integrating developmental, psychometric, and cognitive … · · 2016-11-29develop methods and...
TRANSCRIPT
ANDREAS DEMETRIOUUNIVERSITY OF NICOSIA, CYPRUS
Integrating Developmental, Psychometric, and Cognitive Theories of Intellect
Three themes in this talk
Current state of knowledge in the developing mind science.
A model of the developing mind and related learning experiments. Emphasis on g.
A developmental cognitive science based agenda for learning: What to focus on!
Significant progress but the field is still fragmented, conceptually and methodologically.
1. COGNITIVE SCIENCES ON THE MIND
FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY STUDYING THE MIND
PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGYDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE
The psychometric tradition: Successes and failures
Psychology of individual differences succeeded to uncover dimensions of individual differences and develop methods and tools for measuring intelligence (IQ). However, it failed to account for inter-individual variability (GUILDFORD, THURSTONE, GARDNER) and specify cognitive and developmental processes.
All attempts to enhance intelligence failed, despite Flynn-type changes in intelligence.
The cognitive tradition: Successes and failures
Cognitive psychology succeeded to uncover mechanisms of learning and thinking. However, it failed in using these mechanisms for learning environments appropriate for real children. It led to shallow approaches about conceptual change focusing on surface content characteristics rather underlying thought mechanisms. Nowadays this approach survive in disguise (epistemic cognition, model teaching).
The developmental tradition: Successes and failures
Developmental psychology succeeded to uncover developmental changes in cognition. However, it failed to specify learning and processing mechanisms in development and explain individual differences in development.
Too much attention to individual construction, ignoring subject matter priorities.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MINDTHE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINDINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENTTHE ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGEEDUCATION, LEARNING AND TEACHING
WE NEED AN INTEGRATED THEORY FOR …
The research and model following was developed to accommodate all of these concerns:
Demetriou, A., Spanoudis, G., & Shayer, M. (2014). Inference, reconceptualization, insight, and efficiency along intellectual growth: A general theory. Enfance, 46, 196-221.
Demetriou, A., Spanoudis, G., & Shayer, M. (submitted). Developing mind-developing brain.
Demetriou, A., Spanoudis, G., & Shayer, M. (submitted). Nailing the mind’s ghost.
A comprehensive model
General intelligence in psychometric theory
Spearman’s G: One giant general intelligence—rest is noice.
Carroll’s 3-stratum theory: Both G and broad abilities are present.
CONCEPTIONS OF G
Psychometric g Cognitive Science LOT
Developmental This model
Eduction of relations and correlates: relational thought abstracting (i) relations between objects or events based on their similarities and (ii) relations between relations based on the reduction of similarities into rules and higher-order principles relating these rules
Compositionality (words, concepts, rules, etc.), Recursiveness, Hierarchical organization, Generativity. Abduction of relations.
Intelligence is assimilation and accommodation of action (actual or mental) and their increasing equilibration into reversible and necessary structures of mental operations. ?
The structure of the mind
Direction of development
Core capacities (speed, span, control
Cognizance system (builds model of all other aspects of the mind; maps lower order structures on to each other
Specialized capacity spheres (spatial, verbal, social, numerical, etc.)
The general architecture of the human mind
DOMAINS
Essentials and categories
Space and time
Numbers and quantities
Interactions and causes
Agents and persons
Language
INFERENCEInductionDeductionAbduction
REPRESENTATIONAL
CAPACITY
WM, STSS
COGNIZANCE
Self-monitoring
Self-representation
Self-regulation
Reflection and
recursion
Episodic integration
Mental
modelsProblem solving
Executive control
Self-awareness
Conceptual change
Meta-representation
Structural relations between attention control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, mediating reference factors and G
G
1. 1.00 2. .99 3. .93
4. 1.00 5. 80 6. .93 7. .97 8. 1.00
Att con
Flex
WM
Reference Factor
1. Inference
2. Quantitative
3. Causal
4. spatial
5. Cognizance
6. Vocabulary
7. Syntax
8. Semantics
1. -.62 2. -.62 3. -.66 4. -.61 5. -52 6. -55 7. -62 8. - 61
1. -.42 2. -.41 3. -.44 4. -.41 5. -36 6. -43 7. -43 8. - 41
1. .67 2. .43 3. .60 4. .43 5. .34 6. .43 7. .44 8. .43
Direct relations between G, executive processes, and cognizance
Model at total sample (9-15 yrs., first value in columns) and three age phases (99-11, 11-13, and 13-15 yrs.). About 80% of g variance accounted for by EF & Cog. Contribution of attention control and shifting decreases and WM and cognizance increases with age.
Control of attention (36%) Shifting (18%) Working memory (19%)
Cognizance (7%)
On top of all this
Gf (inductive & deductive reasoning) (19%)
Deliberated search, alignment, and abstraction
Translation into domain-specific “mental languages” (e.g., deductive mental models or logics, sorting or class rules, arithmetic rules, mental rotation, moral rules or deception rules, etc.).
g variance accounted for by EFs What is left?
CONCEPTIONS OF G
Psychometric g Cognitive Science LOT
Developmental Abstraction, Alignment, Cognizance (AACog)
Eduction(abstraction) of relations and correlates (alignment): relational thought abstracting (i) relations between objects or events based on their similarities and (ii) relations between relations based on the reduction of similarities into higher-order principles relating rules (cognizance,
Compositionality (words, concepts, rules, etc.) (alignment), Recursiveness(flexibility), Hierarchical organization (abstraction), Generativity (cognizance, metarepresentation)
Intelligence is assimilation (abstraction) and accommodation (alignment) of action (actual or mental) and their increasing equilibration into reversible and necessary structures of mental operations that may be intentionally activated (cognizance).
Control of attentional focus, binding of information (alignment) according to requirements, on-line evaluation for adjustments needed (cognizance). Induction present in abstractions of stimulus-representation similarity or representation-action compatibility. Conditional reasoning in affirmation of the expected and shifting (and, and, … conjuction), denial (negation), and choice (disjunction). Deductive reasoning lies in their integration into truth-like tables (metarepresentation).
There are three processes underlying the coordinating functionABSTRACTION: A probabilistic inference mechanism sampling over statistical regularities in the environment.ALIGNMENT: A relational mechanism mapping representations onto each other according to current understanding needs, based on similarity and semantic relevance.COGNIZANCE: Awareness and metarepresentation (i.e., representation of representations) of mental content or processes.
THE CORE OF INTELLECT (MECHANISMS OF MENTAL FUNCTIONING AND DEVELOPMENT)
RECONCEPTUALIZATION AND INSIGHT
0-1: Episodic representations and action blocks
1-2: Alignment of episodic representations
AGENTIAL INSIGHT: I CAN CHANGE THE WORLD
3-4: Realistic mental representations, functioning “en block”
5-6: Alignment of realistic mental representations
REPRESENTATIONAL INSIGHT: I CAN IMAGINE THE WORLD
7-8: Rule-based representations
9-11: Alignment of rule-based representations
INFERENTIAL INSIGHT: I CAN REASON ABOUT THE WORLD
12-13: Principle-based representations
14-17: Alignment of principle-based representations
FORMALITY INSIGHT: I CAN INTERPRET THE WORLD
Development of Executive control, cognizance, and reasoning
AGE Executive Control Cognizance Reasoning
1-2: episodic representations
Perception initiated represented goals, e.g. insert objects in same-shape holes.
Face recognitionExplicit awareness of stimuli and actions, implicit awareness of mental states
Extrapolation of episodic sequences mimicking implication: e.g., Dad came, mom is coming too.
2-4: Emerging realistic mental representations
Automation of self-initiated action episode: Girl bathing her dol. Instruction-based goal: Bring dad’s shoes.
Awareness of perceptual origins of knowledge, awareness of one’s own performance
Translation of representational ensembles into reasoning sequences: Uncle’s car is outside, so he is in.
4-6: Integration of realistic representations
Control of attentional focus: Shifting between actions according to instructions activating a represented plan.
Explicit awareness of representations, ToM
Pragmatic reasoning: You said I can play outside if I eat my food; I ate my food; I go to play outside.
Development of Executive control, cognizance, and reasoning
AGE Executive Control Cognizance Reasoning
6-8: Emerging rule-based representations
Rule-based action plans, such as turn-taking in games. Self-addressed instructions
Explicit awareness of representation/actions relations, Implicit self-evaluation rules
Scheme-based reasoning, modus ponens, conjunction, disjunction: There is a dog and a tiger; there is a dog, so there is a tiger.
8-11: Integration of rules into rule-based systems
Conceptual fluency in shifting across conceptual systems (recall fruits, then animals) or story making based on prompt words (animal, forest, hungry).
Explicit awareness of mental processes, 2nd-order ToM, logical necessity
Symmetric conditional reasoning (MT-MT): If there is an apple there is a pear; there is an apple, there is a pear; there is not a pear, there is not an apple.
11-13: Emerging principle-based representations
Inferential relevance mastery program: Life-plans, such as study choices for university.
Explicit awareness of mental processes; implicit self-evaluation principles
Intuitive grasp of fallacies: If there is an apple there is a pear; there is a pear; I cannot know if there is an apple.
14-16: Integrated i i l
Life-plans, such as study f
Self-representation f
Complete conditional
Can we reduce to simpler processes?
Can we reduce the cycles of AACog development toindividual differences in fundamental
processing possibilities, such as speed? Or the state of representational and
knowledge handling processes such as attention and working memory?
Relations between speed and intelligence
Sheppard & Vernon (2008), showed, based on the metaanalysis of 172, involving 53,542 individuals, that speed is significantly related to the main dimensions of general intelligence, such as general, fluid, and crystallized intelligence
Relations between WM, attention and intelligence
Schweizer and Moosbrugger (2004) showed that both WM and attention are related to intelligence, although the strength of the relation varies as a function of the processes used in intelligence. Performance on the Raven is more highly related to WM (panel A) and performance on a test requiring trail making is more related to attention (panel B)
Gf as a function of working memory level (i.e., low, 0-2; medium, 2-5; high, 5-7).
Cognitive performance accords with what is expected from age rather than from WM level.
Changes in mental processing, representational capacity and inference
Reaction times decrease because processing becomes increasingly faster
Working memory capacity expands, handling increasingly more information
Executive control becomes increasingly more focused, flexible, and efficient and reasoning becomes increasingly abstract
Cycles of speed-Gf and WM-Gf relations
Cycles in speed, working memory, reasoning relations
Reasoning is predicted by speed at the first phase of each cycle (at 6-8 years and 11-13 yrs) and by working memory at the second phase (4-6 years, 8-10 years, and 13-16 yrs). At the beginning of cycles speed is a better index because thought in terms of the new mental units is automated and expands fast over different contents. Later, when networks of representations are built, WM is a better index because alignment of representations requires and facilitates WM.
Differentiation and de-differentiation as a function of g and age
Reasoning (Raven) and speed differentiate at the end of the cycle
Inferential awareness and WM de-differentiate throughout the cycle
DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCES IN DIFFERENT THEORIES
AGE PIAGET CASE FISCHER
0-2 Sensorimotor Sensorimotor Sensorimotor
2-4 Early preoperationalprelogical
Early inter-relational
Single representations
5-6 Late preoperationalIntutive
Late inter-relational Representational mappings
7-8 Early concretereversibility, logic
Early dimensional Systems of representations
9-10 Late concretecomplex conservations
Late dimensional Single abstractions
11-13 Early formalCombinatorial, possible
Early vectorial Mappings of abstractions
14-20 Late formalConditional reasoning
Late vectorial Systems of abstractions
The role of speed and WM in Gf change
At the beginning of cycles processing speed increases because the new mental unit compresses the time requirements of mental processing.
Command of the new representational unit improves at the beginning of cycles and thinking in terms of it proliferates fast to new content.
Later in the cycle, when relations between representations are worked out, WM is a better index because inter-linking of representations both requires and facilitates WM.
Specifying the causal factor of Gf development
Neither speed nor WM are the causes of change or individual differences.
Cognizance is the causal reconceptualization factor.
Insight is the spot-light of consciousness, reflection its processing mechanism, and inference its integration-validation tool. WM is an index of the breadth and resolution of these processes.
The mediating role of cognizance in development
Abstraction and alignment processes develop step-by-step. Transition to each next cycle is possible after attaining a minimum of awareness about the mental functions and representations of the current cycle. This awareness offers the core for the construction of the mental unit of the next cycle.
AWAREperc Speed
-.46 -.22 -.38
AWAREinfer
Gf
.89
.63
.63
-.73 -.60 -.46
-.33 -.14 -.35
.29
.29
.41
-.05 -.12 -.12
Control
WM
Age
.58 .67 .18
Training attention
Attention or WMC may be trained but transfer to higher level processes such as gf and reasoning, is questionable, if any.
Does it really transfer to intelligence?
Melby-Lervag & Hulme (2013) and Shipstead et al. (2012), based on a large number of studies, concluded that gains in attention and working memory do not transfer intelligence. Transfer, when found, comes from the fact that attention and working memory training training included basic intelligence processes, such as relational thought, abstraction, and awareness.
Training reasoning: Know and model the mental processes/relations
9 and 11 years old children. Differentiate between every-day and logical
meaning of propositions. Differentiate between logical arguments (MP, MT,
AC, DA). Understand logical contradiction. Construct mental models for each argument. Grasp logical necessity and sufficiency. FIG instructed on all; LIG instructed on skills 2 & 4.
Logical and metalogical learning
Twice as many children in full instruction mastered the fallacies (improvement from 20% to 62%) as compared to the limited instruction, moving from the concepts to the principles cycle.
Awareness of similarities and differences between arguments improved significantly in full but not in limited instruction.
Profit from learning in reasoning and awareness was related to WM in full but not in the limited instruction.
Speed and Gf not related to change in any group.
Specifying the role of mental functions in logical and metalogical change
Deductive reasoning change was highly affected by training (.51) and it was related to its initial condition (.42), attention control (-.18), Gf (.16), and pure inference (.22). Awareness change was related to training (.23) but also highly to attention control (-.68), pure inference (.60), Gf (.32) and cognitive flexibility (.15).
Training mathematics: Grasp relations, reflect on them, integrate and automate!
11 years old
Conceptualize problems and specify mathematical relations
Build problem specific problem solving strategies
Explicitly meta-represent problem structures and processes and their associations.
Learning transferred to general intelligence
Training generalized to working memory and Gf itself.
Change in WM was mediated by change in Gf and change in Gf was mediated by the state of WM.
Control group Experimental group ________________________ ___________________________________________ Ability Cont/
Speed WM Gf Gf ch Cont/
Speed WM Gf WM ch Gf ch Intercept
T1T2: χ2 (238)=276.19, p=.05, CFI=1.0, RMSEA=.05 WM -.35* -.18 .08 Gf -- .36* -- -- .25* -.20 Change Control/Speed
-.45* -- -.71*/.28
-.08 -.06 -.10*/-.01
WM -- -.83* -- -- -- .53* -- -- .82* .65* Gf -- 1.0* -- .16 -.64* .67* Maths .38* Deduct .11* Analog .18* Scient .07* Spatial .06 T1T3: , χ2 (235)=287.26, p=.01, CFI=.99, RMSEA=.06 WM -.32 -.29* .09*/-11* Gf -.27 .18 -- .37* -.19 Change Control/Speed
-.22 -.13 -.51* --/1.0* -- -.10 -.11*/-.08*
WM -.94* .30 -- -.91* .54* .65* Gf -- -.93 .29* -.40* .20* Maths .19* Deduct .13* Analog .04 Scient .10 Spatial .02
3. Principles for education
The model above generates three principles about education: Focus on the main causal transition mechanism:
cognizance. Build awareness about the cycle’s representational unit and how units may be aligned.
Train the cycle-specific inferential processes, highlighting their logical and metalogical specificities through related mental models.
Give practice to auxiliary processes, such as information search (attention), representation and storage (WM), and mental scanning (flexibility).
Grasp the bull by the horns
InferenceCognizance
AttentionWorking memory
Mind training in the episodic cycle
focus-respondLook at this,
take it
Repeat actions 1, 2, …
Hold two objects,Sense the weight
Find the similaritiesInsert object in
same-shape hole
Mind training in the representational cycle
Focus-choose-respond
Match sound-action
Recall digits, words
Know your representations,
object-word-pictureToM
Induce relationsPragmatic deals
Mind training in the rule-based cycle
scan-select-search-shift
Re-organize, Re-chunck,
reduce, recode
Know relations between representations,
associations, necessity
Rule-based inference (MP, MT)
analogical relations
Mind training in the principle-based cycle
Inferential relevance mastery: evaluate
conceptual spaces for truth and validity.
Different strategiesDifferen
t learning
Know relations between rules, represent logical
relations
Principle-based inference (fallacies)
suppositional stance, epistemological relativity
Intelligence is a 3-dimensional universe
Dimension 1: Intelligence is responsible to give meaning
to the world and handle change in it sensibly and adaptively. Abstracting, aligning and relating, and
inferring and reasoning are the basic meaning-making processes
Intelligence is a 3-dimensional universe
Dimension 2: Intelligence is a developmental process:
Meaning-making is accomplished under the representational, inferential, and processing constraints of the current phase. Inventing means to minimize developmental
constraints is an integral component of intelligence.
Intelligence is a 3-dimensional universe
Dimension 3: Developmental and individual differences are
the two aspects of the same coin. Individual differences at any phase emerge from differences in representational and processing
possibilities related to underlying brain structures differences in event-related knowledge and
evaluation sensitivities that would grasp what is needed and flexibly adjust available representations and processes.
THANK YOU