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IHP/Bur-LII/Ref 5 Paris, June 2015

English only

International Hydrological Programme

52nd session of the IHP Bureau (Paris, 1-2 June 2015)

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON IHP

Item 4.2 of the agenda.

Summary

This document assembles the presentations on the water issues and actions of the International Hydrological Programme in the geographical regions of UNESCO.

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IHP/Bur-LII/Ref 5 Paris, June 2015

English only

International Hydrological Programme

52nd session of the IHP Bureau (Paris, 1-2 June 2015)

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES

Index

Group II-Eastern European States………………………………………………….3 Presented by Mr Mitja Brilly, Vice-Chairperson

Group III- Latin-American and Caribbean States…………………………………12 Presented by Mr David Korenfeld Federman, Chairperson

Group IV- Asian and Pacific States………………………………………………..15 Presented by Mr Ian White, Vice-Chairperson

Group V (a)- African States………………………………………………………...31 Presented by Mr Jean Patrice Roger Jourda, Vice-Chairperson

Group V (b)- Arab States…………………………………………………………...38 Presented by Mr Mahmoud Abu-Zeid, Vice-Chairperson

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Group II – Eastern Europe

UNESCO IHP Bureau Meeting Open Session

Paris 1 June 2015

Map of the region

Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine

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Recent development

■ In the recent twenty years, the countries in the region have been inpolitical transition.

■East European countries have mainly joined the EU and tried toimplement EU water directives supported by EU funding.

■Moreover, the region is not geographically established and so, thetrans-regional cooperation is essential for development. (DanubeRiver Basin IHP Cooperation, Sava River basin commission)

■Similar needs for trans-regional cooperation are also between thesecond region and the Asia- Pacific region.

■Cooperation inside the region is not strong enough and not wellorganized and there are not enough centers and chairs that wouldsupport UNESCO IHP activities.

UNESCO Centres in the II region• International Research and Training Centre on Urban Drainage (IRTCUD),

Established in 1987. IRTCUD aims to foster advanced research development inurban water management, having expanded its field of work originally concernedwith the aspect of urban drainage.

• European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology (ERCE) Established in 2006. TheCentre promotes integrative multidisciplinary ecohydrological research at acatchment scale for sustainable management, protection and restoration of aquaticresources. Basic research includes: hydrology, hydrobiology, environmentalchemistry, landscape processes, soil ecology, phytotechnology, environmentaltoxicology and genetics, population studies and mathematical modelling

• Centre for Water for Sustainable Development and Adaptation to Climate ChangeEstablished in 2013, the center acts as a regional center in Southeast Europefocusing on cooperation in the areas of applied research, water administration,development and promotion of adaptation strategies, capacity development, andresearch for application, education, and training in the area of climate changeimpact on water resources management and the adaptation to such impacts.

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UNESCO Chairs in the II region

• UNESCO Chair in Water Resources, established in 2001 at Irkutsk State University,Russian Federation

• UNESCO Chair in Hydrogeology established in 2003 at the Eötvös LorándUniversity, Budapest, Hungary

• UNITWIN Network on Water Resources established in 2009 at Irkutsk StateUniversity, Russian Federation

• UNESCO Chair on Water Resources Management and Ecohydrology, established in2010 at the Water Problem Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, RussianFederation

• UNESCO Chair in Water for Ecologically Sustainable Development established in2012 at the University of Belgrade, Serbia

Future development

■The development of new centers and chairs should beencouraged in the region, as well trans-regionalcooperation.

■Institutional straitening of IHP Committees

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50th anniversary IHD and IHP

■Conference in Moscow (September 2015)■Working meeting of IHP Committees in the region

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The Sava River BasinMay 2014 flood

Probability diagram of peak discharges on WS Čatež

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Measured water levels

The Bosna River ‐ Doboj

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Ljubaljana 2014

Labor force of the SRB countries

country agriculture industry services

Slovenia 2,2 35 62,8

Croatia 2,1 29 69

Serbia 21,9 19,5 58,6

BiH 20,5 32,6 47

Montenegro 6,3 20,9 72,8

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What we learn from 2014 flood

• Even floods with more then hundread yearsflood could recently happened

• Bridges have significant imapct on flooddevelopment

• Inudation of areas upstream of the Drina riverinflow decrease flood hazard downstreamsignificantly

• Impermeable lining on the facade preventdrying of flooded houses

More room for the water

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When dealing with water, always take a full picture in mind!

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Hydric challenges in Latin America

31% of global hydric resources

Climate diversity

100% population increase in 30 years

2 Big Defies:

1. Efficient management of hydric resources

2. Climate Change Adaptation

Latin America and its challenges

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Agriculture 68%

Public-Urban 21%Industrial 11%

Efficient management of water resources

Virtuous Water Cycle

New Technologies

Climate Change Adaptation

Surface and underground runoffs

Water quality and availability

Modifies the Water Cycle

Gestión eficiente de los Recursos HídricosEl Niño phenomenon

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Particular case: México

Tropical Cyclone track changes

Tornado with

intensity EF3 on the Fujita Scale

Constant increase on the severity of

weather phenomena

Climate Change Adaptation

Integral Management

Adaptation

*** It is estimated that the cost for adaptation in Latin America, could be substantially over the 15 billion US-Dollars ***

Intergovernmental Panel

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The Asia Pacific Region IV: Water Security, Disaster Risk Reduction

Ian White

UNESCO IHP Region IV (Asia-Pacific)

UNESCO IHP Bureau Paris1-3 June 2015

UNESCO IHP Region IV Asia-Pacific: Outline

Asia-Pacific:

Vast, Complex, Diverse, Hydro-meteorologicallyImportant Region

Water - Related Challenges

UNESCO IHP Regional Activities

Remaining Priority Challenges


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Asia – Pacific: Vastness

Geo-& Demographic Vastness

> 4 Billion People(60% of world)

Growth Rates/y+2.7% to -2.8%

6 of the 10 world’slargest cities

Increasingurbanisation

Coastal Pressures

UNESCAP


Asia – Pacific: Enormous Diversity

Diverse: 55 Countries

Technologically Very Advanced

Subsistence Economies

Diverse Per Capita GDP• From US$ 78,744 to $1,855 (WB 2013)


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Asia – Pacific: Diverse & Complex

Diverse & Complex

World’s most populous nation (1.35x109)

World’s smallest nation (1.0x103)

Largest island nation ( 7.7x106 km2)

Smallest island nation ( 21 km2)

Driest inhabited continent (165 mm/y)

Very wet tropical locations ( > 8,000 mm/y)

Full range of climates:• Alpine arctic through tropical to deserts

Full range of governance regimes

Huge range of capacitiesUNESCO IHP Bureau Paris1-3 June 2015

Asia – Pacific: Vast Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange Processes

Globally Important – Coupling Earth’s Energy & Water CyclesGoogle Earth


Hydro-meteorologically important

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Asia-Pacific: Complex, & Very Variable

TRMM http://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/realtime-3hr-7day-rainfall

ENSO


Asia-Pacific: long Hydro-Meteorolgical Records


Rain gauge developed in 1441 during reign of the great King Sejongby court researchers led by Jang Yeong‐sil.

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Asia-Pacific: Water – Related Challenges

Water Security


Managing extreme events & disasters

Water scarcity & over-extraction

Biodiversity loss

Trans-boundary basins

Urbanisation & water pollution

Irrigation efficiency

Governance & community engagement

Capacity & resources

Failure to meet the 2015 MDGs

Impacts of climate and land-use change

Asia – Pacific: Water-Related Challenges

Managing through Extreme Events


>90% of all deaths due to water-related disasters occur in Asia - Pacific

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Major recent extreme water-related disasters in Asia-Pacific (Takara, 2013)

Year Location Hazard type EconomicLoss(Million US$)

Death toll(person)

2004 India, Bangladesh, Nepal, etc.

Flood N/A 1,000

2004 Indonesia + 13 countries

Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

14,000 230,000

2007 Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr 1,700 3,447

2008 Myanmar Cyclone Nargis 10,000 138,366

2009 Taiwan Typhoon Morakot,landslide

3,300 678

2010 Pakistan Flood 43,000 1,781+

2011 Japan Earthquake, tsunami 235,000 15,840

2011 Thailand Flood 45,700+ 813

2013 The Philippines Typhoon Haiyan, hightide

N/A 10,000+

TOTAL > $353 Billion >402,000


2015– Cyclone Pam– Nepal Earthquake

Asia Pacific: Sharing Trans-Boundary Basins

Diversity

9 out of the World’s top 15 longest rivers

Trans-boundary Rivers

Major groundwaterbasins

Under stress

Challenging


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Asia – Pacific: Water Scarcity & Over- Extraction


Asia – Pacific: Threats to Human Water Security

UNESCO IHP Bureau Paris1-3 June 2015Nature 467, 555-561 (30 September 2010)

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Asia – Pacific: Threats to Riverine Bio-Diversity

UNESCO IHP Bureau Paris1-3 June 2015Nature 467, 555-561 (30 September 2010)

Millennium Targets for Water


Pacific Island Nations will not meet the MDGs for Water by 2015

UNICEF

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Millennium Targets for Sanitation


Pacific Island Nations will not meet the MDGs for Sanitation by 2015

UNICEF

Impact of Not Meeting the MDGs


10,60

12,80

17,80

17,90

20,80

22,40

25,10

29,70

31,10

37,10

37,90

38,50

59,90

63,0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Cook IslandsTonga

SamoaVanuatu

PalauFiji

NiueTuvalu

SolomonsNauru

RMIFSM

KiribatiPNG

Deaths per 1,000 live births

Under-five mortality rate by country, 2012

UNICEF

Child mortality rates unacceptably high

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Projected Impact of Global Warming on Sea level

UNESCO IHP Bureau Paris1-3 June 2015BoM & CSIRO 201419

Climate Change: increases the character & severity of regional challenges

What is UNESCO IHP Doing about these Challenges?


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UNESCO IHP’S Great Strength: Its Global Family


UNESCO – IHP Asia-Pacific Regional Activities

12 UNESCO Field Offices• 2 Regional (Science, Education)

• 4 Cluster

• 6 National

7 IHP Category II Centres

7 UNESCO Water-Related Chairs


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UNESCO – IHP Asia-Pacific Regional Steering Committee

Formed in 1993

IHP Representatives from 17 countries

Meets annually at regional symposia

Generously supported by Japan Funds-in-Trustthrough MEXT

Allows participation from developing countries

RSC coordinated through UNESCO Jakarta

Plans, reports, evaluates & reviews IHP activities


UNESCO – IHP Asia-Pacific Regional Steering Committee

23rd meeting IHP-RSC Yangon, Myanmar, 21-23 October 2015

International Conference “Tools for ManagingFloods and Droughts in the Asia-PacificRegion”

50 years anniversary booklet summarizingpast & present achievements and futurevisions of IHP in SEAP

Honouring of distinguished contributors to IHPactivities in SEAP


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FRI END – Flow Regimes from InternationalExperimental Network Data

ADB –Asian Water Development Outlook – NO GW!!!



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UNESCO – IHP Asia-Pacific Key Projects


SWITCH-in-Asia: Sustainable Water Management in AsianCities

Strengthening community-based flood resilience in BidaraCina, East Jakarta, Indonesia

Establishing a community - based PoIs in the high-riskcommunities to flooding in Jakarta.

Strategic Strengthening of Flood Warning and ManagementCapacity in Pakistan

Ecological and Eco-hydrological Solutions for SustainableManagement in Indonesia and Asia Pacific Region – PeatlandProject

Policy development on sustainable water managementplanning, in Medan, Indonesia.

Recent IHP major events in the region

The Sustainable Landscape Futures International ConferenceUniversity of Canberra, Australia ‘Sustainable Landscape Futures: Solving complex problems through sustainability science’ 10 - 11 July 2014.

The PERI-URBAN 2014 International Conference: University of Western Sydney ‘Peri-Urban Landscapes; Water, Food and Environmental Security’ 8 -10 July 2014.


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Recent IHP major events in the region

Workshop on IWRM for Peace and Development Davao City, Philippines 22-23 October 2014..

The 17th International RiversymposiumCanberra, Australia in the Murray-Darling Basin (a UNESCO-IHP HELP river basin), 15-18 September 2014


Major IHP-related Events in the Region

7th World Water ForumDaegu and beautiful, historic Gyeongju City, Gyeongbuk, Hosted by Republic of Korea, 12-17 April 2015


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Messages from 7th WWF

We know the challenges

Solutions are available

Focus on Implementation!!!


UNESCO IHP Region IV Asia-Pacific: Summary

Asia-Pacific:

Vast, Complex, Diverse, Hydro-meteorologicallyImportant Region

Many Vital Water - Related Challenges Remain• Managing extreme events – disasters

• Urbanisation – Land use change – Eco-Impacts

UNESCO IHP RSC Committed to Implementation& to Expanding Capacity


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IHP IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Prof. Jean Patrice R. JOURDAVice-Chairperson of Group Va-Africa

UNESCO‐PHI Bureau Meeting–UNESCO HQ, ParisJune 1 2015

PRESENTATION PLAN

• WATER ISSUES IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA

• UNESCO‐IHP’S ACTIONS TO FACE WATER ISSUES

• REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES

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WATER ISSUES IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICAChallenges related to the management of water resources in Sub Saharan Africa are numerous and varied and grouped into seven themes identified by AMCOW/PHI-VIII themes:

• Governance

• Global changes and risk management: Climate variability and Changeo Theme 1: Water-related disasters and hydrological change

• Water Infrastructure for Economic Growth

• Managing Water Resourceso Theme 2: Groundwater in a changing environmento Theme 3: Addressing water scarcity and qualityo Theme 5: Ecohydrology, engineering harmony for a sustainable worldo Thème4: Water and human settlements of the future

• Financing of water sector

• Education, Knowledge and Capacity Developmento Theme 6: Water education, key for Water Security

UNESCO‐IHP’s ACTIONS TO FACE WATER ISSUES

The UNESCO‐IHP’s actions in sub‐region are essentially based on the IHP VIII and its cross‐cutting and associated programmes.

The implementation of the IHP activities was focused on this biennium declined on theClimate change impacts on the hydrological cycle, and consequent impacts on waterresources, managing groundwater systems' response to global changes, managing water as ashared responsibility across geographical and social boundaries and research and assessmentof urban groundwater vulnerability.

The main activities of IHP‐UNESCO in Sub‐Saharan Africa related to IPH‐VIII implementationhas been regrouped under the main water challenges defined by AMCOW:• Governance• Global changes and risk management: Climate variability and Change• Managing Water Resources• Education, Knowledge and Capacity Development

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UNESCO‐IHP’S ACTIONS TO FACE WATER ISSUES

1-Governance• UNESCI‐PHI has contributed to set up the African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW). UNESCO‐IHP collaboration

with AMCOW has been strengthened. AMCOW is UNESCO‐IHP main partner in many initiatives. AMCOW is supportive ofthe Africa water cycle coordination initiative and TIGER II for which UNESCO‐IHP is a partner.

• Africa consultation on groundwater governance, June 2012 :The Ministry of water and irrigation of Kenya, AMCOW andUNESCO have organized from 29 to 31 June 2012 in Nairobi the Africa regional consultation on groundwater governance.The consultation was held within the framework of the GEF Project on “Groundwater Governance: A global frameworkfor country action” focusing on addressing concerns over the depletion and degradation of groundwater.

• UNESCO‐IHP has contributed to set up Africa Groundwater Commission (AGWC): Regarding the African GroundwaterCommission, AMCOW counts on UNESCO for the operationalizing of the Commission./ African groundwater commissionworkshop, Cairo, June 2013

• Regional meeting of IHP Africa National Committees jointly with a conference on water governance in Africa: Since2006, UNESCO has initiated a series of biennial regional meeting for IHP National Committees in Africa jointly with aconference, workshop or seminar. The first, second and third editions were held respectively in Abuja in 2006, Cape Townin 2008, Cotonou in 2010, Dar Es Salaam in 2012 and Kinshasha in 2014.

• UNESCO‐IHP maintained a close cooperation with regional economic commissions in order to strengthen a good water governance inSS Africa :ICPAC/IGAD; ECCAS; ECOWAS and SADC


2-Global changes and risk management: Climate variability and Change (1/2)

South Sudan National workshop on water management and flood risk assessment, Juba, May 2013: Theworkshop was held at the UNESCO Juba Office with the participation of more than 20 participants from theMinistries related to water resources, water directorates of three States and UN agencies including UNDP,UNEP and UNICEF

Workshop on climate change adaptation and Mountains in Africa, Nairobi, September 2013: The workshopon “Climate Change Impacts in Major Mountainous Regions of the World: Multidisciplinary Network forAdaptation Strategies in Africa” will be organized involving glaciologists, hydrologists, water resources experts,mountain biosphere managers, representative from Natural Heritage sites, policy–makers, school teachers,social scientists and local stakeholders and experts from IHP and MAB networks to ensure that localstakeholders understand the global context of the project and can present, discuss and bring in their ownknowledge, needs, and expectations.

2nd Africa drought monitor workshop, Niamey, November, 2013The workshop was co‐organized with AGRHYMET centre in Niamey, Niger within the framework of the priorityAfrica project: “Drought Monitoring at the Country Level – Towards Regional and National Drought Mitigationand Risk Management and Planning Strategies in Africa”.

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2-Global changes and risk management: Climate variability and Change (2/2)

Gender mainstreaming in drought management workshop, November 2013, NiameyThe gender mainstreaming in drought management workshop was also co‐organized with AGRHYMET centre inNiamey, Niger within the framework of the priority Africa project: “Drought Monitoring at the Country Level –Towards Regional and National Drought Mitigation and Risk Management and Planning Strategies in Africa”.

First workshop on the seasonal forecast of floods within the Intergovernmental Authority on Development(IGAD) in Eastern Africa. This workshop took place in Nairobi, Kenya, from 18‐22 August2014, and it was co‐organized with the Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC)

RESHYST‐Africa programme: UNESCO‐IHP put in place a regional programme to address the issue of hydrological norms for the design of hydraulic infrastructures within the context of climate change in West and Central Africa.West Africa (16) : Benin, Burkina, Cape Vert, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambie, Ghana, Guinée, Guinée Biseau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigeria, Togo, Sénégal, Serra LeoneCentral Africa (10) : Burundi, Cameroun, Congo, Gabon, Guinée équatorial, Tchad, RDC, RCA, Rwanda et Sao tome


3-Managing Water Resources

High level IHP meeting on water security and cooperation, Nairobi, September 2013

Regional workshops on water conflict management and cooperation for SADC, IGAD and ECCAS :Waterresources in Africa are in majority shared resources with more than eighty (80) transboundary river basinsand lakes, as well as more than sixty (60) transboundary groundwater aquifers, identified so far.

TIGER initiative: the European Space Agency (ESA), launched the TIGER initiative to promote the use of EarthObservation (EO) for improved Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Africa. TIGER has beenendorsed by AMCOW (African Ministerial Council on Water). The TIGER initiative is being guided by anInternational Steering Committee (ISC): UNESCO‐IHP is member of this ISC.

TWAP IGAD‐SADC regional workshop on transboundary groundwaters, Nairobi, March 2014

TWAP ECOWAS regional workshop on transboundary groundwaters, Dakar, 22‐24 July 2014

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4-Education, Knowledge and Capacity Development (1/2)

Africa Water Capacity Building Program: UNESCO has initiated the preparation of an African Water ResourcesCapacity Building Program (AWaCaB). In line with the resolution of the 18th session of IHP council on capacitybuilding on water resources, the capability of the UNESCO-IHP family worldwide (Centres, Chairs, Networks, etc) willbe mobilized for the benefit of Africa to improve addressing the capacity building challenges facing African countries.The overall objective is to enhance the capacity of water professionals and water training institutions to address thewater challenges in Africa

UNESCO Water Centres: There are four water centre in Sub-Saharan Africa :Water Centre on Integrated River Basin Management, in Kaduna hosted by Nigeria National Water Institute;Water Centre on Eastern Africa groundwater research, training and education centre in Kenya, MOU was signed inFebruary 2013;Water Centre on Rain Water Harvesting management, in Sudan.African Centre for global changes and water resources, hosted by the University of Kuazulu-Natal in South Africa(adopted by the 37th General Conference; MOU is yet to be signed).

TIGER initiative: The TIGER initiative has established and supported capacity building activities and developmentprojects


4-Education, Knowledge and Capacity Development (2/2)

Regional sensitization workshop held in Abuja, NIGERIA on November 2014: Workshoporganized by UNESCO category 2 centre (Water Centre on Integrated River Basin Management) withfocus on transboundary water security and cooperation in the West African Sub-region with the presenceof IHP National Committee members, policy makers and researchers

IHP Programs and Scientific Networks in Africa

FRIEND Networks : FRIEND West and Central Africa, FRIEND Southern Africa, FRIEND-Nile, FRIENDfor the Congo basin.ISARM Networks: Within the framework of the implementation of the ISARM program in Africa, four networkshave been established: ISARM Southern Africa, ISARM West Africa, ISARM IGAD (Eastern Africa), ISARM ECCAS(Central Africa)FRIEND-AOC/:CongoG‐WADI Network/HELP basins Network/Eco‐hydrology Sites

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REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES: STRATEGIC COOPERATIONFor IHP regional perspectives in Africa, within the framework of the implementation of IHP‐VIII, is to continue to cooperate and to engage strategically with key regional partners ieAMCOW, CCRE‐ECOWAS, SADC Water Division , ECCAS and IGAD in their actions on waterand centers and institutes on water especially for aspects related to capacity building.

More specifically:• Co‐organize a session on climate change, impacts and adaptation in Africa during the

international scientific conference (our climate change our future) 7‐10 July 2015, Paris

• Co‐organize in October 2015, the second‐NASAC IANAS workshop (the two networks ofAcademies of Sciences of Africa and Latin America) on water resources in Nairobi

• Contribute to the conference on the hydrology of large basins in Africa Hammamet,Tunisia, 26‐30 October 2015

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES: STRATEGIC COOPERATION

• Contribute to the organization of the Water Congress of the African WaterAssociation in Nairobi in February 2016

• Contribute to the organization of the 6th African Water Week in 2016 inTanzania

• Organize the 6th Regional Meeting of IHP National Committees in Africa in2016 in Swaziland combined a scientific conference/SDG will be shared

• In cooperation with AMCOW to see how to revive the African Commissionon Groundwater 2016

• Celebrate locally the 50th anniversary of IHP

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REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES: REGIONAL PROJECTS • The program on Standards (RESHYST‐Africa program):o Twelve national assessments and two expert workshops realized);

o ECCA will hold a workshop on the programme in June or July 2015 to its appropriation;

o CCRE‐ECOWAS? think do the same in West Africa probably in 2016 (Côte d’Ivoire ?).

• The Water capacity building programme in partnership with Water Centre onIntegrated River Basin Management in Kaduna (7 national assessment needsconducted; two are ongoing.

• SIDA (Africa Drought Early Warning System Expansion to Southern Africa) project onprogress: UNESCO‐Nairobi and Windhoek, SADC, CSC, SADC countries meteorologicaland hydrological services and University of Princeton

• GGRETA (Groundwater Resources Governance in Transboundary Aquifers) implementedwith funding from the Swiss ADC: Southern Africa (Stampriet)

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52nd session of the IHP Bureau 1‐2 June 2015, UNESCO‐ PARIS

The Water Issuein the Arab Region

Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Abu‐Zeid

Chairman of Egyptian IHP Committee &President of the Arab Water Council

1

Contents

• Introduction

• Arab region problems

• Priority themes to cope with water scarcity

• Cross cutting areas

2

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Introduction

The Arab Region is one of the most water‐scarce regions in the whole world.

With increasing population on one hand, and environmental degradation on the other, pressure has been intensified on the limited available water resources in the region and has led to over‐abstraction of the renewable and non‐renewable resource in many of its countries.

This in addition to increasing pollution of these resources and the climate change effect.3

The Arab Region: Facts & Figures

• Land area about 15 million km2

• Total population exceeds 400 million inhabitants

• About 6% of world population with only 1% of the world’srenewable water resources

4

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Dry ZonesSource: The World Vision Report

Undernourished Population (2000‐2002)

Absolute Water Scarcity by 2025 Extreme Aridity

Major Challenges facing the Arab Region

5

Spain Turkey

Iran

Mali Niger

Chad

Nigeria Ethiopia

EgyptLibyaAlgeria

MauritaniaSudan

Zaire

Saudi Arabia

Yemen

Iraq

Mor

occo

Om

an

Somalia

UAE

Kuwait

Syria

Jord

an

LebanonTunisia

# Djibouti

#

Qatar#

Bahrain

Palestine

Precipitation010020040060010001400

Political Boundaries

Precipitation Patterns in the Arab Region

Source: Khaled M. AbuZeid, CEDARE & Arab Water Council (2010)6

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WATER RESOURCES

• Renewable water resources areabout 335 km3/year

• Fossil groundwater aquifers arefragile and are extensively tapped.

• Main groundwater aquifers areshared between several countries

7

WATER WITHDRAWALS

Sector%

Agricultural Water89.5

Domestic Water 6.8

Industrial Water 3.7

Total withdrawal 100.0

8

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Arab region problems

• Complexity in hydro‐politics (watersharing/conflict): About two thirds of therenewable water resources of the Arabcountries originate from outside the region

9

Arab region problems (cont.)

• Water scarcity with declining per capitawater availability(less than 500 m³/capita/year);

10

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8384,531

7717,303

4584,698

3823,801

3715,0

3484,801

2381,350

2182,352

1679,402

1423,027

1091,304

670,769

636,978

564,997

550,701

411,523

387,097

368,497

339,459

164,124

119,440

36,295

Total Renewable Water Resources per capita (CM/capita)

Total Renewable Water Resources Per Capita



• In many countries, most available waterresources, which can be used for economicpurposes, have already been almost fullydeveloped and exhausted.

12

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6000,0

1240,0

1199,0

550,0

540,0

498,20

234,0

223,0

118,40

92,80

51,0

49,30

47,0

31,10

25,70

7,40

7,0

5,0

,40

,10

,0 ,0

Withdrawals From Non‐Conventional Resources (MCM)

Withdrawals From Non‐Conventional Resources


Food Insecurity

• About 80 % of food production dependson erratic rainfall

• Irrigated agriculture share is about 90%of the available water resources

?? ??

14


• The region is net importer of food with an average 80million tons per year, and import bill about US$ 23.5billion annually

• Agriculture directly employs about 33 millionpersons; half of them are females and perhaps similarnumber in non‐farm activities

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Access to Clean Water and Sanitation

With distinct differences from one country to the other in the Region, further 83 million persons (27 %) need to be supplied with safe water and 96 million (30 %) with sanitation services in order to meet the MDGs.

15


0102030405060708090

100

Serv

ed P

opul

atio

n (%

)

Arab Region: Improved Sanitation Coverage in 2008

16

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IHP/Bur-LII/Ref 5

Priority themes to cope withwater scarcity

1. Non‐conventional Water Resources

to be maximized and could include:Desalination, brackish water, wastewatertreatment, industrial water, waterharvesting, etc.

The use of these resources will augment thesupply potential.

17

725

61

Conventional and Non‐Conventional Water Resources (BCM)

Total Conventional Water Resources (TCWR)

Total Non‐Conventional Water Resources (TNCWR)


46

IHP/Bur-LII/Ref 5

Non Renewable Water Abstraction for the Arab Region

1.364bcm, 5%0.984bcm, 4%

23.041bcm, 91%

Desalination Waste Water Reuse Groundwater Depletion

Shares of Non-conventional Water Use in the Region

19

Priority themes to cope withwater scarcity (cont.)

2. Water Use Efficiency which will include:water use in agriculture, industry, water supply,including recycling, reuse and floodmanagement;

20

47

IHP/Bur-LII/Ref 5

94,713

86,24786,18084,10583,78280,89680,06076,19075,72074,76573,35972,57672,07771,6070,342

66,60363,29063,154

57,813

49,850

29,058

Overall Water Use Efficiency (%)

Overall Water Use Efficiency


Priority themes to cope withwater scarcity (cont.)

3. W‐E‐F Nexus and Climate Change (CC):

• Based on the current trends in population growth andtheir associated demands in the Arab region, water,energy and food security are very closely inter‐linked,aggravated as well by CC, and actions in one area havestrong impacts on the others.

• A nexus approach that integrates management andgovernance across these three sectors can henceimprove security issues.

22

48

IHP/Bur-LII/Ref 5

23

Nexus

Approach

Water

Energy

Food

Climate

New Concept for Cooperation

Cooperation for sustainable development can ONLY be realized by adopting a nexus approach comprising:

Water‐Energy‐Food‐Climate

Cross cutting areas

• Capacity building,

• Water information system,

• Monitoring,

• Water economics,

• Water education, and

• Water governance.

24

49

international hydrological programme - unesco€¦ · chemistry, landscape processes, soil ecology,...

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