intel pentium m processor full report
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INTRODUCTION
The world of mobile computing has seldom
been so exciting. Not, at least,
for last 3 years when all that the chip giants
could think of was scaling down the
frequency and voltage of the desktop CPUs,
and labeling them as mobile
processors. Intel Centrino mobile
technology is based on the understanding
that mobile customers value the four vectors
of mobility: performance, battery life, small
form factor, and wireless connectivity. The
technologies represented by the Intel
Centrino brand will include an Intel
Pentium-M processor, Intel 855 chipset
family, and Intel PRO/Wireless 2100
network connection . The Intel Pentium-M
processor is a higher performance, lower
power mobile processor with several micro-architectural enhancements over existing
Intel mobile processors. Some key features
of the Intel Pentium-M processor Micro-
architecture include Dynamic Execution,
400-MHz, on-die 1-MB second level cache
with Advanced Transfer Cache Architecture,
Streaming SIMDExtensions 2, and
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology. The
Intel Centrino mobile technology also
includes the 855GM chipset components
GMCH and the ICH4-M. The Accelerated
Hub Architecture is designed into the
chipset to provide
an efficient, high bandwidth, communication
channel between the GMCH and the ICH4-
M.The GMCH component contains a
processor system bus controller, a graphics
controller, and a memory controller, while
providing an LVDS interface and two DVO
ports.
The integrated Wi-Fi Certified Intel
PRO/Wireless 2100 Network
Connection has been designed and validated
to work with all of the Intel Centrino mobile
technology components and is able to
connect to 802.11b Wi-Fi certified access
points. It also supports advanced wireless
LAN security including Cisco LEAP,
802.1X and WEP. Finally, for
comprehensive security support, the Intel
PRO/Wireless 2100 Network Connection
has been verified with leading VPN
suppliers like Cisco, CheckPoint, Microsoft
and Intel NetStructure.
1. Pentium-M Processor
The Intel Pentium-M processor is a high
performance, low power mobile processor
with several micro-architectural
enhancements over existing Intel mobile
processors. The following list provides some
of the key features on this processor:
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Supports Intel Architecture with Dynamic
Execution
High performance, low-power core
On-die, 1-MByte second level cache with
Advanced Transfer Cache
Architecture
Advanced Branch Prediction and Data
Prefetch Logic
Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2)
400-MHz, Source-Synchronous processor
system bus
Advanced Power Management features
including Enhanced Intel
SpeedStep technology
Micro-FCPGA and Micro-FCBGA
packaging technologies
The Intel Pentium-M processor is
manufactured on Intels advanced 0.13
micron process technology with copper
interconnect. The processor maintains
support for MMX technology and Internet
Streaming SIMD instructions and full
compatibility with IA-32 software. The high
performance core features architectural
innovations like Micro-op Fusion and
Advanced Stack Management that reduce
the number of micro-ops handled by the
processor. This results in more efficient
scheduling and better performance at lower
power. The on-die 32-kB
Level 1 instruction and data caches and the
1-MB Level 2 cache with Advanced
Transfer Cache Architecture enable
significant performance improvement over
existing mobile processors. The processor
also features a very advanced branch
prediction architecture that significantly
reduces the number of
mispredicted branches. The processors Data
Prefetch Logic speculatively fetches data to
the L2 cache before an L1 cache requests
occurs, resulting in reduced bus cycle
penalties and improved performance. The
Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2)
enable break-through levels of performance
in multimedia applications including 3-D
graphics, video decoding/encoding, and
speech recognition. The Intel Pentium-M
processors 400-MHz processor system bus
utilizes a split-transaction, deferred reply
protocol. The 400-MHz processor system
bus uses Source-Synchronous Transfer
(SST) of address and data to improve
performance by transferring data four times
per bus clock (4X data transfer rate, as in
AGP 4X).
The processor features Enhanced Intel
SpeedStep technology, which enables real-
time dynamic switching between multiple
voltage and frequency points instead of two
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points supported on previous versions of
Intel SpeedStep
technology. This results in optimal
performance without compromising low
power. The processor features the Auto Halt,
Stop-Grant, Deep Sleep, and Deeper Sleep
low power states. The Intel Pentium-M
processor utilizes socketable Micro Flip-
Chip Pin Grid Array (Micro-FCPGA) and
surface mount Micro Flip-Chip Ball Grid
Array (Micro-FCBGA) package technology.
The Micro-FCPGA package plugs into a
479-hole, surface-mount, Zero Insertion
Force (ZIF) socket, which is referred to as
the mPGA479M socket.
Features of Pentium-M
1.1 Clock Control and Low Power
States
The Intel Pentium M processor supports the
AutoHALT, Stop-Grant, Sleep,
Deep Sleep, and Deeper Sleep states for
optimal power management. See Figure.1
for a visual representation of the processor
low-power states.
1.1.1 Normal State
This is the normal operating state for theprocessor.
1.1.2 Auto HALT Power down State
Auto HALT is a low-power state entered
when the processor executes the
HALT instruction. The processor will
transition to the Normal state upon the
occurrence of SMI#, INIT#, LINT [1:0]
(NMI, INTR), or PSB interrupt message.
1.1.3 Stop-Grant State
When the STPCLK# pin is asserted, the
Stop-Grant state of the processor is entered
20 bus clocks after the response phase of the
processor-issued Stop-Grant
Acknowledge special bus cycle. Since the
AGTL+ signal pins receive power from the
system bus, these pins should not be driven
(allowing the level to return to VCCP) for
minimum power drawn by the termination
resistors in this state.
1.1.4 HALT/Grant Snoop State
The processor will respond to snoop or
interrupt transactions on the system
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bus while in Stop-Grant state or in
AutoHALT Power Down state. During a
snoop or interrupt transaction, the processor
enters the HALT/Grant Snoop state. The
processor will stay in this state until the
snoop on the system bus has been serviced
or the interrupt has been latched.
1.1.5 Sleep State
The Sleep state is a low power state in
which the processor maintains its context,
maintains the phase-locked loop (PLL), and
has stopped all internal clocks. The Sleep
state can only be entered from Stop-Grant
state. Once in the
Stop-Grant state, the processor will enter the
Sleep state upon the assertion of the
SLP# signal. The SLP# pin should only be
asserted when the processor is in the
Stop-Grant state.
1.1.6 Deep Sleep State
Deep Sleep state is a very low power state
the processor can enter while maintaining
context. Deep Sleep state is entered by
asserting the DPSLP# pin while in the Sleep
state. BCLK may be stopped during the
Deep Sleep state for additional platform
level power savings. BCLK stop/restart
timings on Intel
855PM and Intel 855GM chipset-based
platforms are as follows:
Deep Sleep entry - DPSLP# and
CPU_STP# are asserted simultaneously. The
platform clock chip will stop/tristate BCLK
within 2 BCLKs +/- a few nanoseconds.
Deep Sleep exit - DPSLP# and
CPU_STP# are deasserted simultaneously.
The platform clock chip will drive BCLK to
differential DC levels within 2-3 ns and
starts toggling BCLK 2-6 BCLK periods
later.
1.1.7 Deeper Sleep State
The Deeper Sleep state is the lowest power
state the processor can enter.
This state is functionally identical to the
Deep Sleep state but at a lower core
voltage. The control signals to the voltage
regulator to initiate a transition to the
Deeper Sleep state are provided on the
platform.
1.2 Enhanced Intel SpeedStep
Technology
The Intel Pentium-M processor features
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology.
Unlike previous implementations of Intel
SpeedStep technology, this technology
enables the processor to switch between
multiple frequency and voltage points
instead of two. This will enable superior
performance with optimal power savings.
Switching between states is software
controlled unlike previous implementations
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1.5 Advanced Branch Prediction and
Data Prefetching
The Intel Pentium M processor features an
advanced branch prediction architecture thatcombines three types of predictors - Global,
Bi-Modal and Loop
Detector. The processor automatically
selects the most optimal algorithm to use,
significantly reducing the number of mis-
predicted branches. The processor also
features an advanced data prefetcher that can
track up to 8 upstream and 4
downstream operations simultaneously. Data
is prefetched from main memory to
the L2 cache in advance, resulting in higher
performance by reducing the need to access
system memory.
1.6 Streaming SIMD Extensions
2(SSE2)
The Intel Pentium M processor supports the
complete SSE2 instruction set.
These instructions include 128-bit SIMD
integer arithmetic and 128-bit SIMD
double-precision floating-point operations.
These instructions reduce the overall
number of instructions required to execute a
particular program task and as a result can
contribute to an overall performance
increase.
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2. Intel 855GM Chipset GMCH
As the next step in the evolution of the Intel
Hub Architecture for the
notebook PCs using Intel Centrino mobile
technology, the Intel 855GM chipset was
designed in tandem with Intel Pentium-M
processor.
The Intel 855GM Graphics and Memory
Controller Hub (GMCH) delivers support
for either PC1600 and PC2100 DDR
memory technology and a 400 Mhz
system bus, providing the latest graphics
support through 1.5V AGP4X technology.
Together these features deliver the highest
total bandwidth capabilities to the PC
platform. The enhanced 82801DBM I/O
Controller Hub 4 (ICH4-M) delivers twice
the I/O bandwidth over traditional bridgearchitecture and provides dedicated data
paths to fully optimize the additional
bandwidth. The ICH4-M has reduced core
voltage from previous generation of I/O hub
architecture chipsets.
The ICH4-M makes a direct connection
from the graphics and memory for faster
access to peripherals and provides the
features and bandwidth required for a high
performance notebook PC.
2.1 Intel 855GM Chipset GMCH
Product Features
Processor/Host Bus Support
Intel Pentium M processor2x address, 4x data
Supports system bus at 400 MHz
Supports 64-bit host bus addressing
Supports Enhanced Intel SpeedStep
technology
Memory System
Directly supports one DDR SDRAM
channel, 64-bits wide
Supports 200/266-MHz DDR SDRAM
devices with max of two, doublesided SO-
DIMMs four rows populated) with
unbuffered PC1600/PC2100
DDR SDRAM.
Video Stream Decoder
Improved hardware motion compensation
for MPEG2
All format decoder (18 ATSC formats)
supported
Software DVD at 60 Fields/second and 30
frames/second full screen
Support for standard definition DVD
Multiple hardware color cursor support
(32-bit with alpha and legacy 2-bpp
mode)
Accompanying I2C and DDC channels
provided through multiplexed interface
Display
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Analog display support
o 350-MHz integrated 24-bit RAMDAC that
can drive a standard
progressive scan analog monitor with pixel
resolution up to 1600x1200
at 85 Hz and up to 2048x1536 at 75 Hz
Dual independent pipe support
o Concurrent: Different images and native
display timings on each display
device
o Simultaneous: Same images and native
display timings on each display
device
DVO (DVOB and DVOC) support
o Digital video out ports DVOB and DVOC
with 165-MHz dot clock on
each 12-bit interface; two 12-bit channels
can be combined to form one
dual channel 24-bit interface with an
effective dot clock of 330-MHz
o The combined DVO B/C ports as well as
individual DVO B/C ports can drive a
variety of DVO devices (TV-Out Encoders,
TMDS and LVDS transmitters, etc.) with
pixel resolution up to 1600x1200 at 85 Hz
and
up to 2048x1536 at 72 Hz.
o Compliant with DVI Specification 1.0
Dedicated LFP (local flat panel) LVDS
interface
o Single- or dual-channel LVDS panel
support up to UXGA panel resolution with
frequency range from 25 MHz to 112 MHz
(single channel/dual channel)
o LCD panel power sequencing compliant
with SPWG timing specification
o Compliant with ANSI/TIA/EIA644-
1995 spec
Tri-view support through LFP interface,
DVO B/C port, and CRT
Internal Graphics Features
Up to 64 MB of dynamic video memory
allocation
Display image rotation
Graphics core frequency
Display core frequency at 133 MHz or
200 MHz
Render core frequency at 100 MHz,133
MHz, 200 MHz
2D graphics engine
o Optimized 128-bit BLT engine
o Ten programmable and predefined
monochrome patterns
3D graphics engine
o 3D setup and render engine
o High quality performance texture engine
o DirectX and OpenGL pixelization rules
Hub Interface to ICH4-M
o 266 -MB/s point-to-point Hub Interface to
ICH4-M
o 66-MHz base clock
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Power Management
o APM Rev 1.2 compliant power
management
o Supports Suspend to System Memory
(S3), Suspend to Disk (S4) and
Soft Off (S5)
o ACPI 1.0b, 2.0 support
o Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology
support
Package
o 732-pin Micro-FCBGA (37.5 x 37.5 mm)
Additional
o Support for Hi-Speed Universal Serial Bus
(USB 2.0) with backward compatibility with
USB 1.1
o AC97 2.2 Interface with support for a third
codec to provide 20 bit resolution.
o LAN Connect Interface (LCI) provides
flexible network solutions such as home
phone line, 10/100 Mbps Ethernet, and
10/100 Mbps Ethernet with LAN
manageability
o Dual Ultra ATA-100 controllers support
the fastest IDE interface for
transfers to storage devices
2.2. System Architecture
The Intel 855GM GMCH component
provides the processor interface,
DDR SDRAM interface, display interface,
and Hub interface in an Intel 855GM chipset
based system.
The GMCH is in a 732-pin Micro-FCBGA
package and contains the
following functionality:
Optimized for the Intel Pentium M
processor
Supports a single channel of DDR
SDRAM memory
Supports the fourth generation Mobile I/O
Controller Hub (ICH4-M) to
provide the features required by a mobile
platform
Contains advanced power management
logic
Supports a single Intel Pentium M
processor configuration at 400-MHz or 3.2
GB/s
1.05-V AGTL+ host bus supporting 64-
bit host addressing with Enhanced Intel
SpeedStep Technology support
Up to 1 GB (with 512-Mb technology and
two SO-DIMMs) of PC1600/2100
DDR and up to 2 GB (high density using
512-Mb technology)
Integrated graphics capabilities, including
3D rendering acceleration and 2D
hardware acceleration
Deeper Sleep state support
2.3. Processor Host Interface
The GMCH is optimized for the Intel
Pentium M processor. Key features of
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3. Wireless Connectivity
The Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 network
connection is the integrated Wireless LAN
(WLAN) solution for Intel Centrino mobile
technology. The Intel
PRO/Wireless 2100 network connection
works in concert with the other Intel
Centrino mobile technology components to
provide freedom and flexibility to work and
play on the go without searching for a phone
jack, network cable, or plugging in a special
card. To access the Internet wirelessly, a
laptop uses radio signals to communicate
with a wireless LAN via base band circuitry,
a media access controller, and a radio. A
wireless LAN operates with one of two
IEEE standard protocols finalized in 1997
and differing in data rate and signalfrequency. The two standards are the
802.11a and 802.11b, the latter often called
Wi-Fi. The 802.11a operates at 5 GHz and
can transmit data at up to 54 Mb/s. The
802.11b operates at 2.4 GHz and transmits
data at 11 Mb/s. A newer protocol, IEEE
802.11g, is being finalized and should be out
this summer. It has the same data rate as
802.11a but operates on the same frequency
as 802.11b and is compatible with it.
The Intel Centrino mobile technology is
based upon four major categories: Security,
Performance, Ease-of-use, and Verification.
Security
Intel Centrino mobile technology has been
Intel-tested for industry standards-based
WLAN security support (802.1X, WEP and
WPA). Cisco Compatible Extensions (such
as LEAP and CKIP) support is available on
certain models. Subject to PC
manufacturers availability and validation,
this enables interoperability with Cisco
Aironet wireless LAN infrastructure.
Performance
With 802.11b support and speeds up to
11Mbps, Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 network
connection enables fast network
connections. It includes perpacket antenna
selection to enable optimized WLAN
performance. Support for Intel Wireless
Coexistence System helps enables reduced
interference between Intel PRO/Wireless
and certain Bluetooth devices.
Ease-of-use
Available Intel PROSet software allows for
multiple profile setup and switching
between profiles for simplified wireless
access as you move between different access
points with the advanced profile
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management feature. This also allows for
setting security options.
Verification
Intel Centrino mobile technology is verified
with leading VPN infrastructure products.
Intel is working with hardware and software
developers and wireless service provides to
deliver a reliable and integrated wireless
mobile computing experience.
Additional highlights of the Intel
PRO/Wireless 2100 Network
Connection include :
Single band support, providing the ability
to connect to 802.11b networks
Industry standard and extended wireless
security support (WEP,
802.1X and Cisco LEAP)
Available Intel PROSet software with
automatic WLAN switching support enables
automatic switching between wired and
wireless
LAN connections
Available Intel PROSet software supports
Cisco, CheckPoint,
Microsoft and Intel VPN connections
Intel Wireless Coexistence Systemsupport enables reduced interference
between Intel PRO/Wireless and certain
Bluetooth devices
Per-packet antenna selection enables
optimized WLAN performance
Intel Intelligent Scanning Technology,
reduces power by controlling the frequency
of scanning for access points
Power Save Protocol (PSP) is a user
selectable feature with five different power
states, which allows the user to make their
own power versus performance choice when
in battery mode.
4. Key Benefits
4.1 Breakthrough Mobile
Performance
Intel Centrino mobile technology is
designed to meet the users needs of multi-
tasking, constant-computing lifestyle - and
to work with the performance demands of
future applications. Intel Centrino mobile
technology also features advanced
instruction prediction to eliminate CPU
process replication, and secondgeneration
Streaming SIMD Extensions (Streaming
SIMD Extensions 2) with instructions
integrated into the software to enhance
performance. With support for USB 2.0,
there is an increased performance with the
peripherals and backward compatibility with
USB 1.0 devices.
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Conclusion:
There are no industry-standard benchmarks
for determining the range and throughput of
WLANs. Some would even say that there is
no common vocabulary. But Intel engineers
wanted tangible evidence to reinforce what
they knew intuitively. They wanted proof
that Intel Centrino mobile technologyprovides breakthrough mobile
performancein terms of processor speed,
battery life and throughputand an
enhanced user experience overall. So Intel
engineers developed a methodology for
obtaining controlled, reproducible results.
Intel is confident that its test results establish
the breakthrough mobile performance of
Intel Centrino mobile technology when
considering all performance criteria
(processing, battery life and wireless), and
that the methodology Intel engineers used
can serve as a basis for the development of a
widely accepted industry-standard
benchmark
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