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International Journal of Instruction January 2019, Volume 12, Number 1

p-ISSN: 1694-609X e-ISSN: 1308-1470

International Journal of Instruction

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International Journal of Instruction January 2019 ● Vol.12, No.1 e-ISSN: 1308-1470 ● www.e-iji.net p-ISSN: 1694-609X

Editor in Chief Prof. Asım Arı Eskisehir Osmangazi University TURKEY

Assistant Editors Dr. Kerim Sarıgül Yunus Emre Institute

Dr. Gökhan Kayır SWISS

Editors

Prof. Yousif A. Alshumaimeri King Saud University, SAUDI ARABIA,

Prof. Luis E. Anido Rifon University of Vigo, SPAIN

Prof. Trevor G. Bond Hong Kong Institute of Education, HONG KONG

Prof. Bronwen Cowie University of Waikato, NEW ZEALAND

Prof. Do Coyle The University of Nottingham, UK

Prof. Angelique Dimitracopoulou University of the Aegean, GREECE

Prof. William J. Fraser University of Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA

Prof. Thomas Gabriel University of Zurich, SWITZERLAND

Asst. Prof. Sheng-Wen Hsieh Far East University, TAIWAN

Asst. Prof. Jennifer L. Jolly Louisiana State University, USA

Assoc. Prof. Piet Kommers University of Twente, NETHERLANDS

Prof. Christoph Randler University of Education, GERMANY

Assoc. Prof. Elsebeth Korsgaard Sorensen University of Aarhus, DENMARK

Prof. Ken Stevens Memorial University of Newfounland, CANADA

Assoc. Prof. Su Luan Wong University Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA

Prof. Selehattin Turan Uludağ University, TURKEY

Editorial Assistant Nurşen Berk MEB, TURKEY

Technical Assistant İsmail Kaşarcı Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY

Language Editorial Board

Burcu Uğur – French Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY

Dr. Nurulwahida Hj Azid – Malaysian University Utara Malaysia, MALAYSIA

Rza Mammadov – Russian Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY

Sadik Muhammad Yaqub – Arabic Bangladesh Islami University, BANGLADESH

Burcu Karafil – English Yalova University, TURKEY

Contact Details:

http://www.e-iji.net

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

The authors are responsible for the errors, if any, in their published articles.

http://www.e-iji.net/

http://www-gist.det.uvigo.es/~lanido/

http://cc.feu.edu.tw/~onyx/


Advisory Board

Assoc. Prof. Fasasi Yunus Adebunmi, NIGERIA

Asst. Prof. Abdelrahman Mohamed Ahmed,OMAN

Assoc. Prof. Orhan Akınoğlu, TURKEY

Dr. Mohammad Akram, SAUDI ARABIA

Assoc. Prof. Nor A. Alias , MALAYSIA

Prof. Akmatali Alimbekov, KYRGYZSTAN

Assoc. Prof. Ali Al-Issa, OMAN

Prof. Khaled Al-Ajlounı, JORDAN

Asst. Prof. Hussain Alkharusi, OMAN

Prof. Isela Almaguer, USA

Assoc. Prof. Abdu Mohammed Al-Mekhlaf,OMAN

Prof. Waleed K. A. Ahmed Alzand, KUWAIT

Prof. Abdullah Ambusaidi, OMAN

Prof. Neil J. Anderson, USA

Assoc. Prof. Derek L. Anderson, USA

Assoc. Prof. Eyyüp Artvinli, TURKEY

Prof. Joel B. Babalola, NIGERIA

Assoc. Prof. Evangelos Bebetsos, GREECE

Asst. Prof. Santosh Kumar Behera, INDIA

Assoc. Prof. Thalia Bellali, GREECE

Assoc. Prof. Mary Jo Garcia Biggs, USA

Prof. Larry Boles, USA

Prof. Dele Braimoh, SOUTH AFRICA

Prof. Robert Burden, UNITED KINGDOM

Prof. Marilyn Campbell, AUSTRALIA

Assoc. Prof. G. Nathan Carnes, USA

Dr. Carmencita L. Castolo, PHILIPPINES

Assoc. Prof. Yong-Fu Chang, TAIWAN

Lockias Chitanana, ZIMBABWE

Prof. Che Kum Clement, BANGLADESH

Prof. Dale Cook, USA

Prof. Valentina Dagiene, LITHUANIA

Assoc. Prof. Patrick Alan Danaher, AUSTRALIA

Asst. Prof. Rula Khzouz, JORDAN

Prof. Abdurrahman Kılıç, TURKEY

Prof. Remzi Y. Kıncal, TURKEY

Prof. Val Klenowski, AUSTRALIA

Asst. Prof. Yee Lai Kelly KU, HONG KONG

Prof. Colin Lankshear, AUSTRALIA

Prof. Kar-Tin Lee, AUSTRALIA

Assoc. Prof. Hsin-Chih Lin, TAIWAN

Hussain Ahmed Liton, SAUDI ARABIA

Assoc. Prof. Feng-Jung Liu, TAIWAN

Assoc. Prof. Manuel Lucero, SPAIN

Assoc. Prof. Zdena Lustigova, CZECH REPUBLIC

Prof. Ian Macdonald, AUSTRALIA

Prof. Lazarus Ndiku Makewa, KENYA

Asst. Prof. MD. Saiful Malak, BANGLADESH

Prof. Robin D. Mason, UNITED KINGDOM

Assoc. Prof. Mark A. Minott, CAYMAN ISLANDS

Dr. Norma T. Nemeh, JORDAN

Prof. Nel Noddings, USA

Prof. Yngve Troye Nordkvelle, NORWAY

Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, NIGERIA

Eylem Oruç, TURKEY

Prof. M. Çağatay Özdemir, TURKEY

Dr. Deborah Osberg, UNITED KINGDOM

Serkan Padem, TURKEY

Prof. Santosh Panda, INDIA

Prof. Hitendra Pillay, AUSTRALIA

Prof. Reza Pishghadam, IRAN

Prof. Ken Purnell, AUSTRALIA

Prof. Christoph Randler, GERMANY

Prof. Norman Reid, UNITED KINGDOM

Dr. Heri Retnawati, INDONESIA

Prof. Sushanta Kumar Roul, INDIA



Asst. Prof. Jagannath K. Dange, INDIA

Asst. Prof. Şahin Danişman, TURKEY

Asst. Prof. Ajay Das, USA

Prof. Estella De Los Santos, USA

Asst. Prof. İbrahim Delen, TURKEY

Prof. Ugur Demiray, TURKEY

Assoc. Prof. Esra Dereli, TURKEY

Assoc. Prof. Yannis Dimitriadis, SPAIN

Asst. Prof. Goulimaris Dimitris, GREECE

Asst. Prof. Mohamed Elsaadani, EGYPT

Prof. Noriko Fujioka-Ito, ABD

Prof. M. Jayne Fleener, USA

Assoc. Prof. Kristin A. Gansle, USA

Assoc. Prof. Lynn Kelting-Gibson, USA

Prof. Margarita Victoria Gomez, BRAZİL

Prof. Lena Green, SOUTH AFRICA

Asst. Prof. Semra GÜNGÖR, TURKEY

Prof. Carol Hall, UNITED KINGDOM

Asst. Prof. Amani Hamdan, SAUDI ARABIA

Assoc. Prof. Jace Hargis, USA

Asst. Prof. Seyed Ahmad Hashemi, IRAN

Dr. Mark van't Hooft, USA

Dr. Ghazi Adib Mustafa Husnieh, JORDAN

Asst. Prof. Irshad Hussain, PAKISTAN

Jaya Nur Iman, INDONESIA

Prof. Majed Abu Jaber, JORDAN

Assoc. Prof. Jason D. Johnson, UAE

Asst. Prof. Troy Jones, USA

Prof. William E. Doll, Jr., USA

Norma A. Juarez Collazo, BELGIUM

Prof. Gregory J. Kelly, USA

Assoc. Prof. Shahadat Hossain Khan, BANGLADESH

Prof. Abdalla Mohamed Khataybehi, JORDAN

Prof. Peter A. Rubba, USA

Prof. Despina Sapountzi-Krepia , CYPRUS

Prof. Barbara Seidemann, SWITZERLAND

Assoc. Prof. Yilfashewa Seyoum, ETHIOPIA

Dr. Afsaneh Sharif, CANADA

Nazia Sharif, PAKISTAN

Prof. Ramesh Chander Sharma, INDIA

Asst. Prof. Laurie A. Sharp, USA

Prof. Ju-Ling Shih, TAIWAN

Asst. Prof. Mahesh B. Shinde, INDIA

Assoc. Prof. Hosin Shirvani, ABD

Assoc. Prof. Harison Mohd Sidek, MALAYSIA

Assoc. Prof. Parlindungan Sinaga, INDONESIA

Assoc. Prof. Richard B. Speaker, Jr., USA

Prof. N. Suzanne Standerford, USA

Prof. Howard Stevenson, UNITED KINGDOM

Dr. Simon Stobart, UNITED KINGDOM

Assoc. Prof. Pei-Chen Sun, TAIWAN

Prof. Karen Swan, USA

Prof. Jim Taylor, AUSTRALIA

Prof. Siew Ming Thang, MALAYSIA

Prof. Y. Gürcan Ültanir, TURKEY

Dr. Muhammad A. Wahid Usmani, SAUDI ARABIA

Prof. Erwin Wagner, GERMANY

Assoc. Prof. Michael Whitacre, USA

Asst. Prof. Julia Wilkins, USA

Dr. Kung Teck Wong, MALAYSIA

Asst. Prof. Chia Jung Yeh, USA

Prof. Ali Yildirim, TURKEY

Prof. Allan E. Young, CAYMAN ISLANDS

Asst. Prof. Muhammad Imran Yousuf, PAKISTAN

Dr. Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf, INDONESIA

Prof. Galip Yüksel, TURKEY

Assoc. Prof. Eleni Zetou, GREECE



Contents

From The Editor Burcu Karafil...............................................................................................................................i-iii

Distance Learning in Elementary School Classrooms: An Emerging Framework for Contemporary Practice Gulnara M. Burdina, Irina E. Krapotkina, Liliya G. Nasyrova.................................................1-16

The Effectiveness of Research Based Learning in Improving Students’ Achievement in Solving Two-Dimensional Arithmetic Sequence Problems Suntusia, Dafik, Hobri.............................................................................................................17-32

The Effect of Critical Discourse-Based Instruction on Iranian English Major Students’ Reading Comprehension Javad Javadi, Mohammad Mohammadi..................................................................................33-52

A Study of the Relationship between Iranian Learners’ Sociocultural Identity and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learning Proficiency Habib Mohammadi, Siros Izadpanah......................................................................................53-68

Implementing the Math Workshop Approach: An Examination of Perspectives among Elementary, Middle, and High School Teachers Laurie A. Sharp, Gay Lynn Bonjour, Ernest Cox.....................................................................69-82

Investigating the Effect of Noticing on EFL Students' Speaking Accuracy Hossein Navidinia, Farzaneh Malekzadeh, Mohsen Mobaraki................................................83-98

What Can Stories on History of Science Give to Students? Thoughts of Science Teachers Candidates Canan Laçin-Şimşek...............................................................................................................99-112

Living Values Based Interactive Multimedia in Civic Education Learning Kokom Komalasari, Rahmat................................................................................................113-126

Evaluation of the Teacher Education Programs in EFL Context: A Testimony of Student Teachers’ Perspective Abdul Karim, Faheem Hasan Shahed, Abdul Rashid Mohamed, Mohammad Mosiur Rahman, Shaik Abdul Malik Mohamed Ismail....................................................................................127-146

Development of Group Science Learning (GSL) Model to Improve the Skills of Collaborative Problem Solving, Science Process, and Self-Confidence of Primary Schools Teacher Candidates Jauharoti Alfin, Ah. Zakki Fuad, Mohamad Nur, Leny Yuanita, Binar Kurnia Prahani.....147-164

Iranian EFL Teachers' Willingness to Implement Postmethod Pedagogy: Development and Validation of a Questionnaire Jalil Fathi, Razieh Hamidizadeh..........................................................................................165-180

Portfolios as a Strategy to Lower English Language Test Anxiety: The Case of Chile Amanda Contreras-Soto, Mauricio Véliz-Campos, Leonardo Véliz....................................181-198

Perceptions of Inclusion Education by Parents of Elementary School-Aged Children in Lampung, Indonesia Sofwan Adiputra, Mujiyati, Tri Yuni Hendrowati................................................................199-212

The Effect of Different Types of Peer Feedback Provision on EFL Students’ Writing Performance Shirly Rizki Kusumaningrum, Bambang Yudi Cahyono, Johannes Ananto Prayogo..........213-224



A Comparison between Deductive and Inductive Approaches for Teaching EFL Grammar to High School Students Carmen Benitez-Correa, Paul Gonzalez-Torres, Cesar Ochoa-Cueva, Alba Vargas-Saritama..........................................................................................................225-236

The Influence of Male and Female ESP Teachers’ Creativity toward Learners’ Involvement Yudhi Arifani, Sri Suryanti...................................................................................................237-250

Assessment Model of Student Field Practice at Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teaching Training in Indonesia: A Reality and Expectation Kasim Yahiji, Lian G. Otaya, Herson Anwar.....................................................................251-268

Correlation of Physical Development Indicators with Speed-Strength Performance in 11-12-Year-Old Boys Almaz Faridovich Miftakhov, Afanasiy Afanasievich Sergin, Viktor Georgievich Starostin, Vladimir Gavrilyevich Torgovkin, Olga Nikolaevna Savinkova..........................................269-282

The Implementation of Literary Sociology Learning Model with Contextual and Spiritual Quotient Approach to Teach Literary Sociology Masnuatul Hawa, Andayani, Suyitno, Nugraheni Eko Wardani..........................................283-298

Next Generation Science Standard in Science Learning to Improve Student’s Practice Skill Eka Rachmawati, Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso, Insih Wilujeng.........................................299-310

The Problem of Students in Reading the Quran: A Reflective-Critical Treatment through Action Research Tedi Supriyadi, J. Julia........................................................................................................311-326

Improving Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Cell-Metabolism Learning Using Stimulating Higher Order Thinking Skills Model Arnita Cahya Saputri, Sajidan, Yudi Rinanto, Afandi, Nanik Murti Prasetyanti.................327-342

The Effect of Mathematical Disposition on Mathematical Power Formation: Review of Dispositional Mental Functions Imam Kusmaryono, Hardi Suyitno, Dwijanto Dwijanto, Nurkaromah Dwidayati..............343-356

The Content of Educational Programs in Technical Universities: Quality of Applying the Modern Professional Standards Ramil R. Khairutdinov, Rais S. Safin, Evgeniy A. Korchagin, Flera G. Mukhametzyanova, Anastasia V. Fakhrutdinova, Svetlana R. Nikishina............................................................357-370

Assessing Eighth-Grade Mathematics Teachers and Textbook in Embodying Thinking Levels Mohammad Ahmad Alkhateeb.............................................................................................371-388

Effects of Collaborative Tasks on EFL Learners’ Written Production Zahra Yahyazadeh Jelodar, Mohammad Taghi Farvardin..................................................389-406

Teaching and Learning Activities in Classroom and Their Impact on Student Misunderstanding: A Case Study on Negative Integers Nyiayu Fahriza Fuadiah, Didi Suryadi, Turmudi................................................................407-424

Understanding, Planning, and Implementation of HOTS by Senior High School Biology Teachers in Banjarmasin-Indonesia Siti Ramdiah, Abidinsyah, M. Royani, Husamah.................................................................425-440



The Integration of Intercultural Education into Teaching English: What Vietnamese Teachers Do and Say Chau Thi Hoang Hoa, Truong Vien.....................................................................................441-456

Cognition Processes of Students with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder in Solving Mathematical Problems Nur Fauziyah, Carol Le Lant, I Ketut Budayasa, Dwi Juniati.............................................457-478

Differences in English Proficiency Test Scores between Students of Social and Natural Sciences Usman Kasim, Asnawi Muslem, Faisal Mustafa..................................................................479-492

Exploring Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Pedagogical Preferences, Teaching Competence and Motivation Sadiq Abdulwahed Ahmed Ismail, Adeeb Mohamed Jarrah................................................493-510

Traditional Dances as a Means of Teaching Social Skills to Elementary School Students Grigorios Masadis, Filippos Filippou, Vasiliki Derri, Georgios Mavridis, Stella Rokka....511-520

The Effect of Blended Learning on Student's Learning Achievement and Science Process Skills in Plant Tissue Culture Course Fauziyah Harahap, Nanda Eska Anugrah Nasution, Binari Manurung..............................521-538

Effectiveness of Using Football Basics in Physical Education and Organizing Arts and Cultural Events for Promoting Harmonious Development of Orphan Children Elvir Munirovich Akhmetshin, Almaz Faridovich Miftakhov, Dilyara Akhnafovna Murtazina, Rodion Pavlovich Sofronov, Natalia Mikhailovna Solovieva, Vyacheslav Anatolyevich Blinov...................................................................................................................................539-554

Using the Flipped Classroom Model in the Development of Basic Language Skills and Enriching Activities: Digital Stories and Games Pınar Girmen, Mehmet Fatih Kaya......................................................................................555-572

Pedagogical Beliefs about Critical Thinking among Indonesian Mathematics Pre-service Teachers Kusaeri, Anindito Aditomo...................................................................................................573-590

Developing Creativity and Entrepreneurship of Undergraduate Students through a Field Trip Overseas Mayuree Suacamram............................................................................................................591-606

Strategy of Values Education in the Indonesian Education System Suyatno, Jumintono, Dholina Inang Pambudi, Asih Mardati, Wantini...............................607-624

The Advocacy Model of Indonesian Chinese Students, the Affluent Market Leonnard, Yulita Fairina Susanti.........................................................................................625-640

Effect of Dance Aerobic Programs on Intrinsic Motivation and Perceived Task Climate in Secondary School Students Stella Rokka, Olga Kouli, Evangelos Bebetsos, Dimitrios Goulimaris, George Mavridis...641-654

Empowering Physics Students’ Performance in a Group Discussion Through two Types of Peer Assessment Rif’ati Dina Handayani, Marlina Ummas Genisa, Triyanto................................................655-668

Impacts of Teacher-Written Corrective Feedback with Teacher-Student Conference on Students’ Revision Ida Isnawati, Gunadi Harry Sulistyo, Utami Widiati, Nunung Suryati................................669-684



The Effectiveness of Poetry Appreciation Textbook for Character Education Implementation at Higher Education Oktaviani Windra Puspita, Andayani, Herman J. Waluyo, Muhammad Rohmadi..............685-700

Teacher Competence in Authentic and Integrative Assessment in Indonesian Language Learning Adnan, Sarwiji Suwandi, Joko Nurkamto, Budhi Setiawan.................................................701-716

Turkish Academics’ Foreign Language Academic Literacy: A Needs Analysis Study Gül Durmuşoğlu Köse, İlknur Yüksel, Yusuf Öztürk, Musa Tömen......................................717-736

The Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning and Cognitive Style on Science Learning Achievement I Gede Margunayasa, Nyoman Dantes, A.A.I.N Marhaeni, I Wayan Suastra.....................737-750

Enhancing Pilot’s Aviation English Learning, Attitude and Motivation through the Application of Content and Language Integrated Learning Parvin Karimi, Ahmad Reza Lotfi, Reza Biria.....................................................................751-766

Implementation of ICT Policy (Blended Learning Approach): Investigating factors of Behavioural Intention and Use Behaviour Mohd Azli Yeop, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob, Kung Teck Wong, Yahya Don, Farah Mohamad Zain......................................................................................................................................767-782

Determination of Multi-Dimensional Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Prospective Teachers towards Creative Drama Activities Murat Tezer, Sebnem Guldal Kan, Cizem Bas.....................................................................783-796

An Investigation into Receptive Vocabulary Growth and Its Predictability for Reading Development of University Students in a Semester Course Zahid Hussain Pathan, Shaik Abdul Malik Mohamed Ismail, Niaz Hussain Soomro..........797-808

The Effect of Online Problem Posing on Students' Problem-Solving Abilitiy in Mathematics I Made Suarsana, Ida Ayu Putu Diah Lestari, Ni Made Sri Mertasari................................809-820

A Mixed Method Study of Teachers’ Attitudes towards Computer Pronunciation Software in Teaching English Pronunciation Abbas Pourhosein Gilakjani, Reihaneh Sheikhy, Iraj Montashery, Mitra Alizadeh............821-840

The Relationship between Grade 9 Teacher’s and Learner’s Perceptions and Attitudes with Their Mathematics Achievement Mathelela Steyn Mokgwathi, Marien Alet Graham, William Fraser....................................841-850

Analysis of the Studies Concerning Flipped Learning Model: A Comparative Meta-Synthesis Study İshak Kozikoğlu....................................................................................................................851-868

Effects of Shadowing and Tracking on Intermediate EFL Learners’ Oral Fluency Fereshteh Yavari, Sajad Shafiee..........................................................................................869-884

The Perception of Students and Faculty Staff on the Role of Constructive Feedback Abdulghani Ali Al-Hattami..................................................................................................885-894

A Case Study: Focusing on Sustainability Themes and Ecocomposition through Student Blogs in a Professional and Technical Writing Course Tara Hembrough..................................................................................................................895-914



The Truth-Seeking and Open-Mindedness of Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers in the Solution of Non-Routine Problems Dian Kurniati, Purwanto, Abdur Rahman As’ari, Dwiyana................................................915-930

Developing and Validating a Scale to Measure Turkish and Kazakhstani ELT Pre-Service Teachers’ Intercultural Communicative Competence Lazura Kazykhankyzy, Nuray Alagözlü................................................................................931-946

Exploring Classroom Emotion with Cloud-Based Facial Recognizer in the Chinese Beginning Class: A Preliminary Study Chinun Boonroungrut, Toe Toe Oo, Kim One.....................................................................947-958

A Meta-Summary of Qualitative Findings about STEM Education Sedat Kanadlı.......................................................................................................................959-976

The Impact of Musical Mnemonic on Vocabulary Recalling of Iranian Young Learners Zahra Nikkhah Bahrami, Siros Izadpanah, Houman Bijani................................................977-994

The Relationship between Iranian English High School Teachers’ Reflective Practices, Their Self-Regulation and Teaching Experience Hamzeh Pazhoman, Mehdi Sarkhosh.................................................................................995-1010

Supporting Blended Learning Using Mobile Instant Messaging Application: Its Effectiveness and Limitations Wayan Suana, I Wayan Distrik, Kartini Herlina, Nengah Maharta, Ni Made Anggi Arlina Putri.................................................................................................................................1011-1024

Quality of Peer Feedback in relation to Instructional Design: A Comparative Study in Energy and Sustainability MOOCs Josemaria Elizondo-Garcia, Christian Schunn, Katherina Gallardo..............................1025-1040

Key Stakeholders' Attitudes in ESP Courses on the Right Teachers Seyyed Hossein Mousavi, Javad Gholami, Mehdi Sarkhosh.......................................................................................................................1041-1058

Malaysian Speaking Proficiency Assessment Effectiveness for Undergraduates Suffering from Minimal Descriptors Karwan Mustafa Saeed, Shaik Abdul Malik Mohammad Ismail, Lin Siew Eng...............1059-1076

Developing Critical-Thinking Skills through the Collaboration of Jigsaw Model with Problem-Based Learning Model Maskhur Dwi Saputra, Soetarno Joyoatmojo, Dewi Kusuma Wardani, Khresna Bayu Sangka..............................................................................................................................1077-1094

Geometric Thinking of Malaysian Elementary School Students Aida Suraya MdYunus, Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Ayub, Tan Tong Hock................................1095-1112

The Effect of Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract Strategy toward Students' Mathematical Conceptual Understanding and Mathematical Representation on Fractions I Made Ari Purwadi, I Gusti Putu Sudiarta, I Nengah Suparta.......................................1113-1126

Pedagogical Utility of Pre-Listening Activities for Improving Iranian Elementary EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension Fatemeh Karimi, Azizeh Chalak, Reza Biria....................................................................1127-1140



Malaysian Rural Secondary School Students’ Attitudes towards Learning English as a Second Language Farah Zulkefly, Abu Bakar Razali....................................................................................1141-1156

Examination of Pre-service Teachers' Interpretation Case of Fossil Words in Turkish Reduplications/Idioms Bekir Direkci....................................................................................................................1157-1172

Students' Pre-Initial Mental Model: The Case of Indonesian First-Year of College Students Anita Dewi Utami, Cholis Sa'dijah, Subanji, Santi Irawati.............................................1173-1188

Transpositions of Function Concept in Mathematics Curricula and Textbooks from the Historical Development Perspective Mustafa Gök, Abdulkadir Erdoğan, Emel Özdemir Erdoğan..........................................1189-1206

Enhancing Different Ethnicity Science Process Skills: Problem-Based Learning through Practicum and Authentic Assessment Hilarius Jago Duda, Herawati Susilo, Peter Newcombe.................................................1207-1222

Discourse Patterns in English as an L2 Classroom in India Sarat Kumar Doley..........................................................................................................1223-1238

A Path Analysis of Typical Intellectual Engagement, Learning Style and Preference for Assessment Maleki Ali Reza, Mitra Zeraatpishe, Akram Faravani.....................................................1239-1250

A Structural Equation Model Describes Factors Contributing Teachers’ Job Stress in Primary Schools Anis Salwa Abdullah, Siti Noor Ismail.............................................................................1251-1262

The Effect of Vodcasting Tasks on EFL Listening Comprehension Progress in an Online Program Sajad Faramarzi, Hossein Heidari Tabrizi, Azizeh Chalak.............................................1263-1280

Impact of Parental Separation on the Self-Esteem of in-School Adolescents in Nigeria Mulikat Ladi AbdulQadir Mustapha, Deborah Odediran................................................1281-1298

Cross-linguistic Influence in the L3 Acquisition of English Adjective Properties by Azeri-Persian Bilinguals Maryam Ghezlou, Mansoor Koosha, Ahmad Reza Lotfi..................................................1299-1318

The Impact of Application of Electronic Portfolio on Undergraduate English Majors’ Writing Proficiency and their Self-Regulated Learning Samaneh Karami, Firooz Sadighi, Mohammad Sadegh Bagheri, Mohammad Javad Riasati..............................................................................................................................1319-1334

Effects of Teaching and Learning Supervision on Teachers Attitudes to Supervision at Secondary School in Kubang Pasu District, Kedah Hareesol Khun-inkeeree, Puteri Darishah Dali, Yaakob Daud, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, Rozalina Khalid...............................................................................................................1335-1350

Adolescents’ Limited Eclectic Personal Ethics and Heuristic Ways of Resolving Moral Problems Eric Datu Agustin.............................................................................................................1351-1366

Trends of Homework in Mathematics: Comparative Research Based on TIMSS Study Ufuk Güven, Ahmet Oğuz Akçay......................................................................................1367-1382



Measurement Instrument of Scientific Reasoning Test for Biology Education Students Bagus Endri Yanto, Bambang Subali, Slamet Suyanto....................................................1383-1398

Cooperative Learning Strategies to Enhance Writing Skills among Second Language Learners Qismullah Yusuf, Zalina Jusoh, Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf.......................................................................................................................1399-1412

The Adaptation of Learning Strategies for Higher Education Scale for Turkish Context Sayime Erben Kecici, Mustafa Aydın...............................................................................1413-1430

The Position and Causes of Students Errors in Algebraic Thinking Based on Cognitive Style Arief Agoestanto, Y. L. Sukestiyarno, Isnarto, Rochmad, M. D. Lestari..........................1431-1444

Examination of the Reading Self-Efficacy of Learners of Turkish as a Foreign Language Regarding Some Variables Gürkan Moralı.................................................................................................................1445-1458

Effectiveness of a Generative Learning-Based Biology Module to Improve the Analytical Thinking Skills of the Students with High and Low Reading Motivation Widya Prawita, Baskoro Adi Prayitno, Sugiyarto...........................................................1459-1476

The Misconception Diagnosis on Ionic and Covalent Bonds Concepts with Three Tier Diagnostic Test Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso, Artanti Mulia Hertina, Irwanto........................................1477-1488

Creativity Level of Hearing Impaired and Hearing Students of Federal College of Education Dorcas Sola Daramola, Muhinat Bolanle Bello, Abdul Raheem Yusuf, Ismaila Oteikwu O. Amali.......................................................................................................................1489-1500

Task Types Effects and Task Involvement Load on Vocabulary Learning of EFL Learners Parviz Alavinia, Hanieh Rahimi.......................................................................................1501-1516

The Analysis of the Problems Posed by Pre-service Elementary Teachers for the Addition of Fractions Sumeyra Dogan-Coskun...................................................................................................1517-1532

English Language Teaching in Secondary Schools: An Analysis of the Implementation of Indonesian ELT 2013 Curriculum Nina Sofiana, Husni Mubarok, Issy Yuliasri....................................................................1533-1544

Cognitive Maps of the Beliefs of Pre-service Mathematics Teachers Regarding Mathematics: A Phenomenological Research Vildan Katmer-Bayraklı, Yavuz Erişen............................................................................1545-1566

An Analysis of Quality Assurance Key Performance Indicators in Research in Ugandan Universities Matovu Musa....................................................................................................................1567-1584

Do the Learner-centered Approaches Increase Academic Performance? Effect of the Layered Curriculum on Students’ Academic Achievement in English Lesson Burhan Üzüm, Ata Pesen.................................................................................................1585-1608

Designing and Validating Teachers’ Professional Development Scale: Iranian EFL Contexts in Focus Leila Saberi, Rahman Sahragard.....................................................................................1609-1626



The Role of Personal Best Goals in EFL Learners’ Behavioural, Cognitive, and Emotional Engagement Mostafa Hosseyni Ramshe, Mohammad Ghazanfari, Behzad Ghonsooly........................1627-1638

A Model and Questionnaire of Language Education Glocalization in Iran Esmaeel Ali Salimi, Mohammad Meisam Safarzadeh......................................................1639-1652



pp.237-250

Citation: Arifani, Y., & Suryanti, S. (2019). The Influence of Male and Female ESP Teachers’

Creativity toward Learners’ Involvement. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 237-250. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12116a

Received: 03/06/2018 Revision: 21/09/2018 Accepted: 26/09/2018

OnlineFirst: 01/11/2018

The Influence of Male and Female ESP Teachers’ Creativity toward

Learners’ Involvement

Yudhi Arifani Dr., English Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik, East Java, Indonesia, [email protected]

Sri Suryanti Mathematics Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik, East Java, Indonesia, [email protected]

Teachers' creativity becomes a perpetual issue in an educational setting. This study aimed to investigate the influence of teachers’ creativity on learners’ learning involvement between English for specific purposes (ES), teachers' creativity toward ESP learners' learning involvement and to seek whether there was any significant difference between male and female ESP teachers’ creativity to enhance ESP learners’ learning involvement. A sample of 435 ESP learners was randomly assigned and was rated both using learners’ involvement survey (L-IS) from National Survey of Students Engagement (NSEE) checklist and teaching creativity scale (ELT-CS) of the teachers teaching creativity. With this objective, validated and reliable scale of assessing creativity and involvement were employed. After administering the questionnaires, the data were then analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings showed that all five parameters of creativity had a significant correlation with learners' involvement. The latent variable and supporting indicators of involvement were identified. The findings also asserted that female ESP teachers performed higher involvement scale than those males. Suggestion for a further researcher to investigate factors contributing to EFL learners' learning involvement in ESP class is worth pursuing.

Keywords: teachers’ creativity, learners’ involvement, male and female ESP teachers, learner, teacher

INTRODUCTION

Current studies investigating teachers' creativity become popular in an educational setting (Garza & Soto Huerta, 2014; Kemmelmeier & Walton, 2016; Langari & Parvin, 2017; Sato & Hodge, 2016; Tin, Manara, & Ragawanti, 2009). Several experts define teachers’ creativity into several categories, namely producing a new and unique teaching


https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12116a

238 The Influence of Male and Female ESP Teachers’ Creativity …

International Journal of Instruction, January 2019 ● Vol.12, No.1

method, variety strategies, and have strong commitments to promote learners’ learning success through effective ways (Ayob, Hussain, & Majid, 2013; Craft, 2001; Hosseinnia, 2017; Khodabakhshzadeh, Hosseinnia, Moghadam, & Ahmadi, 2018; Richards & Jones, 2015). Most of the emerging issues toward the current studies of teachers’ creativity lay on the essential aspect of teachers’ role in promoting learners’ success. (Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018), for example, they investigated the relationship between EFL teachers' creativity and teaching effectiveness as well as explored the difference between male and female creativity in the Iranian context. The results of the study revealed that teachers' creativity positively influences their teaching effectiveness and female teachers were considered as more creative than that male. Different views claim that teachers’ personal trait, beliefs, and creativity are interrelated variables to describe the teaching effectiveness (Chi, Yeh, & Wu, 2014).

In Indonesian context, several studies on ESP domain has little attention been given to explore the effectiveness of ESP teachers’ teaching practice. All studies elaborate pedagogical challenge, potential issues, and the future prospects of ESP teaching practice. A study conducted by (Poedjiastutie & Oliver, 2017) explored the pedagogical challenge in ESP teaching at Indonesian EFL context. She found out the existence of general English in ESP classroom contexts still dominate the content of ESP itself. Another study conducted by (Indrasari, 2016) focused on preparing pre-service ESP teachers using project-based as an attempt to address the needs of effective ESP teaching for the pre-service teachers. The next study by (Askar, 2013) investigated current issues in ESP teaching and the future prospect of ESP including ESP teachers’ professional development. His findings described the prospects of ESP teaching in Indonesia but again they still failed to identify the essential factors determining the success or failure of ESP teaching in Indonesian EFL context. The studies conducted in Indonesian context were still distorted. One of the possible causes is the negligence importance of ESP status in Indonesian EFL teaching and little attention is given to enhance ESP teachers’ teaching creativity through adequate teachers’ professional development. Research findings revealed that teachers’ creativity positively correlates with teacher professional development (Cimermanova, 2015; Davies et al., 2014; Park, Lee, Oliver, & Cramond, 2006) and teaching effectiveness.(Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018; Wang & Kokotsaki, 2018)

The aforementioned studies especially from the global view as stated in the first paragraph investigated teachers’ creativity from the teacher’ perspective and it just overlooked at ‘product-based’ such as the influence of ESP teachers’ creativity, effectiveness, and beliefs towards learners’ learning success. Meanwhile, from the view of “process-based approach” which is indicated by learning involvement, researchers do not address this issue yet so that there is a missing link between teachers’ creativity and learners’ learning involvement. Consequently, to bridge the above gap the researchers attempts to investigate from the ESP learners’ point of view to draw teachers’ creativity and learners’ learning involvement in the ESP teaching and learning process which rely on ’process-based’ approach rather than the ‘product-based’ so that equal and fair feedback can be drawn from the study.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Teachers’ creativity

Two different terms initiated by several experts to address the notion of creativity were reviewed in this study. Those are teachers' creativity and teaching for creativity. Teaching creativity relies on an innovative approach to obtain effective teaching implemented by the teachers. It is more teacher-based rather than learner-based approach. Conversely, teaching for creativity seems to be more practical to develop learners' innovative ways of learning activities (Craft, 2008; Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018).

The term creativity is defined as the implementation of new ideas to achieve effective teaching (Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018). Historically, the term creativity has identical with two types of creativity tests developed in early 1965 and 1974 where (Wallach & Kogan, 1965) and (Torrance, 1974) developed Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) and Wallach-Kogan Creativity Test (WKCT). Those two types of test are mostly implemented by researchers who analysed teaching creativity.

Current researchers such as (Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018) in an attempt to examine teachers’ creativity and teaching effectiveness among EFL men and women in Iran using adapted ELT-CS scale and SEM analysis reported that a-five-subscale of creativity showed a significant relationship with the teaching effectiveness. Further results also assert there is a significant difference between gender and teachers' creativity. They also claim that EFL female teachers in Iran are more creative than those males. Also, (Richards & Jones, 2015) discusses three dimensions of creative teaching through review summary and interview with EFL teachers. Via his study, he elaborates the qualities of a creative teacher from their personal qualities and attributes, how teacher apply creativity in their teaching from the teaching strategies and how school exhibit teacher creativity. The findings of the first question assert creative teachers are knowledgeable, making use sociolinguistics knowledge, drawing pedagogical principles, require confidence, developing learners’ confidence, following learners’ progress, risk-taker, learning from mistakes, and helping learners’ learning success. Meanwhile, the second findings from the second question clarify creative teaching is applied through eclectic method or using a blend of methods, mixing process and product, flexible teaching, link different skills, adapting the textbook, use technology, blogging, and creative collaboration. The third findings from the third research question show that the schools provide a creativity forum for the teachers, inspire creative partnership, collaborative planning, and provide rewards for the creative teachers. Next, (Tin, 2013) in search for transformation creativity of a language learning task into a creative task offered two situations that augment teachers' creativity, namely the use of multicultural experience and constraints.

Learners’ involvement

Learners’ involvement in classroom teaching and learning is very central. It is one of the determinant factors to measure the learners' success in classroom learning (Webber,



Krylow, & Zhang, 2013). If the learners engage in the learning process so they become active learners (Roberts & McNeese, 2010).

(Astin, 1984) defines learners’ involvement as positive energy in the form of both physical and psychological aspects from the learners to obtain academic experience as part of classroom teaching and learning. Through learning involvement, it can create a conducive classroom atmosphere and it also provides an opportunity for the learners to explore their potential (Hu & Kuh, 2002; Kuh, Kinzie, & Whitt, 2011; Zhao, Kuh, & Carini, 2005). To stimulate learners’ learning involvement, a tremendous effort has to be made such as improving teaching quality, teachers’ role and learning activity. The increase of learners’ learning involved in the process of teaching and learning activity also influences learners’ retention and finally will affect toward learning outcomes and learners’ quality (Mortenson, 2005).

In relation with learners’ involvement, (Fletcher, 2003) describes six elements of involvements, namely: a) learning involvement should be able to develop learners’ complex skills, b) build mutual partnership between learners and teachers, c) equity or learners’ involvement should contribute equally among learners without any discrimination of race, gender, religion, status, economic and other discriminative elements, d) infusion or engagement has to change learners’ learning attitude in comprehensive and coherent ways, e) quality of involvement has to enlighten essential issues, and f) involvement has a clear indicator and measurement and fulfil common standards of involvement.

On the other hand, (Trowler, 2010) distinguishes learners’ involvement into three categories, namely positive involvement, no involvement, and negative involvement. Next, (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004) identify three involvement indicators from learners’ attitude, emotion, and cognitive views.

Supporting the above notions, a comprehensive involvement indicator has been formulated by National Survey of Students Engagement (NSEE) as more acceptable instrument to measure learners’ learning involvement. (NSEE, 2016) proposes 47 indicator items of learners’ involvement. Further, the involvement indicator items were then elaborated into the following items, namely higher-order learning (4 items), reflective & integrative learning (7 items), learning strategies (3 items), quantitative reasoning (3 items), collaborative learning (4 items), heterogeneous discussion (4 items), learners-faculty interaction (4 items), effective teaching practice (5 items), quality of interaction (5 items), and supportive environment (8 items).

Research on the learners’ involvement has been done by several researchers. (Roberts & McNeese, 2010), studied to explore learners’ involvement based on the status of the learners whether they are categorized into regular or transfer status. He employed NSEE questionnaire to collect the data. The findings revealed that regular learners had higher involvement compared to the transfer learners. Another study by (Zhao et al., 2005) also validates the NSEE questionnaire to search learning community toward learners’ involvement. The result of the study showed positive correlation toward learners’ involvement.



Research Question

As this study is designed to measure the influence of ESP teachers’ creativity toward ESP learners’ learning involvement, the following question is addressed:

Is there any significant influence on ESP teachers' creativity and ESP learners’ learning involvement?

Is there any significant difference between male and female ESP teachers’ creativity to enhance ESP learners’ learning involvement?

METHOD

The research subjects of this study were 435 ESP learners at Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik, East Java Province, Indonesia from 10 departments, Mathematics (18), PGSD (49), Informatics (43), Industry (61), Electronics (14), Law (13), Psychology (25), Agro-technology (12), Accounting (83), and Management (117). The EFL learners had all enrolled one-year English for Specific Purpose (ESP) program as compulsory subject in the university.

Instruments

Two different instruments were administered in this study. An English Language Teacher Creativity Scale (ELT-CS) and Learners’ Involvement Scale (L-IS) from the National Survey of Students Engagement (NSEE)

English Language Teacher Creativity Scale (ELT-CS)

English teacher creativity was measured using ELT-CS questionnaires initiated validated by (Pishghadam, Baghaei, & Shayesteh, 2012). The questionnaire items reside 60 multiple choices format interval from “always” to “never” range. The contents of the questionnaire cover 7 interrelated dimensions a) originality & elaboration, b) fluency and flexibility, c) teacher, d) environment and materials, e) motivation, f) autonomy, and g) brainstorming. In this study, the researcher does make any content changes. The items of this creativity scale were constructed into online version which should be filled by the learners. Therefore, the reliability of the instrument was not necessarily to be re-examined.

Learners Involvement Scale

To measure learners’ involvement, a comprehensive involvement indicator proposed by National Survey of Students Engagement (NSEE) was utilized to attain learners’ learning involvement. In this case, (NSEE, 2016) proposes 47 indicator items of learners' involvement. Further, the involvement indicator items were then elaborated into the following items, namely higher-order learning (4 items), reflective & integrative learning (7 items), learning strategies (3 items), quantitative reasoning (3 items), collaborative learning (4 items), heterogeneous discussion (4 items), learners-faculty interaction (4 items), effective teaching practice (5 items), quality of interaction (5 items), and supportive environment (8 items).



Procedures

At the beginning, the total numbers of ESP learners from the 10 departments at Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik were calculated. From those departments, the respondents were selected randomly from each department. The researchers prepared the online version of the two existing questionnaires (ELT-CS) and (L-IS). Then, the researchers went through each ESP class to socialize the research program and ask them to fill out the two online questionnaires. The data were collected through two different types of questionnaires (English Language Teacher Creativity scale and Learning Involvement Scale). After the data were gathered, a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the correlation.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

There were two vital variables (teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement) in his study. A SPSS program was managed to scrutinize descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and an independent sample t-test. The mean, deviation standard, and correlation matrix of the two variables are presented in the Table 1. Table 1 Descriptive Statistics summary of Teachers’ Creativity and Learners’ Involvement N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Teachers’ Creativity 435 214 228 220.95 4.20 Learners’ Involvement 435 51 57 53.13 1.62

The feasible score range for teacher’ creativity attainment is between 60 and 300 and 47 and 235 for learners’ involvement range score. As it was exhibited in the Table 1 above the mean score of teachers’ creativities was 220.95 with standard deviation 4.20 and the mean score of the learners’ involvement was 53.13 with standard deviation 1.62. The number of ESP learners was 435.

Research question 1: Is there any significant influence between ESP teachers’ creativity and ESP learners’ learning involvement?

Before addressing the first research question, the researchers conducted a model validity test to elucidate the influence between ESP teachers’ creativity and ESP learners’ learning involvement using LISREL 9.1. The results of validity basic model t-value test and estimation test between teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement all and each parameter were exemplified in Figure 1.

After testing the validity estimation, the researchers did Goodness of Fit (GOF) test using LISREL 9.1 to uncover the correlation. From the measurement results, it was shown that Degrees of Freedom was 90, Minimum Fit Function Value was 4.11, Population Discrepancy Function Value (F0) was 3.67, 90 Percent Confidence Interval for F0 was (3.08 ; 4.34), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.33, 90 Percent Confidence Interval for RMSEA was (0.03 ; 0.06), P-Value for Test of

Close Fit (RMSEA < 0.05) was 0.00. The value of indicated the close



fit and the value of indicated the good fit. From the RMSEA,

the calculated value was 0.03 . As a result, it could be affirmed that the fitness of all models belonged to good fit. Moreover, the Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI) was 4.40, 90 Percent Confidence Interval for ECVI was (3.81 ; 5.07), ECVI for Saturated Model was 1.06, ECVI for Independence Model was 21.19, Chi-Square for Independence Model with 45 Degrees of Freedom was 2183.93. Next, the value of ECVI was 4.40 and it was closer to the ECVI saturated model compared to the ECVI Independence Model. It indicated the good fit as well. Beside, 90 Percent Confidence Interval for ECVI was (3.81 ; 5.07), and the value of ECVI was 4.40 and it was situated on within the interval. It was a good indication for the estimated ECVI value. Then, the Independence AIC value was 2203.93, Model AIC was 457.83, Saturated AIC was 110.00 Independence CAIC was 2240.47, Model CAIC was 534.57, and the saturated CAIC was 310.97. The AIC value was 457.83, and it is closer to the value of AIC saturated model compared to the AIC Independence model. Last, the model CAIC value was 534.57 and it was closer to the value of CAIC if it was compared to the Independence CAIC value. It meant that the all models categorized into good fit.

Figure 1 Basic model estimation between teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement parameter

Figure 1 was the upshot of basic model estimation correlation between teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement from each indicator and from all indicators. Firstly, the finding from all parameter’s correlation, it exemplified significant correlation between teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement with the correlation coefficient was positive. Secondly, the finding from each parameter illustrated that the latent variable “Academic Challenge” significantly contributed 0.56 toward learners’



involvement with the biggest contribution was the X3 indicator (Learning Strategies) with value gain 0.58. Another latent variable “Learning with Peers” significantly donated 2.24 toward learners’ involvement with the biggest donation was the X6 indicator (Discussion with Diverse Others) with 0.11. The following latent variable “Experience with Faculty” also significantly affected 1.08 toward Learners’ involvement with the biggest effect was the X8 (Effective Teaching Practice) with 0.16. The last latent variable “Campus Environment” significantly offered 1.08 toward learners’ involvement with the biggest effect was the X9 (Quality of Instruction) with 0.17.

The findings for the first research question explained whether there was any significant influence between ESP teachers’ creativity and ESP learners’ learning involvement. It was convinced that there was significant correlation between ESP teachers’ creativity and ESP learners’ learning involvement. Particularly, if we observed at the four latent learners’ involvement variables, so we could aver that there were four parameters influenced learners’ involvement as seen from the Figure 1 that lead to the discussion of this study. Students’ involvement parameters had four latent variables, namely: a) Academic Challenge, b) Learning with Peers, c) Experience with Faculty, and d) Campus Environment. Each of those four latent variables was measured by indicator variables which had the sub-indicator variables. The first latent variable “Academic Challenge” were measured by 4 indicator variables (high order learning, reflective & integrative learning, learning strategies, and quantitative reasoning). The biggest contribution from the four indicator variables was learning strategies. The learning strategies itself was measured by three sub-indicator variables (identified key information, review note after class, summarize course material). It also meant that the ESP learners were engaged in learning mostly through identifying the key information, reviewing note after class, and summarizing course material or autonomous learning involvement.

The second latent variable “Learning with Peers” was measured by 2 indicators variables, namely: a) collaborative learning and b) discussion with diverse others. The biggest contribution was the discussion with diverse other. The discussion with diverse other itself consisted of four sub-indicators (people from ethnic other, people from economic background other, people with religious belief other, people with political views other). It meant that ESP learners ware involved in the discussion with more heterogeneous group members.

The third latent variable “Experience with Faculty” was measured by 2 indicator variables, namely: a) learners’ faculty interaction, and b) effective teaching practice. The biggest contribution was the effective teaching practice which was measured by five sub-indicators (clearly explain course goal, taught course session, use example or illustration to explain difficult point, provide feedback on a draft, provide prompt and detail feedback). It meant that ESP learners were involved in the ESP teaching and learning practice if the ESP teachers performed effective teaching.

The last late variable “Campus Environment” was measured by 2 indicator variables, namely: a) quality of interaction and b) supportive environment. The biggest contribution was the quality of interaction which had five sub-indicators (interaction



with learners, interaction with academic advisor, interaction with faculty, interaction with students’ service staff, interaction with other administrative staff). It meant that ESP learners’ involvement was shown mostly from the quality of interactions.

In today’s educational setting in common, and in English language teaching context, teachers’ creativity has become an asset for learners’ success. The success of the learners in learning is determined by their involvement during the learning process. In fact, it is very hard to claim learners’ involvement occurs without considering teachers’ creativity. On the other hand, teachers’ creativity is determined by their professional development experience, and the quality of their previous educational training program (Cimermanova, 2015; Khany & Boghayeri, 2014; Morais & Azevedo, 2011). Dealing with teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement, this finding asserts that learners’ creativity enhanced learners' learning involvement. It is in line with the previous study conducted by (Richards & Jones, 2015) which found the teachers’ creativity correlates positively with learners’ involvement. Further, he examined three dimensions of creativity that is urgent in engaging learners’ learning involvement through teachers’ personal attributes. He also mentions several influential findings of teachers’ creativity scales such as fluency, flexibility, autonomy, motivation, environment, materials. It can also be said that teachers’ creativity stimulates learners’ learning involvement. In another research, (Webber et al., 2013) found that creativity, effectiveness, and involvement play crucial factors to measure the learners’ success in classroom learning. If the learners engage in learning process so they become active learners (Roberts & McNeese, 2010).

Convincingly, the conception of teacher creativity due to its positive effect on teaching and learning process and learning outcomes, has been acknowledged (Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018). The objective of this research was to scrutinize teachers’ creativity and its relationship with EFL learners’ learning involvement. Another objective of this study was to narrate male and female ESP teachers’ creativity toward learners’ involvement. The findings also emerge the forms of the learners’ involvement which is not addressed yet by other scholars. From this research, learners’ creativity appears in the forms of positive growth of learners’ independent or autonomous learning such as reviewing note after class, and summarizing course material, activity in groups discussion as an influence of teachers’ ability in implementing creative teaching such as explaining clear learning objective, quality of interaction, prompt and detailed feedback.

Research question 2: Is there any significant difference between male and female ESP teachers’ creativity to enhance ESP learners’ learning involvement?

The objective of the second question was to clarify whether there is any significant difference between male and female ESP teachers’ creativity to enhance ESP learners’ learning involvement. To deal with this question, a descriptive statistic and an independent sample t-test were utilized. The results of the descriptive statistics and the independent sample t-test between male and female teachers’ creativity and learners’ involvement were presented in the Table 2 and Table 3 below.



Table 2

The Descriptive statistics of learners’ involvement of the male and female teachers

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Error Mean

Female Teachers 435 51.00 57.00 53.13 1.62 Male Teachers 435 47.00 53.00 50.02 1.57 Valid N (list-wise) 435

Based on the Table 2, the learners’ involvement mean score between female and male ESP teachers was different. The finding described the learners’ involvement mean score of the female ESP teachers were (53.13) higher than those of the male learners’ involvement mean score (50.52). It also meant than ESP learners were more involved in ESP class taught by ESP female teachers.

Table 4 The Result of the Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower Upper Learners’ Involvement

Equal variances assumed

13,991 ,014

.521

433 .003 .08138 ,00629 .18857 .22580

Equal variances not assumed

.521

423.825 .002 .08138 ,00611 .18822 .22546

Table 4 illustrated the results of independent sample test to see whether there was any significant difference of learners’ involvement between the two different genders. Based on the Table 4, it was clearly stated that the significant value was .014 and it was smaller than the alpha value .05. It was also evident that there was a significant difference in term of learners' involvement between the two different genders of the ESP teachers (learners’ involvement between male and female ESP teachers). It also held up the preceding finding as shown in the Table 1 where the learners’ involvement in ESP class was higher when they were taught by the female ESP teachers. Conversely, the learners’ involvement in ESP class was lower when they were taught by the male ESP teachers.

Research data depicted that there is a significant relationship between different gender of teachers (male and female ESP teachers’ creativity) toward learners’ learning involvement. According to the data, female ESP teachers have higher involvement scale than those male. Synonymously, the creativity of female teachers provide significant contribution toward learners’ learning involvement or learners are more involved in their ESP learning if they are taught by creative female ESP teachers. It is reasonable to



claim that the more creative the teachers are the more involved the learners are without considering the types of gender. The issue is why the creative female teachers stimulate learners to be more involved in learning. One of coherent reasons was proposed by (Forisha, 2015) who distinguishes creativity between men and women. She wisely depicts creativity of woman teachers as having the ability to visualize imagery and men as having creative production. Meanwhile, (Khodabakhshzadeh et al., 2018) in their study found out those women teachers are more creative than those men. Although they do not afford any further enlightenment toward the above issue, but they illuminate the creative teachers in general as motivating, humorous, warm, flexible, and more objective which make learners more engaged in learning.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The present research probed into the effect of teachers’ creativity toward ESP learners’ learning involvement. Also, the researchers determined the difference between male and female ESP teachers' creativity to enhance ESP learners' learning involvement. Overall, the results show that teachers' creativity positively correlates with learners’ involvement. The findings also demonstrated that there was different influence between male and female ESP teachers’ teaching creativity and ESP learners’ involvement. The ESP learners who are taught by female ESP teachers show higher involvement than those taught by the male ESP teachers. Findings of this study facilitate teachers and researchers with theoretical and pedagogical implication to enhance their learners’ learning involvement. It provides a framework for teachers and learners to investigate their own views on perceptions of creativity and involvement in the context of second language learning.

Noticeably, the restriction of this present study has to be prudently taken care as the involvement scale was originally established for teaching and learning in general. It is not designed for ESP within the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Different context may cause different result of the study. Again, the participants involved in the research were not represented from all ESP class in Indonesian universities. Thus, transferability of the findings is more pertinent for similar sample and settings rather than the generalizability. Further studies are advocated to overcome the aforesaid restriction and evaluate teachers’ creativity and their learners’ involvement. Next, investigating factors contributing to EFL learners’ learning involvement in ESP class is worth studying.

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