international conference on emerging research for ...the tense dichotomy between shari’ah...

International Conference on Emerging Researchfor Sustainable Economic Development (ERSED-

2016), Dubai-UAE

Jointly Organizedby

KS Global Research SDN BHD, MalaysiaAnd

Stratford University, USA

Dated: February 02-03, 2016Flora Grand Hotel, Dubai-UAE

ISBN: 978-969-7599-01-1All Rights Reserved ® KS Global Research SDN BHD,

Malaysia


2016), Dubai-UAE

Jointly Organizedby





Malaysia


2016), Dubai-UAE

Jointly Organizedby





Malaysia

International Conference on Emerging Research for Sustainable Economic Development (ERSED-2016)Dated: February 02-03, 2016 ISBN: 978-969-7599-01-1All Rights Reserved ®: KS Global Research, Malaysia

2

CONTENTS

Paper Titles Page Number

Innovation and Economic Growth in Asian Tiger Cub Economies 3 ERSED-16-204

Economics of Gender Discrimination - Evidences from Patriarchal and MatrilinealSocieties

14 ERSED-16-209

Relationship study between Level of Aggression and Emotional Intelligence amongUniversity Students

27 ERSED-16-253

Impact of Multiculturalism on Indian Nationalities in Dubai-UAE 33 ERSED-16-254

AN ECONOMETRICS ANALYSIS OF THE NEXUS BETWEEN EXTERNALDEBT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

55 ERSED-16-257

Relationship of International Oil Prices, Gold Prices and Stock Returns; Evidencefrom KSE

75 ERSED-16-258

Property Rights and Sustainable Economic Development Revisited 97 ERSED-16-259

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF DEPRESSION INVENTORY FORAMPUTEES (DIA) IN PAKISTAN

122 ERSED-16-265

GENDER DIFFERENCES: A FOCUS IN MOTIVATION AND ITSRELATIONSHIP TO PHYSICS PERFORMANCE

132 ERSED-16-270

THE STANDARD APTITUDE TEST FOR TEACHERS (SATT) AND LICENSUREEXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET) OF BACHELOR OF SECONDARYEDUCATION (BSEd) AND BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION(BEEd) GRADUATES OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-NAIC

143ERSED-16-277

PEER-ASSISTED LEARNING STRATEGIES(PALS): EFFECTS ON THEINTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL ACHIVEMENTS IN CHEMISTRY OF THIRDYEAR STUDENTS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN NAIC, CAVITE

165ERSED-16-278

Could educational leaders’ soft skills be considered as a challenge for organizationalgrowth?

176 ERSED-16-289

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS RELIEF TECHNIQUES: ANANALYSIS OF STUDENTS STRESS MANAGEMENT

190 ERSED-16-290

The Tense Dichotomy Between Shari’ah Compliance and the Economic Goals of anIslamic Bank

200 ERSED-16-294

UHPFRC – AN ENERGY EFFICIENT GREEN CONCRETE 211 ERSED-16-295

“Effectiveness of TV commercials according to Shariah principles: A survey basedstudy

229 ERSED-16-296

Diversification and Evolutionary Genomics of Transposable Elements in BrassicaGenome

249 ERSED-16-303

PEAK-END RULE TO PROMOTE SOCIAL CAPITAL IN A VIRTUALCOMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT

250 ERSED-16-306


3

Innovation and Economic Growth in Asian Tiger Cub Economies

a Rudra P. Pradhan, Vinod Gupta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

721302, India. Email: [email protected] [corresponding author]

b Rana Pratap Maradana, Vinod Gupta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-

721302, India. Email: [email protected]

c Danish B. Zaki, Vinod Gupta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur- 721302,

India. Email: [email protected]

d Saurav Dash, Vinod Gupta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur- 721302,

India. Email: [email protected]

eManju Jayakumar, Vinod Gupta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-

721302, India. Email: [email protected]


2

Highlights

We study interactions between innovation and per capita economicgrowth.

An Autoregressive Distributive Lag model is used in this research.

Both long-run and short-run Granger causality are observed to assess theinnovation-growth nexus.

We focus on the Asian Tiger Cub Economies over 1970-2013.

Findings suggest the existence of both unidirectional and bidirectionalGranger causality between innovation and per capita economic growth.


3

Abstract

This paper investigates the Granger causal relationship between innovation and per capita

economic growth for Asian Tiger Cub Economies (ATCE) over the period 1963-2013.

Both long-run and short-run Granger causality tests are observed to assess the innovation-

growth nexus. Our results find the existence of both unidirectional and bidirectional

causality between the innovation and per capita economic growth.

Keywords: Innovation, per capita economic growth, Granger causality, ATCE


4

1. Introduction

The role of innovation1 to economic growth2 has been well established in the

development literature, both theoretically as well as empirically. Schumpeter (1911) was

an earlier thinker on the relationship between innovation and economic growth at a macro

level. Since then, in the field of development economics, research on endogenous growth

theory sparked many theoretical and empirical studies exploring how and to what extent

innovation might contribute to economic growth (see, for instance, Cameron, 1998; Fan,

2011; Grossman and Helpman, 1994; Hasan and Tucci, 2010; Romer, 1990; Schumpeter,

1932).

Empirically, we have array of econometrics tools like ordinary least squares, two

stage least squares, generalized method of moments, and cointegration and Granger

causality techniques to examine the relationship between innovation and economic

growth. In this paper, we set up the Granger causality approach to study the nexus

between innovation and per capita economic growth, using the observations on four Asian

Tiger Cub Economies: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, over the

period 1963 to 2013.

The remaining of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 explains the data,

variables, and empirical model that used in the study; Section 3 presents and discusses

the empirical results; and Section 4 signposts the policy implication and concluding

remarks.

1 Innovation is far from being a recent phenomenon, and is inherent to human development. The emergence

of innovations with the capacity to change people’s behaviour, labour methods, and work characterizes the

history of humanity (Galindo and Mendez, 2014).

2 Among others, innovation is an important determinants of economic growth due to their direct impact on

the production process and also due to its positive externalities (Freeman and Soete, 1997; Grossman, 2009;

Howells, 2005; Romer, 1990; Stokey, 1995).


5

2. Data, Variables, and Empirical Model

The study deploys the annual time series data obtained from World Development

Indicators for four countries in the Asian zone (1963-2013).

We use real per capita economic growth (PEG) and three different indicators for

innovation3: number of patents by residents per thousand population (PAR), number of

patents by non-residents per thousand population (PAN), and number of patents by both

residents and non-residents per thousand population (PAT). These proxies for innovation

have previously been used, for example, by Galindo and Mendez (2014) and Kim and

Lee (2015).

We use the following vector error correction model (VECM4) to investigate the

possible directions of Granger causality between innovation and per capita economic

growth.

Growtht 1 p d11k Ld12k L Growtht k 1ECT1t1 1t

Innovation

d Ld L Innovation ECT t 2 k 1 2 1k 22k t k 2 2t 1 2t

…. [1]

The null and alternative hypotheses are to test the followings:

H0: d12k = 0; and δ1k = 0 for k = 1, 2, ..., p

HA: d12k # 0; and δ1k # 0 for k = 1, 2, ..., p

H0: d21k = 0; and δ2k = 0 for k = 1, 2, ..., p

3 Innovation, in general, can be represented in various forms, largely grouped into two types- of input [e.g.

research and development (R&D) capital stock, R&D staff], of output [e.g. new products, patents], and

using a wide range of measurements (Cruz-Cazares et al., 2013; Kim and Lee, 2015).

4 We use panel VECM for the panel data analysis (see, Holtz- Eakin et al., 1988, for more details of this

approach).


6

HA: d21k #0; and δ2k # 0 for k = 1, 2, ..., p

where d is the first difference filter; i is the country specification in the panel; t is the time

period; and ξ is the error term. Innovation is demarcated as PAR, PAN, and PAT.

The ECT-1’s are the lagged error-correction terms that represent the long-run

dynamics5 between innovation and per capita economic growth. The above model

provides robust results if the time series variables are integrated of order one (I (1)) and

cointegrated. If the variables used in Eq. (1) are not cointegrated, the ECT-1’s are

uninvolved in the estimation process.

Several possibilities exist. For example, if neither d12k nor d21k are significantly

different from zero, innovation and per capita economic growth are not Granger causally

related. If only d12k is statistically different from zero and d21k is not, then only innovation

Granger-causes per capita economic growth. If only d21k is statistically different from zero

and d12k is not, only economic growth Granger-causes innovation. If both d12k and d21k

are statistically different from zero, this suggests bi-directional causality between

innovation and per capita economic growth.

3. Empirical Results and Discussion

The vector error correction modelling (VECM) framework is used to examine the

possible Granger causal relationships between innovation6 and per capita economic

5 The procedure of obtaining the lagged error-correction terms are well-described in Engle and Granger

(1987).6 Innovation is used here at three levels: PAR, PAN and PAT.


7

growth. However, the primary requirement of VECM is to know the order of integration7

and nature of cointegration8 between the two variables.

Table 1 reports the results of unit root test and cointegration test9. The unit root test

confirms that all the variables (PEG, Par, Pan and PAT) are integrated of order one [i.e.,

I (1)]. The cointegration test further demonstrates the existence of a long-run equilibrium

relationship between innovation and per capita economic growth and is true for all the

three cases.

The above findings support our VECM approach to examine the Granger causal

relationship between innovation and per capita economic growth. The results of this

section are available in Table 2. We first describe the long-run results, ascertained by

examining the statistical significance of the ECT-1 coefficients. The results indicate that

when ∆PEG is the dependent variable, the coefficients are statistically significant at a 5%

level. This implies that per capita economic growth tends to converge to its long-run

equilibrium path in response to change in innovation. This is true for maximum number

of cases that we have considered in our empirical investigation process. Therefore, the

overall conclusion is that per capita economic growth in ATCE is significantly influenced

by innovation. In other words, to stimulate long-run economic growth, it is important to

enhance the level of innovation in these emerging Asian countries. On the contrary, when

∆INN is the dependent variable, the coefficients of ECT are statistically significant in few

7 The unit root test is used to know the order of integration. For individual country, we deploy Augmented

Dickey Fuller unit root test (Dickey et al, 1981), and for panel data analysis, we deploy Levine-Lin-Chiu

panel unit root test (Levine et al., 2002). The discussion of these two tests are not available here due to

space constraints.

8 The study uses Johansen (1988) cointegration test for individual country and Pedroni (1999) panel

cointegration test for panel analysis. The discussion of these two tests are not again available here due to

space restriction.

9 There are three cases for cointegration: case 1 deals with PAR and PEG, case 2 deals with PAN and PEG,

and case 3 deals with PAT and PEG.


8

cases10. This implies that innovation is equally determined by the level of economic

growth.

In the short run, however, the results are mostly uniform, with few exceptions. The

uniform case is the unidirectional Granger causality from per capita economic growth to

innovation. However, the reverse causality (i.e., from innovation to per capita economic

growth) is also visible in Indonesia (case 1 only) and Malaysia (case 1 only). We also find

the bidirectional causality between innovation and per capita economic growth in the

instance of panel data analysis (case 1).

4. Policy Implication and concluding remarks

The study aims to examine causal relationships between innovation and per capita

economic growth in four Asian Tiger Cub Economies (ATCE): Indonesia, Malaysia, the

Philippines, and Thailand, during the period 1963 to 2013. The main findings of this study

is that innovation and per capita economic growth are cointegrated. However, the

direction of Granger causality varies from sample to sample and case to case within a

particular sample.

The empirical results suggest that to stimulate per capita economic growth in the

ATCE, policy-makers should give priority to innovation. This requires an optimum

allocation of adequate resources for research and development (R&D) activities in order

to promote the innovation in these four countries. Furthermore, the policymakers can also

focus to have sustainable per capita economic growth in these economies and a portion

of such economic growth should be efficiently invested in order to increase the level of

innovation.

10 This includes Philippines (cases 1-3).


9

References

Cameron, G. (1998). Innovation and Growth: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence.

Working Paper, Nuffield College, Oxford University, Oxford.

Cruz-Cazares, C., Bayona-Saez, C., and Garcia-Marco, T. (2013). You Can’t Manage

Right What You Can’t Measure Well: Technological Innovation Efficiency. Research

Policy, 42 (6-7): 1239-1250.

Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive

Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49 (4): 1057- 1072.

Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction:

Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55 (2): 251-276.

Fan, P. (2011). Innovation Capacity and Economic Development: China and India.

Economic Change and Restructuring, 44 (1-2): 49-73.

Freeman, C. and Soete, L. (1997). The Economics of Industrial Innovation. MIT Press,

Cambridge.

Galindo, M. and Mendez, M.T. (2014). Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and

innovation: Are feedback effects at work. Journal of Business Research, 67 (5):825-

829.

Grossman, G. and Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy.

MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Grossman, V. (2009). Entrepreneurial Innovation and Economic Growth. Journal of

Macroeconomics, 31 (4): 602-613.

Hassan, I. and Tucci, C. L. (2010). The Innovation-economic Growth Nexus: Global

Evidence. Research Policy, 39 (10): 1264-1276.

Holtz- Eakin, D., Newey, W. Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating Vector Auto Regressions

with Panel Data. Econometrica, 56 (6): 1371- 1395.

Howells, J. (2005). Innovation and Regional Economic Development: A Matter of

Perspective? Research Policy, 34 (8): 1220-1234.

Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic

Dynamics and Control, 12 (2-3): 231- 254.

Kim, J. and Lee, S. (2015). Patent Databases for Innovation Studies: A Comparative

Analysis of USPTO, EPO, JPO and KIPO. Technological Forecasting and Social

Change, 92: 332-345.


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Levine, A., Lin, C. F. and Chu, C. S. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic

and Finite Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108 (1): 1-2 4.

Pedroni P. (1999). Critical values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with

Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61 (S1): 653-670.

Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy,

98(5):S71-S102.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1932). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Harper and Brothers,

New York.

Schumpeter, J.A. (1911). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press.

Stokey, N. L. (1995). R&D and Economic Growth. Review of Economic Studies, 28 (4):

1661-1707.


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Table 1. Results of Unit Root Test and Cointegration Test

Tests Cases/ Variables==========================================================================================

Sample 1: IndonesiaCase 1 Case 2 Case 3

================= ================= =================Growth PAR Growth PAN Growth PAT

Unit Root Test -9.07* -3.37* -9.07* -7.02* -9.07* -7.38*

Cointegration Test Cointegrated Cointegrated Cointegrated

Sample 2: MalaysiaCase 1 Case 2 Case 3

================= ================= =================PEG PAR PEG PAN PEG PAT

Unit Root Test -7.23* -6.25* -7.23* -11.6* -7.23* -11.8*


Sample 3: The PhilippinesCase 1 Case 2 Case 3


Unit Root Test -7.20* -10.7* -7.20* -7.99* -7.20* -7.74*


Sample 4: ThailandCase 1 Case 2 Case 3


12


Unit Root Test -8.65* -5.31* -8.65* -7.96* -8.65* -8.49*


Sample 5: Panel of ATCECase 1 Case 2 Case 3


Unit Root Test -10.1* -3.49* -10.1* -8.88* -10.1* -7.73*


==========================================================================================Note 1: PEG: per capita economic growth rate; PAR: number of patents – residents; PAN: number of patents – non-

residents; and PAT: total patents – both residents and non-residents.Note 2: Unit root test follows the Augmented Dickey Fuller (Dickey et al. 1981) Levine el at al. (2002) and

cointegration test follows Johansen (1988) and Pedroni (1999).Note 3: Unit root test figures are reported at the first difference level only.Note 4: * indicates that parameter estimates are significant at the 5% level.

Table 2. Results of Panel Granger Causality Test

Dependent Independent variables and ECT-1Variable

==========================================================================================

Sample 1: IndonesiaCase 1

=======================Case 2

=======================Case 3

========================∆PEG ∆PAR ECT-1 ∆PEG ∆PAN ECT-1 ∆PEG ∆PAT ECT-1

∆PEG ------ 3.63** -5.05* ------ 1.19 -5.46* ------ 1.37 -5.51*∆INN 0.25 ------ -1.26 3.96** ------ -1.17 4.40* ------ -1.13Inference: PAR => PEG PEG => PAN PEG => PAT

Sample 2: MalaysiaCase 1

=======================Case 2

=======================Case 3


∆PEG ------ 4.51** -1.56 ------ 0.15 -2.17 ------ 0.18 -1.19∆INN 2.56 ------ -1.84 3.55** ------ -1.61 5.44* ------ -2.52Inference: PAR => PEG PEG => PAN PEG => PAT

Sample 3: The PhilippinesCase 1

=======================Case 2

=======================Case 3


∆PEG ------ 1.56 -2.61 ------ 0.97 -0.13 ------ 1.14 -0.36∆INN 6.18* ------ -3.51* 3.65* ------ -4.07* 3.69** ------ -4.10*


13

Inference: PEG => PAR PEG => PAN PEG => PAT

Sample 4: ThailandCase 1

=======================Case 2

=======================Case 3


∆PEG ------ 0.37 -3.01** ------ 1.02 -3.04** ------ 1.37 -0.36∆INN 5.54* ------ -0.19 3.13** ------ -0.57 3.77* ------ -4.10**Inference: PEG => PAR PEG => PAN PEG => PAT

Sample 5: Panel of ATCECase 1 Case 2 Case 3

======================= ======================= ========================∆PEG ∆PAR ECT-1 ∆PEG ∆PAN ECT-1 ∆PEG ∆PAT ECT-1

∆PEG ------ 3.92** -6.26* ------ 1.99 -6.30* ------ 2.29 -6.28*∆INN 5.21* ------ -0.22 5.85* ------ -1.08 7.05* ------ -1.21Inference: PEG PAR PEG => PAN PEG => PAT

==========================================================================================

Note 1: PEG: per capita economic growth rate; PAR: number of patents – residents; PAN: number of patents – non-

residents; PAT: total patents – both residents and non-residents and ECT-1: lagged error-correction term.

Note 2: INN stands for innovation and indicates PAR, PAN, and PAT.

Note 3: * indicates that parameter estimates are significant at the 1 5% level.


14

Economics of Gender Discrimination - Evidences

from Patriarchal and Matrilineal Societies

Dr. Anisa JanSenior Asst. ProfessorSchool of Business StudiesIslamic University of Science & TechnologyKashmir, India

Introduction

Preference for a particular gender is more an economical phenomenon rather than being a

social one. The preference for sons is predominant in some East and South Asian societies,

most notably South Korea, China and the northern and western states of India. According to

the World Health Organization (WHO), regions where son preference is most apparent include

Asia (China, Bangladesh, India, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan), the Middle East (Iran, Jor-

dan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Turkey) and parts of Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco,

Tunisia, Cameroon, Liberia, Madagascar, Senegal), as well as Latin America (Bolivia, Colom-

bia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay).

Existing in various forms and across many cultures, son preference includes a broad spectrum

of customs and rituals, the foundations of which are favoritism towards male children with

concomitant disregard for daughters. In most Indian families, daughters are viewed as liabili-

ties and girls are conditioned to believe that they are inferior and subordinate to men. Sons,

meanwhile, are idolized and celebrated. According to the wisdom of various Asian proverbs, to

have a son is “good economics and good politics” and “as essential as taking food at least once

a day.” A boy’s birth is attended by a variety of celebrations and likened to “a sunrise in the

abode of gods.” For girls, however, the axioms are very different.

Over the years, son preference has resulted in unusually high death rates for female infants and

girls. Every year thousands of girls are abandoned, killed or aborted as parents wish to have

sons and not daughters. With the advent of modern technology, the identification and

abortionof female fetuses has also contributed to an unusual preponderance of boys in some


15

Asian pop- ulations. That attitude has resulted in the widespread neglect to baby girls in

Africa, Asia and South America (Julie Mullin, 2008). This seemingly normal and simple

phenomenon takes very ugly shapes resulting in depriving the female child the access to basic

education and amenities and in extreme cases the practice of female foeticide. The United

Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates that more than one million female babies

succumb each year as a

result of inequitable access to healthcare, differential feeding and other forms of neglect. Some

researchers put the global number of “missing” females — those who should currently be liv-

ing but are not because of discriminatory practices — to between 50 million and 100 million,

telling “a terrible story of inequality and neglect.

One of the major causes of son preference in India is related to the perceived economic utility

of having sons. Several authors have studied the phenomenon and believe that economic con-

siderations drive people to yearn for sons rather than for daughters. The developing world is

full of poverty stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament. Powerful

economic factors support son preference. For instance, in many Asian societies, married sons

are expected to live with aging parents and provide financial support. By contrast, when a

woman marries, she joins her husband’s household and does not normally contribute to the

support of her own parents.

While as a lot of resources (both monetary as well as non-monetary) are spend in these coun-

tries to improve the condition of female child and to enhance her acceptability as an equal

counterpart to the boys in the society, there is little change on the ground. And one of the main

reasons for the same is that these measures only play a superficial role and the perception of

society towards girl child in terms of her economic utility does not change. Therefore in order

to bring a sustainable change in this situation there is need to understand the reasons

for the development of such a perception and also to suggest measures for the required change.

Objectives


16

Following objectives have been laid for the current study:

(a) Analyse the factors resulting in perceived less economic utility of a girl child.

(b) Understand whether there is a significant difference in the perception of patriarchal and

matrilineal societies with regard to the perceived economic utility of daughters and

(c) How to sensitise and aware masses about the said concept to lay foundation of a sustainable

gender equity development.

Reasons of Perceived Less Economic Utility of Girl

ChildCompared to daughters, sons provide help in family farms and businesses, have better earnings

prospects in the labor market, and provide for their parents during old age (Miller 1981; Bard-

han, 1988; Basu, 1989; Dharmalingam, 1996). Scholars have substantiated this claim by cer-

tain startling observations made during the course of their research. The reasons for the

perceived less economic utility of girl child, as observed by different scholars can be cate-

gorised as under:

1. Better Earning Prospects

Until the arrival of agriculture, men and women had almost equal roles in a hunter-gatherer

society. The invention of agriculture gave men a lot of advantage by controlling food produc-

tion (requires one to manage heavy beasts in farm and heavy things like ploughs). Women were

also now required to bear even more children as agriculture demanded bigger families. Bard-

han (1974, 1988) suggests that the high female mortality rates and devaluation of girls in North

India can be explained partly because women do not participate in economic and agricultural

activities since wheat production became highly mechanized. On the other hand, the lower fe-

male mortality rates in the South can be derived from the greater labor force participa-

tion and economic activities of women who are primarily employed in the highly labor

intensive rice production. Sonalde Desai (1994) says that parents have several incentives for

not educating their daughters. Foremost is the view that education of girls brings no returns to

parents. In patriarchal societies, women have less economic input into the family and are

therefore valued less (Malhotra et al. 1995). Due to the green revolution, there has been a de-


17

crease in dependence on female agricultural labour, again changing the economic value of

women (George 1997, Srinivasan 2005).

2. Dowry

Dowry is another important perceived economic costs associated with having girls. The use of

a dowry in marriage has risen dramatically, both in cost and prevalence in patriarchal societies

in the past few decades. Dowry also has become an important symbol of prestige for a family

particularly in rural areas where people are interested in raising their social and economic

class. Further if the parents of girls do not give the amount of dowry demanded by the hus-

band’s family, their daughters are expected to face hardships and even violence. According

to one study in South India, the average dowry equals approximately two-thirds of a house-

hold’s assets (Rao 1993). Dowry has a large impact, especially on a poor, low caste family that

may use it in an attempt to secure upwards mobility.

3. Support in Old Age

Haughton J. and Dominique H.(1995), suggest that one of the major reasons for son preference

is that parents are typically supported in their old age by their son(s), whereas girls usually

move away from their families and therefore son is more desirable as an investment. In patriar-

chal societies it is the groom’s (or his parents’) responsibility to provide housing for the newly-

weds. In the case of the oldest son, this residence would be shared with his parents, an impor-

tant form of old age support. Parents of daughters would see their daughters being provided

for, but would not benefit from co-residence with prime aged adults. Thus, it leaves parents of

daughters at a disadvantage, a common feature of pre-industrial patriarchal societies [Das Gup-

ta et al., 2003].

4. Childbirth

A childbirth takes the prime strength out of a woman for a minimum of 15 months (9 months

of pregnancy + 6 months of recovery/nursing kid). Multiply that by 5-6 childbirths and that is

close to 10 years of prime life. Until the 20th century medical marvels, life expectancy was

pretty low and mother mortality pretty high. Most women thus never had the spare time and


18

strength to dominate the society and the resources. Therefore again the control over resources

was concentrated with men.

5. Invisibility of Household Work

One Aspect of the perceived uneconomic value of girls/women is the invisibility of a woman’s

household contribution to economy (house/country). The assumptions that breeds this kind of

behaviour is that women’s work is unpaid housework, not crucial to the survival of the family.

While society recognizes the role of women in the conventional economy, women stand hidden

and unacknowledged in what is termed by Elson (1995) as the ‘Economy of Care’. Over 367

million women in India – or 32% of the entire population and 65% of all females – have been

classified by the Census of India as non-workers. Of the total of those listed as non-workers in

India, 74.3% are women. Such a categorization of the majority of women cannot fail to have

consequences in policies and programs aimed at women.

Available literature refer to domestic work or housework as unpaid or unwaged or

unremunerated work, and all agree that this work is performed predominantly by women in

their own homes, and while it primarily involves the care of children, is not limited to childcare

but involves a wide range of activities. Also the women’s unpaid domestic work main-

tains and reproduces labour force by ensuring workers (males) ready to work each day,

raising children to become future labourers and acting as own reserve army of labour.

6. Physical strength

Men have more brute strength than women. In ancient societies, physical strength mattered a

lot. Almost all civilizations built armies to survive the raiding armies. This gave the warriors

(most often men) a preeminent role and strong warriors got to decide a lot in the society. This

again resulted in men having more access and control over different resources and thus render-

ing them more powerful.

7. Prophesies


19

And finally as a result of all these men consolidated the power since the start of the civiliza-

tion, and gave self-fulfilling prophesies about how women are incapable of ruling, emerged.

These kept more women out of dreaming about power.

Difference in the perception of patriarchal and matri-

lineal societiesPatriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power, predominate in roles of

political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property; in the domain of

the family, fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children. Historically, pa-

triarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, and economic organization of a

range of different cultures(Malti-Douglas, Fedwa, 2007)

Patriarchy literally means "the rule of the father” (Green, Fiona Joy, 2010) and comes from the

Greek πατριάρχης (patriarkhēs), "father of a race" or "chief of a race, patriarch”, which is a

compound of πατριά (patria), "lineage, descent" (from πατήρ patēr, "father") and ἄρχω

(arkhō), "I rule” (Meagher, Michelle, 2011). Historically, the term patriarchy was used to refer

to autocratic rule by the male head of a family. However, in modern times, it more generally

refers to social systems in which power is primarily held by adult men (Giddens, Anthony &

Griffiths, Simon, 2006 Gordon, April A., 1996; Boynton, Victoria & Malin, Jo, eds. , 2005).

A matriarchy is a social organizational form in which the mother or oldest female heads the

family. Descent and relationship are determined through the female line. It is also government

or rule by a woman or women. Matriarchis defined a woman who rules or dominates a family,

group, or state; specifically: a mother who is head and ruler of her family and descendants

(Merriam-Webster). There are several types of matriarchal societies, including the matrifocal

family, or mother-centered families. Fathers may not always play a role in the upbringing of

children. There are also matrilineal societies, in which ancestral lineage is traced through the

mother’s line. Also characteristic of this type of society is that property is passed down through

the mother’s line. These families also center on the mother’s side of the family, with men


20

sometimes leaving their own family units to join their mother’s. The matriclan includes multi-

ple generations of the mother’s line, as well as her male family members.

None of these types of societies necessarily involve a matriarch in the sense of a woman as po-

litical leader, and is not necessarily in opposition to patriarchy. Instead, the term matriarchy can

be used to define woman- or mother-centered societies that are based on maternal values and

principles, like nurturing and caretaking. Matriarchies can be found at the social level, the eco-

nomical level, the political level, the spiritual and cultural level. Another contributing factor to

matriarchal societies is a connection with Mother Earth as the origins of everything, and the

lands themselves. Matrilineal societies in which women are the landowners are tied to this

concept.

For the current study we take the matrilineal aspect here as major characteristic of these

societies is transfer of property from mother to daughter(s) and thus economics becomes

the predominant characteristic of such societies.

Nnadi Ine(2013) find that excessive son preference strong enough to result in substantial levels

of excess female child mortality is prevalent in East and South Asia, including China, South

Korea and India all being patriarchal societies. Further the author argues that one basic factor

about son preference is that, the practice is rooted in culture and economics and it is stronger in

countries where patriarchy is firmly rooted. It is instructive to note that this practice inflicts on

the girl-child’s psychology a perpetual internalization of the inferior and low premium accord-

ed her by society, this has far reaching implications for the girl.

Gupta M. D. et al (2010) attribute this persisting son preference in patriarchal societies to

strong disincentives to raise daughters – whether or not their marriages require dowries – while

valuing adult women's contributions to the household.

Arnold F. et al (2010) suggest that India, being a patriarchal country, is a country with a perva-

sive preference for sons and one of the highest levels of excess child mortality for girls in the

world (child mortality for girls exceeds child mortality for boys by 43 per cent). Further they


21

suggest that the effects of family composition on excess child mortality for girls are more com-

plex, but girls with older sisters are often subject to the highest risk of mortality.

Wang Wendy (2005) observed a continued son preference value, based on traditional views as

well as on perceived financial returns to families leading to a lower level of educational at-

tainment among daughters in rural areas of China(a patriarchal society). The lower educational

attainment and higher labor force participation rates of rural female adolescents reflect unequal

opportunities provided by their parents in addition to social inequality in China.

Nnadi Ine(2013) finds that in Nigeria, the preference for sons is very prevalent and exists in

several cultures as it dates back to pre- historic times and it is tied to inheritance, unfortunately

it has not succumbed to societal changes. The Igbos is an ethnic group in the South Eastern

part of Nigeria with a strong penchant for patriarchy. Women who give birth to a girl-child in

Igbo land are unhappy at their first delivery, because of the fear of rejection and disappoint-

ment by the husband. Sex-preference is very prevalent in Nigeria as well and is based on the

notion of the role and value of males and females. Usually at birth, boys are valued and a

grown man is traditionally viewed as the head, caretaker and breadwinner of his family.

According to Purewal N. K. (2012) “The preference for male children transcends many soci-

eties and cultures, making it an issue of local and global dimensions. Being labelled an abu-

banat in Arabic is to be insulted as the “father of daughters”.One adage in India likens raising a

daughter to “watering the neighbour’s garden. In India, until recently, billboard messages

promised: “Invest 500 (rupees) now and save 50,000 later,” encouraging prospective parents to

abort female fetuses in order to avoid future dowry expenses.

Matrilineal tribal groups (where land and property is inherited by females)also value girls and

demonstrate less son preference than patriarchal tribes in India (Von Furer-Haimendorf, 1960;

Mitra, 2008). A marked differential in preference for a child of a particular sex exists between

the two cultures. In Manipur, which is patriarchal in nature, more couples agree to have a male

child as their next child compared to Meghalaya where more couples agree to have a daughter

as their next child(Singh Abhishek et al 2007 )


22

Pakyntein (1999) reveals that among the Khasis(a matrilineal society) there is a preference,

though insignificant, for a daughter over a son. Major reasons for female preference were cited

as old age security (since the youngest daughter looks after the aged parents) followed by con-

tinuation of lineage.

Q. Mark(2012) finds that a matrilineal society places a great deal of importance on a daughter

for she is the one through whom all succession, inheritance and lineage will carry on.

Narzary and Sharma(2013) using statistical data confirm that , in contrast to son preference in

patrilineal societies in general, there is a daughter preference in matrilineal tribal societies of

Meghalaya, India. In these societies, both attitudes and behaviour are significantly influenced

by a long-standing preference for daughters that is deeply rooted in the matrilineal culture and

traditions.

Suggestions

Challenging an entrenched custom and mindset is not a simple task and cannot be achieved

easily; for change to effectively take place, it must be a gradual process and therefore it is sug-

gested that vigorous and concerted efforts are needed by all concerned. Governments and civil

society should address the deeply rooted gender discrimination which lies at the heart of son

preference. This mindset must be gradually but rigorously attacked in strategic ways by remov-

ing the reasons responsible for son preference as well as exposing its negative effects on

women and invariably exposing the importance of women in society. There is the need also to

put in place measures that will enhance greater higher education of girls so that gender equity

is achieved in education and invariably in employment matters.

It is also suggested that government should develop and promote pragmatic policies in such

areas as inheritance laws as well as other social protective measures for women, which reflect a

commitment on its part to protect human rights and promote gender equality between both sex-

es. Particularly, Government should as a matter of priority adopt legislations dealing with dis-

crimination against women. On the part of civil society, continuing advocacy and awareness-


23

raising activities and campaigns that stimulate discussion and debate around the subject of the

equal value of boys and girls should be intensified. This view is supported by what is obtain-

able in the Republic of Korea where the preference for sons has largely been overcome through

a combination of strategies, including attention to gender equality in laws and policies, advo-

cacy, media campaigns and economic growth (UN Agencies, 2012).

As a society develops, son preference, where it is prevalent, should ordinarily diminish and

girls should be treated increasingly with more equality with their male counterparts. However,

with the pervasiveness of son preference in present times, it is obvious that modernization does

not necessarily neutralize gender preference. It therefore behooves on governments to tackle

the problem head-on using different strategies.

Efforts are needed to curb the inequality existing between males and females as well as to im-

prove the status of women, which potentially could help to decrease further the devaluation of

women. Although the elimination of under-valuation of daughters implies long-term and pro-

tracted action to change entrenched attitudes and values, it is essential to initiate short-term

measures to prevent and compensate for the health consequences that result from it. An initial

first step is to create awareness among health, religious and social workers as well as the public

of the risks run by female children in societies where discrimination exist.

It is in this area that the electronic and print media will be a major instrument of change. Peo-

ple in the media need to recognise their power and role in either changing or continuing perva-

sive dehumanizing traditions that undermine and violate human rights of women.

Urbanisation, female education and employment can only increase the flexibility of the kinship

system such that daughters and sons can be perceived as being more equally valuable. Much

can be done to accelerate this process through social movements, legislation and the mass me-

dia. Over the last several decades, the advantage of sons over daughters became weaker as

public old-age pension system was introduced and traditional social norms were gradually re-

placed by the Western-style individualism. For instance, the extended family has given way to

the nuclear reflected in a decline in co-residence with old-age parents and other forms of old-

age support from child to parent (such as transfers). While these changes applied across the


24

board, they may have been more important for the poor who relied more heavily on their sons

for old age support.

It is however noteworthy that the situation in South Korea has substantially reduced as a of de-

velopment that elicited tremendous normative changes in that country. This feat was achieved

by dramatic increases which occurred in the country's levels of education, industrialization, and

urbanization, as well as in women's education and participation in the formal labour force. By

the mid-1990s, South Korea was officially included as a member of the developed countries'

club, the OECD (Population and Development Review, 2007).

The last measure would ensure independence and self-reliance of women and place girls as as-

sets rather than liability. It should be borne in mind that even though there are developmental

goals, any development that is not engendered to avoid discrimination, is surely endangered.

Ultimately a combination of these efforts will go a long way to curbing son preference in Igbo

land.

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D Blades (1975) Non-monetary Activities in the National Accounts of Developing Countries, Paris: OECD.

Das M. Gupta, Jiang Zhenghua, Li Bohua, Xie Zhenming, Woojin Chung, and Bae Hwa-Ok. (2003), “Why isson preference so persistent in East and South Asia? a cross-country study of China, India and the Republic of

Korea” Journal of Development Studies, 40(2):153–187, 2003.

Davis, S.N. and T.N. Greenstein. (2004), “Cross-national variations in the division of household labor”Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (5):1260_1271.

Dharmalingam G. (1996), “The social context of family size preference and fertility behaviour in South Indi-an village”. Genus; 52;83-103.


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Duncan Ironmonger (1994) “The Value of Care and Nurture Provided by Unpaid Household Work”Elson, Diane. (1995) “Gender awareness in modeling structural adjustment”, in World Development, SpecialIssue on Gender, Adjustment and Macroeconomics. November, 23(11): 1851-69

Ester Boserup’s, 1970, Women’s Role in Economic Development” Family Matters, Vol No. 37, p 192.Ferguson, Kathy E. (1999). "Patriarchy". In Tierney, Helen. Women's studies encyclopedia, Volume 2. Green-

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Fred Arnold, Minja Kim Choe & T.K. Roy(1998) “ Son Preference, the Family-building Process and ChildMortality in India” Population Studies: A Journal of Demography /abstract content Volume 52, Issue 3, 1998George S. (1997), “Female infanticide in Tamil Nadu, India: from recognition back to denial?”, ReproductiveHealth Matters.;10:124–132.Giddens, Anthony & Griffiths, Simon (2006). Sociology (5th ed.). Polity. ßp. 473. ISBN 978-0-7456-3379-4.

Gordon, April A. (1996). Transforming capitalism and patriarchy: gender and development in Africa Lynne

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Graeme D Snooks (1994) Portrait of the Family Within the Total Economy: A Study in Long Run Dynamics,

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Green, Fiona Joy (2010). "Patriarchal Ideology of Motherhood". In O'Reilly, Andrea. Encyclopedia of Moth-

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Haughton Jonathan and Haughton Dominique, (1995), “Son Preference in Vietnam Studies in Family Plan-ning” Vol. 26, No. 6 Nov. - Dec., pp. 325-337Julie Mullin, 2008, “Gender Discrimination – Why is it still so bad and what can you do about it?”, Accessedfrom www.childerninneed.org on 15.08.2008.

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Marilyn Waring (1988), “Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women Are Worth”, Wellington:Allen & Unwin. p 21.

Marilyn Waring (1988), “Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women Are WorthMeagher, Michelle (2011). "patriarchy". In Ritzer, George & Ryan, J. Michael. The Concise Encyclopedia of

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Narzary, P.K. and Sharma S.M., (2013), “Daughter Preference and Contraceptive-use in Matrilineal TribalSocieties in Meghalaya, India”, Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, Jun; 31(2): 278–289.Nnadi Ine,( 2013), “Son Preference – A Violation of Women’s Human Rights: A Case Study of Igbo Customin Nigeria” Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 6, No. 1; February 26, p134

Pakyntein V (1999). Gender preference in Khasi society. In: TB Subba (Ed.): Wonder that is Culture. Delhi:

Mittal Publications, pp.171-182.

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Singh, Abhishek, Avishek Hazra and Faujdar Ram.(2007). “Women’s Autonomy and Sex Differential in ChildMortality in India”. Genus LXIII(3-4): 55-75.Sonalde Desai, Devaki Jain, (1994), “Maternal employment and changes in family dynamics: The social con-text of women's work in rural South India”, Population and Development Review 115-136Srinivasan S. (2005), “Daughters or dowries? The changing nature of dowry practices in southern India”,World Development. 2005;33(4):593–615.

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Economy - UN Platform for Action Committee Manitoba (UNPAC).


27

Relationship study between Level of Aggression and Emotional Intelligence among

University Students

Authors: Saba Ajmal 1, Dr.Shazia khalid2,&Dr.Firoza Ahmad3

1. PhD Psychology Scholars, Preston University Islamabad

[email protected]

2. Head, Psychology Department, Preston University, Islamabad

[email protected]

3. Dean Social Sciences & DG, Gender Empowerment and Management Division, Preston University, Islamabad

[email protected]

Affiliation: Psychology Department, Preston University Islamabad

Abstract: The present research was designed to investigate the relationship between level of Aggression and

Emotional Intelligence among University students. The sample was consisted of 200 students (100 males &100

females) of age range of 19 to 25years from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, from different departments of

Social Sciences and Natural Sciences. The data was collected with the Aggression Questionnaire (Buss&Perry,

1992) modified version (Hussain&Khalid, 2000) and EQ-i developed by Baron (1997). The data was analyzed by

using percentage means standard deviation t test and Correlation. The results revealed that Males and Females differ

significantly on level of Aggression. The results further indicated no significant relationship between level of

aggression and emotional intelligence.

Keywords: Aggression, Emotional Intelligence, University students

Introduction: Aggression is the intentional infliction of some form of harm on others; it is a common form of social

behavior Huesman defines (as cited in Khalid &Hussain,2000) Aggression is hostile behavior that may hurt or upset

other people .such behavior may take the form of physical attack against people or their possessions, or verbal

abuse(Larsen,2000). Instrumental aggression aimed to obtain an object no deliberate intent to harm another person

while Hostile aggression intent to harm another person (Berk, 1999). (Anderson, 2000) explained aggression has

proximate causes (immediate situation) distal causes (individual differences, situational factors).Other biological

differences hormones (testosterone) neuro-chemicals (serotonin) linked to aggression, and it can be prevented by

reduce exposure to events that teach and rewarding aggression (Anderson,2000).Gender is the range of


28

characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Gender differences in

aggression was studied by( Buss and Perry,1992). Whereas Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to sense,

umderstand value and effectively apply the power and acumen of emotions as a source of human energy,

information, trust, creativity and influence (Goleman,1995).Emotional Intelligence is the innate potential to feel, use

communicate, recognize, remember, learn ,manage and understand emotions (Salvoey&Mayer,1990). Goleman

(1998) describe framework of emotional intelligence with five factors, self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation,

empathy and social skills.

Rationale of study: Emotional intelligence determines human character and success. In Pakistan Farooq, (2003)

conducted to see effect of Emotional intelligence on academic performance. A comparative study of physical and

verbal aggression in male and female factory personnel was conducted by (Munaf, Rehman&Zaidi, in 2005).In west

emotional intelligence and aggression studied together as Eniola,(2007) work on emotional intelligence and

aggressive behaviors. In Pakistan researcher together will explore the relationship between level of aggression and

level of emotional intelligence. This study will further explore the gender difference between level of aggression and

emotional intelligence.

Objectives of the study: Following are the objectives of the study

To explore level of aggression and emotional intelligence among university students.

To find out the relationship between level of aggression and emotional intelligence among students.

To explore the gender difference between level of aggression and emotional Intelligence.

Hypothesis: Hypothesis are formulated in present research to achieve the objectives

The level of aggression is high among male students as compare to female students.

The level of emotional intelligence is high among those who have low level of aggression.

The level of emotional intelligence is high among female students as compare to male students.


29

Method:

Sample: The sample consisted of 200 students 100 males and 100 females from various departments: Sociology,

Psychology, Economics, Commerce, Mass communication, Chemistry, Biology, Computer sciences, Math, Physics

of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. Their age range was 19 years to 25 years and mean calculated age was 22

years.

Instruments: Following scales were used in the study:

The Aggression questionnaire originally devised by Buss and Perry (1992) which is modified by Khalid &Hussain,

(2000) was used in present study. The Aggression Questionnaire has 29 items which are based on four categories of

aggression physical (1-9) verbal (10-14) anger (15-21) hostility (22-29).The subject marked each item on a five

point rating scale according to their intensity as 1 (least), 2 (mild), 3 (average), 4(moderate) and 5(greatest).This

scoring was applicable to all items expect for items 7&18 for which reverse scoring was done.

Baron Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) The Baron EQ-I was originally designed by Ruven Baron,(1998) after

extensive research of 17 years in 11 countries. It has been translated in English, French, Spanish, German and

Swedish in order to break language barriers. Baron EQ-i consisted of 133 items arranged in five main components

comprised of 15 subscale The final version of the EQ-i has a 5-point self-rating response format (1 = very seldom or

not true of me, 2 = seldom true of me, 3 = sometimes true of me, 4 = often true of me, and 5 = very often true of me

or true of me). Baron EQ-i 55 items were positively scored and 62 items were negatively scored.

Procedure: To achieve the aim of study Aggression Questionnaire and EQ-i were used. The written departmental

permission was taken from concerned Deans. All the participants were briefed about the nature and purpose of the

current research project. Informed Consent Form was /administered to each of the participants individually to obtain

their written consent for participation in this research. The time to complete the Aggression questionnaire and EQ-i

was one hour. The booklet containing aggression questionnaire and EQ-i were administered at 200 students of

different departments of Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan. The average time to complete the inventories was 45

minutes. The completed inventories were checked when they were handed back, The data was collected in two

month. After completion of data it was statistically analyzed on SPSS version 20.


30

Results:

Table. 1 Pearson Correlation coefficient between level of Emotional Intelligence and level of

Aggression

Value df p-value

Pearson Correlation coefficient .009 198 0.896

These results showed no significance relationship between level of Emotional Intelligence and level of Aggression

Table. 2

The Table 2 results indicate the mean, standard deviation, t-value, p-value of level of aggression of natural and

social sciences males and females students.

Gender N M SD SE t df P-value

Females 100 68.36 12.024 1.202

Aggression score 4.023 198 .000

Males 100 75.44 12.853 1.285

The results in given table shows the significant difference between male and female level of aggression

Table. 3

The Table 3 results indicate the mean, standard deviation, t-value, p-value of level emotional intelligence of students

Gender N M SD SE t df P-value

Females

Emotional Intelligence

Males

100

100

384.36

390.00

44.656

39.090

4,466

3.909

.905 198 .343

The results indicate in the given table that there is no significant difference among male and female level ofemotional Intelligence.

Discussion: The present study was aimed to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and level of

aggression. The results revealed that there is no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and level of

aggression. Robin,(1999) work on children aggression and emotional intelligence The results further reveal that


31

level of aggression is high among male students as compare to female students.Mayers,(1999) describe differences

in physical strength, also provided differences in aggression levels between two sexes. Moreover no significant

difference was found among male and female emotional intelligence.

Limitations &Suggestions: The study was conducted only on students, EQ-i inventory is lengthy and it should be

translated in Urdu. The participants from other areas of lives should be included in the further study. The research

can be done with more variables.

References

Anderson, C.A (2000) Violence and Aggression In A.E Kazdin(Ed) Encyclopedia of

Psychology (pp.162-170).Oxford: Oxford University Press

Baron, (1997) The Emotional Quotient Inventory: Technical manual.Toronto,Canada:Multi-

Health Systems,Inc

Berk, L. (1999) Infant Children and Adolescents Retrieved on 10 November, 2006

from http//www.msu,edu//mandrew/mary/aggression.html

Berkowitz, L. (1993) Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control,

New York: McGraw. Hills Buss, A.H.&

Perry.M (1992) Personality process and individual differences: The Aggression

Questionnaire Journal of personality and Social Psychology; vol: 63, 3,452-459

Eniola, M, S (2007) Retrieved on 4 March 2007 from http//www.Krepublishers.com/02

Journals/S-EM-01/html

Farooq, Amber (2003) Effect of Emotional Intelligence on academic performance Retrieved on

25December 2006 from http//eprints.hec.pk/1169/

Harris, A. (1998) Aggression. Pleasure and dangers Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 18, 31-44

Huesman, L R. (1994).Aggression: behavior Current perspective (Ed) New York Plenum Press

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.


32

Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

Larsen,(2000) On Aggression. Retrieved on 15 November 2005 from

http.www.geocities.com/we_evelove/human mature.html

Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). "What is Emotional Intelligence?" In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter

(Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators

(pp. 3-31). New York: Basic. Retrieved on December 5, 2002, from http://eqi.org/mayer.htm.

MunafmS.Rehman, G,&Zaidi, U (2005).A comparative study of physical and verbal aggression

in male and female factory Personnel working in noisy environment. Journal of Social

Sciences and Humanities, 2, 49-56.


33

Impact of Multiculturalism on Indian Nationalities in Dubai-UAE

Abstract

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has its unique identity as it is of having rich cultural

diverse society. Workforce inside their nation is expanding daily in more ethnical and

socially differing qualities. Dubai is a little nation with bunches of distinction in socially

various individuals. Dubai is certainly a champion amongst the places on the earth for its

cultural diversity. More than 180 different culture people live there. It has high social

harmony which cannot be seen anywhere around the world. Multiculturalism in Dubai is one

of the beauties of that country. Main objective of this research paper is to identify how does

Indians live in Dubai are influenced by different culture. Sample size of 67 Indians have been

interviewed for this research and result reveals that, cultural diversity does have impact on

the lifestyles of Indians in multicultural environment, people find difficulties to move with

other culture people and have less knowledge about Emiratis.

Key words: Cultural diversity, Multiculturalism, Cross culture, Multiculturalism in Dubai,

Dubai Indians, Cultural diversity impact, Indians and Emiratis.


34

1. Introduction

The Indian community in the United Arab Emirates, numbering 2.6 million,

constitutes 30 percent of the aggregate populace. It is the biggest expatriate community in the

nation. The Indian group has assumed a noteworthy part in the monetary advancement of the

UAE in the course of the most recent 35 years. The Indian group regarded for its specialized

skill, feeling of order and its insignificant contribution with criminal action contrasted with

other expatriate community. However, the principle point to support it will be its non-

association in local and regional political issues. In context of these qualities, Indian exiles

appreciate leverage over different nationalities like Chinese, Koreans, Filipino, Pakistani,

Bangladeshi or Arab ostracizes (“UAE Indian community”, 2014).

South Asians call it "the best-run Indian city,” Arabs commend it as a model of Arab

achievement and Westerners have grasped it for its interminable sunshine and extravagance

way of life. With more than 150 nationalities and almost as many expressions of culture,

Dubai is one of the most diverse cities in the Middle East (Fattah, 2006). As in numerous

Gulf States, Dubai's ethnic groups also exist in plainly characterized socioeconomic

stratifications. Local Arabs are ordinarily chiefs, Westerners pick up the top remunerations,

and South Asians do the modest work (Fattah, 2006).

It is the way of life, the blended society of India and the Middle East (Lakhani, 2014).

Dubai has an immense number of expats from the sub-continent, which implies there is no

language problem, particularly for dependents. For Indians, Dubai appears to be home far

from home, since one can without much of a stretch discover individuals who communicate

in English, Hindi, Gujarati, Malayalam, and so on ("Life in Dubai for Indians", 2013). Four

Indian dialects including Hindi can be picked while showing up for driving tests here in the

UAE from September 2015. Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Bengali, Chinese, Russian and Persian


35

dialects can be picked by trying drivers other than the three current dialects for both

hypothesis tests and additionally eight obligatory addresses ("Hindi, 3 Indian dialects

discover place in Dubai driving tests", 2015). If culture is equal to food, then Dubai is right

place for having different foods. Probably one of the only places that offer affordable food

from all corners of the globes, Dubai allows to enjoy all major cuisines. (“Life in Dubai for

Indians”, 2013).

In case of Dubai living, restaurants serving Indian food are very popular and widely

available in the Emirates. Dubai conducted Dubai food festival in 2015. “It is a platform on

which to showcase the world-class restaurants and chefs in our city,” agrees His Excellency

Helal Saeed Almarri, Director-General of Dubai’s Department of Tourism and Commerce

Marketing. “Dubai’s status as a culinary destination is one that has risen considerably in

recent years and the creation of a city-wide food festival will contribute to enhancing this

further”. Her Excellency Laila Mohammed Suhail, the CEO of Dubai Festivals and Retail

Establishment said, “It will promote the diversity, creativity, and multi-cultural nature of

Dubai’s culinary offering” (Ben East, 2015).

The U.A.E. is the most cosmopolitan and Westernized country in the Middle East.

Dubai positioned as an economic center for the Gulf area. With a history of both political and

social stability, there is no wonder that a large and skilled multicultural workforce has settled

here. 21st Century economic expansion has transformed the once traditional culture into a

multicultural tapestry. The mix of traditional and modern and of Eastern and Western cultures

has made working and doing business in Dubai a one-of-a-kind experience (Miller, 2011).

Dubai is small but has more cultural diversity per square foot than perhaps anywhere has in

the world. Of its two million inhabitants, only 100,000 are citizens (Krane, 2009).


36

A majority of the expats are from the sub-continent (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh)

and GCC countries. The locals, called as Emiratis, are a friendly bunch and usually prefer to

stay to themselves. However, they do interact with expats professionally (“Life in Dubai for

Indians”, 2013). Many expatriates find it difficult to learn about the country, even if they

wish to do so. It's easy to visit museums, or to get out and about in the mountains. It is not so

easy, however, to forge relationships with Emiratis so as to learn about local culture and

traditions. Language can pose a problem, since many of the Emiratis who are most familiar

with traditional culture are often fluent in Arabic, but not in any other language. There are

places for all in the UAE's multicultural society, but these people feel ill at ease in a

multicultural environment, and that in it can make cultural interchange a difficult process.

Emiratis who are fluent in another language are often also at ease with foreign cultures. But

overall only a few are able or willing to transfer their knowledge of their own culture

(Hellyer, 2013).

2. Review of literature

Every society in this world has its own culture. All countries comprise of different

society, which follows different culture. Culture is the basis of every human and has its

influences on his life. Hofstede (2001) expressed that cultural values are earned very early in

life as people are socialized into their respective environments within particular societies and

are very difficult to relearn or change. Each society has its own beliefs, values, and practices.

Culture does have significant variations among the social life and people have respect for

their own culture. Culture has its deep roots in the life of every human being of any society.

Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values,

attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of

the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course


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of generations through individual and group striving (Samovar et.al, 2003). The ideas,

customs, and social behavior of a particular person or society are known as culture. Culture is

the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Culture is the sum of

the total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the

tradition of those people and are transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is a

collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category

of people from another (Hofstede, 1980).

According to Jaeger (1990), each and everyone strongly attached to their culture.

There is also a great difference among the people in making decisions and thinking pattern,

which has its root, starts from the culture. An individual's behavior in an organization will

mainly be guided by the outside culture from which he or she comes. Also, he stresses that

these cultural values from the environment are brought into the workplace and have a strong

impact on the behavior of persons within the organization. The founder of the European

Community, Jean Monnet, once declared, “If I were again facing the challenge to integrate

Europe, I would probably start with culture.” Culture is the context in which things happen;

out of context, even legal matters lack significance (Trompenaars and Turner, 1998).

Culture refers to our way of life, including everything that is learned, shared, and

transmitted from one generation to the next. Although culture endures over time, it is not

static. Language, values, rules, beliefs, and even the material things we create are all part of

one’s culture (Bucher, 2008). An individual’s first experience of a new culture is the less

esoteric, more concrete factors. This level consists of explicit culture. Explicit culture is the

observable reality of the language, food, buildings, houses, monuments, agriculture, shrines,

markets, fashions, and art. They are the symbols of a deeper level of culture. Prejudices

mostly start on this symbolic and observable level (Trompenaars and Turner, 1998).


38

In the language of Clifford Geertz, culture is the means by which people

“communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about attitudes towards life. Culture

is the fabric of meaning in terms of which human beings interpret their experience and guide

their action” (Greetz, 1973). Intercultural language learning involves developing with

learners an understanding of their own language(s) and culture(s) in relation to an additional

language and culture. Learners engaged in intercultural language learning develop a reflective

stance towards language and culture, both specifically as instances of first, second, and

additional languages and cultures, and generally as understandings of the variable ways in

which language and culture exist in the world. Learning to communicate in an additional

language involves developing an awareness of the ways in which culture interrelates with

language whenever it is used (Liddicoat.et.al, 2003).

Multiculturalism can refer to a demographic actuality, a specific set of philosophical

thoughts, or a particular introduction by government or establishments to a diverse populace.

The vast majority of the level headed discussion over multiculturalism bases on whether open

multiculturalism is the suitable approach to manage diversity and immigrant integration. The

term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation-states, which had

seemingly achieved a de facto single national identity during the 18th and/or 19th centuries

(Kramsch et.al, 2011).

Multiculturalism has been official policy in several Western nations since the 1970s,

for reasons that varied from country to country, including the fact that many of the great

cities of the Western world are increasingly made of a mosaic of cultures (Claval, 2001).

Hills and Atkins (2012) demonstrated that expatriates from different regions, including the

national Gulf Arabs, claim to diverge from their home cultures and converge on several key

cultural attributes associated with a Western model of self, while the Westerners themselves

apparently claim no significant movement towards any of the local cultures. In the UAE there


39

is also the added complexity of whether the minority local national society can maintain its

own cultural heritage in the face of such plurality (Raven and O'Donnell, 2010).

In UAE, Emiratis and resident expatriates socialize and get to know each other in

relatively very few places. It is uncommon for locals and foreigners to socialize together

outside of the work place or for Moslem expats the Masque. Emiratis maintain their identity

and culture (In Praise of Emirati Students, 2015). It shows up as though the UAE has

possessed the capacity to import the worldwide comforts and necessities of advancement and

globalization however has done as such through a customary lens, never taking their eye of

what is imperative in their lives. While it is genuine that as a country they have encountered

the amassing of riches at exceptional levels, it doesn't have seemed to have a huge effect on

the societal estimations of family, tribe, group, religion, and character that have made the

country what it is today (Al-Khazraji, 2009). Changes have come about with socioeconomic

changes following the discovery of oil. The number of educated families is rising rapidly;

socialization now takes place partially outside the family (El-Islam and Fakhr, 1983).

The increasing diversity and mobility of the world’s population means that

understanding individual cultures, while necessary, is no longer sufficient in explaining how

members of particular cultures behave in different situations. This is especially true in the

case of those who have internalized more than one culture and can be described as bicultural

or multicultural (Martínez and Haritatos, 2005).

It is not possible that people can have an impact of only one culture. A number of

cultures influence people. "Individuals, however, can be amazingly complex 'cultural

composites' (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997) who belongs to several cultural entities like

country, school, sports club, company at a single point in time or over the course of a

lifetime. At the same time, different culture influences People. Therefore,

international conference on emerging research for ...the tense dichotomy between shari’ah...

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