interdependence of life - henry county schools /...

Interdependence of Life(Classifying Life & )

S7L.1

S7L.4

S7L.1 Students will investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can be compared scientifically.

a. Demonstrate the process of the development of a dichotomous key.

b. Classify organisms based on physical characteristics using a dichotomous key of the six kingdom system (archaebacterial, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

Vocabulary

organism

Homeostasis

Dichotomous key

Response stimulus

Classification

Plantae

Phylogeny

Animalia

Vocabulary

Taxonomy

Archaebacteria (bacteria)

Binomial nomenclature

Eubacteria (bacteria)

Fungii

Protista

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Vocabulary

• Autotroph (producer)

• Heterotroph (consumer)

• Cell

• Kingdom

• Scientific Name (genus & species)

• Multicellular

• Unicelluular

What is a living thing?

How are living things, or organisms alike?

1. Living things are organized.

a. Cell – the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life.

b. Each cell has an orderly structure and contains hereditary material.


2. Living things respond.

a. Stimulus – that causes some change in an organism.

b. Response – the way an organism reacts to a stimulus, often results in movement.

c. Homeostasis – maintaining the proper conditions inside an organism.


3. Living things grow and develop.

a. Growth of multi-cellular organisms is due to an increase in the number of cells.

b. Growth of uni-cellular organisms is due to an increase in the size of the cell.

c. Development – changes that take place during the life of an organism.


4. Living things use energy.

5. Living things reproduce.

What do living things need?

1. A place to live that provides for all of the organism’s needs.

2. Raw materials like water, proteins, and sugars.

Question

What do you have in common with a flower?

• Both are organized & have cells.

• Both respond to stimuli & maintain homeostasis

• Both take in & use energy: plant (sun), human (food)

• Both grow, develop, & reproduce

• Both need a place to live & raw materials.

• Both contain organic compounds.

Where does life come from?

A. Spontaneous generation – early theory that living things could come from nonliving things.

(Disproved by Louis Pasteur in the mid-1800’s)

B. Biogenesis – theory that living things come from other living things.

Classification of Living Things

How are living things classified?

A. Classification systems:

1. Aristotle classified organisms more than 2,000 years ago.

2. Carolus Linnaeus introduced a system based on similar structures of organisms.

3. Modern systems based on phylogeny –the evolutionary history of an organism.


4. Today’s classification system separates organisms into 6 kingdoms.

a. Kingdoms are the first and largestcategory.

b. the smallest classification category is a species.

c. Organisms that belong to the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.


B. Binomial nomenclature – two word system used by Linnaeus to name species .

1. First word identifies the genus, or group of similar species.

2. Second word tells something about the species – what it looks like, where it is found, or who discovered it.


3. Why use scientific names?

a. To avoid mistakes

b. to show that organisms in the same genus are related

c. To give descriptive information

d. to allow information to be organized easily.


C. Tools for identifying organisms

1. Dichotomous keys – detailed lists of identifying characteristics that include scientific names.

Classifying Living ThingsLevels of Classification

Level of Classification Human Example Dog Example

Kingdom Animals Animals

Phylum Chordates Chordates

Class Mammals Mammals

Order Carnivores Carnivores

Family Canidae

Genus Homo Canis

Species sapiens lupus

KingdomsKingdom Trait Examples

Archeabacteria Uni-cellular, Prokaryotic, some move & others do not, heterotroph & autotrophs, found in extreme environments

Bettle, duck, earthworm, salmon, horse, human

Eubacteria True bacteria, uni-cellular, prokaryotic, some move & others do not, heterotroph & autotroph, live anywhere

Stretococcus, staphylococcus, e-coli, L. acidophiolus

Fungi Multicellular, Eukaryotic,Decomposers,

Bread

Protists Most are uni-celled, Eukaryotic, some move, others do not, heterotroph & autotroph

Algae, amoeba, giant kelp, paramecium, slime mold

Plantae Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic, cannot move, autotrophs

Corn, moss, redwood tree, rose

Animalia Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic, Mobile, Heterotrops

Beetle, duck, earthworm, salmon, horse, human

Kingdom Traits

Trait Meaning Example

Uni-cellular One cell

Multi-cellular Many cells Animals

Heterotroph Consumer – eats other organisms

Animals

Autotroph Producer – makes its own food (photosynthesis)

Plants

Decomposer – eats dead organisms

Fungi

Eukaryotic Has a nucleus and organelles

Animals, plants, fungi, protist

Prokaryotic Does not have a nucleus or organelles

Eubacteria, archaebacterial

Asexual How it reproduces Binary, fission, regeneration

Dichotomous Key

Question

How do scientific names show you that organisms are related?

Organisms with similar evolutionary histories (phylogeny) are classified together. Because of this, you know that organisms in the same genus are related.

Big Ideas

• Organisms are classified into six kingdoms.• Differences and similarities exist within the structures

and functions among the six kingdoms.• Kingdoms are based on:

– Cellular structure (uni-cellular, multicellular)– Method of obtaining food for energy (autotroph,

heterotroph, decomposer)– Cellular structure (prokaryotic, eukaryotic)– The diversity of living things created the need for a

dichotomous key.– Dichotomous keys are made of paired and opposite

statements that allow the reader to identify organisms.

Essential Questions

• How do you use a dichotomous key?• Why is a dichotomous key useful?• Where does the energy in my food come from?• Why should the health and well-being of other

organisms be important to me?• Why are there fewer animal than plants?• Why are there so many different kinds of

organisms?• How are we related?• Where did all that energy come from?

S7L.4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments.

a. Demonstrate in a food web that matter is transferred from one organism to another and can recycle between organisms and their environments.b. Explain in a food web that sunlight is the source of energy and that this energy moves from organism to organism.c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species.d. Categorize relationships between organisms that are competitive or mutually beneficial.e. Describe the characteristics of the Earth’s major terestrialbiomes (i.e. tropical rain forest, savannah, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (ie. Freshwater, estuuaries, and marine)

interdependence of life - henry county schools /...

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