international law reports - assets - cambridge...

INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

Volume 136

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76541-1 - International Law Reports, Volume 136Edited by Elihu Lauterpacht and Christopher GreenwoodFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521765411

http://www.cambridge.org


Volumes published under the title:

ANNUAL DIGEST AND REPORTSOF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES

Vol. 1 (1919-22)

Vol. 2 (1923-24)Edited by Sir John Fischer Williams, K.C.,

and H. Lauterpacht, LL.D.

Vol. 3 (1925-26)

Vol. 4 (1927-28)

Edited by Arnold D. McNair, C.B.E., LL.D.,and H. Lauterpacht, LL.D.

Vol. 5 (1929-30)Vol. 6 (1931-32)Vol. 7 (1933-34)Vol. 8 (1935-37)Vol. 9 (1938-40)Vol. 10 (1941-42)Vol. 11 (1919-42)Vol. 12 (1943-45)Vol. 13 (1946)Vol. 14 (1947)Vol. 15 (1948)Vol. 16 (1949)

Edited by H. Lauterpacht, Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A.

Volumes published under the title:

INTERNATIONAL LAW REPORTS

Vol. 17 (1950)Vol. 18 (1951)Vol. 19 (1952)Vol. 20 (1953)

Vol. 21 (1954)Vol. 22 (1955)Vol. 23 (1956)

Edited by Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Q.C., LL.D.,F.B.A.

Vol. 24 (1957) Edited by Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Q.C., LL.D.,F.B.A., and E. Lauterpacht

Vol. 25 (1958-I)

Vol. 26 (1958-II)Edited by E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.

Vols. 27—68 and Consolidated Tables and Index to Vols. 1—35 and 36—45Edited by E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.

Vols. 69—136 and Consolidated Index and Consolidated Tables of Casesand Treaties to Vols. 1—80, Vols. 81—100

and Vols. 1—125Edited by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C.,

and Sir Christopher Greenwood, C.M.G., Q.C.






Lauterpacht Centre for International LawUniversity of Cambridge

INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

VOLUME136

Edited by

SIR ELIHU LAUTERPACHT, cbe qcHonorary Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge

Bencher of Gray’s Inn

SIR CHRISTOPHER GREENWOOD, cmg qcJudge of the International Court of Justice

Bencher of Middle Temple

and

KAREN LEEAssistant Editor

Fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of CambridgeFellow of Girton College, Cambridge

G R O T I U S P U B L I C A T I O N S






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521765411

C© Sir Elihu Lauterpacht 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2009

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-521-76541-1 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to

in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






CONTENTSPage

Preface by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht vii

Preface by the Editors ix

Editorial Note xi

Table of Cases (alphabetical) xv

Table of Cases (according to courts and countries) xvii

Digest (main headings) xix

Digest of Cases Reported in Volume 136 xxi

Table of Treaties xxxi

Reports of Cases 1

Index 753

v






PREFACE BY SIR ELIHU LAUTERPACHTThe present volume is the first to be published following the election ofmy co-editor, Christopher Greenwood, as a Judge of the InternationalCourt of Justice and the conferment of a knighthood upon him. Theseevents cannot be allowed to pass without my saying how pleasing it isthat Sir Christopher has achieved this eminent position and, in congrat-ulating him, to express the immense gratitude of myself and, indeed, ofall users of these Reports for his constant dedication and great input oflabour over the nearly 30 years of his association with the Reports. I amglad that, despite his new duties, Sir Christopher will continue as JointEditor.






PREFACE BY THE EDITORSThe present volume contains decisions on a range of subjects from inter-national and national courts and tribunals. The international decisionsare from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and concern thecompatibility of Peruvian Amnesty Laws with the American Convention(Barrios Altos Case) and native land title (Awas Tingni Case). Nationaljurisprudence is reflected in decisions from the courts and tribunals ofAustralia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, England, the Netherlands, SouthAfrica and the United States.

There are many people, to all of whom the Editors are most grateful,whose work has made this volume possible. Sir Christopher Greenwoodprepared the Al Rawi case summary. Ms Karen Lee, Assistant Editor,summarized the cases from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,the Netherlands and Tatchell, Harb and Aziz, as well as seeing the volumethrough the press. Ms Katie McNair, LLM prepared the summary ofthe cases from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from South Africa. MrOliver Jones, Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong, summarized theAustralian cases and Re S, and Mr Peter Hansen, LLM summarized theUnited States case. We are also grateful to Mr Niels Blokker for supplyingthe text of the judgment of the Netherlands Supreme Court on behalfof the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and to the International CriminalCourt on whose translation the text is based. Ms Tara Grant preparedthe Tables of Cases and Digest and provided general and secretarialassistance. Miss Maureen MacGlashan, CMG compiled the Table ofTreaties and the Index. Mrs Diane Ilott checked the copy and Mr PhilipRiley read the proofs.

In addition we would like to extend our thanks to all the otherswho have worked to complete this volume, particularly our publishers,Cambridge University Press, and typesetters, Aptara, and their staff.

E. LAUTERPACHTLauterpacht Centre

For International Law,University of Cambridge

C. J. GREENWOODThe Peace Palace,The Hague

February 2009






EDITORIAL NOTE

The International Law Reports endeavour to provide within a singleseries of volumes comprehensive access in English to judicial materialsbearing on public international law. On certain topics it is not alwayseasy to draw a clear line between cases which are essentially ones of publicinternational law interest and those which are primarily applications ofspecial domestic rules. For example, in relation to extradition, the Reportswill include cases which bear on the exception of “political offences”or the rule of double criminality, but will restrict the number of casesdealing with purely procedural aspects of extradition. Similarly, while thegeneral rules relating to the admission and exclusion of aliens, especiallyof refugees, are of international legal interest, cases on the procedureof admission usually are not. In such borderline areas, and sometimesalso where there is a series of domestic decisions all dealing with asingle point in essentially the same manner, only one illustrative decisionwill be printed and references to the remainder will be given in anaccompanying note.

Decisions of International TribunalsThe Reports seek to include so far as possible the available decisions ofevery international tribunal, e.g. the International Court of Justice, orad hoc arbitrations between States. There are, however, some jurisdic-tions to which full coverage cannot be given, either because of the largenumber of decisions (e.g. the Administrative Tribunal of the UnitedNations) or because not all the decisions bear on questions of publicinternational law (e.g. the Court of Justice of the European Commu-nities). In these instances, those decisions are selected which appear tohave the greatest long-term value.

Human rights cases. The number of decisions on questions of interna-tional protection of human rights has increased considerably in recentyears and it is now impossible for the Reports to cover them all. Asfar as decisions of international jurisdictions are concerned, the Reportswill continue to publish decisions of the European Court of HumanRights and of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, as well as“views” of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. Decisionsof national courts on the application of conventions on human rightswill not be published unless they deal with a major point of substantivehuman rights law or a matter of wider interest to public international

xi






xii EDITORIAL NOTE

lawyers such as the relationship of international law and national law, theextent of the right of derogation or the principles of the interpretationof treaties.

International arbitrations. The Reports of course include arbitralawards rendered in cases between States which involve an application ofpublic international law. Beyond this, however, the selection of arbitraldecisions is more open to debate. As these Reports are principally con-cerned with matters of public international law, they will not includepurely private law commercial arbitrations even if they are interna-tional in the sense that they arise between parties of different national-ity and even if one of them is a State. (For reports of a number of suchawards, see Yearbook Commercial Arbitration (ed. Albert Jan Van denBerg, under the auspices of the International Council for CommercialArbitration).) But where there is a sufficient point of contact with publicinternational law then the relevant parts of the award will be reported.Examples of such points of contact are cases in which the character ofa State as a party has some relevance (e.g. State immunity, stabiliza-tion clauses, force majeure) or where there is a choice of law probleminvolving discussion of international law or general principles of law aspossible applicable laws. The same criteria will determine the selectionof decisions of national courts regarding the enforcement of arbitralawards.

Decisions of National TribunalsA systematic effort is made to collect from all national jurisdictions thosejudicial decisions which have some bearing on international law.

Editorial Treatment of MaterialsThe basic policy of the Editors is, so far as possible, to present the materialin its original form. It is no part of the editorial function to impose onthe decisions printed in these volumes a uniformity of approach orstyle which they do not possess. Editorial intervention is limited to theintroduction of the summary and of the bold-letter rubric at the headof each case. This is followed by the full text of the original decision orof its translation. Normally, the only passages which will be omitted arethose which contain either statements of fact having no bearing on thepoints of international law involved in the case or discussion of mattersof domestic law unrelated to the points of international legal interest.The omission of material is usually indicated either by a series of dotsor by the insertion of a sentence in square brackets noting the passageswhich have been left out.






EDITORIAL NOTE xiii

Presentation of MaterialsThe material in the volume has been typeset for this volume. The sourceof all such material is indicated by the reference to the “Report” in squarebrackets at the end of the case. The language of the original decision isalso mentioned there. The bold figures in square brackets in the bodyof the text in non-English cases indicate the pagination of the originalreport.

NotesFootnotes. Footnotes enclosed in square brackets are editorial insertions.All other footnotes are part of the original report.

Other notes. References to cases deemed not to be sufficiently sub-stantial to warrant reporting will occasionally be found in editorial noteseither at the end of a report of a case on a similar point or under anindependent heading.

Digest of CasesWith effect from Volume 75 the decisions contained in the Reports areno longer arranged according to the traditional classification scheme.Instead a Digest of Cases is published at the beginning of each volume.The main headings of the Digest are arranged alphabetically. Under eachheading brief details are given of those cases reported in that volumewhich contain points covered by that heading. Each entry in the Digestgives the name of the case concerned and the page reference, the nameof the tribunal which gave the decision and an indication of the mainpoints raised in the case which relate to that particular heading of theDigest. Where a case raises points which concern several different areasof international law, entries relating to that case will appear under eachof the relevant headings in the Digest. A list of the main headings usedin the Digest is set out at p. xix.

Consolidated Index and TablesA Consolidated Index and a Consolidated Tables of Cases and Treatiesfor volumes 1-80 were published in two volumes in 1990 and 1991. Afurther volume containing the Consolidated Index and ConsolidatedTables of Cases and Treaties for volumes 81-100 was published in 1996.A Consolidated Index, a Consolidated Tables of Cases and a Consol-idated Table of Treaties for volumes 1-125 were published in 2004.Volume 135 contains Consolidated Tables of Cases for volumes 126-135.






TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDALPHABETICAL

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which are reportedin full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page number of the report.)

AB v. Registrar of Births, Deaths and Mar-riages 266

Aguirre and Others v. Peru (Barrios AltosCase) 1

Al Rawi Case 624, 688 (note)Awas Tingni Case 73Aziz v. Aziz and Others (HM the Sultan of

Brunei intervening) 587

Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirreand Others v. Peru) (Merits) 1, 7

Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirreand Others v. Peru) (Interpretation) 1,42

Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirreand Others v. Peru) (Reparations) 1, 48

Boudellaa and Others v. Bosnia and Herze-govina and the Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina 309

Chumbipuma Aguirre and Others v. Peru(Barrios Altos Case) 1

Euratom Case 429

Greenpeace v. Euratom 429

Harb v. His Majesty King Fahd Bin AbdulAziz 574, 586 (note)

Kaunda and Others v. President of theRepublic of South Africa and Others 452

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-nity v. Nicaragua (Preliminary Objec-tions) 73, 83

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Communityv. Nicaragua (Merits, Reparations andCosts) 73, 99

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-nity v. Nicaragua (Provisional MeasuresOrder I) 73, 217

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-nity v. Nicaragua (Provisional MeasuresOrder II) 73, 224

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-nity v. Nicaragua (Compliance Order I)73, 232

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-nity v. Nicaragua (Compliance Order II)73, 239

Medellın v. Texas 689, 751 (note)Morrison v. Peacock and Another 255Mugabe Arrest Warrant Case 572

R (Al Rawi and Others) v. Secretary ofState for Foreign and CommonwealthAffairs and Another (United NationsHigh Commissioner for Refugees inter-vening) 624, 688 (note)

S (a Child) (Abduction: Custody Rights), Re540

Stichting Greenpeace Nederland v. Euratom429

Tatchell v. Mugabe 572

xv






TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDARRANGED ACCORDING TO COURTS

AND TRIBUNALS (INTERNATIONAL CASES)AND COUNTRIES (MUNICIPAL CASES)

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which are reportedin full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page number of the report.)

I. DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

2000Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community

v. Nicaragua (Preliminary Objections)73, 83

2001Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirre

and Others v. Peru) (Merits) 1, 7Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirre

and Others v. Peru) (Interpretation) 1, 42Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirre

and Others v. Peru) (Reparations) 1, 48Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community

v. Nicaragua (Merits, Reparations andCosts) 73, 99

2002Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-

nity v. Nicaragua (Provisional MeasuresOrder I) 73, 217

2007Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Commu-

nity v. Nicaragua (Provisional MeasuresOrder II) 73, 224

2008Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community

v. Nicaragua (Compliance Order I) 73,232

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Communityv. Nicaragua (Compliance Order II) 73,239

II. DECISIONS OF MUNICIPAL COURTS

Australia

2002Morrison v. Peacock and Another 255

2007AB v. Registrar of Births, Deaths and

Marriages 266

Bosnia and Herzegovina

2002Boudellaa and Others v. Bosnia and Herze-

govina and the Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina 309

The Netherlands

2007Stichting Greenpeace Nederland v. Euratom

429

South Africa

2004Kaunda and Others v. President of the

Republic of South Africa and Others 452

United Kingdom, England

2002Re S (a Child) (Abduction: Custody Rights)

540

xvii






xviii TABLE OF CASES

2004Tatchell v. Mugabe 572

2005Harb v. His Majesty King Fahd Bin Abdul

Aziz 574, 586 (note)

2006Regina (Al Rawi and Others) v. Secretary

of State for Foreign and CommonwealthAffairs and Another (United Nations

High Commissioner for Refugees inter-vening) 624, 688 (note)

2007Aziz v. Aziz and Others (HM the Sultan of

Brunei intervening) 587

United States of America

2008Medellın v. Texas 689, 751 (note)






DIGEST OF CASESList of Main Headings

(Those headings for which there are entries in the present volume are printed in italics.For a guide to the Digest, see the Editorial Note at p. xiii.)

Air

Aliens

Arbitration

Canals

Claims

Comity

Conciliation

Consular Relations

Damages

Diplomatic Relations

Economics, Trade and Finance

Environment

Expropriation

Extradition

Governments

Human Rights

International Court of Justice

International Criminal Law

International Organizations

International Tribunals

Jurisdiction

Lakes and Landlocked Seas

Nationality

Recognition

Relationship of International Law andMunicipal Law

Reprisals and Countermeasures

Rivers

Sea

Sources of International Law

Space

State Immunity

State Responsibility

State Succession

States

Territory

Terrorism

Treaties

War and Armed Conflict

xix






DIGEST OF CASESREPORTED IN VOLUME 136

PageDamages

Reparations — Monetary and other — Agreement on reparationsbetween parties — Inter-American Court of Human Rights —Competency to decide on reparations — Articles 62 and 63(1) ofAmerican Convention on Human Rights — Whether agreementon reparations compatible with Convention — Whether justlycompensating victims and next of kin — Whether repairing con-sequences of human rights violations — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights

Barrios Altos Case (Chumbipuma Aguirre and Others v. Peru)(Merits) (Interpretation) (Reparations) 1

Reparations — Nicaragua to adopt measures to create effectivemechanism for demarcation and titling of indigenous communalproperty — Nicaragua to carry out demarcation and titling ofCommunity property and to abstain from granting concessionsmeanwhile — Judgment on merits — Monetary compensationfor immaterial damages — Costs and expenses — Article 63(1)of American Convention on Human Rights — Inter-AmericanCourt of Human Rights

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua (Pre-liminary Objections) (Merits, Reparations and Costs) (ProvisionalMeasures Orders I & II) (Compliance Orders I & II) 73

Diplomatic Relations

Diplomatic protection — Nationals of State in territory of otherState — Whether State of nationality required to make diplo-matic representations on their behalf — Whether presumptionthat nationals likely to be ill-treated — South Africa, Constitu-tional Court

Kaunda and Others v. President of the Republic of South Africaand Others 452

Diplomatic protection — Whether Government required tomake representations to foreign State — Whether dutyto intervene with foreign State in case of torture —Whether diplomatic protection extending to refugees and other

xxi






xxii DIGEST OF CASES

Diplomatic Relations (cont.)

non-nationals — International Law Commission Draft Articleson Diplomatic Protection, 2006 — Whether reflecting currentinternational law — Right of one Party to the Refugee Conventionto make representations to another Party — England, Court ofAppeal

Regina (Al Rawi and Others) v. Secretary of State for Foreignand Commonwealth Affairs and Another (United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees intervening) 624

Environment

Marine pollution — Oil — Liability — Exemptions — Damageto ship — Scope — Whether confined to physical injury to theship or its equipment caused by some positive act — InternationalConvention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954,Article IV — International Convention for Prevention of Pollutionof the Sea by Oil, 1973, Annex I, regulation 11(b) — Objects —Travaux preparatoires — Australia, High Court

Morrison v. Peacock and Another 255

Protection of environment through criminal law — WhetherEuratom immune from criminal jurisdiction — Netherlands,Supreme Court

Stichting Greenpeace Nederland v. Euratom 429

Human Rights

Death penalty — Whether death penalty as such contrary to inter-national law — Fair trial — Arbitrary deprivation of liberty —Whether international law recognizing individual has a right toprotection from State of nationality — South Africa, Constitu-tional Court


Discrimination — Race discrimination — Distinction betweennationals and non-nationals — Exercise of diplomatic protec-tion — Whether objective difference between national and non-national in this context — Refusal to make same representationson behalf of non-national granted asylum as had been made onbehalf of national in otherwise similar circumstances — Whetherdiscriminatory — England, Court of Appeal






DIGEST OF CASES xxiii


Discrimination — Sex discrimination — Convention on the Elim-ination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 —Travaux preparatoires — Objects — Concept of discriminationunder Convention — Whether requiring denial of equality oftreatment in relation to men — Application to distinctions madeon basis of marital status — Married person undergoing changeof gender — Whether discriminatory to refuse alteration to reg-ister of births on grounds of marital status — Convention onthe Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,1979, Articles 1, 2, 3, 5(a), 11(2)(a), 16(1)(d) — Australia, FederalCourt (Full Court)

AB v. Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages 266

Fair trial — Presumption of innocence — Limits — Administrativedecisions taken on basis of prosecution — Bosnia and Herzegovina,Human Rights Chamber

Boudellaa and Others v. Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Feder-ation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 309

Freedom of speech — Fair trial — European Convention onHuman Rights, Article 6 — Presumption in favour of openjustice — Whether duty to protect dignity of foreign Head ofState justifying departure from presumption — England, Courtof Appeal

Aziz v. Aziz and Others (HM the Sultan of Brunei interven-ing) 587

Liberty and security — Arbitrary detention — Pre-trialdetention — Court ordering release — Transfer of detainees tocustody of other State after order for release — Other State sub-sequently holding detainees — Whether engaging responsibilityof transferring State — Bosnia and Herzegovina, Human RightsChamber


Property rights — Recognition of indigenous land rights — Indige-nous Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community in Nicaragua —Property rights to communal ancestral lands and natural






xxiv DIGEST OF CASES

Human Rights (cont.)

resources — Use and enjoyment of property — Nature and con-tent of right to property — Article 21 of American Conventionon Human Rights, 1969 — Interpretation — Nature of relation-ship of Community with its traditional communal land and naturalresources — Conservation — Indigenous custom and tradition —Right to property linked to physical and cultural survival of indige-nous people — Whether Community having right that Nicaraguacarry out delimitation, demarcation and titling of Communityproperty — Whether Nicaragua having to abstain from grantingconcessions to third parties — Whether Nicaragua violating Arti-cle 21 of the Convention in relation to Articles 1(1) and 2 of theConvention — Inter-American Court of Human Rights


Responsibility of States — Transfer of individuals to custodyof other State — Whether transferring State responsible forsubsequent treatment of individuals — Torture — Capitalpunishment — Whether transferring State required to seek assur-ances from other State prior to transfer — Circumstances in whichreal risk of torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment to bepresumed — Transfer of individuals in Bosnia and Herzegovinato United States forces — Subsequent transfer to GuantanamoBay — Bosnia and Herzegovina, Human Rights Chamber


Right to judicial protection — Article 25 of American Conventionon Human Rights — Whether effective procedure in Nicaraguafor demarcation and titling of indigenous communal lands —Whether domestic legal measures adequate — Whether amparoremedy filed by Community members processed within reasonabletime — Whether Nicaragua violating Article 25 of the Conventionin relation to Articles 1(1) and 2 of the Convention — Inter-American Court of Human Rights


Right to life — Death penalty — Judgment of International Courtof Justice in Avena — United States of America, Supreme Court






DIGEST OF CASES xxv

Medellın v. Texas 689

Right to life — Right to humane treatment — Right to a fairtrial — Right to judicial protection — American Conventionon Human Rights, 1969 — Peru party to the Convention —Human rights violations — Peruvian State agents assassinatingand seriously injuring persons in Barrios Altos incident — Peru-vian legislation granting amnesty to agents responsible — Articles4, 5, 8 and 25 of the Convention — Whether Peru violating theConvention — Whether Peru failing to comply with Articles 1(1)and 2 of the Convention — Inter-American Court of HumanRights


Torture — Jus cogens nature of prohibition of torture — Erga omnesobligation — Whether requiring State to intervene with otherState accused of torture — Family life — Rights of relatives inthe United Kingdom of detainees held at Guantanamo Bay by theUnited States — Whether giving rise to duty for United Kingdomto make representations to the United States — England, Courtof Appeal


International Court of Justice

Judgment — Binding quality — Duty of States to comply withjudgment of International Court of Justice — Whether judgmentself-executing within United States legal system — United Statesof America, Supreme Court


International Tribunals

Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Case referred by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights — Procedure — Juris-diction — Preliminary objection by Nicaragua — Exhaustion ofdomestic remedies — Articles 46 and 47 of American Conventionon Human Rights — Competence of Court — Article 62(3) ofthe Convention — Admissibility — Merits — Evaluation of evi-dence — Reparations — Provisional measures — Court to monitor






xxvi DIGEST OF CASES

International Tribunals (cont.)

compliance with judgment — Inter-American Court of HumanRights


Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Judgment on themerits — Meaning and scope — Whether applicable only toinstant case — Request for interpretation — Admissibility ofrequest — Whether decision in judgment on merits on Peru-vian legislation having generic effects — Article 67 of AmericanConvention on Human Rights — Article 58 of Court Rules ofProcedure — Inter-American Court of Human Rights


Nationality

Diplomatic protection — Whether national entitled to requireState to exercise right of protection — Whether Government maybe required by court to make specific diplomatic representations —Threatened violations of human rights — South Africa, Constitu-tional Court


Relationship of International Law and Municipal Law

American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Constitu-tion of Nicaragua — Indigenous community seeking demarcationof ancestral lands through Nicaraguan courts — Amparo rem-edy — Protection of ancestral lands and natural resources —Logging concession without Community consent — Whetherconstitutional — Whether Nicaragua adopting effective measuresto ensure Community’s property rights — Whether Nicaragua pro-viding effective remedy — Whether Nicaragua violating Articles1(1), 2, 21 and 25 of the Convention — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights







DIGEST OF CASES xxvii

American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — PeruvianAmnesty Laws — Whether compatible with the Convention —Whether Peru violating international obligations in adopting Peru-vian Amnesty Laws — Whether Peruvian Amnesty Laws havingany legal effect — Whether Peru failing to comply with Articles1(1) and 2 of the Convention — Whether Peru violating Articles8 and 25 of the Convention — Inter-American Court of HumanRights


Conduct of foreign relations — Whether justiciable in municipalcourt — England, Court of Appeal


Constitution of South Africa — Relationship to customary inter-national law — Whether Constitution applicable outside terri-tory of South Africa — Whether Constitution requiring SouthAfrican Government to exercise right of diplomatic protection inrespect of nationals abroad — Degree of discretion enjoyed byGovernment — South Africa, Constitutional Court


Treaties — Judgment of International Court of Justice — Whethergiving rise to rights and obligations enforceable in nationalcourts — Judgment of the International Court of Justice regardingthe right to consular access in death penalty cases — United Statesfound to have violated Vienna Convention on Consular Relations,1963 — International Court determining that United States wasrequired to give effect to judgment — Whether applicable in courtsof Texas and of the United States — Presidential Memorandum ongiving effect to judgment of the International Court of Justice —Whether President entitled to override Texas law — United Statesof America, Supreme Court


State Immunity

Head of foreign State — Immunities — Dignity of Head ofState — Third party to litigation — Whether Head of foreign State






xxviii DIGEST OF CASES

State Immunity (cont.)

entitled to anonymity — Immunity ratione personae — Whetherfunctional immunity — Obligation to prevent attack on dignity ofHead of State — Nature and content of obligation — Comity —Principle of free speech — Whether Head of State entitled to fur-ther redaction of judgments — Whether identification of Head ofState in judgments breaching United Kingdom international obli-gations — Section 20 of the State Immunity Act 1978 — Appli-cation — Article 29 of the Vienna Convention on DiplomaticRelations, 1961 — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — England,Court of Appeal

Aziz v. Aziz and Others (HM the Sultan of Brunei interven-ing) 587

Head of State — Immunities — Dignity of Head of State — Dutyto respect and protect dignity — Whether King of Saudi Ara-bia immune from suit by claimant alleging she was his estrangedwife — Whether court correctly exercising discretion toafford King protection from scrutiny and comment — Privatehearings — Whether claim to sovereign immunity public claimdemanding open litigation — Private acts — Boundaries of immu-nity — Legitimate public interest — Protection of identity ofsovereign — Whether legitimate ground for imposing report-ing restrictions — Respondent to respond to appeal in opencourt — Whether breach of Vienna Convention on DiplomaticRelations, 1961, Article 29 — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 —State Immunity Act 1978 — England, Court of Appeal

Harb v. His Majesty King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz 574

Head of State immunity — Allegations of torture — Whether uni-versal jurisdiction principle overriding immunity afforded to Headof State — Common law embodying customary internationallaw — Absolute immunity — State Immunity Act 1978 —Whether Head of State liable to arrest or detention — England,Bow Street Magistrates’ Court

Tatchell v. Mugabe 572

Jurisdictional immunity — International organizations — Insti-tutions of the European Communities — Whether Euratomenjoying immunity from criminal jurisdiction — Functionalimmunity — Euratom Treaty, 1957, Article 191 — Protocol onPrivileges and Immunities of European Communities, 1965 —Applicable criterion — Netherlands, Supreme Court

Stichting Greenpeace Nederland v. Euratom 429






DIGEST OF CASES xxix

State Responsibility

Human rights violations — State responsibility rules applicableunder international human rights law — State responsible foractions or omissions by public authority — Article 1(1) of Amer-ican Convention on Human Rights — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights


Recognition of international responsibility expressed by PeruvianState — Acquiescence — Effect — Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights


States

Federal States — Whether actions of component of federationengaging responsibility of national authorities — Bosnia andHerzegovina, Human Rights Chamber


Treaties

Interpretation — Primacy of text — Need to consider objects andpurpose — Treaties to be interpreted more liberally than domesticlegislation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969,Article 31 — Australia, High Court

Morrison v. Peacock and Another 255

Interpretation and application matters — Hague Convention onthe Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 1980 —Objective of Convention — Wrongful removal of children fromcountry of habitual residence — Policy of prompt return so courtsof country may resolve question of custody — Exceptions — Graverisk of physical or psychological harm to child or placing of childin otherwise intolerable situation — Content — Manner of appli-cation — England, Court of Appeal

Re S (a Child) (Abduction: Custody Rights) 540

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations — Right of access toconsul for arrested person — Judgment of International Court of






xxx DIGEST OF CASES

Treaties (cont.)

Justice in Avena case — Domestic enforceability of judgment —United States of America, Supreme Court


War and Armed Conflict

State of war — Significance — Child removed from Israel —Whether return to Israel would give rise to risk of physical or psy-chological harm — Whether existence of a state of war in countryof return determinative — England, Court of Appeal

Re S (a Child) (Abduction: Custody Rights) 540






TABLE OF TREATIES

This table contains a list, in chronological order according to the date ofsignature, of the treaties referred to in the decisions printed in the presentvolume. It has not been possible to draw a helpful distinction between treatiesjudicially considered and treaties which are merely cited.

In the case of bilateral treaties, the names of the parties are given in alpha-betical order. Multilateral treaties are referred to by the name by which theyare believed commonly to be known. References to the texts of treaties havebeen supplied, including wherever possible at least one reference to a text inthe English language. The full titles of the abbreviated references will be foundin the list of Abbreviations and Sources printed in the volume containing theConsolidated Table of Treaties to Volumes 1-125.

1907Oct. 18 Hague Convention No IV on the Laws and Customs of

Warfare on Land, Regulations annexed to the Conven-tion (Roberts and Guelff, Documents on the Laws of War,3rd edn 73)

Section IArt. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1930Apr. 12 Hague Convention concerning Certain Questions relating to

the Conflict of Nationality Laws (179 LNTS 89; 137 BFSP230; UKTS 33 (1937); 34 Martens NRG, 3rd ser. 399; 5Hudson 359)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

1945June 26 Charter of the United Nations (9 Hudson 327; UKTS 67

(1946), Cmd 7015; 145 BFSP 805; USTS 993; 1 Peaslee 1288;59 Stat 1031; 1 UNTS 16; 39 AJIL (1945) Supp. 190; JOF13 January 1946; 3 Bevans 1153; Blackstone’s InternationalLaw Documents, 8th edn 9 (amended version))

Chapter XIVArt. 94(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695, 701-2, 720-3, 734Art. 94(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

June 26 Statute of the International Court of Justice (9 Hudson 510;UKTS 67 (1946), Cmd 7015; USTS 993; 145 BFSP 832; 1

xxxi






xxxii TABLE OF TREATIES

Peaslee 1322; 3 Bevans 1179; 1945 CanTS 7; 39 AJIL (1945)Supp. 215n; JOF 13 January 1946; 59 Stat 1031)

Chapter IIArt. 36(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695Art. 36(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695-6, 700-1, 702-18, 723-4

1947Nov. 21 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Special-

ized Agencies of the United Nations (33 UNTS 261; UKTS69 (1959), Cmnd 855; 148 BFSP 828; ATS 13 (1952); UNDoc. ST/LEG/SER B/11)

Art. 3(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443-4Art. 3(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

1950Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

and Fundamental Freedoms: see Nov. 1, 1998 European Con-vention for the Protection of Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms (1950) as amended by Protocol 11, effective as of1 November 1998 (ETS 5; Blackstone’s International Law Doc-uments, 8th edn 46) for entries subsequent to its coming into force.

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms, Fourth Protocol (16 December1963) (213 UNTS 328; ETS 46; Blackstone’s InternationalLaw Documents, 8th edn 46)

Art. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315-16, 355, 363, 366-7, 372-6,408

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms, Sixth Protocol (28 April 1983)(ETS 114; 5 EHRR 167; 22 ILM 538 (1983); Blackstone’sInternational Law Documents, 8th edn 58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 315-16, 355, 357, 359-60, 390-1, 392-401,408, 410, 411

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms, Seventh Protocol (22 November1984) (ETS 117; 7 EHRR 1; 24 ILM 435 (1985); Blackstone’sInternational Law Documents, 8th edn 59)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .355, 357-8, 363, 366-7, 374-5, 376, 408,409-11, 422

Art. 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369-72Art. 1(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372






TABLE OF TREATIES xxxiii

1954May 12 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of

the Sea by Oil (327 UNTS 3; UKTS 56 (1958), Cmnd 595;12 UST 2989; TIAS 4900)

Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260-1

1957Mar. 25 Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community

(Euratom) (298 UNTS 167; UKTS 1 (1973), Cmnd 5179-II,162; 163 BFSP 302; 5 EYB (1957) 455)

Title IArt. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Title II, Chapter 1Art. 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431, 432-3

Title III, Chapter 1, Section 4Art. 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Title VArt. 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434, 438-9, 441, 450-1

Mar. 25 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community(Treaty of Rome) (163 BFSP 206; 4 EYB (1956) 412; 298UNTS 11; UKTS 15 (1979), Cmnd 7480; JOF 2 Febru-ary 1958; 1958 RTAF 5; 12 Vert A 134) (as amended bythe Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice (2002 OJ (325) 1;2001 OJ (C80) 1)) (original treaty numbers shown in squarebrackets)

Art. 234 [177] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Art. 235 [178] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444-5Art. 240 [183] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444-5

1958Apr. 29 Geneva Convention on the High Seas (450 UNTS 82; UKTS

5 (1963), Cmnd 1929; 13 UST 2312; 53 ILS 226; TIAS 5200;ATS 12 (1963); 43 Vert A 5; 52 AJIL (1958) Supp. 842)

Art. 10(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Art. 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

1961Apr. 18 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (500 UNTS

95; UKTS 19 (1965), Cmnd 2565; 55 AJIL (1961) 1064;98 JDI 711; 23 UST 3227; 1971 RTAF 32; TIAS 7502;JOF 17 April 1971; Blackstone’s International Law Documents,8th edn 83)

Art. 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579-86, 590, 594-623






xxxiv TABLE OF TREATIES

July Euratom–Netherlands, Headquarters Agreement (Petten)(Tractatenblad (1961) 142)

Art. 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433, 439, 442Art. 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Appendix III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433-4, 439-40, 442-3

1963Apr. 24 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (596 UNTS 261;

UKTS 14 (1973), Cmnd 5219; 21 UST 77; 3 IndJIL 221;57 AJIL (1963) 993; TIAS 6820; 1963 UNJYB 109; JOF 18April 1971; 1971 RTAF 34; 40 Vert A 542)

Art. 36(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696-8, 724Art. 36(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Apr. 24 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Optional Proto-col Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (596UNTS 487; 14 UKTS (1973), Cmnd 5219; 21 UST 325;TIAS 6820; 40 Vert A 544)

Art. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695, 725-6, 734-42

1965Apr. 8 Treaty establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission

of the European Communities (Merger Treaty) (UKTS 15(1979), Cmnd 7460; 4 ILM 776 (1965); JO (CEE) 192, 13July 1967; 13 EYB (1965) 461; 168 BFSP 261)

Art. 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438-9Art. 28(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Protocol on Privileges and Immunities of the European Com-munities (UKTS 1 (1973)-II, Cmnd 5179-II)

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441-2, 446Art. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441-2, 446

1966Dec. 16 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (999

UNTS 171; UKTS 6 (1977), Cmnd 6702; JOF 30 June 1981;50 Vert A 683; 6 ILM 368 (1967); 1966 UNJYB 178; 1966YBHR 442; 30 ZaoRV 365; Brownlie, Basic Documents inInternational Affairs, 3rd edn 270; Blackstone’s InternationalLaw Documents, 8th edn 108)

Art. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Art. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501, 534-5Art. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

1969May 23 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1155 UNTS 331;

UKTS 58 (1980), Cmnd 7964; 1969 UNJYB 140; 63 AJIL






TABLE OF TREATIES xxxv

(1969) 875; 8 ILM 679 (1969); 9 IndJIL 288; 29 ZaoRV 711;Blackstone’s International Law Documents, 8th edn 128)

Art. 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Art. 31(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210, 259, 293Art. 31(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Art. 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Nov. 22 American Convention on Human Rights (1144 UNTS 123;PAULTS 36; 9 ILM 673 (1970); 65 AJIL (1971) 679; Black-stone’s International Law Documents, 8th edn 146)

Art. 1(1) . 7, 23-4, 29, 40-1, 46, 78, 177, 185-6, 187, 194, 199,202, 221, 229

Art. 2 2, 22-4, 29, 40-1, 46, 47, 70, 77, 78, 177, 186, 199-200,202-3, 221, 232, 236, 239

Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 22-3, 26, 31, 48-9, 56-7,195

Art. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 22, 26, 31, 49, 57, 207Art. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Art. 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 29, 45-6Art. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Art. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Art. 13(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 24, 39, 211Art. 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Art. 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Art. 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 103, 186-95, 199, 202, 206-7, 208,

209-15, 216Art. 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Art. 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Art. 25 . . . . . . . . . 7, 22, 23-5, 26-7, 29, 45-6, 89, 103, 171-86,

199, 202, 209, 211-12, 215-17Art. 25(2)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Art. 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 210Art. 29(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Art. 29(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192-4Art. 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Art. 46(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95-7Art. 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 99Art. 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 99Art. 51(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Art. 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 220, 229Art. 62(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Art. 62(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 100, 253Art. 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Art. 63(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 63-4, 196-202Art. 63(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217-31Art. 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253






xxxvi TABLE OF TREATIES

Art. 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-8, 50, 72, 233, 238, 242, 253Art. 68(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233-54

1970Dec. 16 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Air-

craft (Hague Convention) (860 UNTS 105; UKTS 39 (1972),Cmnd 4956; 22 UST 1641; TIAS 7192; 65 AJIL (1971) 440;10 ILM 133 (1971); 1970 UNJYB 131; 75 RGDIP 297; 11IndJIL 155; 46 Vert A 635)

Art. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 n63

1973Nov. 2 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

by Ships (MARPOL) (1340 UNTS 184; UKTS 27 (1983),Cmnd 8924; 12 ILM (1973) 1319) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258-65

1979Dec. 18 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimina-

tion Against Women (1249 UNTS 13; Parl. Papers, Misc 1(1982), 8444; 19 ILM 33 (1980); 21 IndJIL 155; UKTS 2(1989), Cm 643) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267-308

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271, 285, 294, 296, 297, 303Art. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271, 285, 294-5Art. 2(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300-1Art. 2(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 300-1Art. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272-3, 295Art. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 295, 301Art. 5(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295Art. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Art. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Art. 9(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Art. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295, 303Art. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Art. 11(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Art. 11(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272, 296Art. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295, 298Art. 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Art. 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 295Art. 16(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Art. 16(1)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272, 296Art. 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Art. 26(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293




