international journal of pollution and noise control vol 2 issue 1

IJPNC

Jan – Jun 2016

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Mechanical Engineering

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Jayanta Kumar BiswasInternational Centre for Ecological Engineering,

University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia (West Bengal), India

Dr. Harishankar ChandraDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College,

Lakhanpur, Sarguja University, AmbikapurChhattisgarh, India

Dr. T. R. VijayaramSchool of Mechanical and Building Sciences

SMBS, VIT University, Chennai, India

Dr. K J SreekanthDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering &

Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum (Kerala), India

Dr. Ajay BhartiDepartment of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Sohail AyubDepartment of Civil Engineering,

Z. H. College, India

Dilip B KulkarniInstitute of Engineers (India), Kolkata, &

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Gobinath RavindranDepartment of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institution, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur

(Tamil Nadu), India

Shivaji BhandarkarDepartment of Automobile Engineering,Pusa Institute, DTTE, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control. This journal is part of the

Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Pollution and Noise Control

issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of

emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Pollution and Noise Control

as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and

technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering community, addressing

researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control in Journals Pub is to propagate

novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional

research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Pollution and Noise Control in general.

JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-

time & successfully.

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control focuses on original high-quality research in the realm

of Protection of groundwater from pollutants, Waste disposal techniques and waste water management, Life

cycle assessment, Feasibility study of pollutants, Impacts of pollutants on ecology, etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Pollution and

Noise Control and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Pollution and Noise

Control community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of

creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting

new developments in the field of Pollution and Noise Control.

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would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Pollution and Noise Control.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydroelectric Project During Construction Phase: A Case Study Y.Y. Taba, A.U. Roy, A. Bharti 1

2. Environment and Pollution Laws in India – An Overview

A.U. Roy, A. Bharti 9

3. Review on Techniques Used for Wastewater TreatmentManisha Goswami, Priyanka Garg 18

4. Research Insight: Impact of Indoor Polluted Air on HealthNibha Singh 22

5. Highlights on Effects of Noise PollutionPriyanka Garg 26

Contents

IJPNC (2016) 1–8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydroelectric Project

During Construction Phase: A Case Study

Y.Y. Taba1*

, A.U. Roy2, A. Bharti

3

1 Environmental Science & Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of

Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India 2North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India

3Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli,

Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

When a proposed construction action is considered to threaten the physical, chemical,

ecological, social and economic environment, then a thorough assessment is required to be

carried out and measures are identified to prevent and offset the adverse environmental

impacts by conducting comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It is an

important regulatory, legal and monitoring tool for all involved in decision making including

planners, engineers, scientists, administrators, academicians and all stake holders in the

sustainable development of hydroelectric projects pre, post and at the end of life of the

installed project. It also gives avenues to the project affected citizens to voice their concern

freely in the open forum, through the government mechanism, thus establishing the

democratic sanctity of the constitution. Pare hydroelectric project is being constructed

across the river Dikrong in the Papumpare district of Arunachal Pradesh, India to generate

hydroelectricity. The project is currently under construction and has been evaluated for

physical, chemical, ecological and socio economical elements in this case study. Sample

pertaining to water, air and soil within a radius of 5 km is tested and results are analyzed. An

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is formulated, outlining preventive and curative

strategies for minimizing adverse impacts during construction and operational phases of the

project.

Keywords: ecology, hydroelectric, hydel, EIA, water, air, soil

INTRODUCTION

Hydropower is a renewable, clean and

green energy resource having high

conversion efficiency, operational

flexibility, long term dependability and

economic superiority over the other power

generation methods. There are several

hydel power plants across the world which

is operational even after completing

hundred years of project commissioning.

In addition to electricity generation, other

environmental benefits include reliable

water supply, improved water quality,

flood control, fishery, reclamation of

degraded land and irrigation. A reliable

and bounty water supply will itself pave

way for palatable water supply and a

sanitation system for the nearby human

settlement, which is one of the most

hygienic approaches to keep water borne

disease at bay.

However, when a proposed action is

considered to threaten the physical,

chemical, biological, ecological, social or

economic environment, then a thorough



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Environment and Pollution Laws in India – An Overview

A.U. Roy1, A. Bharti

2

1North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India

2Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli,

Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

Protection and improvement of deteriorating natural environment is a common cause and

obligation of all the citizens and it is the right time for introspection by every citizen and

nation as to what our future generations are going to inherit from us. It is they who will reap

the grim consequences of our failure to act timely on the programmes which are needed now

if we are to prevent future disaster and natural resource depletion. The constitution gives

right to life for every citizen, an onerous obligation which we owe to posterity is clean air,

potable water and liveable natural environment and these ought to be elevated to the status

of birth rights of every citizen born today and in future. The Constitution of India was

amended in 1976, to incorporate the provisions for protection of environment and imposing a

fundamental duty upon the citizens of this country to protect and improve the natural

environment. Article 51A mentions “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India - (g) to

protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and

to have compassion for living creatures. The objective of the author in the article is to create

awareness among all concerned in the society about the various laws on environment and

pollution control that are existing in our country to ensure that justice prevails on all matters

related to environment protection, which is the basis of sustenance of life on earth.

Keywords: nature, air, water, noise, pollutant.

INTRODUCTION

Environment include air, water, land and

their inter-relationship with sun rays and

moon’s coolness which exists between

them to sustain life on earth i.e. human

being, animal life, plants and micro-

organism on land and in water. We human

beings are both, creature and moulder of

environment which gives us physical

sustenance and affords us the opportunity

for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual

growth in the long and tortuous evolution

of the human race on this planet. In our

quest for development and supremacy, we

have always ruthlessly exploited the

natural resources available on land, in

water and in air and have in return

polluted them through the waste coming

out from the products of development and

warfare. A stage has reached when

through the rapid acceleration of science

and technology; we have acquired the

power to transform our environment, in

countless ways and on an unprecedented

scale. Both aspects of human environment,

the natural and man-made, are essential to

the wellbeing and to the enjoyment of

basic human rights even the right to life

itself (United Nations Conference, 1972).

Human being’s capability and zeal to meet

its need and requirement by discovery,



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Review on Techniques Used for Wastewater Treatment

Manisha Goswami1, Priyanka Garg

2*

1C. C. S. University, Meerut, India

2University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

There is a great need for wastewater treatment for all sources of water pollution and an

obvious potential for natural treatment systems. In this paper, we looked into the problem of

growing quantity of wastewater irrespective of the limited drinking water supply. The water

once utilized for domestic or industrial applications is then obtained as the released water

from the waste, which cannot be reused until not being recycled or reprocessed thoroughly

using reliable wastewater treatment techniques. In the paper, a review on various wastewater

treatment techniques used and their development are presented.

Keywords: wastewater, pollution, treatment, filtration, industrial applications, natural,

oxidation, UV radiation

INTRODUCTION

Numerous efforts are made to treat

wastewater in order to solve the major

problem of water deficiency mainly for

industrial applications. Researchers stick

to the conventional rule of using the

natural treatment systems that evidently

considered being quite efficient

technologies. There are many fine

examples of the use of natural treatment

systems for purification of many types of

wastewater, sludge handling and use of

purified water for irrigation. Indeed, the

natural treatment systems for wastewater

treatment have to compete with technical

solutions, namely with so called

conventional treatment systems such as

activated sludge process.

Natural technologies are the most than

for large producer frequently used for

wastewater treatment and water

management ranging from individual

houses, recreational and the other

facilities to the settlements up to 2,000

inhabitants (p. e.), smaller industrial

plants, and farms. Their use is also the

question of the availability of affordable

land.

PRETREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES

Besides pollution indicators routinely

monitored, raw sewage contains, a

number of other substances, such as

pieces of rags, fibers, hair, thread, feces,

grease, household trash, remnants of fruit

and vegetables, plastic, various

containers, pieces of wood.

A stream of water at the bottom of the

drainage may be, particularly in the rainy

season, also entrained with heavier

materials such as gravel, pieces of brick,

etc. For this reason, the mechanical

pretreatment stage is an important part of

any treatment plant. It protects the

mechanical parts and/or the filter

material of distribution layers from

damages and clogging. It prevents



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Research Insight: Impact of Indoor Polluted Air on Health

Nibha Singh* C.C.S. University, Meerut, India

BACKGROUND

The health effects of air pollution have

been subject to intense study in recent

years. Exposure to pollutants such as

airborne participate matter and ozone has

been associated with increases in

mortality and hospital admissions due to

respiratory and cardiovascular disease.

These effects have been found in short-

term studies, which relate day-to-day

variations in air pollution and health, and

long-term studies, which have followed

cohorts of exposed individuals over time.

Although official efforts to control air

pollution have traditionally focused on

outdoor air, it is now apparent that

elevated contaminant concentrations are

common inside some private and public

buildings. Concerns about potential

public health problems due to indoor air

pollution are based on evidence that

urban residents typically spend more than

90 percent of their time indoors,

concentrations of some contaminants are

higher indoors than outdoors, and for

some pollutants personal exposures are

not characterized adequately by outdoor

measurements. Among the more

important indoor contaminants associated

with health or irritation effects are

passive tobacco smoke, radon decay

products, carbon monoxide, nitrogen

dioxide, formaldehyde, asbestos fibers,

microorganisms and aeroallergens.

Efforts to assess health risks associated

with indoor air pollution are limited by

insufficient information about the

number of people exposed, the pattern

and severity of exposures, and the health

consequences of exposures.

Effects have been seen at very low levels

of exposure, and it is unclear whether a

threshold concentration exists for

particulate matter and ozone below which

no effects on health are likely. In this

review, we discuss the evidence for

adverse effects on health of selected air

pollutants.

INTRODUCTION

It is of great concern that, almost half the

world's population still relies for its

everyday household energy needs on

inefficient and highly polluting solid

fuels, mostly biomass (wood, animal

dung, and crop wastes) and coal. About 3

billion people still rely on solid fuels, 2.4

billion on biomass, and the rest on coal,

mostly in China. Access to modern

energy sources has been described as a

"necessary, although not sufficient,

requirement for economic and social

development" (IEA 2002). It is,

therefore, of great concern that almost

half the world's population still relies for

its everyday household energy needs on

inefficient and highly polluting solid

fuels, mostly biomass (wood, animal

dung, and crop wastes) and coal.

Indoor air pollution is a major global

public health threat requiring greatly

increased efforts in the areas of research

and policy-making. Research on its

health effects should be strengthened,

particularly in relation to tuberculosis and

acute lower respiratory infections. A

more systematic approach to the

development and evaluation of

interventions is desirable, with clearer

recognition of the interrelationships



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Highlights on Effects of Noise Pollution

Priyanka Garg University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

BACKGROUND

Noise pollution is considered as more

important environmental problem,

especially in the industrialized and

developed countries. Industrial noise is

an important source of noise pollution,

which annoys and disrupts the daily

activities of workers. A growing body of

research reveals, transport noise can

cause sleep disturbance, cardiovascular

disease, elevated hormone levels,

psychological problems and even

premature death; studies on children have

identified cognitive impairment,

worsened behavior and diminished

quality of life.

More widely, the negative effects of

transport noise have been known for

years, but in light of pressing air

pollution problems, noise has often taken

a back seat. The situation now appears to

be changing.

Environmental noise consists of all the

unwanted sounds in our communities

except that which originates in the

workplace. Environmental noise

pollution, a form of air pollution, is a

threat to health and well-being. It is

more severe and widespread than ever

before, and it will continue to increase in

magnitude and severity because of

population growth, urbanization, and the

associated growth in the use of

increasingly powerful, varied, and highly

mobile sources of noise. It will also

continue to grow because of sustained

growth in highway, rail, and air traffic,

which remain major sources of

environmental noise. A lack of sleep,

caused by the traffic noise, can also

affect the immune system and

metabolism. In many cases, people in the

city may not realize their sleep patterns

are being thrown off by noise pollution.

The sound is a mechanical wave that

results from variations, or oscillations, in

elastic medium like water, air and solids

and “Noise” generally can be defined as

unpleasant and disturbing sounds which

disturb the human being physically and

physiologically and cause environmental

pollution by destroying environmental

properties and it is one of the physical

environmental factors affecting our

health in today’s world and harmful to

people. Noise can be measured by

determining the pressure created by the

sound waves in the human ear and is

measured in (dB), which is used as an

international measure of the intensity of

sound.

Due to the rapid growth and development

in technology which is occurred in the

developing countries, noise pollution has

become one of the major threats that face

the environment and the cost of reducing

it in future years is expected to be

insurmountable and it is considered to be

the commonest reason of annoyance and

permanent hearing loss.

Acoustic quieting is the process of

making machinery quieter by damping

vibrations to prevent them from reaching

the observer.

Noise decreases as distance from its

source increases. When two identical

IJPNC

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Mechanical Engineering

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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