm. - (International political economy series) Includes index.
I. Africa, West-Economic policy-Case studies. 2. Africa, West-Economic conditions-I 960- -Case studies. 3. Africa, West--Foreign relations-Case studies. 4. Economic Community of West African States. I. Shaw, Timothy M. II. Okolo, Julius Emeka. III. Series. HCIOOO.P65 1994 338.%6--dc20 93-29482
CIP
ISBN 978-1-349-23279-6 ISBN 978-1-349-23277-2 (eBook)
ISBN 978-0-312-10646-1
ISBN 978-0-312-10646-1
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23277-2
Contents
List of Maps, Tables and Figures
Notes on the Contributors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Map of ECOWAS States in West Africa
1 African Political Economy and Foreign Policy in the 1990s: Towards a Revisionist Framework for ECOW AS States Timothy M. Shaw and Julius Emeka Okolo
1.1 Political Economy 1.2 Foreign Policy 1.3 New Regionalism 1.4 Revisionist Elements
2 Cape Verde Craig N. Murphy
2.1 Realism 2.2 Ambivalence about African Regionalism 2.3 Emphasising Opportunities within a Liberal-
Fundamentalist Version of the New International Division of Labour
3 Ghana Baffour Agyeman-Duah and Cyril Kofie Daddieh
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theoretical Perspective 3.3 The Domestic Perspective of PNDC Policy-
making 3.4 Fraternising with Radical States 3.5 Reversion to Traditional Policy Positions 3.6 Conclusion
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ix
x
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1
2 3 9
11
17
19 22
26
32
32 34
36 38 41 44
vi Contents
4 Guinea Jennifer Ann Clapp 47
4.1 Foreign Policy under Sekou Toure 48 4.2 Guinea's Place in the IPE in the post-Toure
Years 51 4.3 Conclusion 61
5 Liberia Christopher Clapham 66
5.1 Preface 66 5.2 Intr-oduction 67 5.3 Economic Structure and Great Power Relations 69 5.4 The Continental and Regional Setting 76 5.5 Conclusion 82
6 Mauritania Gilbert K. Bluwey 86
6.1 Introduction 86 6.2 Geo-demographic Base 88 6.3 Natural Endowment and the Economy 89 6.4 Political Environment 92 6.5 Issues and Options 94 6.6 Conclusion 99
7 Niger Robert B. Charlick 103
7.1 Foreign Policy Interest~ of a Poor Sahelian Nation 103 7.2 The Controlling Influence of Economic Crisis 104 7.3 The Domestic Political Context for Nigerien
Foreign Policy 105 7.4 Foreign Policy Responses and Historic Options 108 7.5 Conclusion: ECOWAS as an Option? 121
8 Nigeria Julius Emeka Okolo and Stephen Wright 125
8.1 The Political Economy 126 8.2 The Political Environments of the First and
Second Republics 129
Contents Vll
8.3 Structural Adjustment and Political Opposition 132 8.4 Foreign Policy: Diplomatic Rhetoric and
Economic Reality 136 8.5 Foreign Policy Orientation in the 1990s 140 8.6 Conclusion 144
9 Senegal Geeta Chowdhry and Mark Beeman 147
9.1 Peanuts, the State and Dependence 147 9.2 Assessing the Structural Adjustment Policies 156 9.3 Conclusion: Structural Adjustment, Stability and
the State 164
10 Togo Phoebe Kornfeid 173
10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 The Realities of Togo's Political Economy 174 10.3 Togo as an Example of a Juridical State 176 10.4 Eyadema's Strained Relations with His
Neighbours 178 10.5 Togo's Regional Options 180 10.6 Togo and the Extra-regional International
Community 182 10.7 Conclusion 184
11 ECOW AS in Comparative Perspective Clement Emenike Adibe 187
11.1 The Size-Power Variable: Testing Two Competing Hypotheses 188
11.2 The Circumstances and Consequences of Nigeria's Expulsion of Illegal Aliens 194
11.3 Between Size-Power and Integrative Outcome: Potency and Strategic Use of Power as Mediating Variables 196
11.4 The Scope and Nature of Transactions 199 11.5 The Failure of the Trade Liberalisation
Programme: A Political and Economic Explanation 205
11.6 The Problem of Smuggling or Unrecorded Trade Flows 210
Vlll Contents
11.7 Conclusion: Coping with C6te d'Ivoire 212
12 ECOMOG in Comparative Perspective E. John Inegbedion 218
12.1 Introduction 218 12.2 The Political Economy of Collective Security and
Foreign Policy in ECOW AS 220 12.3 Liberia: Internal Fissures and Fissions 223 12.4 The Occasion for the ECOWAS Intervention 228 12.5 ECOMOG in Global Comparative Perspective 235 12.6 Conclusion 236
13 The Political Economy of African Foreign Policies: Marginality and Dependency. Realism and Choice Jon Kraus 245
13.1 Macroeconomic and Macropolitical Forces in African Dependency 247
13.2 Analytical Variables and Foreign Policy Goals 257 13.3 The Centrality of Political Economy 272
Index 285
List of Maps, Tables and Figures
Map ECOWAS States in West Africa xv
Tables 1.1 ECOW AS States: Country Profiles 4 1.2 ECOW AS States' Currencies' Exchange Rates,
1993 8 6.1 Statistical Data on Mauritania 88 9.1 Macroeconomic Indicators for Senegal 158 9.2 Senegal's External Debt 160
10.1 GNP and Military Expenditure in Togo and Sub-Saharan Africa 175
11.1 Distribution of Population and GNP among ECOW AS States, 1975 189
11.2 Comparison Between the Size-Power Coefficient of ECOWAS and Other Integration Schemes 191
11.3 ECOWAS in a World of Trading States 202 11.4 Intra-ECOWAS Trade 203 11.5A Intra-ECOWAS Trade: The 'Big Four' in Relation
to the Rest of ECOW AS (in US $m.) 203 11.5B Intra-ECOWAS Trade: The 'Big Four' in Relation
to the Rest of ECOWAS (in %) 204 11.6 Revenue Structure of ECOWAS States, 1976-7 206 11. 7 List of Enterprises and Industrial Products
Approved to Participate in Intra-ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme 208
12.1 The Composition of ECOMOG, February 1993 231 12.2 Where ECOW AS Members Stand on ECOMOG 234 13.1 Some Factors and Contexts that Influence and
Constrain Foreign Policy Choices 260
Figure 11.1 Percentage Distribution, by Country, of ECOWAS
GNP and Population, 1985 193
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Notes on the Contributors
Clement Emenike Adibe is a doctoral candidate at Queen's University in Ontario and a Fellow in International Institutions at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in Cambridge. He presently holds a MacArthur Foundation fellowship for his work on West African regionalism.
Balfour Agyeman-Duah is Associate Professor and Director of the Division of Social Sciences at Bennett College, Greensboro, North Carolina. He holds a PhD from the University of Denver and has recently published in Armed Forces and Society, Comparative Political Studies and the Journal of Modern African Studies.
Mark Beeman is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Social Work at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona.
Gilbert K. Bluwey is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Ghana in Legon, Accra.
Robert B. Charlick is Senior Governance Advisor for the USAID Africa Bureau Democracy and Governance Program with ARD in Washington, DC. Dr Charlick is the author of Niger: Personal Rule and Survival in the Sahel and was previously a faculty member at Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio.
Geeta Chowdhry is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Arizona University. Dr Chowdhry holds a PhD from the University of Florida. Her research has appeared in d' Amico and Beckman, Women and World Politics and in Harris and Dorraj, The Changing Context of Third World Political Economy, and she is publishing International Financial Institutions: The State and Women Farmers in the Third World in the IPE Series'.
Christopher Clapham is Professor of Politics and International Relations at Lancaster University and President of the African Studies Association of the UK, 1992-4. Dr Clapham is author of Liberia and
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Notes on the Contributors Xl
Sierra Leone: An Essay in Comparative Politics and has contributed chapters on Liberia to Dunn, West African States and O'Brien, Dunn and Rathbone, Contemporary West African States.
Jennifer Ann Clapp is Lecturer in Political Studies at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. She holds a PhD from the LSE and has published on structural adjustment in Guinea in the Journal of International Development.
Cyril Kofie Daddieh is Associate Professor of Political Science at Salisbury State University in Salisbury, Maryland. He received his doctorate from Dalhousie University and has contributed chapters on Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana to Watts and Little, Peasants under Contract, and to Eke and Gibrill, Conflict and Cooperation in InterAfrican Relations.
E. John Inegbedion is a doctoral candidate in political science at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He has published chapters in Swatuk and Shaw, Prospects for Peace and Development in Southern Africa in the 1990s, and in Rodriguez Beruff, Figueroa and Greene, Confli':t, Peace and Development in the Caribbean.
Phoebe Kornfield practises private international law in Frankfurt, Germany. She holds a PhD in political science from Duke University. Dr Kornfield previously practised law in the US and taught in Europe and the US.
Jon Kraus is Professor in Political Science at SUNY, Fredonia, in New York State. He has published extensively on West Africa, most recently in Current History, Africa Today, in Rothchild, Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery, and Katz and Athene, Privatization and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Craig N. Murphy is Professor of Political Science at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachussetts. Dr Murphy is author of The Emergence of the NIEO Ideology, co-author of America's Quest for Supremacy and the Third World and co-editor of The New International Political Economy.
Julius Emeka Okolo is Professor and Chair of Political Science and Dean of the Postgraduate School at Usmanu Danfodiyo University in
xii Notes on the Contributors
Sokoto, Nigeria. He is co-editor with Stephen Wright of West African Regional Cooperation and Development and author of articles in the German Yearbook of International Law, International Journal, International Organization and World Affairs.
Timothy M. Shaw is Professor of Political Science and International Development Studies and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University. He has taught at universities in Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe and is author of Reformism and Revisionism in Africa'S Political Economy in the 1990s and co-editor of Beyond Structural Adjustment in Africa.
Stephen Wright is Associate Professor of Political Science at Northern Arizona University. He holds a PhD from the LSE and has taught in Britain and Nigeria. His most recent chapter on Nigeria is in Curtis, Introduction to Comparative Government (third edition).
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ANAD
ACP
CEAO
CFA CIA CMRN
EC ECOMOG ECOWAS EIU ESAF FAO GDP GNP IBRD
IFIs
IMF INGO IPE LDCs LPA MNC MOJA MRU NAM NATO NGO NICs NIDL
Non-aggression and Defence Aid Agreement (francophone states only) African, Caribbean and Pacific States (associated with the EC) West African Economic Community (francophone states) Communaute Financiere Africaine (franc zone) Central Intelligence Agency (US) Military Committee for National Renaissance (Guinea) European (Economic) Community ECOW AS Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African States Economist Intelligence Unit Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (IFIs) Food and Agriculture Organisation Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) International Financial Institutions (IBRD and IMF) International Monetary Fund International NGO International Political Economy Less Developed Countries Lagos Plan of Action Multi-national Corporation Movement for Justice in Africa (Liberia) Mano River Union Non-aligned Movement North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-Governmental Organisation Newly Industrialising Countries New International Division of Labour
Xlll
xiv
NIDP NIEO NPFL OAU OERS OIC OMVG OPEC PAIGCI
PAICV PNDC SAPs UN UNDP UNICEF US USAID USSR
Acronyms and Abbreviations
New International Division of Power New International Economic Order National Patriotic Front of Liberia Organisation of African Unity Organisation of Senegal River States Organisation of Islamic Conference Gambia River Development Organisation Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Independence Party of (Guinea and) Cape Verde Provisional National Defence Council (Ghana) Structural Adjustment Programmes (IFls) United Nations UN Development Programme UN Children's Fund United States of America US Agency for International Development Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Map of ECOWAS States in West Africa
Source: reprinted from West African Regional Cooperation and Development, edited by Julius Emeka Okolo and Stephen Wright, 1990, by permission of Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
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