International Accounting Standard 12

Income Taxes.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income Taxes

I. ObjectiveII. ScopeIII. DefinitionsIV. RecognitionV. MeasurementVI. PresentationVII. DisclosureVIII. Effective Date

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The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for income taxes. The principal issue in accounting for income taxes is how to account for the current and future tax consequences of:

- the future settlement of the carrying amount of assets or liabilities that are recognised in an entity's balance sheet; and transactions and other events of the current period that are recognised in an entity's financial statements.

IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesI. Objective

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesI. Objective (cont’d)

in the recognition of an asset or liability the reporting entity expects to settle the carrying amount of that asset or liability. If it is probable that settlement of that carrying amount will make future tax payments larger or smaller than they would be if such settlement were to have no tax consequences, this Standard requires an entity to recognise a deferred tax liability or a deferred tax asset, with certain limited exceptions.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesII. Scope

This Standard shall be applied in accounting for income taxes.

For the purposes of this Standard, income taxes include all domestic and foreign taxes which are based on taxable profits. Income taxes also include taxes, such as withholding taxes, which are payable by a subsidiary, associate or joint venture on distributions to the reporting entity.

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IAS 12, Income Taxes IAS 12, Income Taxes III. Definitions

The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:

Accounting profit is profit or loss for a period before deducting tax expense.

Taxable profit (tax loss) is the profit (loss) for a period, determined in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities, upon which income taxes are payable (recoverable).

Tax expense (tax income) is the aggregate amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in respect of current tax and deferred tax.

Current tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period.

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IAS 12,IncomeTaxesIAS 12,IncomeTaxesIII. Definitions (cont’d)

Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.

Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of:

(a) deductible temporary differences;

(b) the carryforward of unused tax losses; and

(c) the carryforward of unused tax credits.

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IAS 12,IncomeTaxesIAS 12,IncomeTaxesIII. Definitions (cont’d)

Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and its tax base. Temporary differences may be either: taxable temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled; or deductible temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesIII. Definitions (cont’d)

The tax base of an asset is the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes against any taxable economic benefits that will flow to an entity when it recovers the carrying amount of the asset. If those economic benefits will not be taxable, the tax base of the asset is equal to its carrying amount.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesIII. Definitions (cont’d)

EXAMPLE ,A machine cost 100. For tax purposes, depreciation of 30 has already been deducted in the current and prior periods and the remaining cost will be deductible in future periods, either as depreciation or through a deduction on disposal. Revenue generated by using the machine is taxable, any gain on disposal of the machine will be taxable and any loss on disposal will be deductible for tax purposes. The tax base of the machine is 70.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesIII. Definitions (cont’d)

The tax base of a liability is its carrying amount, less any amount that will be deductible for tax purposes in respect of that liability in future periods. In the case of revenue which is received in advance, the tax base of the resulting liability is its carrying amount, less any amount of the revenue that will not be taxable in future periods.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesIII. Definitions (cont’d)

EXAMPLE Current liabilities include accrued expenses with a carrying amount of 100. The related expense has already been deducted for tax purposes. The tax base of the accrued expenses is 100.

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IAS 12,Income TaxesIAS 12,Income TaxesIV. Recognition

A- Recognition of current tax liabilities and current tax assets.

- Current tax for current and prior periods shall, to the extent unpaid, be recognized as a liability. If the amount already paid in respect of current and prior periods exceeds the amount due for those periods, the excess shall be recognized as an asset.

- The benefit relating to a tax loss that can be carried back to recover current tax of a previous period shall be recognized as an asset.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesIV. Recognition (cont’d)

B- Recognition of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets

A deferred tax liability shall be recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except to the extent that the deferred tax liability arises from:

(a) the initial recognition of goodwill; or

(b) the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction which is not a business combination; and

at the time of the transaction, affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit (tax loss).

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesV. Measurement

Current tax liabilities (assets) for the current and prior periods shall be measured at the amount expected to be paid to (recovered from) the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesV-Measurement (cont’d)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities shall be measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesV-Measurement (cont’d)

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets shall reflect the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the entity expects, at the balance sheet date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesVI-Presentation

An entity shall offset current tax assets and current tax liabilities if, and only if, the entity:

- has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and

- intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

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IAS 12, Income taxesIAS 12, Income taxesVI-Presentation (cont’d)

An entity shall offset deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if, and only if:

(a) the entity has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and

(b) the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either:- the same taxable entity; or

- different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

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IAS 12,IncomeTaxesIAS 12,IncomeTaxesVII-Disclosure

The major components of tax expense (income) shall be disclosed separately Components of tax expense (income) may include:

A- current tax expense (income);

B- any adjustments recognised in the period for current tax of prior periods

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IAS 12, Income TaxesIAS 12, Income TaxesVII- Disclosures (cont’d)

C- the amount of deferred tax expense (income) relating to the origination and reversal of temporary differences;

D- the amount of deferred tax expense (income) relating to changes in tax rates or the imposition of new taxes;

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IAS 12,Income taxesVII-Disclosures (cont’d)

E- the amount of the benefit arising from a previously unrecognised tax loss, tax credit or temporary difference of a prior period that is used to reduce current tax expense;

F- the amount of the benefit from a previously unrecognised tax loss, tax credit or temporary difference of a prior period that is used

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IAS 12,Income TaxesVII-Disclosures (cont’d)

G- the amount of tax expense (income) relating to those changes in accounting policies and errors that are included in profit or loss in accordance with IAS 8, because they cannot be accounted for retrospectively.

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IAS 12, Income TaxesVIII-Effective Date

This Standard becomes operative for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 1998. If an entity applies this Standard for financial statements covering periods beginning before 1 January 1998, the entity shall disclose the fact it has applied this Standard instead of IAS 12 Accounting for Taxes on Income, approved in 1979.