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TRANSCRIPT
International Migration:
Australia in a Global Context
byGraeme Hugo
ARC Australian Professorial Fellow
Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population
and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide
Presentation to Year 12 Geography Night, University of Adelaide
12th August 2014
Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Global Trends in Migration
• Key Changes in Global Discourse
• Australia: A Nation of Immigrants
• Key Changes in Australian
Migration
• An International Role for Australia
• Conclusion
A Mobile Planet
Population mobility is now within
the calculus of choice of most of
the world’s citizens as they weigh
up their life chances
Number of Chinese Travelling Abroad for Business and Tourism 1981-2003
and Total Number of Outbound Trips from China, 1997-2013Source: Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 June 2004, 30; Asia Times Online, 9 February 2006;
Guangrui 2011; Tourist Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Labour Force Age Groups and
Dependency RatesSource: World Bank, 2006
Global International Migration, 1980-2013Source: United Nations, 2011 and 2013
Year Number of
Migrants
% of Total
Population
1980 99,300,000 2.2
1990 155,518,065 2.9
1995 165,968,778 2.9
2000 178,498,563 2.9
2005 195,245,404 3.0
2010 213,943,812 3.1
2013 232,000,000 3.2
International Migration by Country of
Destination, 2013Source: United Nations 2013
International Migration by Country of
Origin, 2013Source: United Nations 2013
International Migrants by Major Area,
1990 to 2013Source: United Nations 2013
Numbers of international migrants by
origin and destination, 1990-2013Source: United Nations 2013
The Number of International Migrants: Absolute Change and
Percentage Change Between 2000 and 2013, by RegionSource: United Nations, 2013
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Mic
ronesia
Easte
rn A
fric
a
South
ern
Asia
Easte
rn E
uro
pe
Centr
al A
sia
Caribbean
Weste
rn A
fric
a
Weste
rn E
uro
pe
Mela
nesia
South
Am
erica
Nort
hern
Am
erica
Nort
hern
Afr
ica
Poly
nesia
Mid
dle
Afr
ica
Austr
alia
and N
ew
Zeala
nd
Easte
rn A
sia
Nort
hern
Euro
pe
Centr
al A
merica
Weste
rn A
sia
South
-Easte
rn A
sia
South
ern
Afr
ica
South
ern
Euro
pe
Mill
ions
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140Absolute change % change
Source: United Nations 2013
Emigration Policy
Two Key Changes in International
Migration Discourse
• Migration and development nexus
• The emergence of transnationalism as the
dominant paradigm
Impact on Economic
Development
• Brain drain perspective
• Individual migrants and their
families
• Destination
• Origin
• Recognition that migration can be
an enabler of development
The Diaspora and Development
• Remittances
• A source of FDI
• A bridgehead for exports
• Technology transfer
• Social remittances
• Return migration
Remittances and Capital Flows to Developing
Countries, 1990 to 2016Source : World Bank 2013, 1
Remittances Received (US$m), 2012Source: World Bank Remittances database, November 2012
Transnationalism
• More balanced consideration of origin
and destination
• Circular and non-permanent migration
• Role of diaspora
• Data collection issues
A Model of the Australia-Asia
Migration System
Key Global Emerging Migration
Issues
• Migration and its role in Economic Development
• Migration and Environment (especially Climate Change)
• Replacement Migration
• Migration and Human Capital Formation
• Refugees and Asylum Seekers
• Undocumented Migration
• Differences between nations in openness to migration
• Migration’s linkages with trade, diplomacy and security
Population growth between 2000 and 2010 and
its componentsSource: OECD 2012, p.52
X
Australia: Total Population Growth Showing the Natural
Increase and Net Migration Components, 1901-2013Source: ABS 1986 and ABS Australian Demographic Statistics, various issues
Australia:A Country of Immigration
• 26 percent born overseas in 2011
• 18.8 percent Australia-born with an overseas-born parent(s) in 2011
• 908,049 persons temporarily present at 30 June 2011
• Without postwar migration the Australian population would be less than 13 million
• Around 750,000 Australians overseas
Distinctiveness of Australian
International Migration
• Half population within one generation of migration
• Island geography means high level of control of
migration
• One of most micro-managed migration programs in the
world
• Complete data collection of all persons entering and
leaving the country
• Data includes emigration and non-permanent migration
• Along with Canada strong public approval of migration
Indicators of Australian Diversity, 2011Source: ABS, 2011 Census
Indicator Percent
Born overseas 26.1
Born overseas in NES country 16.6
Australia-born with an overseas-born parent 18.8
Speaks language other than English at home 19.2
Ancestry (first response) in a NES country 26.7
Non-Christian religion 7.9
Indigenous Population 2.6
No. of birthplace groups with 10,000 + 67
No. of birthplace groups with 1,000 + 133
No. of indigenous persons 548,369
Greater Sydney: Indicators of Diversity, 2011Source: ABS, 2011 Census
Indicator Percent
Born overseas 36.4
Born overseas in NES country 28.0
Australia-born with an overseas-born parent 23.0
Speaks language other than English at home 34.3
Ancestry (first response) in a NES country 41.1
Non-Christian religion 14.3
Indigenous Population 1.3
No. of birthplace groups with 10,000 + 38
No. of birthplace groups with 1,000 + 97
No. of indigenous persons 54,745
Changing Origin of SettlersDistribution of Birthplace of Settlers to Australia, 1970
Source: DIMIA 1972 Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics
Distribution of Birthplace of Overseas-Born, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census
A Paradigm Shift in Australian
Migration• Increase in non permanent migration
• Increase in onshore migration
• Increased focus on skill
• Introduction of State Specific and Regional Migration Scheme and
other schemes to assist settlement in non-metropolitan areas
• Increased settlement outside main gateways
• Increased diversity
• Importance of asylum seekers
• New issues
- Migration and Development
- Migration and Climate Change
Percentage of high-educated among the
foreign-born population, 2000 and 2010Source: OECD 2012, p.54
X
X
Higher Degree Qualification by Australia- and
Overseas-Born, 1981-2011Source: 1981 to 2001 Census One Percent files, ABS 2006 and 2011 Censuses
Year Australia-born Overseas-born
Percent of All
Higher Degree
Overseas-Born
1981 0.44 0.97 43.5
1986 0.53 1.21 44.2
1991 0.72 1.58 44.9
1996 1.07 2.3 44.9
2001 1.35 3.22 47.4
2006 1.46 4.59 49.0
2011 1.90 5.34 54.9
Australia: Migration Program Outcome by Stream and Non-
Program Migration, 1976-7 to 2012-13Source: DIAC Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, various issues; DIAC Immigration Update, various
issues; DIAC 2012 and 2013
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,00019
76-7
7
19
77-7
8
19
78-7
9
19
79-8
0
19
80-8
1
19
81-8
2
19
82-8
3
19
83-8
4
19
84-8
5
19
85-8
6
19
86-8
7
19
87-8
8
19
88-8
9
19
89-9
0
19
90-9
1
19
91-9
2
19
92-9
3
19
93-9
4
19
94-9
5
19
95-9
6
19
96-9
7
19
97-9
8
19
98-9
9
19
99-0
0
20
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1
20
01-0
2
20
02-0
3
20
03-0
4
20
04-0
5
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05-0
6
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06-0
7
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07-0
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08-0
9
20
09-1
0
20
10-1
1
20
11-1
2
20
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3
Nu
mb
er
Year
Family Skill Special Eligibility Other/New Zealand Citizens Humanitarian
Australia: Settler Arrivals by Region of Last Residence, 1947 to
1996 and Permanent Additions by Region of Birth, 1997 to 2013Source: DIBP data
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
*1945
-47
19
49
-50
19
52
-53
19
55
-56
19
58
-59
19
61
-62
19
64
-65
19
67
-68
19
70
-71
19
73
-74
19
76
-77
19
79
-80
19
82
-83
19
85
-86
19
88
-89
19
91
-92
19
94
-95
1997–98
2000–01
2003–04
2006–07
2009–10
20
12
-13
Nu
mb
er
Year
UK and Ireland Other Europe Africa Americas NZ and Pacific Middle East Asia
*July 1945 to June 1947
Note: Middle East includes North Africa from 1996-97.
Australia: Permanent Additions, 2001-02 to
2012-13Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues; DIBP, unpublished data
Humanitarian Program visa grants by
category 1977-78 to 2012-13Source: DIAC 2012 and 2013
Australia: Unauthorised Arrivals, 1989-90 to 2012-13Source: DIMIA 2002, 2004 and 2005; DIAC 2007; DIAC Annual Report, various issues; Phillips and Spinks
2013; DIAC 2013
Australia: Net Overseas Migration, Settler Arrivals , Asylum
Applications Lodged and Humanitarian Program Permanent
Additions, 2005-6 to 2011-12Source: ABS 2012, DIAC 2012a and b
Australia: New Zealand-Born in Australia, Number and as a
Percentage of the Total Australian Population, 1861-2013Source: ABS Historical Migration Statistics, Australian Censuses 1901 to 2011 and ABS 2013 Estimated Resident
Population data
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
18
61
18
71
18
81
18
91
19
01
19
11
19
21
19
33
19
47
19
54
19
61
19
66
19
71
19
76
19
81
19
86
19
91
19
96
20
01
20
06
20
11
20
13
% o
f To
tal
Au
stra
lian
Po
pu
lati
on
Nu
mb
er
of
Ne
w Z
eal
and
-bo
rn
Year
New-Zealand-born % of Total Australian Population
Australia: Temporary Migration, 1986-87 to 2012-13Source: DIAC, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, various issues; DIAC Annual Report, various issues
Movement Between China and AustraliaSource: DIBP unpublished data
1. Permanent 1993/94-2012/13
Settler Arrivals China-born 202,856
Permanent Departures to China 58,271
- Overseas-Born Departures 44,859
- Australia-born Departures 13,412
2. Long Term 1993/94 – 2012/13
Arrivals from China 620,066
Departures from Australia to China -Total 295,384
- China-born 257,547
- Australia-born 22,773
3.Average Number of Short Term Visits of China-Born 1998-2006
To China from Australia
- Chinese immigrants 1994-2006 2.4
- Chinese immigrants before 1994 6.2
From China to Australia
- Return migrants from Australia 5.9
- Other visitors 4.4
Diaspora
• More than half of the world’s nations now
have formal institutions devoted to
maintaining ties with their diasporas abroad
• Ability of migrants to develop and maintain
linkages with their homeland enhanced by
ICT and cheapening of travel
• Two dimensions in Australia
– Diaspora linkage maintained by migrant
communities in Australia
– Linkages maintained by expatriate
Australians
Australia: Permanent Departures of Australia-born and Overseas-
born from Australia, 1959-60 to 2012-13Source: DIMIA Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics, DIAC Immigration Update ,various issues;
DIBP unpublished data
2013 Unique Visitors to AFL Website as at 24 May 2013
(298,629)
Australians Living Overseas: Frequency of Contact
with Australia, 2006 (percentage)Source: One Million More Survey (n=9,529)
Frequency of Contact Telephone Email
Business Personal Business Personal
At least once a day 3.5 6.2 8.9 29.8
Every 2-3 days 3.4 19.3 4.8 28.8
Weekly 5.6 45.9 7.5 27.9
Monthly 12.5 21.9 15.5 10.8
Every 6 months 15.0 4.6 14.5 1.9
Once per year 9.2 1.1 7.6 0.4
Never 50.9 1.0 41.3 0.5
Ways in Which Respondents Keep in Touch
With What is Happening in Australia While
Away, 2006Source: One Million More Survey (n=9,529)
Ways of Keeping in Touch Percent
Regular interaction with family and friends 92.0
Regular reading of on-line media 90.7
Regular interaction with Australian colleagues 44.1
International news channels 35.0
Expatriate organisations 24.1
Australian journals/magazines 20.2
Mailing lists 11.4
Other 6.3
Key Features
• Highly skilled and educated
• High propensity to return in early-mid
career
• Intensive engagement with Australia-
bimodal
• Senate Inquiry 2005
• New interest
Migration and Development
“The potential for migrants to help transform
their native countries has captured the
imaginations of national and local authorities,
international institutions and the private sector.
There is an emerging consensus that countries
can cooperate to create triple wins, for
migrants, for their countries of origin and for the
societies that receive them.”
Kofi Annan, 2006
Global Debate on Migration
Effects on Development in Origin
• More Complex Discourse
• Brain Drain Vs Diaspora and Development
• Substantial Involvement of UN, World Bank, Asian
Development Bank, EC
• Possibility of win-win-win scenarios
• UN High Level Dialogue, Global Forum on Migration
and Development
• Little involvement from Australia
Australia: Change in Medical Workforce
From Pacific, Asia and Africa, 2006-11Source: ABS 2006 and 2011 Censuses
2011 2006 Percent Change 2006-11
Region of Birth
Medical
Practitioners
Midwifery and
Nursing
Medical
Practitioners
Midwifery
and
Nursing
Medical
Practitioners
Midwifery
and
Nursing
Pacific 522 2,966 448 2,269 16.5 30.7
SE Asia 6,532 13,280 4,642 8,967 40.7 48.1
NE Asia 2,981 6,542 2,071 3,394 43.9 92.8
S Asia 8,156 8,332 4,750 2,384 71.7 249.5
Africa 4,085 6,967 2,947 4,153 38.6 67.8
Total 22,276 38,087 14,858 21,167 49.9 79.9
Diaspora and Development
• Remittances
• A source of FDI
• A bridgehead for exports
• Technology transfer
• Social remittances
• Return migration
“Development Friendly”
Migration Policy - Origins
• Encourage diaspora linkages
• Encourage return migration – permanent,
temporary and virtual
• Integrate migration and remittances into
development planning at national, regional
and local levels
• Encourage bi nationality
“Development Friendly”
Migration Policy - Destinations
• Changing culture of migration decision
making
• Remittances
• Return migration, permanent and temporary
• Encouragement of dual nationality
• Targeting development assistance to origin
areas
• Encourage diaspora organisation
development
• a mix of skilled and unskilled migration
Conclusion
• Australian postwar migration is a major success story
• Asylum seeker issue has undermined much of this
• Need for a more balanced and informed community
discussion on migration
• Australia has a major role to play internationally in
improving
– Governance of migration
– Capacity building
– Enhancing empirical base
– Protecting migrant rights
– Enhancing positive development impacts