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International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement

Emissões de Veículos a Diesel

Dr. Bernd Wiedemann

São Paulo, 27.10.2009

© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 2

AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement

1. Status, Overview and Conflicts 2. Future Trends

2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Indirect Solutions

3. Conclusion

Phot

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Status, Overview and ConflictsTraffic growth

Two global trends

The traffic problems get worse.Source: „Mobility 2030“, WBCSD, 2004

OECD

other countries

OECD

other countries

passenger traffic freight traffic


Status, Overview and ConflictsUrbanization progress

Source: UN Department of Economics and Social Affaires; Bosch


Status, Overview and ConflictsUrbanization progress

Absolute:2030: 4,967 bn

Absolute:1950: 0,733 bn

Source: Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung

urba

n po

pula

tion

in %


0,465 m

Status Truck MarketsYear 2007: about 1 Million Trucks Year 2015 : 1.15 Million of Trucks

Passenger cars: 56 Million

0,250 m.North America

0,75 mSouth America

0,240 mEurope

China/IndiaJapan/Korea

0,120 mRest of the World


Status Truck MarketsMedium and heavy duty trucks

WorldN

orth

Am

eric

aC

hina

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

Source: Global Insight

1


Status, Overview and Conflicts Different Transient Test Cycles

Source: Navistar


Status, Overview and ConflictsEmissions Regulation: US EPA

Source: Navistar

Soot: -94%

NOx: -96%


Status, Overview and ConflictsEmissions Regulation: Europe

Source: Scania

2013:Euro VI


Status, Overview and ConflictsFuel consumption of different emission standards compared to Euro III

Source: MAN

100% 100%

96%* 96%98%* 98%

Fuel

con

sum

ptio

n [%

]


Status, Overview and ConflictsEmissions Regulation: Cost Development

Source: Scania

Fact

or



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e

1. Status, Overview and Conflicts2. Future Trends


3. Conclusion


Powertrain and AftertreatmentExamples of Fuel Saving Technologies

Source: Renault Trucks


Powertrain and AftertreatmentEnergy losses at an European long haul truck

Source: Daimler

Engine Brake3,5%

Brakes5,7%

Propulsion system2,7%

Auxiliaries1,4%

Cooling21,3%

Exhaust heat31,3%

Aerodynamic13,6%

Rolling Resistance15,6%

Exhaust Aftertreatment System


Powertrain and AftertreatmentKey technologies

EGR system Common Rail

Particulate filter system SCR catalyst Two-stage supercharging


Powertrain and AftertreatmentCombined Systems

Source: Haldor Topsoe


Powertrain and AftertreatmentInjection system: High pressure Injection with high EGR rate

Source: MAN

NOx [g/kWh]

BSF

C [g

/kW

h]S

mok

e [F

SN

]

P-Rail= 1800 / EGR=20%P-Rail= 2000 / EGR=30%P-Rail= 2200 / EGR=40%P-Rail= 2400 / EGR=45%


Powertrain and AftertreatmentExhaust gas aftertreatment system: MAN AdBlue-System D20

Source: MAN

AdBlue®-Mixer

CAN Bus connection to ECU

muffler with reduction catalyser (SCR) and NH3-blocking catalytic onverter

AdBlue® tank

fluid level sensor

metering module (AdBlue®-)

air supply

air reservoir

air compressor

metering system with control-unit

temperature sensor

temperature sensor


Powertrain and AftertreatmentTechnology for Euro V

Source: Scania


Diesel oxidising catalyst (DOC): AgeingUrea injection: Mixer substrateSCR: Ageing and Efficiency

Powertrain and AftertreatmentTechnology for Euro VI

Source: Scania

Advanced• Engine management• High-pressure injection• Premixed combustion• EGR• SCR

No PM aftertreatment

Technical Challenges for Euro VI:


Powertrain and AftertreatmentAftertreatment System Challenges

Source: Navistar

Torq

ue [f

t-lb]

Engine speed [rpm]


Euro 0

Euro 3 (- 67%)

Euro 4 (- 77%)

Euro 5 (- 87%)

Euro 6 (- 97%)

Powertrain and AftertreatmentFoco em Meio Ambiente (Emissões)


Fonte: Innovative MAN Euro V Engines without Exhaust Treatment , 2009Torque máximo [Nm]

Alternative EURO V or EEV

Alternative EEV with SCR

Powertrain and AftertreatmentLine-up

Source: MAN


Powertrain and AftertreatmentReduction of Fuel consumption: Automatic transmission for Buses

Source: ZF

Ecomat5-speed<2002

Ecomat6-speed

2002

Ecomat6-speed

optimized2006

EcoLifewith

Topodyn2009

EcoLifeHybrid

2012

EcoLife

2007


Powertrain and AftertreatmentReduction of Fuel consumption


Gas System

Energy Source Energy Conductor Automotive Technology Engine Development

Syntetic(SynDiesel)

NGC1

NGL2

LPG3

Diesel Cycle

Lean Burn (Otto Cycle)

Diesel Cycle

Dual Fuel (Diesel Cycle)

Lean Burn (Otto Cycle)

Diesel Cycle

Dual Fuel (Diesel Cycle)

Stoichiometric Burn(Otto Cycle)

Cummins Westport

MWM – BRC System

MAN Buses

MAN Buses

VW – MWM – Bosch

MAN Marine

1) GNC = Gás Natural Comprimido2) GNL = Gás Natural Liquefeito3) LPG = Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Powertrain and AftertreatmentGas Vehicles


Powertrain and Aftertreatment

Natural gas engines already Euro 5 compatible• More than 2800 natural-gas MAN engines in operation. • Two six-cylinder natural gas engines, CNG and LNG (naval) • Extremely low level of exhaust emissions;• Euro 5 emissions standards and EEV standard.

MAN NL 323 F CNG

CNG/LNG


CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:MODELO: VW 15.180 MOTOR: MWM 6.10 TCA DUAL FUEL (PROTÓTIPO)TORQUE: 657 Nm @ 1600 rpmPOTÊNCIA: 206 cv @ 2600 rpmPBT: 15 TTANQUE DE DIESEL: 275 L4 CILINDROS: 120 m3

AUTONÔMIA: 490 km

NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO II

CICLO OTTO CICLO OTTO CICLO DIESEL

CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:MODELO: VW 17.250 EG OTMOTOR: MWM 6.12 TCE GNV (PROTÓTIPO)TORQUE: 820 Nm @ 1300 to 1900 rpmPOTÊNCIA: 250 cv @ 2500 rpmPBT: 17 TCOMPRIMENTO: 12 m6 CILINDROS: 170 m3

AUTONÔMIA: 280 kmACUMULADOS: 40.000 km

NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO III

CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:MODELO: VW 17.250 EG OTMOTOR: CUMMINS CG 250TORQUE: 895 Nm @ 1400 rpmPOTÊNCIA: 250 cv @ 2400 rpmPBT: 17 TCOMPRIMENTO: 12 m6 CILINDROS: 170 m3

AUTONÔMIA: 270 kmACUMULADOS: 100.000 km

NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO III

MENOS EFICIENTE QUE A TECNOLOGIA DIESEL PODENDO ATINGIR EURO IV COM CATALISADOR. REDUZ A ZERO AS EMISSÕES DE MP. MOTOR COMERCIAL.

ACARRETA EM ATÉ 30% DE ECONOMIA DE COMBUSTÍVEL. ATENDE EURO II COM REDUÇÃO DE 75% AS EMISSÕES DE MP.

MENOS EFICIENTE QUE A TECNOLOGIA DIESEL. MOTOR PROTÓTIPO COM DESENVOLVIMENTO DESCONTINUADO PELA MWM-I.

Powertrain and AftertreatmentCNG: Paises Emergentes


• Buses MAN operating on LPG Runs from 175 kW / 238 hp to 195 kW / 265 hp.

MAN LPG Engine: G2876 DUH01• The gas mixer is diferent between this and

G2866 DHU05

Powertrain and Aftertreatment

MAN NL243Engine: G2866 DUH05• LPG engine (175 kW)• 3-way catalytic converter • EEV• For underfloor installation • Rear installation

LPG Engine – MAN Buses


Fuels

CNG

LPG

Alcohol

Bio Diesel

Hydrogen

Diesel / Electricity



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3. Conclusion


Aerodynamics


AerodynamicsHeavy Duty

Style of roof

A-Pillar

Side mirror

Deflector

Cooling-air duct

Spoiler

Aeropaket

Side lining

Bumper

Underride protection/Spoiler

Source: VDA/MAN


Rear Tail FairingThese devices aredesigned to reduce thesignificant drag createdat the back of the trailer.

These devices are attachedto the front sideof the trailer to improvehandling and reducedrag caused by thetractor-trailer gap. These devices can also be used on smaller non-combination box trucks

AerodynamicsTrailer

Trailer Side Skirts Rear Tail FairingFront Fairing

These are body panelsinstalled on trailers whichcover the gap between therear wheels of the tractorand the wheels of the trailer.


Aerodynamics

Source: Scania



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2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid2.4 Indirect Solutions

3. Conclusion


Hybrid Systems

Options for clean fuels which are produced from electricity.


Hybrid and E-MobilityVW Micro Bus: 1972


Hybrid SystemsMAN Lion`s City Hybrid


Hybrid SystemsVarious energy storage devices by energie and power density

Source: Bosch Rexroth AG


Hybrid SystemsOperating inviroment and load cycle


HighLow

High

brak

e po

wer

[mas

s x

dece

lera

tion]

brake frequency

passenger car

wheel loader

bus

garbage truck

truck

swapbody

telehandler

lift truck

Storage volume:Bus/ Garbage Truck: 20t, 30km/h, 65l

Delivery truck: 7t, 50km/h, 75l

Passenger Car: 2t 50/100km/h, 12/85l


ener

gy d

ensi

ty [k

Wh/

kg]

energy density [kWh/l]

4,0

3,5

3,0

2,5

2,0

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,00 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5

Future:Liquid H2

Today:Gaseous H2

NiMHMetallic hydride

Today:LiquidH2

Hybrid SystemsEnergy density of different energy carriers

8 kWh/l

9 kWh/kg Gasoline/ Diesel

The energy density of liquid fuels is not approximately reachedWeight and volume requirements for batteries and gas tanks are clearly higher!

400kg Li-Ion

5kg DieselLi-Ion


Hybrid System

H2

Diesel

System Alternative System Main Engine System

Electric

Supplier

Hydraulic

MAN

Eaton

EatonDiesel

ZF – Voith

Bosch RexRoth

Allison

Hybrid SystemsHybrid Vehicles


Hybrid SystemsTrucks: GM 2-Mode hybrid system

Number: 1200 GM Hybrid BusesSaving of Fuel: 1.75 million gallons annually


Hybrid SystemsFuture commercial-vehicle

Usage: urban traffic

Type: Parallel Hybrid

Fuel saving: 35%

Diesel: 235 kW

Electric range: 2km

Source: Renault Trucks


Hybrid SystemsHybrid City Bus: MAN


Hybrid SystemsHybrid Transmission

Source: ZF


Hybrid SystemsElectric driven drop center axle AVE 130

Source: ZF

liquid-cooled asynchronous motor: Pmax = 120 kWPnominal = 60kW


Fuller Automated

Transmission (AMT)

120VAC/60Hz Power Panel

Auxiliary Power Generator (APG) Inverter

DC/DC ConverterMotor

Controller/Inverter

Hybrid Electric Motor

Electric Clutch

Assembly

Power Electronics Carrier (PEC)Lithium Ion Batteries andBattery Controls

HybridHEV System – Electric and Diesel Power

Source: Eaton


Hybrid SystemsTrucks: Eample of a hydrostatic regenerative braking system

Garbage truck:• frequent starting• average distance: 50 m

Hydrostatic:+ robust+ higher energy density than batteries- noise



Hybrid SystemsTrucks: Example of Hydraulic Hybrid

EPA`s Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle

• 60-70% mpg improvement in city driving

• 2-3 year payback has attracts attention from fleets

• Potential for net Lifetime savings over $50,000 with $2.75/gal fuel costs

• Demonstration to accelerate technology transfer to industry & familiarity with technology

• Partners (UPS, Eaton, International Truck, US Army)

Source: EPA


Hybrid SystemsFlywhell

Source: Torotrak


A Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos – EMTU/SP coordena o “Projeto Ônibus Brasileiro a Hidrogênio”, veículo que será utilizado noCorredor Metropolitano ABD (São Mateus – Jabaquara).

O primeiro protótipo do veículo foi fabricado para a EMTU/SP, em Caxias do Sul (RS). O ônibus tem emissão zero de poluentes, liberando para a atmosfera apenas vapor d´água e foi lançado em 1º/07/2009 na sede da EMTU/SP, em São Bernardo do Campo (SP).

Hybrid SystemsVéículos Híbridos – Ônibus à Hidrogênio



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3. Conclusion


Indirect Solutions

Distant

Time

Quality

Safety

Consumption

Discharge

ChangingTime for Freight

RouteOptimization

CombinedTransportation

JointDistribution

DecreasingDeadheadKilometers

Sustainable Freight on Road

More Effective and Cleaner Freight on Road


Indirect Solutions

Source: DaimlerUnder ideal conditions significant improvements will be possible


Indirect SolutionsDeveloping Joint distribution

Without Hub Center With Hub Center

Area Ａ

Area Ｂ

Area Ｃ

Area Ｄ

Area Ｅ

Area Ｆ

Area Ａ

Area Ｂ

Area Ｃ

Area Ｄ

Area Ｅ

Area Ｆ

• Cargo consolidation and mass delivery are beneficial for reduction of convective transportation, traffic jam and deadhead kilometers as well as improvement of logistics efficiency.

• Not only energy consumption and pollutant discharge but also stock level and logistics cost are decreased.


Indirect SolutionsITS: Intelligent Traffic Systems

Improving safety Increasing (Improving) traffic efficiency Improving comfortableness (convenience) Contributing to the preservation of environment Creating new industries/business

- Advances in navigation systems - Electronic toll collection systems - Assistance for safe driving - Optimization of traffic management - Increasing efficiency in road management - Support for public transport - Increasing efficiency in commercial vehicle

operations - Support for pedestrians - Support for emergency vehicle operations

• ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is a new transport system which is comprised of an advanced information and telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.

• ITS contributes much to solving problems such as traffic accidents and congestions.• ITS consists of nine development areas such as advances in navigation systems, electronic toll

collection system, assistance for safe driving and so forth.

Nine Development Areas of ITS (Development)


Indirect SolutionsDelivery Route Optimization

Route optimization during delivery has become possible because of the development of positioning, ITS, GIS and TMS. IT innovation is advancing urban delivery efficiency with lower social and environmental cost during transportation.

Intelligent Traffic Systems: Sagawa in Tokyo


-Kommunikation und Vernetzung mit der Umgebung (Car-2-X)-Kontrolle des Funktionszustandes von Fahrzeugbauteilen – on-Board Diagnose- Vollständige parametrische Erfassung des Innenraums inklusive der FahrzeuginsassenPersonalisierung, Wohlfühlen

Indirect SolutionsExamples for new solutions outside the drivetrain

Source: VW

• Communication and networking with the environment (Car-2-X) • Monitoring of the state of function of vehicle components (on-board diagnosis)• Complete parametric acquisition of the interior space including the car passengers,

personalisation, feeling of comfort


Indirect Solutions

Targeted Reduction Amount (2002-2010)

“Top-runner” fuel efficiency standards

(17 million CO2-t; 41%)

Development/dissemination of low-emission vehicles (Except “top-runner)


Improvement of traffic flow

(5 million CO2-t;12%)

Enhancement of freight transportation efficiencies (large trucks, modal shift, etc.)


Promotion of use of public transportation


Total: 42 million CO2-t/a

Roadmap oriented to CO2reduction

Example Japan:

• “Top-runner” efficiency standards

• Low Emission Vehicles

• Improvement of Traffic Flow

• Enhancement of Freight

Transportation efficiencies

• Promotion of use of Public Transportation

Breakdown of the Targeted Reduced CO2 Emissions in the Transportation Sector in Japan

Integrated Approach: Short Term Concept



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3. Conclusion


Conclusion

Source: Scania


ConclusionPh

otoc

ase

Emission regulations for trucks are more and more converging worldwide.

Environment and load cycle define the powertrain.

Busses and distribution trucks: Electrical hybrids demonstrate advantages in urban environment

Vehicles with extreme stop and go may be favorable for hydraulic hybrids or fly wheels

Suburban and inter urban focus on - driveline optimisation, - improved rolling resistance, - aerodynamics and energy management.

Optimised transport management, operation modes and system integration with the combination of vehicle-2-environment communication will make also a major contribution

Excellence in Automotive R&D

Thank youDr. Bernd Wiedemann

IAV GmbHIngenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr

Carnotstrasse 1, 10587 BERLIN (GERMANY)Phone: +49 30 39978-9061

[email protected]

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